Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| the distribution of important sero-complexes of flaviviruses in malaysia. | flaviviruses (fvs) are arthropod-borne viruses of medical and veterinary importance. numerous species of fvs have been isolated from various host; mainly humans, animals, ticks, and mosquitoes. certain fvs are extremely host-specific; at the same time, some fvs can infect an extensive range of species. based on published literatures, 11 species of fvs have been detected from diverse host species in malaysia. in humans, dengue virus and japanese encephalitis virus have been reported since 1901 an ... | 2019 | 30604332 |
| arboviral diseases and malaria in australia, 2014–15: annual report of the national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee | this report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases of public health importance in australia during the 2014–15 season (1 july 2014 to 30 june 2015) and includes data from human notifications, sentinel chicken, vector and virus surveillance programs. the national notifiable diseases surveillance system received notifications for 12,849 cases of disease transmitted by mosquitoes during the 2014–15 season. the australasian alphaviruses barmah forest virus and ross river virus account ... | 2019 | 30982295 |
| flavivirus cross-reactivity to dengue nonstructural protein 1 antigen detection assays. | dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv) are flaviviruses of public health relevance. both viruses circulate in the same endemic settings and acute infections generally manifest similar symptoms. this highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for clinical management and outbreak control. one of the commonly used acute diagnostic markers for flaviviruses is nonstructural protein 1 (ns1). however, false positives due to antigenic cross-reactivity have been reported between denv and zikv inf ... | 2019 | 31878299 |
| insulin potentiates jak/stat signaling to broadly inhibit flavivirus replication in insect vectors. | the world health organization estimates that more than half of the world's population is at risk for vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses. because many arboviruses are mosquito borne, investigation of the insect immune response will help identify targets to reduce the spread of arboviruses. here, we use a genetic screening approach to identify an insulin-like receptor as a component of the immune response to arboviral infection. we determine that vertebrate insulin reduces west nile viru ... | 2019 | 31722209 |
| antiviral activity of the fda-approved drug candesartan cilexetil against zika virus infection. | zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne virus that has risen to prominence as a significant threat to public health in the recent decade. since its re-emergence in 2007, zikv has spread at an alarming rate and has since become endemic to multiple regions around the world. infections are primarily asymptomatic, however the virus has become associated with the development of severe neurological complications such as guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and congenital microcephaly. at present, there are cur ... | 2019 | 31669333 |
| inflammatory responses to a pathogenic west nile virus strain. | west nile virus (wnv) circulates across australia and was referred to historically as kunjin virus (wnvkun). wnvkun has been considered more benign than other wnv strains circulating globally. in 2011, a more virulent form of the virus emerged during an outbreak of equine arboviral disease in australia. | 2019 | 31664929 |
| basimarols a, b, and c, highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids from basilicum polystachyon. | the highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids basimarols a, b, and c (3-5) were isolated from the plant species basilicum polystachyon, which was collected within the australian arid zone. structure elucidation was performed using a suite of spectroscopic techniques, including x-ray crystallography. anticancer and anti-denv activity of 3-5 was explored, but only limited activity was observed. more extensive antiviral evaluation of stachyonic acid a (1), which was also isolated from b. polystachyon ... | 2019 | 31553187 |
| arbovirus surveillance using ftatm cards in modified co2 -baited encephalitis virus surveillance traps in the northern territory, australia. | in 2016, modified co2 -baited encephalitis virus surveillance (evs) traps were evaluated for flavivirus surveillance in the northern territory, australia. the traps were fitted with honey-soaked nucleic acid preservation cards (ftatm ) for mosquitoes to expectorate virus while feeding on the cards. cards were tested for the presence of selected arboviruses, with two cards testing positive for kunjin virus and alfuy, while sentinel chickens tested in parallel also showed kunjin virus activity at ... | 2019 | 31124223 |
| stability of west nile virus (flaviviridae: flavivirus) rna in mosquito excreta. | arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral rna, which can be detected by molecular methods. thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. in this study, we evaluated if west nile virus (kunjin strain, wnvkun) rna in culex annulirostris skuse (diptera: culicidae) excreta de ... | 2019 | 30937448 |
| phospholipase a2 activity during the replication cycle of the flavivirus west nile virus. | positive-sense rna virus intracellular replication is intimately associated with membrane platforms that are derived from host organelles and comprised of distinct lipid composition. for flaviviruses, such as west nile virus strain kunjin virus (wnvkun) we have observed that these membrane platforms are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and are rich in (at least) cholesterol. to extend these studies and identify the cellular lipids critical for wnvkun replication we utilized a whole cell li ... | 2018 | 29709018 |
| ebolavirus diagnosis made simple, comparable and faster than molecular detection methods: preparing for the future. | the 2014/2015 ebolavirus outbreak resulted in more than 28,000 cases and 11,323 reported deaths, as of march 2016. domestic transmission of the guinea strain associated with the outbreak occurred mainly in six african countries, and international transmission was reported in four countries. outbreak management was limited by the inability to rapidly diagnose infected cases. a further fifteen countries in africa are predicted to be at risk of ebolavirus outbreaks in the future as a consequence of ... | 2018 | 29685158 |
| lactimidomycin is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of dengue and other rna viruses. | dengue virus, a member of the flaviviridae family, is a mosquito-borne pathogen and the causative agent of dengue fever. despite the nearly 400 million new infections estimated annually, no vaccines or specific antiviral therapeutics are currently available. we identified lactimidomycin (ltm), a recently established inhibitor of translation elongation, as a potent inhibitor of dengue virus 2 infection in cell culture. the antiviral activity is observed at concentrations that do not affect cell v ... | 2016 | 26872864 |
| west nile disease epidemiology in north-west africa: bibliographical review. | west nile fever (wnf) or west nile disease (wnd) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that can affect birds, humans and horses. west nile virus (wnv) is a member of the genus flavivirus in the family flaviviridae. wnv is maintained in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle, whereas humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts. in human and horses, symptoms range from unapparent infection to mild febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis or death. wnv has a wide geographical range that inclu ... | 2016 | 25753775 |
| the e glycoprotein plays an essential role in the high pathogenicity of european-mediterranean is98 strain of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) is the most widespread arbovirus in the world. several recent outbreaks and epizootics have been reported in europe and the mediterranean basin with increased virulence. in contrast to the well-characterized american and australian strains, little is known about the virulence determinants of the wnv european-mediterranean strains. to investigate the viral factors involved in the virulence of these strains, we generated chimeras between the highly neuropathogenic israel 1998 ... | 2016 | 26896935 |
| comparative genomic analysis of pre-epidemic and epidemic zika virus strains for virological factors potentially associated with the rapidly expanding epidemic. | less than 20 sporadic cases of human zika virus (zikv) infection were reported in africa and asia before 2007, but large outbreaks involving up to 73% of the populations on the pacific islands have started since 2007, and spread to the americas in 2014. moreover, the clinical manifestation of zikv infection has apparently changed, as evident by increasing reports of neurological complications, such as guillain-barré syndrome in adults and congenital anomalies in neonates. we comprehensively comp ... | 2016 | 26980239 |
| invertebrate iridescent virus 6, a dna virus, stimulates a mammalian innate immune response through rig-i-like receptors. | insects are not only major vectors of mammalian viruses, but are also host to insect-restricted viruses that can potentially be transmitted to mammals. while mammalian innate immune responses to arboviruses are well studied, less is known about how mammalian cells respond to viruses that are restricted to infect only invertebrates. here we demonstrate that iiv-6, a dna virus of the family iridoviridae, is able to induce a type i interferon-dependent antiviral immune response in mammalian cells. ... | 2016 | 27824940 |
| identification of a new broadly cross-reactive epitope within domain iii of the duck tembusu virus e protein. | in 2010, a pathogenic flavivirus termed duck tembusu virus (dtmuv) caused widespread outbreak of egg-drop syndrome in domesticated ducks in china. although the glycoprotein e of dtmuv is an important structural component of the virus, the b-cell epitopes of this protein remains uncharacterized. using phage display and mutagenesis, we identified a minimal b-cell epitope, (374)exe/dppfg(380), that mediates binding to a nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody. dtmuv-positive duck serum reacted with the ... | 2016 | 27824100 |
| vertical transmission of zika virus in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | previous experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens are vertically transmitted in their insect vectors, providing a mechanism for these arboviruses to persist during adverse climatic conditions or in the absence of a susceptible vertebrate host. in this study, designed to test whether zika virus (zikv) could be vertically transmitted, female aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus were injected with zikv, and their f1 adult progeny were tested for zikv ... | 2016 | 27573623 |
| full genome sequence and sfrna interferon antagonist activity of zika virus from recife, brazil. | the outbreak of zika virus (zikv) in the americas has transformed a previously obscure mosquito-transmitted arbovirus of the flaviviridae family into a major public health concern. little is currently known about the evolution and biology of zikv and the factors that contribute to the associated pathogenesis. determining genomic sequences of clinical viral isolates and characterization of elements within these are an important prerequisite to advance our understanding of viral replicative proces ... | 2016 | 27706161 |
| the golgi associated eri3 is a flavivirus host factor. | dengue virus (denv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus classified into four serotypes (denv-1-4) that causes dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) or dengue shock syndrome (dss). an estimated 390 million people are at risk for infection with denv and there are no effective vaccines or therapeutics. we utilized rna chromatography coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry (qms) to identify host rna binding proteins (rbps) that interact with denv-2 rna. we identified eri3 (also prnpip and ... | 2016 | 27682269 |
| virus variation resource - improved response to emergent viral outbreaks. | the virus variation resource is a value-added viral sequence data resource hosted by the national center for biotechnology information. the resource is located at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/viruses/variation/ and includes modules for seven viral groups: influenza virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, ebolavirus, mers coronavirus, rotavirus a and zika virus each module is supported by pipelines that scan newly released genbank records, annotate genes and proteins and parse sample descript ... | 2016 | 27899678 |
| ebola vp40 in exosomes can cause immune cell dysfunction. | ebola virus (ebov) is an enveloped, ssrna virus from the family filoviridae capable of causing severe hemorrhagic fever with up to 80-90% mortality rates. the most recent outbreak of ebov in west africa starting in 2014 resulted in over 11,300 deaths; however, long-lasting persistence and recurrence in survivors has been documented, potentially leading to further transmission of the virus. we have previously shown that exosomes from cells infected with hiv-1, htlv-1 and rift valley fever virus a ... | 2016 | 27872619 |
| molecular mechanism of divalent-metal-induced activation of ns3 helicase and insights into zika virus inhibitor design. | zika virus has attracted increasing attention because of its potential for causing human neural disorders, including microcephaly in infants and guillain-barré syndrome. its ns3 helicase domain plays critical roles in ntp-dependent rna unwinding and translocation during viral replication. our structural analysis revealed a pre-activation state of ns3 helicase in complex with gtpγs, in which the triphosphate adopts a compact conformation in the absence of any divalent metal ions. in contrast, in ... | 2016 | 27915293 |
| west nile virus temperature sensitivity and avian virulence are modulated by ns1-2b polymorphisms. | west nile virus (wnv) replicates in a wide variety of avian species, which serve as reservoir and amplification hosts. wnv strains isolated in north america, such as the prototype strain ny99, elicit a highly pathogenic response in certain avian species, notably american crows (amcrs; corvus brachyrhynchos). in contrast, a closely related strain, kn3829, isolated in kenya, exhibits a low viremic response with limited mortality in amcrs. previous work has associated the difference in pathogenicit ... | 2016 | 27548738 |
| chaperone-assisted protein folding is critical for yellow fever virus ns3/4a cleavage and replication. | dnajc14, a heat shock protein 40 (hsp40) cochaperone, assists with hsp70-mediated protein folding. overexpressed dnajc14 is targeted to sites of yellow fever virus (yfv) replication complex (rc) formation, where it interacts with viral nonstructural (ns) proteins and inhibits viral rna replication. how rcs are assembled and the roles of chaperones in this coordinated process are largely unknown. we hypothesized that chaperones are diverted from their normal cellular protein quality control funct ... | 2016 | 26739057 |
| in vitro and in vivo evaluation of mutations in the ns region of lineage 2 west nile virus associated with neuroinvasiveness in a mammalian model. | west nile virus (wnv) strains may differ significantly in neuroinvasiveness in vertebrate hosts. in contrast to genetic lineage 1 wnvs, molecular determinants of pathogenic lineage 2 strains have not been experimentally confirmed so far. a full-length infectious clone of a neurovirulent wnv lineage 2 strain (578/10; central europe) was generated and amino acid substitutions that have been shown to attenuate lineage 1 wnvs were introduced into the nonstructural proteins (ns1 (p250l), ns2a (a30p), ... | 2016 | 26907325 |
| archival isolates confirm a single topotype of west nile virus in australia. | west nile virus is globally wide-spread and causes significant disease in humans and animals. the evolution of west nile virus kunjin subtype in australia (wnvkun) was investigated using archival samples collected over a period of 50 years. based on the pattern of fixed amino acid substitutions and time-stamped molecular clock analyses, a single long-term lineage (or topotype) was inferred. this implies that a bottleneck exists such that regional strains eventually die out and are replaced with ... | 2016 | 27906966 |
| molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the colombian caribbean. | arboviruses belonging to the genera flavivirus and alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of san bernardo del viento (córdoba, colombia). a total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. the detection ... | 2016 | 27706377 |
| development of 2, 7-diamino-1, 8-naphthyridine (danp) anchored hairpin primers for rt-pcr detection of chikungunya virus infection. | a molecular diagnostic platform with danp-anchored hairpin primer was developed and evaluated for the rapid and cost-effective detection of chikungunya virus (chikv) with high sensitivity and specificity. the molecule 2, 7-diamino-1, 8-naphthyridine (danp) binds to a cytosine-bulge and emits fluorescence at 450 nm when it is excited by 400 nm light. thus, by measuring the decline in fluorescence emitted from danp-primer complexes after pcr reaction, we could monitor the pcr progress. by adapting ... | 2016 | 27571201 |
| who regulates whom? an overview of rna granules and viral infections. | after viral infection, host cells respond by mounting an anti-viral stress response in order to create a hostile atmosphere for viral replication, leading to the shut-off of mrna translation (protein synthesis) and the assembly of rna granules. two of these rna granules have been well characterized in yeast and mammalian cells, stress granules (sgs), which are translationally silent sites of rna triage and processing bodies (pbs), which are involved in mrna degradation. this review discusses the ... | 2016 | 27367717 |
| dengue virus reporter replicon is a valuable tool for antiviral drug discovery and analysis of virus replication mechanisms. | dengue, the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease, is caused by the dengue virus (denv), a member of the flaviviridae family, and is a considerable public health threat in over 100 countries, with 2.5 billion people living in high-risk areas. however, no specific antiviral drug or licensed vaccine currently targets denv infection. the replicon system has all the factors needed for viral replication in cells. since the development of replicon systems, transient and stable reporter replicon ... | 2016 | 27164125 |
| yellow fever virus capsid protein is a potent suppressor of rna silencing that binds double-stranded rna. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus (yfv), zika virus (zikv), and west nile virus (wnv), profoundly affect human health. the successful transmission of these viruses to a human host depends on the pathogen's ability to overcome a potentially sterilizing immune response in the vector mosquito. similar to other invertebrate animals and plants, the mosquito's rna silencing pathway comprises its primary antiviral defense. although a diverse range of plant and insect viruses has ... | 2016 | 27849599 |
| viral inhibition of the ifn-induced jak/stat signalling pathway: development of live attenuated vaccines by mutation of viral-encoded ifn-antagonists. | the interferon (ifn) induced anti-viral response is amongst the earliest and most potent of the innate responses to fight viral infection. the induction of the janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription (jak/stat) signalling pathway by ifns leads to the upregulation of hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (isgs) for which, many have the ability to rapidly kill viruses within infected cells. during the long course of evolution, viruses have evolved an extraordinary range of ... | 2016 | 27367734 |
| suppression of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and replication by 5'-amp-activated protein kinase. | the host intracellular antiviral restriction factors inhibit viral infection and replication. the 5'-amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) is a cellular energy sensor regulating metabolic homeostasis. activated ampk inhibits the replication of numerous rna viruses but enhances the entry of vaccinia virus. however, the role of ampk in herpesvirus infection is unclear. in this study, we showed that the constitutive ampk activity restricted kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) lytic replica ... | 2016 | 27147746 |
| characterization of ryden (c19orf66) as an interferon-stimulated cellular inhibitor against dengue virus replication. | dengue virus (denv) is one of the most important arthropod-borne pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases in humans. however, no vaccine or specific antiviral is available for dengue. as seen in other rna viruses, the innate immune system plays a key role in controlling denv infection and disease outcome. although the interferon (ifn) response, which is central to host protective immunity, has been reported to limit denv replication, the molecular details of how denv infection is modulated ... | 2016 | 26735137 |
| replicon rna viral vectors as vaccines. | single-stranded rna viruses of both positive and negative polarity have been used as vectors for vaccine development. in this context, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles virus and rhabdoviruses have been engineered for expression of surface protein genes and antigens. administration of replicon rna vectors has resulted in strong immune responses and generation of neutralizing antibodies in various animal models. immunization of mice, chicken, pigs and primates with virus-like particles, naked r ... | 2016 | 27827980 |
| determinants of arbovirus vertical transmission in mosquitoes. | vertical transmission (vt) and horizontal transmission (ht) of pathogens refer to parental and non-parental chains of host-to-host transmission. combining ht with vt enlarges considerably the range of ecological conditions in which a pathogen can persist, but the factors governing the relative frequency of each transmission mode are poorly understood for pathogens with mixed-mode transmission. elucidating these factors is particularly important for understanding the epidemiology of arthropod-bor ... | 2016 | 27171170 |
| west nile virus in europe and safety of blood transfusion. | west nile virus (wnv) has become an increasing issue in the transfusion setting since 2002, when it was firstly shown in the usa that it can be transmitted through blood transfusion. since then, several precautionary measures have been introduced in europe in order to reduce the possible risk of transmission via transfusion/solid organ transplantation. in addition, the epidemiological surveillance has been tightened and the network for communication of human wnv cases strengthened. this review w ... | 2016 | 27403087 |
| liposomal systems as nanocarriers for the antiviral agent ivermectin. | rna virus infections can lead to the onset of severe diseases such as fever with haemorrhage, multiorgan failure, and mortality. the emergence and reemergence of rna viruses continue to pose a significant public health threat worldwide with particular attention to the increasing incidence of flaviviruses, among others dengue, west nile virus, and yellow fever viruses. development of new and potent antivirals is thus urgently needed. ivermectin, an already known antihelminthic drug, has shown pot ... | 2016 | 27242902 |
| japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural protein ns5 interacts with mitochondrial trifunctional protein and impairs fatty acid β-oxidation. | infection with japanese encephalitis virus (jev) can induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cause acute encephalitis in humans. β-oxidation breaks down fatty acids for atp production in mitochondria, and impaired β-oxidation can induce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. to address the role of fatty-acid β-oxidation in jev infection, we measured the oxygen consumption rate of mock- and jev-infected cells cultured with or without long chain fatty acid (lcfa) palmitate. cells wi ... | 2015 | 25816318 |
| vector borne infections in italy: results of the integrated surveillance system for west nile disease in 2013. | the epidemiology of west nile disease (wnd) is influenced by multiple ecological factors and, therefore, integrated surveillance systems are needed for early detecting the infection and activating consequent control actions. as different animal species have different importance in the maintenance and in the spread of the infection, a multispecies surveillance approach is required. an integrated and comprehensive surveillance system is in place in italy aiming at early detecting the virus introdu ... | 2015 | 25874224 |
| the global ecology and epidemiology of west nile virus. | since its initial isolation in uganda in 1937 through the present, west nile virus (wnv) has become an important cause of human and animal disease worldwide. wnv, an enveloped virus of the genus flavivirus, is naturally maintained in an enzootic cycle between birds and mosquitoes, with occasional epizootic spillover causing disease in humans and horses. the mosquito vectors for wnv are widely distributed worldwide, and the known geographic range of wnv transmission and disease has continued to i ... | 2015 | 25866777 |
| plant-made vaccines against west nile virus are potent, safe, and economically feasible. | the threat of west nile virus (wnv) epidemics with increasingly severe neuroinvasive infections demands the development and licensing of effective vaccines. to date, vaccine candidates based on inactivated, live-attenuated, or chimeric virus, and viral dna and wnv protein subunits have been developed. some have been approved for veterinary use or are under clinical investigation, yet no vaccine has been licensed for human use. reaching the milestone of a commercialized human vaccine, however, ma ... | 2015 | 25676782 |
| scanning mutagenesis studies reveal a potential intramolecular interaction within the c-terminal half of dengue virus ns2a involved in viral rna replication and virus assembly and secretion. | the ns2a protein of dengue virus (denv) has eight predicted transmembrane segments (ptmss; ptms1 to ptms8). ns2a has been shown to participate in rna replication, virion assembly, and the host antiviral response. however, the role of the amino acid residues within the ptms regions of ns2a during the virus life cycle is poorly understood. in the study described here, we explored the function of denv ns2a by introducing a series of double or triple alanine substitutions into the c-terminal half (p ... | 2015 | 25653435 |
| the involvement of microtubules and actin during the infection of japanese encephalitis virus in neuroblastoma cell line, imr32. | the role of the cytoskeleton, actin, and microtubules were examined during the process of japanese encephalitis (jev) infection in a human neuroblastoma cell line, imr32. cytochalasin d and nocodazole were used to depolymerise the cellular actin and microtubules, respectively, in order to study the effect of jev infection in the cell. this study shows that depolymerisation of the actin cytoskeleton at early process of infection inhibits jev infection in the cell; however infection was not inhibi ... | 2015 | 25705678 |
| unzippers, resolvers and sensors: a structural and functional biochemistry tale of rna helicases. | the centrality of rna within the biological world is an irrefutable fact that currently attracts increasing attention from the scientific community. the panoply of functional rnas requires the existence of specific biological caretakers, rna helicases, devoted to maintain the proper folding of those molecules, resolving unstable structures. however, evolution has taken advantage of the specific position and characteristics of rna helicases to develop new functions for these proteins, which are a ... | 2015 | 25622248 |
| ecuador paraiso escondido virus, a new flavivirus isolated from new world sand flies in ecuador, is the first representative of a novel clade in the genus flavivirus. | a new flavivirus, ecuador paraiso escondido virus (epev), named after the village where it was discovered, was isolated from sand flies (psathyromyia abonnenci, formerly lutzomyia abonnenci) that are unique to the new world. this represents the first sand fly-borne flavivirus identified in the new world. epev exhibited a typical flavivirus genome organization. nevertheless, the maximum pairwise amino acid sequence identity with currently recognized flaviviruses was 52.8%. phylogenetic analysis o ... | 2015 | 26355096 |
| new insights into flavivirus evolution, taxonomy and biogeographic history, extended by analysis of canonical and alternative coding sequences. | to generate the most diverse phylogenetic dataset for the flaviviruses to date, we determined the genomic sequences and phylogenetic relationships of 14 flaviviruses, of which 10 are primarily associated with culex spp. mosquitoes. we analyze these data, in conjunction with a comprehensive collection of flavivirus genomes, to characterize flavivirus evolutionary and biogeographic history in unprecedented detail and breadth. based on the presumed introduction of yellow fever virus into the americ ... | 2015 | 25719412 |
| alpha-synuclein expression restricts rna viral infections in the brain. | we have discovered that native, neuronal expression of alpha-synuclein (asyn) inhibits viral infection, injury, and disease in the central nervous system (cns). enveloped rna viruses, such as west nile virus (wnv), invade the cns and cause encephalitis, yet little is known about the innate neuron-specific inhibitors of viral infections in the cns. following wnv infection of primary neurons, we found that asyn protein expression is increased. the infectious titer of wnv and venezuelan equine ence ... | 2015 | 26719256 |
| flavivirus sfrna suppresses antiviral rna interference in cultured cells and mosquitoes and directly interacts with the rnai machinery. | productive arbovirus infections require mechanisms to suppress or circumvent the cellular rna interference (rnai) pathway, a major antiviral response in mosquitoes. in this study, we demonstrate that two flaviviruses, dengue virus and kunjin virus, significantly repress sirna-mediated rnai in infected human cells as well as during infection of the mosquito vector culex quinquefasciatus. arthropod-borne flaviviruses generate a small structured non-coding rna from the viral 3' utr referred to as s ... | 2015 | 26331679 |
| double-stranded rna is detected by immunofluorescence analysis in rna and dna virus infections, including those by negative-stranded rna viruses. | early biochemical studies of viral replication suggested that most viruses produce double-stranded rna (dsrna), which is essential for the induction of the host immune response. however, it was reported in 2006 that dsrna could be detected by immunofluorescence antibody staining in double-stranded dna and positive-strand rna virus infections but not in negative-strand rna virus infections. other reports in the literature seemed to support these observations. this suggested that negative-strand r ... | 2015 | 26136565 |
| a basic cluster in the n terminus of yellow fever virus ns2a contributes to infectious particle production. | the flavivirus ns2a protein is involved in the assembly of infectious particles. to further understand its role in this process, a charged-to-alanine scanning analysis was performed on ns2a encoded by an infectious cdna clone of yellow fever virus (yfv). fifteen mutants containing single, double, or triple charged-to-alanine changes were tested. five of them did not produce infectious particles, whereas efficient rna replication was detectable for two of the five ns2a mutants (r22a-k23a-r24a and ... | 2015 | 25694595 |
| standing your ground to exoribonucleases: function of flavivirus long non-coding rnas. | members of the flaviviridae (e.g., dengue virus, west nile virus, and hepatitis c virus) contain a positive-sense rna genome that encodes a large polyprotein. it is now also clear most if not all of these viruses also produce an abundant subgenomic long non-coding rna. these non-coding rnas, which are called subgenomic flavivirus rnas (sfrnas) or xrn1-resistant rnas (xrrnas), are stable decay intermediates generated from the viral genomic rna through the stalling of the cellular exoribonuclease ... | 2015 | 26368052 |
| japanese encephalitis virus replicon-based vaccine expressing enterovirus-71 epitope confers dual protection from lethal challenges. | to construct safer recombinant flavivirus vaccine, we exploited japanese encephalitis virus (jev) replicon-based platform to generate single-round infectious particles (srips) that expressed heterologous neutralizing epitope sp70 derived from enterovirus-71 (ev71). such pseudo-infectious virus particles, named srip-sp70, although are not genuine viable viruses, closely mimic live virus infection to elicit immune responses within one round of viral life cycle. | 2015 | 26362772 |
| flavivirus rna synthesis in vitro. | establishment of in vitro systems to study mechanisms of rna synthesis for positive strand rna viruses have been very useful in the past and have shed light on the composition of protein and rna components, optimum conditions, the nature of the products formed, cis-acting rna elements and trans-acting protein factors required for efficient synthesis. in this review, we summarize our current understanding regarding the requirements for flavivirus rna synthesis in vitro. we describe details of rea ... | 2015 | 26272247 |
| development and field evaluation of the sentinel mosquito arbovirus capture kit (smack). | although sentinel animals are used successfully throughout the world to monitor arbovirus activity, ethical considerations and cross-reactions in serological assays highlight the importance of developing viable alternatives. here we outline the development of a passive sentinel mosquito arbovirus capture kit (smack) that allows for the detection of arboviruses on honey-baited nucleic acid preservation cards (flinders technology associates; fta®) and has a similar trap efficacy as standard light ... | 2015 | 26444264 |
| sero-prevalence and cross-reactivity of chikungunya virus specific anti-e2ep3 antibodies in arbovirus-infected patients. | chikungunya virus (chikv) and clinically-related arboviruses cause large epidemics with serious economic and social impact. as clinical symptoms of chikv infections are similar to several flavivirus infections, good detection methods to identify chikv infection are desired for improved treatment and clinical management. the strength of anti-e2ep3 antibody responses was explored in a longitudinal study on 38 chikv-infected patients. we compared their anti-e2ep3 responses with those of patients in ... | 2015 | 25568956 |
| the i22v and l72s substitutions in west nile virus prm protein promote enhanced prm/e heterodimerisation and nucleocapsid incorporation. | amino acid substitutions i22v and l72s in the prm protein of west nile virus kunjin strain (wnvkun) were previously shown to enhance virus secretion and virulence, but a mechanism by which this occurred was not determined. | 2015 | 25946997 |
| analysis of the enzymatic activity of an ns3 helicase genotype 3a variant sequence obtained from a relapse patient. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a species of diverse genotypes that infect over 170 million people worldwide, causing chronic inflammation, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. hcv genotype 3a is common in brazil, and it is associated with a relatively poor response to current direct-acting antiviral therapies. the hcv ns3 protein cleaves part of the hcv polyprotein, and cellular antiviral proteins. it is therefore the target of several hcv drugs. in addition to its protease activity, ns3 is a ... | 2015 | 26658750 |
| amino terminal region of dengue virus ns4a cytosolic domain binds to highly curved liposomes. | dengue virus (denv) is an important human pathogen causing millions of disease cases and thousands of deaths worldwide. non-structural protein 4a (ns4a) is a vital component of the viral replication complex (rc) and plays a major role in the formation of host cell membrane-derived structures that provide a scaffold for replication. the n-terminal cytoplasmic region of ns4a(1-48) is known to preferentially interact with highly curved membranes. here, we provide experimental evidence for the stabl ... | 2015 | 26197333 |
| murine efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluation of the flaviviral ns5 capping enzyme 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one inhibitor bg-323. | arthropod-borne flavivirus infection continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. identification of drug targets and novel antiflaviviral compounds to treat these diseases has become a global health imperative. a previous screen of 235,456 commercially available small molecules identified the 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one family of compounds as inhibitors of the flaviviral ns5 capping enzyme, a promising target for antiviral drug development. rational drug design methodologies e ... | 2015 | 26075394 |
| dengue virus ns proteins inhibit rig-i/mavs signaling by blocking tbk1/irf3 phosphorylation: dengue virus serotype 1 ns4a is a unique interferon-regulating virulence determinant. | dengue virus (denv) replication is inhibited by the prior addition of type i interferon or by rig-i agonists that elicit rig-i/mavs/tbk1/irf3-dependent protective responses. denv infection of primary human endothelial cells (ecs) results in a rapid increase in viral titer, which suggests that denv inhibits replication-restrictive rig-i/interferon beta (ifn-β) induction pathways within ecs. our findings demonstrate that denv serotype 4 (denv4) nonstructural (ns) proteins ns2a and ns4b inhibited r ... | 2015 | 25968648 |
| viral membrane fusion. | membrane fusion is an essential step when enveloped viruses enter cells. lipid bilayer fusion requires catalysis to overcome a high kinetic barrier; viral fusion proteins are the agents that fulfill this catalytic function. despite a variety of molecular architectures, these proteins facilitate fusion by essentially the same generic mechanism. stimulated by a signal associated with arrival at the cell to be infected (e.g., receptor or co-receptor binding, proton binding in an endosome), they und ... | 2015 | 25866377 |
| senataxin suppresses the antiviral transcriptional response and controls viral biogenesis. | the human helicase senataxin (setx) has been linked to the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als4) and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (aoa2). here we identified a role for setx in controlling the antiviral response. cells that had undergone depletion of setx and setx-deficient cells derived from patients with aoa2 had higher expression of antiviral mediators in response to infection than did wild-type cells. mechanistically, we propose a model whereby setx attenuates the ... | 2015 | 25822250 |
| rice stripe virus affects the viability of its vector offspring by changing developmental gene expression in embryos. | plant viruses may affect the viability and development process of their herbivore vectors. small brown planthopper (sbph) is main vector of rice stripe virus (rsv), which causes serious rice stripe disease. here, we reported the effects of rsv on sbph offspring by crossing experiments between viruliferous and non-viruliferous strains. the life parameters of offspring from different cross combinations were compared. the hatchability of f1 progeny from viruliferous parents decreased significantly, ... | 2015 | 25601039 |
| acute flaccid paralysis: the new, the old, and the preventable. | acute flaccid paralysis (afp) has a changing epidemiology with ongoing polio outbreaks and emerging causes such as nonpolio enteroviruses and west nile virus (wnv). we report a case of afp from the horn of africa that was initially classified as probable polio but subsequently found to be due to wnv. | 2015 | 26788545 |
| conserved amino acids within the n-terminus of the west nile virus ns4a protein contribute to virus replication, protein stability and membrane proliferation. | the west nile virus strain kunjin virus (wnvkun) ns4a protein is a multifunctional protein involved in many aspects of the virus life-cycle and is a major component of the wnvkun replication complex (rc). previously we identified a conserved region in the c-terminus of ns4a regulating proteolytic processing and rc assembly, and now investigate key conserved residues in the n-terminus of ns4a and their contribution to wnvkun replication. mutation of p13 completely ablated replication, whereas, mu ... | 2015 | 25771497 |
| a case of murray valley encephalitis in a 2-year-old australian stock horse in south-east queensland. | this report summarises the findings from a case of naturally-occurring murray valley encephalitis in a 2-year-old filly presenting with acute onset of depression and weakness. serum samples tested at the onset of clinical signs were negative for hendra and kunjin virus antibodies, but positive for murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) using igm-capture elisa (1 : 300 dilution). a virus neutralisation assay performed 4 weeks later confirmed a titre of 1 : 160. sera collected in the weeks preced ... | 2015 | 25708787 |
| differential utilisation of ceramide during replication of the flaviviruses west nile and dengue virus. | it is well established that +ssrna viruses manipulate cellular lipid homoeostasis and distribution to facilitate efficient replication. here, we show that the cellular lipid ceramide is redistributed to the west nile virus strain kunjin virus (wnvkun) replication complex (rc) but not to the dengue virus serotype 2 strain new guinea c (denvngc) rc. we show that prolonged chemical inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase with myriocin had a significant deleterious effect on wnvkun replication but ... | 2015 | 26122470 |
| ebolavirus vaccines: progress in the fight against ebola virus disease. | ebolaviruses are highly infectious pathogens that cause lethal ebola virus disease (evd) in humans and non-human primates (nhps). due to their high pathogenicity and transmissibility, as well as the potential to be misused as a bioterrorism agent, ebolaviruses would threaten the health of global populations if not controlled. in this review, we describe the origin and structure of ebolaviruses and the development of vaccines from the beginning of the 1980s, including conventional ebolavirus vacc ... | 2015 | 26535889 |
| the molecular epidemiology and evolution of murray valley encephalitis virus: recent emergence of distinct sub-lineages of the dominant genotype 1. | recent increased activity of the mosquito-borne murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) in australia has renewed concerns regarding its potential to spread and cause disease. | 2015 | 26600318 |
| defining hsp70 subnetworks in dengue virus replication reveals key vulnerability in flavivirus infection. | viral protein homeostasis depends entirely on the machinery of the infected cell. accordingly, viruses can illuminate the interplay between cellular proteostasis components and their distinct substrates. here, we define how the hsp70 chaperone network mediates the dengue virus life cycle. cytosolic hsp70 isoforms are required at distinct steps of the viral cycle, including entry, rna replication, and virion biogenesis. hsp70 function at each step is specified by nine distinct dnaj cofactors. of ... | 2015 | 26582131 |
| dengue virus non-structural protein 1 modulates infectious particle production via interaction with the structural proteins. | non-structural protein 1 (ns1) is one of the most enigmatic proteins of the dengue virus (denv), playing distinct functions in immune evasion, pathogenesis and viral replication. the recently reported crystal structure of denv ns1 revealed its peculiar three-dimensional fold; however, detailed information on ns1 function at different steps of the viral replication cycle is still missing. by using the recently reported crystal structure, as well as amino acid sequence conservation, as a guide for ... | 2015 | 26562291 |
| flaviviral replication complex: coordination between rna synthesis and 5'-rna capping. | genome replication in flavivirus requires (-) strand rna synthesis, (+) strand rna synthesis, and 51-rna capping and methylation. to carry out viral genome replication, flavivirus assembles a replication complex, consisting of both viral and host proteins, on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) membrane. two major components of the replication complex are the viral non-structural (ns) proteins ns3 and ns5. together they possess all the enzymatic activities required for genome ... | 2015 | 26287232 |
| interaction between flavivirus and cytoskeleton during virus replication. | flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. the interactions between the virus and host cytoskeletons such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediat ... | 2015 | 26347881 |
| identification and characterization of novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of the flavivirus methyltransferase. | flavivirus methyltransferase (mtase) is essential for viral replication. here we report the identification of small molecules through virtual screening that putatively bind to the sam-binding site of flavivirus mtase and inhibit its function. six of these computationally predicted binders were identified to show significant mtase inhibition with low micromolar inhibitory activity. the most active compounds showed broad-spectrum activity against the mtase proteins of other flaviviruses. two of th ... | 2015 | 26726314 |
| understanding dengue virus capsid protein interaction with key biological targets. | dengue virus (denv) causes over 500,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths worldwide every year. dengue epidemics now reach temperate regions due to globalization of trade and travel and climate changes. currently, there are no successful therapeutic or preventive approaches. we previously developed a peptide drug lead, pep14-23, that inhibits the biologically relevant interaction of denv capsid (c) protein with lipid droplets (lds). surprisingly, pep14-23 also inhibits denv c interaction with v ... | 2015 | 26161501 |
| physico-chemical requirements and kinetics of membrane fusion of flavivirus-like particles. | flaviviruses deliver their rna genome into the host-cell cytoplasm by fusing their lipid envelope with a cellular membrane. expression of the flavivirus pre-membrane and envelope glycoprotein genes in the absence of other viral genes results in the spontaneous assembly and secretion of virus-like particles (vlps) with membrane fusion activity. here, we examined the physico-chemical requirements for membrane fusion of vlps from west nile and japanese encephalitis viruses. in a bulk fusion assay, ... | 2015 | 25740960 |
| novel broad spectrum inhibitors targeting the flavivirus methyltransferase. | the flavivirus methyltransferase (mtase) is an essential enzyme that sequentially methylates the n7 and 2'-o positions of the viral rna cap, using s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) as a methyl donor. we report here that small molecule compounds, which putatively bind to the sam-binding site of flavivirus mtase and inhibit its function, were identified by using virtual screening. in vitro methylation experiments demonstrated significant mtase inhibition by 13 of these compounds, with the most potent ... | 2015 | 26098995 |
| nucleocytoplasmic transport of nucleocapsid proteins of enveloped rna viruses. | most viruses with non-segmented single stranded rna genomes complete their life cycle in the cytoplasm of infected cells. however, despite undergoing replication in the cytoplasm, the structural proteins of some of these rna viruses localize to the nucleus at specific times in the virus life cycle, primarily early in infection. limited evidence suggests that this enhances successful viral replication by interfering with or inhibiting the host antiviral response. nucleocapsid proteins of rna viru ... | 2015 | 26082769 |
| quantitative proteomic analysis of host-virus interactions reveals a role for golgi brefeldin a resistance factor 1 (gbf1) in dengue infection. | dengue virus is considered to be the most important mosquito-borne virus worldwide and poses formidable economic and health care burdens on many tropical and subtropical countries. dengue infection induces drastic rearrangement of host endoplasmic reticulum membranes into complex membranous structures housing replication complexes; the contribution(s) of host proteins and pathways to this process is poorly understood but is likely to be mediated by protein-protein interactions. we have developed ... | 2014 | 24855065 |
| the role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology. | in nature, vector-borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. these viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of rna by rt-pcr and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid, an ... | 2014 | 24737600 |
| a review of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of west nile virus. | the resurgence of west nile virus (wnv) in north america and europe in recent years has raised the concerns of local authorities and highlighted that mosquito-borne disease is not restricted to tropical regions of the world. wnv is maintained in enzootic cycles involving, primarily, culex spp. mosquitoes and avian hosts, with epizootic spread to mammals, including horses and humans. human infection results in symptomatic illness in approximately one-fifth of cases and neuroinvasive disease in le ... | 2014 | 24748813 |
| vector competence of culex neavei and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) from senegal for lineages 1, 2, koutango and a putative new lineage of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wn virus) is one of the most widespread arbovirus and exhibits a great genetic diversity with 8 lineages, at least 4 (1, 2, koutango, and putative new) are present in africa. in west africa, culex neavei and culex quinquefasciatus are considered as potential vectors for wn virus transmission in sylvatic or urban context. we analyzed the vector competence of these culex species from senegal for african lineages and envelope proteins sequences of viral strains used. we showed that ... | 2014 | 24567319 |
| inhibition of hsp70 reduces porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in vitro. | successful viral infection requires the involvement of host cellular factors in their life cycle. heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) can be recruited by numerous viruses to promote the folding, maturation, or assembly of viral proteins. we have previously shown that hsp70 is significantly elevated in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-infected lungs, suggesting hsp70 may play a potential role during prrsv infection. in this study, we tried to investigate the role of hsp70 dur ... | 2014 | 24625230 |
| mechanisms underlying the inhibition of interferon signaling by viruses. | a hallmark of the antiviral response is the induction of interferons. first discovered in 1957 by issac and lindeman, interferons are noted for their ability to interfere with viral replication. interferons act via autocrine and paracrine pathways to induce an antiviral state in infected cells and in neighboring cells containing interferon receptors. interferons are the frontline defenders against viral infection and their primary function is to locally restrict viral propagation. viruses have e ... | 2014 | 24504013 |
| linking pig-tailed macaque major histocompatibility complex class i haplotypes and cytotoxic t lymphocyte escape mutations in simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | the influence of major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) alleles on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) diversity in humans has been well characterized at the population level. mhc-i alleles likely affect viral diversity in the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina) model, but this is poorly characterized. we studied the evolution of siv in pig-tailed macaques with a range of mhc-i haplotypes. siv(mac251) genomes were amplified from the plasma ... | 2014 | 25275134 |
| interferon regulatory factor 5-dependent immune responses in the draining lymph node protect against west nile virus infection. | upon activation of toll-like and rig-i-like receptor signaling pathways, the transcription factor irf5 translocates to the nucleus and induces antiviral immune programs. the recent discovery of a homozygous mutation in the immunoregulatory gene guanine exchange factor dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (dock2mu/mu) in several irf5-/- mouse colonies has complicated interpretation of immune functions previously ascribed to irf5. to define the antiviral functions of irf5 in vivo, we infected backcrossed ir ... | 2014 | 25031348 |
| monomeric nature of dengue virus ns3 helicase and thermodynamic analysis of the interaction with single-stranded rna. | dengue virus nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) is a multifunctional protein formed by a superfamily-2 rna helicase linked to a protease domain. in this work, we report results from in vitro experiments designed to determine the oligomeric state of dengue virus ns3 helicase (ns3h) and to characterize fundamental properties of the interaction with single-stranded (ss)rna. pulsed field gradient-nmr spectroscopy was used to determine the effective hydrodynamic radius of ns3h, which was constant over a w ... | 2014 | 25223789 |
| the west nile virus-like flavivirus koutango is highly virulent in mice due to delayed viral clearance and the induction of a poor neutralizing antibody response. | the mosquito-borne west nile virus (wnv) is responsible for outbreaks of viral encephalitis in humans, horses, and birds, with particularly virulent strains causing recent outbreaks of disease in eastern europe, the middle east, north america, and australia. previous studies have phylogenetically separated wnv strains into two main genetic lineages (i and ii) containing virulent strains associated with neurological disease. several wnv-like strains clustering outside these lineages have been ide ... | 2014 | 24942584 |
| modulation of α-enolase post-translational modifications by dengue virus: increased secretion of the basic isoforms in infected hepatic cells. | hepatic cells are major sites of dengue virus (denv) replication and liver injury constitutes a characteristic of severe forms of dengue. the role of hepatic cells in dengue pathogenesis is not well established, but since hepatocytes are the major source of plasma proteins, changes in protein secretion by these cells during infection might contribute to disease progression. previously, we showed that denv infection alters the secretion pattern of hepatic hepg2 cells, with α-enolase appearing as ... | 2014 | 25171719 |
| in vitro and in vivo characterization of a west nile virus mad78 infectious clone. | the viral determinants governing the varied neuropathogenicity of different west nile virus (wnv) strains are poorly understood. here, we generated an infectious clone (wnv-mad(ic)) of the non-pathogenic strain wnv-mad78 and compared its replication to that of parental wnv-mad78 and a wnv-mad78 infectious clone (wnv-mad(tx-utrs)) containing the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (utrs) of the pathogenic strain wnv-tx. all three viruses replicated at similar rates and caused similar lethality in mice ... | 2014 | 25023336 |
| host competence and helicase activity differences exhibited by west nile viral variants expressing ns3-249 amino acid polymorphisms. | a single helicase amino acid substitution, ns3-t249p, has been shown to increase viremia magnitude/mortality in american crows (amcrs) following west nile virus (wnv) infection. lineage/intra-lineage geographic variants exhibit consistent amino acid polymorphisms at this locus; however, the majority of wnv isolates associated with recent outbreaks reported worldwide have a proline at the ns3-249 residue. in order to evaluate the impact of ns3-249 variants on avian and mammalian virulence, multip ... | 2014 | 24971589 |
| infection with non-lethal west nile virus eg101 strain induces immunity that protects mice against the lethal west nile virus ny99 strain. | herein we demonstrate that infection of mice with west nile virus (wnv) eg101 provides protective immunity against lethal challenge with wnv ny99. our data demonstrated that wnv eg101 is largely non-virulent in adult mice when compared to wnv ny99. by day 6 after infection, wnv-specific igm and igg antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies were detected in the serum of all wnv eg101 infected mice. plaque reduction neutralization test data demonstrated that serum from wnv eg101 infected mice neutra ... | 2014 | 24915459 |
| a novel t-cell receptor mimic defines dendritic cells that present an immunodominant west nile virus epitope in mice. | we used a newly generated t-cell receptor mimic monoclonal antibody (tcrm mab) that recognizes a known nonself immunodominant peptide epitope from west nile virus (wnv) ns4b protein to investigate epitope presentation after virus infection in c57bl/6 mice. previous studies suggested that peptides of different length, either ssvwnattai (10-mer) or ssvwnatta (9-mer) in complex with class i mhc antigen h-2d(b) , were immunodominant after wnv infection. our data establish that both peptides are pres ... | 2014 | 24723377 |
| ultrastructural characterization and three-dimensional architecture of replication sites in dengue virus-infected mosquito cells. | during dengue virus infection of host cells, intracellular membranes are rearranged into distinct subcellular structures such as double-membrane vesicles, convoluted membranes, and tubular structures. recent electron tomographic studies have provided a detailed three-dimensional architecture of the double-membrane vesicles, representing the sites of dengue virus replication, but temporal and spatial evidence linking membrane morphogenesis with viral rna synthesis is lacking. integrating techniqu ... | 2014 | 24522909 |
| experimental infection of rhesus macaques and common marmosets with a european strain of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects humans and other mammals. in some cases wnv causes severe neurological disease. during recent years, outbreaks of wnv are increasing in worldwide distribution and novel genetic variants of the virus have been detected. although a substantial amount of data exists on wnv infections in rodent models, little is known about early events during wnv infection in primates, including humans. to gain a deeper understanding of this process, ... | 2014 | 24743302 |
| the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virus/ganjam virus induces the translocation of protein disulphide isomerase-like oxidoreductases from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface and the extracellular space. | nairobi sheep disease virus (nsdv) of the genus nairovirus causes a haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats with mortality up to 90%; the virus is found in east and central africa, and in india, where the virus is called ganjam virus. nsdv is closely related to the human pathogen crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus, which also causes a haemorrhagic disease. as with other nairoviruses, replication of nsdv takes place in the cytoplasm and the new virus particles bud into the golgi appar ... | 2014 | 24714576 |
| rna structures that resist degradation by xrn1 produce a pathogenic dengue virus rna. | dengue virus is a growing global health threat. dengue and other flaviviruses commandeer the host cell's rna degradation machinery to generate the small flaviviral rna (sfrna), a noncoding rna that induces cytopathicity and pathogenesis. host cell exonuclease xrn1 likely loads on the 5' end of viral genomic rna and degrades processively through ∼10 kb of rna, halting near the 3' end of the viral rna. the surviving rna is the sfrna. we interrogated the architecture of the complete dengue 2 sfrna, ... | 2014 | 24692447 |
| effect of dengue-2 virus infection on protein expression in the salivary glands of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | dengue virus (denv) is the most important mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that is transmitted throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. the primary mosquito vector of denv in urban locations is aedes aegypti. key to understanding the transmission of denv is the relationship between pathogen and vector. accordingly, we report our preliminary characterization of the differentially expressed proteins from ae. aegypti mosquitoes after denv infection. we investigated the virus-vec ... | 2014 | 24445208 |