Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| serologic response of horses to the structural proteins of equine arteritis virus. | equine arteritis virus (eav) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, an apparently emerging disease of equids. in this study, the antibody response of horses to the structural proteins of eav was evaluated using gradient-purified eav virions and baculovirus-expressed recombinant eav structural proteins (g(l), g(s), m, n) as antigens in a western immunoblotting assay. thirty-three sera from horses that previously had been naturally or experimentally infected with eav were evaluated, inc ... | 1998 | 9683071 |
| nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the leader region of canadian, american and european equine arteritis virus isolates. | the extreme 5' end, the entire leader sequence of the arvac vaccine strain, and 10 equine arteritis virus (eav) isolates, including the atcc bucyrus reference strain and 5 canadian field isolates, were determined and compared at the primary nucleotide and secondary structure levels. the leader sequence of eight eav isolates, including the bucyrus reference strain, and the leader sequence of the arvac vaccine strain was determined to be 206 nt in length (not including the putative 5' cap structur ... | 1998 | 9684053 |
| retrovirus-induced disease in poultry. | three species of avian retrovirus cause disease in poultry: the avian leukosis/sarcoma virus (alsv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and lymphoproliferative disease virus (lpdv) of turkeys. the alsv can be classified as slowly transforming viruses, which lack a viral oncogene, and acutely transforming viruses, which possess a viral oncogene. slowly transforming viruses induce late onset leukoses of the b cell lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid cell lineages, and other tumors, by viral promoter ... | 1998 | 9706091 |
| orf1a-encoded replicase subunits are involved in the membrane association of the arterivirus replication complex. | among the functions of the replicase of equine arteritis virus (eav; family arteriviridae, order nidovirales) are important viral enzyme activities such as proteases and the putative rna polymerase and rna helicase functions. the replicase is expressed in the form of two polyproteins (open reading frame 1a [orf1a] and orf1ab), which are processed into 12 nonstructural proteins by three viral proteases. in immunofluorescence assays, the majority of these cleavage products localized to the perinuc ... | 1998 | 9658116 |
| molecular variation in the nucleoprotein gene (orf7) of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | the nucleoprotein gene (orf7) of 15 european isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) was sequenced and compared with corresponding sequences of other prrsv isolates (2 european and 13 american) and one isolate each of other arteriviruses (the lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (ldv), the simian haemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) and the equine arteritis virus (eav)). their phylogenetic relationships were established using neighbour-joining and parsimony methods. f ... | 1998 | 9660067 |
| serologic and molecular characterization of an abortigenic strain of equine arteritis virus isolated from infective frozen semen and an aborted equine fetus. | a virus isolated from an aborted equine fetus was determined to be antigenically distinct from several other strains of equine arteritis virus (eav) by use of a neutralization assay with a large panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. the virus was readily neutralized by polyclonal equine anti-eav serum. comparative nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses indicated that the virus (wa97) isolated from the aborted fetus was virtually identical to a virus (s1971) isolated from imported sem ... | 1998 | 9838958 |
| genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of open reading frames 3 and 4 of various equine arteritis virus isolates. | the genetic variation in equine arteritis virus (eav) nonstructural (ns) protein-encoding open reading frames (orf) 3 and 4 genes was investigated. nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences from seven different eav isolates (one european, one american and five canadian isolates) and the arvac vaccine strain were compared with those of the bucyrus reference strain. orf 3 nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities amongst these isolates (including the arvac vaccine strain) and the bucyrus ref ... | 1998 | 9782363 |
| the reverse transcriptase activity in cell-free medium of chicken embryo fibroblast cultures is not associated with a replication-competent retrovirus. | reverse transcriptase (rt) activity has previously been reported in concentrated medium of primary chicken embryo cell cultures using the traditional rt assay. recently, using the newly-developed and highly-sensitive product-enhanced reverse transcriptase (pert) assay, rt activity has been detected in live, attenuated vaccines grown in chicken cell substrates. furthermore, this activity has been associated with particles that contain rna related to an ancient, endogenous avian retrovirus family ... | 1998 | 9784139 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of equine arteritis virus in semen and tissue samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, dot blot hybridisation and nested polymerase chain reaction. | a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay using four different primer pairs for the detection of equine arteritis virus (eav) rna in semen and tissue samples was evaluated. a fragment encoding the leader sequence of the eav genome was most successfully amplified. the specificity and sensitivity of rt-pcr was assessed by virus isolation in cell culture, restriction analysis, dot blot hybridisation and nested pcr. to this end, 23 semen samples from seropositive stallions and ... | 1998 | 10358735 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological survey of equine arteritis virus in racehorses. | to examine antibodies against equine arteritis virus (eav), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using purified virus antigen was developed. the results of elisa were compared with those of serum neutralization (sn) tests. the elisa absorbance values and the sn titers in sera collected weekly from eav-infected horses showed a similar pattern. the elisa could detect antibody to eav in horses experimentally infected with not only a homologous virus strain, which was used as the elisa antig ... | 1998 | 9795910 |
| equine viral arteritis risk from imported semen. | 1998 | 9921633 | |
| detection of antibodies to equine arteritis virus by enzyme linked immunosorbant assays utilizing g(l), m and n proteins expressed from recombinant baculoviruses. | indirect enzyme linked immunosorbant assays (elisas) utilizing the three major structural proteins (m, n, and g(l)) of equine arteritis virus (eav) expressed from recombinant baculoviruses were developed. a large panel of sera collected from uninfected horses, and from animals experimentally and naturally infected with eav or vaccinated with the modified live virus vaccine against equine viral arteritis, were used to characterize the humoral immune response of horses to the three major eav struc ... | 1998 | 9923747 |
| the unique envelope gene of the subgroup j avian leukosis virus derives from ev/j proviruses, a novel family of avian endogenous viruses. | a new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (alv), designated subgroup j, was identified recently. viruses of this subgroup do not cross-interfere with viruses of the avian a, b, c, d, and e subgroups, are not neutralized by antisera raised against the other virus subgroups, and have a broader host range than the a to e subgroups. sequence comparisons reveal that while the subgroup j envelope gene includes some regions that are related to those found in env genes of the a to e subgroups, the majority ... | 1998 | 9811756 |
| development and application of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests for the detection of subgroup j avian leukosis virus. | subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv) is a recently identified avian retrovirus associated with myeloid leukosis in meat-type chickens. the env gene of the hprs-103 strain of alv, the prototype of this subgroup, differs considerably from that of other subgroups, but shows close homology to the env-like sequences of members of the eav family of endogenous retroviruses. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests using two sets of primers were developed for the specific detection of the members of this ... | 1998 | 9660074 |
| antigenic variants of j subgroup avian leukosis virus: sequence analysis reveals multiple changes in the env gene. | hprs-103, the prototype of avian leukosis virus (alv) subgroup j, was isolated in 1989 from meat-type chickens from commercial flocks where it induces myelocytic myeloid leukosis (ml). the hprs-103 env gene differs considerably from other alv subgroups but shows high identity (75-97%) to env-like sequences of the different members of the eav family of endogenous avian retroviruses. recently, we have isolated several viruses related to hprs-103 from cases of ml. although these isolates showed pro ... | 1998 | 9568971 |
| venereal infection of mares by equine arteritis virus and use of killed vaccine against the infection. | venereal infection with equine arteritis virus (eav) was established in each of seven mares by inoculation via the cervix with 20 ml of viral suspension (> or = 8 x 10(6) plaque-forming units; pfu), following treatment with prostaglandin and oestradiol. a dose of < or = 8 x 10(5) pfu produced infection in only five of eight mares. serum neutralizing antibody developed in mares manifesting clinical signs of equine viral arteritis (eva), and a weak antibody was detectable in one apparently healthy ... | 1997 | 9447481 |
| molecular characterization of lelystad virus. | lelystad virus (lv), the prototype of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, is a small enveloped virus, containing a positive strand rna genome of 15 kb. lv is tentatively classified in the family arteriviridae, which consists of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (ldv), equine arteritis virus (eav) and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv). these viruses have a similar genome organization and replication strategy as coronaviruses, but the size of the genome is much smaller (12-15 ... | 1997 | 9220614 |
| expression cloning and humoral immune response to the nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of equine arteritis virus. | to provide a convenient and sensitive method for the detection of equine arteritis virus (eav)-specific serum antibodies, we developed an immunoblot assay employing the eav nucleocapsid (n) and membrane (m) proteins expressed in a procaryotic expression vector (pmal-c2) for the production of recombinant maltose-binding (mbp) fusion proteins (mbp-n and mbp-m). the antigenic reactivity of the recombinant fusion proteins and their xa factor cleavage eav products was confirmed by immunoblot using ho ... | 1997 | 9384283 |
| comparison of nucleic and amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of open reading frames 3 and 4 of various equine arteritis virus isolates. | the genetic variation in equine arteritis virus (eav) protein-encoding open reading frames (orfs) 3 and 4 genes was investigated. nucleic and deduced amino acid sequences from seven different eav isolates (one european, one american and five canadian isolates) and the arvac vaccine strain were compared with those of bucyrus reference strain. orf 3 nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between these isolates (including the arvac vaccine strain) and the bucyrus reference strain ranged from ... | 1997 | 9428144 |
| [equine arteritis virus: clinical symptoms and prevention]. | sero-epidemiological surveys have revealed that equine arteritis virus (eav) is prevalent in most european countries. the virus causes sporadic cases of respiratory disease and abortion in horses, the incidence of which has increased in recent years. mares and geldings eliminate virus after acute infection, but 30% to 60% of stallions become persistently infected. in these animals, eav is maintained within the reproductive tract and is shed continuously in the semen. persistent infection with ea ... | 1997 | 9012008 |
| equine viral arteritis in newborn foals: clinical, pathological, serological, microbiological and immunohistochemical observations. | clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical, serological and microbiological findings are described for 2 geographically and temporally distinct equine arteritis virus (eav) epidemics in newborn foals. outbreak a occurred at a commercial standardbred breeding facility; outbreak b began in a group of research animals. clinical signs were severe and primarily referable to the respiratory tract. fever and leucopenia and/or thrombocytopenia were observed in foals surviving for more than 24 h. the mo ... | 1997 | 9234009 |
| experimental exposure of pregnant mares to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus. | clinical, virological and serological responses were evaluated in 10 pregnant mares after different challenge exposures to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav). the outcome of maternal infection on the progeny was also investigated. mares were inoculated intranasally (n = 4), intramuscularly (n = 2), intravenously (n = 1), or contract-exposed (n = 3). all inoculated mares developed pyrexia, 5 showed mild clinical signs related to eav infection and 2 remained asymptomatic. viraem ... | 1997 | 9291073 |
| hemagglutination with equine arteritis virus. | equine arteritis virus (eav) grown on rk13 cell cultures was tested for hemagglutination (ha) with erythrocytes from a variety of species at 4 degrees c, room temperature and 37 degrees c. ha was observed at all temperatures with erythrocytes from mouse and chicken but not with those of cattle, horse, rabbit, guinea pig, mongolian gerbil, goose or chick embryo. chickens showed an individual variation in agglutinability of their erythrocytes, requiring selection of birds to obtain erythrocytes fo ... | 1997 | 9362047 |
| effect of the south african asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav) in pregnant donkey mares and duration of maternal immunity in foals. | clinical, virological and serological responses were investigated in five pregnant donkey mares after experimental exposure to the south african asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav), and the duration of maternal immunity to eav was studied in their foals. in four intranasally inoculated mares, fever with maximum rectal temperatures of 39.1-40.7 degrees c was recorded 2-11 d after challenge. all the inoculated mares developed mild depression, and a serous ocular and nasal discharge; ... | 1997 | 9352564 |
| alternative proteolytic processing of the arterivirus replicase orf1a polyprotein: evidence that nsp2 acts as a cofactor for the nsp4 serine protease. | the c-terminal half of the replicase orf1a polyprotein of the arterivirus equine arteritis virus is processed by a chymotrypsinlike serine protease (sp) (e. j. snijder et al., j. biol. chem. 271:4864-4871, 1996) located in nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4). three probable sp cleavage sites had previously been identified in the orf1a protein. their proteolysis explained the main processing products generated from the c-terminal part of the orf1a protein in infected cells (e. j. snijder et al., j. vi ... | 1997 | 9371590 |
| genetic and amino acid analysis of the gl protein of canadian, american and european equine arteritis virus isolates. | the genetic variation in equine arteritis virus (eav) gl protein encoding gene was investigated. nucleic and deduced amino acid sequences from 7 different eav isolates, including 4 eastern canadian field isolates, were compared with those of the bucyrus reference strain. nucleotide sequence identities between these isolates and the bucyrus reference strain ranged from 87.5% (vienna isolate) to 93.9% (11958 isolate). amino acid identities with the bucyrus reference strain varied from 90.2% (vienn ... | 1997 | 9008807 |
| an infectious arterivirus cdna clone: identification of a replicase point mutation that abolishes discontinuous mrna transcription. | equine arteritis virus (eav) is a positive-strand rna virus that uses a discontinuous transcription mechanism to generate a nested set of six subgenomic mrnas from which its structural genes are expressed. a stable bacterial plasmid (peav030) containing a full-length cdna copy of the 12.7-kb eav genome was constructed. after removal of a single point mutation in the replicase gene, rna transcripts generated in vitro from peav030 were shown to be infectious upon electroporation into bhk-21 cells. ... | 1997 | 9023370 |
| a survey for antibodies to equine arteritis virus in donkeys, mules and zebra using virus neutralisation (vn) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | a seroepidemiological survey of donkeys in south africa (n = 4300) indicated a wide distribution and increasing prevalence of antibodies to equine arteritis virus (eav). donkey sera inhibited equine arteritis virus infection in virus neutralisation (vn) tests and in elisa specifically bound to a recombinant antigen derived from the bucyrus isolate of eav. these results suggest that donkeys have been exposed to the same serotype of this virus as circulates among horses. a good correlation existed ... | 1997 | 9031862 |
| reverse transcriptase activity in chicken embryo fibroblast culture supernatants is associated with particles containing endogenous avian retrovirus eav-0 rna. | we have recently shown that live attenuated virus vaccines produced on chicken-derived cells contain low levels of particle-associated reverse transcriptase (rt). in both virus and corresponding control harvests produced on chicken embryo fibroblasts, these activities were present at significantly higher concentrations than in the vaccines. in order to identify the putative retrovirus sequence responsible for this activity, a novel method for the selective pcr amplification of particle-associate ... | 1997 | 9060660 |
| neutralization determinants of laboratory strains and field isolates of equine arteritis virus: identification of four neutralization sites in the amino-terminal ectodomain of the g(l) envelope glycoprotein. | the n-terminal hydrophilic ectodomain of the g(l) envelope glycoprotein of equine arteritis virus (eav) contains neutralization determinants of the virus. we developed a panel of 17 neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to further characterize the neutralization determinants of eav. included were 6 mabs previously raised against a laboratory strain (eavucd) of the original bucyrus strain of eav, as well as 11 additional mabs that were raised against a neutralization-resistant variant ... | 1997 | 9185595 |
| failure to establish chronic infection of the reproductive tract of the male horse with a south african asinine strain of equine arteritis virus (eav). | eight sexually mature horse stallions were inoculated intranasally with a south african asinine strain of eav, a strain that was isolated from the semen of a donkey carrier. all horses developed fever, with maximum rectal temperatures of 38.9-39.9 degrees c recorded 3-6 d post challenge. six horses showed very mild clinical signs of equine viral arteritis and two were asymptomatic. the virus was recovered from the nasopharynxes of six horses 2-7 d after inoculation, and from buffy-coat samples o ... | 1997 | 9204499 |
| detection of equine arteritis virus in the semen of carrier stallions by using a sensitive nested pcr assay. | a nested pcr, developed for the detection of equine arteritis virus (eav) in semen, detected less than 2.5 pfu of eav per ml of naturally infected seminal plasma. based on results from testing 88 semen samples from 70 stallions, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 100 and 97%, respectively. | 1997 | 9230412 |
| effect of heparin on infection of cells by equine arteritis virus. | the number of plaques formed by equine arteritis virus (eav) and aujesky's disease virus (adv) was reduced to 14% and 5% of the untreated control (100%), respectively, by 10 u/ml of heparin, but could not be reduced below to 13 and 4%, respectively, by use of concentration up to 100 u/ml. an inhibitory effect of heparin, at concentration up to 100 u/ml, was not observed on parainfluenza virus 3 (piv-3). heparinase treatment of rk13 cells reduced the number of eav-, as well as adv-induced plaques ... | 1997 | 9300374 |
| equine arteritis virus. | equine arteritis virus (eav) is a small, enveloped, positive-stranded rna virus, in the family arteriviridae , w.h.ich can infect both horses and donkeys. while the majority of eav infections are asymptomatic, acutely infected animals may develop a wide range of clinical signs, including pyrexia, limb and ventral edema, depression, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. the virus may cause abortion and has caused mortality in neonates. after natural eav infection, most horses develop a solid, long-term i ... | 1997 | 16728076 |
| the arterivirus nsp4 protease is the prototype of a novel group of chymotrypsin-like enzymes, the 3c-like serine proteases. | the replicase of equine arteritis virus, an arterivirus, is processed by at least three viral proteases. comparative sequence analysis suggested that nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) is a serine protease (sp) that shares properties with chymotrypsin-like enzymes belonging to two different groups. the sp was predicted to utilize the canonical his-asp-ser catalytic triad found in classical chymotrypsin-like proteases. on the other hand, its putative substrate-binding region contains thr and his resi ... | 1996 | 8617757 |
| immunoperoxidase histochemistry as a diagnostic tool for detection of equine arteritis virus antigen in formalin fixed tissues. | 1996 | 8565959 | |
| a perspective on equine viral arteritis (infectious arteritis of horses). | 1996 | 9025155 | |
| fatal experimental equine arteritis virus infection of a pregnant mare: immunohistochemical staining of viral antigens. | 1996 | 8844583 | |
| experimental pathological studies on mechanism of abortion caused by equine arteritis virus. | 1996 | 8870395 | |
| intracellular synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins encoded by orfs 5 to 7 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), a small enveloped virus containing a positive-strand rna genome, possesses at least three major structural proteins designated n, m, and e. the n protein is considered as the major component of the nucleocapsid, whereas m and e are membrane-associated. previous studies using peptide-specific antibodies assigned these proteins to orfs 7, 6, and 5, respectively. in the present report, monospecific antisera raised against escherichia coli ... | 1996 | 8661418 |
| equine arteritis virus subgenomic mrna synthesis: analysis of leader-body junctions and replicative-form rnas. | in addition to the genomic rna, a 3' coterminal nested set of six subgenomic mrnas is produced in equine arteritis virus (eav)-infected cells. the seven viral rnas are also 5' coterminal, since they all contain a 206-nucleotide common leader sequence which is identical to the 5' end of the genome. a conserved penta-nucleotide sequence motif, 5' ucaac 3', was shown to be present at the junctions between the leader and body sequences in each of the mrnas. in addition, two alternative junction site ... | 1996 | 8676451 |
| histopathological and immunofluorescent studies on transplacental infection in experimentally induced abortion by equine arteritis virus. | five pregnant mares, at between 6 and 8 months gestation, were experimentally infected with the bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (eav). of the five mares, four aborted and one died. the pathogenesis of the abortions was studied, using histopathologic techniques, tissue immunofluorescence and virus isolation. common microscopic lesions in the maternal reproductive organs indicated myometritis with a degeneration of the myocytes and an infiltration of the mononuclear cells. epithelial cell ... | 1996 | 8693844 |
| is the south african asinine strain of equine arteritis virus a threat to local horses? | 1996 | 9120846 | |
| processing of the equine arteritis virus replicase orf1b protein: identification of cleavage products containing the putative viral polymerase and helicase domains. | the replicase open reading frame lb (orf1b) protein of equine arteritis virus (eav) is expressed from the viral genome as an orf1ab fusion protein (345 kda) by ribosomal frameshifting. processing of the orf1b polyprotein was predicted to be mediated by the nsp4 serine protease, the main eav protease. several putative cleavage sites for this protease were detected in the orf1b polyprotein. on the basis of this tentative processing scheme, peptides were selected to raise rabbit antisera that were ... | 1996 | 8794297 |
| genetic variation in open reading frame 2 of field isolates and laboratory strains of equine arteritis virus. | the open reading frame 2 (orf2) of three laboratory strains, the live attenuated vaccine virus, and 18 field isolates of equine arteritis virus (eav) from europe and north america was sequenced. the orf2 of eav encodes the gs protein that is abundantly expressed in infected cells but constitutes less than 2% of the virion protein mass. variation of orf2 among the isolates facilitated phylogenetic analysis that largely confirmed results of an earlier study based on sequence divergence of orf5 of ... | 1996 | 8806173 |
| sequence determination of the extreme 5' end of equine arteritis virus leader region. | the extreme 5' end of the leader sequence of four equine arteritis virus (eav) strains was obtained by using rapid amplification of cdna end method (5' race), and sequenced. seventeen more nucleotides were added upstream of the 5' end of the eav published genomic sequence. a common feature among the analyzed eav isolates was the presence of an aug start codon within the added sequence and the appearance of an intraleader open reading frame (orf) of 111 nucleotides which was predicted to encode a ... | 1996 | 8883367 |
| equine arteritis virus: a review of clinical features and management aspects. | sero-epidemiological surveys have revealed that equine arteritis virus (eav) is prevalent in most european countries. the virus causes sporadic cases of respiratory disease and abortion in horses, the incidence of which has increased in recent years. mares and geldings eliminate virus after acute infection, but 30% to 60% of stallions become persistently infected. in these animals, eav is maintained within the reproductive tract and is shed continuously in the semen. persistent infection with ea ... | 1996 | 8903141 |
| transmission of the south african asinine strain of equine arteritis virus (eav) among horses and between donkeys and horses. | lateral and sexual transmission of eav among horses and lateral transmission between donkeys and horses were attempted by experimental infection with the south african asinine strain. clinical, immunological and virological responses were evaluated. all intramuscularly inoculated horses developed very mild clinical signs, were viraemic, shed virus from nasopharynx, and seroconverted. lateral infection was demonstrated in one in-contact mare. reinfection of two stallions by intranasal instillatio ... | 1996 | 8917855 |
| comparison of nucleic and amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the gs protein of various equine arteritis virus isolates. | the genetic variation in equine arteritis virus (eav) gs protein encoding gene was investigated. nucleic and deduced amino acid sequences from eight different eav isolates (one european, two american and five canadian isolates) were compared with those of the bucyrus reference strain. nucleotide and amino acid identities between these isolates and the bucyrus reference strain ranged from 92.3 to 96.4%, and 93.2 to 95.5%, respectively. however, phylogenetic tree analysis and estimation of genetic ... | 1996 | 8938984 |
| expression cloning and antigenic analysis of the nucleocapsid protein of equine arteritis virus. | a series of recombinant fusion proteins derived from equine arteritis virus (eav) open reading frame (orf) 7 have been used to define the immunoreactive region of the viral nucleocapsid (n) protein. reactivities of recombinant n fusion proteins with post-infection equine sera in immunoblots and elisas indicate that the major nucleocapsid protein epitope is located within amino acid residues 1-69. in elisas two recombinant nucleocapsid fusion proteins containing residues 1-69 (rn1-69) and 1-28 (r ... | 1995 | 8837890 |
| detection of related positive-strand rna virus genomes by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers for common replicase sequences. | a set of degenerate sense and antisense primers were designed on the basis of short segments with identical amino acids in the predicted orf 1b replicase proteins of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (ldv), equine arteritis virus (eav) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, strain lelystad virus (prrsv-lv), which are members of a new group of positive-strand rna viruses. reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction amplification using this set of degenerate primers yield ... | 1995 | 8837898 |
| recognition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a newborn foal. | 1995 | 8654357 | |
| clinical features of the 1992 outbreak of equine viral arteritis in spain. | during 1992, a widespread outbreak of equine viral arteritis (eva) occurred at a riding establishment near barcelona, spain. a total of 31 out of 186 horses on the premises displayed clinical signs, most frequently, fever, depression, mild ventral and limb oedema and a vesicular-erosive stomatitis, with hypersalivation, petechiations and small ulcerations. affected horses developed illness of varying severity with only a few exhibiting a severe form of the disease and no mortality was recorded. ... | 1995 | 8536667 |
| reactions to strangles vaccination. | 1995 | 8825322 | |
| the small envelope glycoprotein (gs) of equine arteritis virus folds into three distinct monomers and a disulfide-linked dimer. | the small membrane glycoprotein (gs) of equine arteritis virus (eav) is a minor virion component but is abundantly expressed in eav-infected cells. in this study, we have analyzed its membrane topology, folding, oligomerization, and intracellular transport. we show that gs is a class i integral membrane protein with one functional n-glycosylation site. gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions revealed that gs occurs in eav-infected cells in four monomeric conformations and as disulfide-l ... | 1995 | 7745690 |
| clinical, virological and serological responses of donkeys to intranasal inoculation with the ky-84 strain of equine arteritis virus. | the clinical, virological and serological responses of seven female donkeys (equus asinus) to inoculation with the ky-84 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav), a strain that causes moderate to severe clinical signs in horses, was investigated. in the donkeys, the only clinical signs observed were fever (mainly 3-9 days after inoculation), mild depression in four animals, and a slight nasal or ocular discharge in three. all of the donkeys became infected with eav as shown by recovery of the viru ... | 1995 | 7769149 |
| processing and evolution of the n-terminal region of the arterivirus replicase orf1a protein: identification of two papainlike cysteine proteases. | two adjacent papainlike cysteine protease (pcp) domains, pcp alpha and pcp beta, were identified in the n-terminal region of the open reading frame 1a replicase proteins of the arteriviruses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus. the replicase of the related virus equine arteritis virus contains only one active pcp in the corresponding region. sequence comparison revealed that the equine arteritis virus pcp alpha counterpart probably was in ... | 1995 | 7769711 |
| characterization of proteins encoded by orfs 2 to 7 of lelystad virus. | the genome of lelystad virus (lv), a positive-strand rna virus, is 15 kb in length and contains 8 open reading frames (orfs) that encode putative viral proteins. orfs 2 to 7 were cloned in plasmids downstream of the sp6 rna polymerase promoter, and the translation of transcripts generated in vitro yielded proteins that could be immunoprecipitated with porcine anti-lv serum. synthetic polypeptides of 15 to 17 amino acids were selected from the amino acid sequences of orfs 2 to 7 and antipeptide s ... | 1995 | 7831770 |
| analysis of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) subgenomic rnas, junction sequences, and 5' leader. | full-length simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) genome rna (about 15 kb in length) and six subgenomic rnas, ranging in size from 0.65 to 4.7 kb, were detected by northern blot hybridization in ma104 cytoplasmic extracts with a 3' genomic antisense probe. the 5' regions of the two smallest subgenomic rnas (rnas 6 and 7) were cloned and sequenced. sequence analysis indicated that these two rnas contained a common 5' leader sequence joined to the subgenomic rna bodies via a highly conserved junct ... | 1995 | 7886957 |
| the phospholipid composition of enveloped viruses depends on the intracellular membrane through which they bud. | 1995 | 8566406 | |
| sexual and in-contact transmission of asinine strain of equine arteritis virus among donkeys. | two in a group of five naturally seropositive donkey stallions were found to shed equine arteritis virus (eav) in their semen as demonstrated by virus isolation. direct intramuscular inoculation of sonicated semen from one virus-shedding stallion (s3) caused clinical disease in two donkeys from which virus was recovered and in which seroconversion was detected. sexual transmission was confirmed in two mares mated to s3 when after a febrile response during which eav was isolated from huffy coats ... | 1995 | 8586720 |
| equine viral arteritis. | 1995 | 8596181 | |
| equine viral arteritis with abortions: serological and virological evidence in germany. | an outbreak of clinical disease with abortions, suspected to be equine viral arteritis in germany was examined serologically and virologically. three of five animals tested seroconverted to eav, and eav was isolated from an aborted fetus. in view of the significant increase in seropositive horses, the need for control measures is emphasized. | 1995 | 8592914 |
| the two major envelope proteins of equine arteritis virus associate into disulfide-linked heterodimers. | in a coimmunoprecipitation assay with monospecific antisera, the two major envelope proteins gl and m of equine arteritis virus were found to occur in heteromeric complexes in virions and infected cells. while the gl protein associated with m rapidly and efficiently, newly synthesized m protein was incorporated into complexes at a slower rate, which implies that it interacts with gl molecules synthesized earlier. analysis under nonreducing conditions revealed that the gl/m complexes consist of d ... | 1995 | 7609031 |
| equine arteritis virus-neutralizing antibody in the horse is induced by a determinant on the large envelope glycoprotein gl. | complementary dnas encoding orfs 2 to 7 equine arteritis virus (eav) have been cloned into the expression vector pgex to produce glutathione-s-transferase fusion proteins. recombinant proteins were affinity purified and screened in elisa with equine sera to identify immunoreactive polypeptides. the large envelope glycoprotein (gl) was identified as the most reactive to eav-positive equine sera and an immuno-dominant epitope was mapped between amino acids 55 and 98 by subcloning and expression. a ... | 1995 | 7636479 |
| serological study of equine viral arteritis in standard-breds in the uk. | 1995 | 7645189 | |
| ultrastructure and immuno-cytochemistry of bhk-21 cells infected with a modified bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus. | morphogenesis of a modified bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (eav) in bhk-21 cells was studied. bacillary tubules were first detected in the cytoplasm 8 h after infection, and mature virions 79 to 122 nm in diameter, 101 nm on average, were mostly observed in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer) at 12 h or later. they had isometrical cores and morphological subunits in the outer layer. budding occurred from the rer and the outer nuclear membrane, but not from the cell s ... | 1995 | 7646351 |
| detection of equine arteritis virus (eav) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and differentiation of eav strains by restriction enzyme analysis of pcr products. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based assay capable of detecting and differentiating seven strains of equine arteritis virus (eav) from around the world was developed. the primers for the pcr were chosen from the orf6 gene encoding the unglycosylated membrane protein (m). viral rna from cell culture fluids infected with each of the seven eav strains and rna from the live vaccine, arvac, was detected by pcr using four sets of primers. the sensitivity of detection was increased from 100 to 1,000 ... | 1995 | 7661700 |
| phylogenetic analyses of the putative m (orf 6) and n (orf 7) genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv): implication for the existence of two genotypes of prrsv in the u.s.a. and europe. | the putative membrane (m) protein (orf 6) and nucleocapsid (n) protein (orf 7) genes of five u.s. isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) with differing virulence were cloned and sequenced. to determine the genetic variation and the phylogenetic relationship of prrsv, the deduced amino acid sequences of the putative m and n proteins from these isolates were aligned, to the extent known, with other prrsv isolates, and also other members of the proposed arterivirus ... | 1995 | 7794115 |
| hprs-103 (exogenous avian leukosis virus, subgroup j) has an env gene related to those of endogenous elements eav-0 and e51 and an e element found previously only in sarcoma viruses. | the avian leukosis and sarcoma virus (alsv) group comprises eight subgroups based on envelope properties. hprs-103, an exogenous retrovirus recently isolated from meat-type chicken lines, is similar to the viruses of these subgroups in group antigen but differs from them in envelope properties and has been assigned to a new subgroup, j. hprs-103 has a wide host range in birds, and unlike other nontransforming alsvs which cause late-onset b-cell lymphomas, hprs-103 causes late-onset myelocytomas. ... | 1995 | 7815543 |
| development and evaluation of an elisa using recombinant fusion protein to detect the presence of host antibody to equine arteritis virus. | a recombinant glutathione-s-transferase fusion protein expressing amino acids 55-98 of equine arteritis virus (eav) gl (rgl 55-98) was tested in an elisa for its ability to detect serum antibodies to eav. host antibodies induced following eav infection bound the recombinant antigen by elisa. the elisa specificity and sensitivity were determined with a panel of equine sera including postinfection and postvaccination samples. a good correlation existed between eav neutralizing antibody titers and ... | 1995 | 7559853 |
| molecular characterization of the 3' terminus of the simian hemorrhagic fever virus genome. | the 3' end of the simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) single-stranded rna genome was cloned and sequenced. adjacent to the 3' poly(a) tract, we identified a 76-nucleotide noncoding region preceded by two overlapping reading frames (orfs). the ultimate 3' orf of the viral genome encodes the capsid protein, and the penultimate orf encodes the smallest shfv envelope protein. these two orfs overlap each other by 26 nucleotides. northern (rna) blot hybridization analyses of cytoplasmic rna extracts ... | 1995 | 7884922 |
| equine arteritis virus subgenomic rna transcription: uv inactivation and translation inhibition studies. | the expression of the genetic information of equine arteritis virus (eav), an arterivirus, involves the synthesis of six subgenomic (sg) mrnas. these are 5' and 3' coterminal since they are composed of a leader and a body sequence, which are identical to the 5' and 3' ends of the genome, respectively. previously, it has been suggested that cis-splicing of a genome-length precursor rna is involved in their synthesis. this was reevaluated in a comparative analysis of the sg rna synthesis of eav, t ... | 1995 | 7491761 |
| comparison of equine arteritis virus isolates using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and identification of sequence changes in gl associated with neutralization resistance. | three murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that neutralize equine arteritis virus (eav) infectivity were identified and characterized. the antibodies, 93b, 74d(b) and 38f, recognized the major envelope glycoprotein (gl) encoded by open reading frame (orf) 5 in immunoblots and by immunoprecipitation. all three mabs were used to compare the bucyrus isolate of eav and mab neutralization-resistant (nr) escape mutants with the vaccine virus and 19 independent field isolates of eav by virus neutralizat ... | 1995 | 7561759 |
| first recorded outbreak of equine viral arteritis in the united kingdom. | equine viral arteritis was diagnosed for the first time in the united kingdom in 1993. the outbreak began on a non-thoroughbred stud in south nottinghamshire and spread to five other premises through chilled semen used for artificial insemination and from acutely and subclinically infected mares returning home. the outbreak was contained on these six premises by means of voluntary movement restrictions. the most commonly observed clinical signs were typical: pyrexia with depression, and conjunct ... | 1995 | 7604517 |
| the arterivirus nsp2 protease. an unusual cysteine protease with primary structure similarities to both papain-like and chymotrypsin-like proteases. | the replicase orf1a polyprotein of equine arteritis virus, a positive-stranded rna virus, is proteolytically processed into (at least) six nonstructural proteins (nsp). a papain-like cys protease in nsp1 and a chymotrypsin-like ser protease in nsp4 are involved in this process. in this paper we demonstrate that the nsp2/3 junction is not cleaved by either of these previously described proteases. comparative sequence analysis suggested that an additional cys protease resided in the n-terminal nsp ... | 1995 | 7622476 |
| comparison of the structural protein coding sequences of the vr-2332 and lelystad virus strains of the prrs virus. | the 3'-portion of the genome of a u.s. isolate of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus, atccvr-2332, was cloned and sequenced. the resultant 3358 nucleotides contain 6 open reading frames (orfs) with homologies to orfs 2 through 7 of the european strain of the prrs virus and other members of the free-standing genus of arteriviruses. both vr-2332 and the european isolate (called the lelystad virus) have been identified as infectious agents responsible for the swine disea ... | 1995 | 7661696 |
| identification of a neutralization site in the major envelope glycoprotein (gl) of equine arteritis virus. | a panel of six neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs), neutralization-resistant variant (escape mutant [em]) viruses, and individual viral proteins derived from a vaccinia virus expression system were used to identify the neutralizing determinants of equine arteritis virus (eav). the neutralizing mabs recognize a single neutralization site on the 29-kda envelope glycoprotein of eav (u. b. r. balasuriya et al., 1993, j. gen. virol., 74, 2525-2529). vaccinia virus recombinants which express eit ... | 1995 | 7533965 |
| phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame 5 of field isolates of equine arteritis virus and identification of conserved and nonconserved regions in the gl envelope glycoprotein. | the variation and phylogenetic relationship of open reading frame 5 (orf5) of 3 different laboratory strains of the original prototype bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (eav), the modified live virus vaccine (arvac, fort dodge laboratories), and 18 field isolates of eav from north america and europe were determined by comparison of their gene sequences. the viruses differed from the published sequence by between 3 (99.6% homology) and 94 (87.8%) nucleotides and by between 3 (98.8%) and 24 ... | 1995 | 8553578 |
| resistance of castrated male horses to attempted establishment of the carrier state with equine arteritis virus. | twelve geldings all became infected when inoculated intranasally with the ky-84 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav), a strain previously shown to be capable of establishing the carrier state in the stallion. with the exception of one animal that showed no effects other than pyrexia, all of the geldings developed clinical signs characteristic of equine viral arteritis (eva). the geldings were febrile for varying periods within the range of 2-10 days after inoculation. viraemia occurred from da ... | 1994 | 7884055 |
| proteolytic processing of the replicase orf1a protein of equine arteritis virus. | to study the proteolytic processing of the equine arteritis virus (eav) replicase open reading frame 1a (orf1a) protein, specific antisera were raised in rabbits, with six synthetic peptides and a bacterial fusion protein as antigens. the processing of the eav orf1a product in infected cells was analyzed with western blot (immunoblot) and immunoprecipitation techniques. additional information was obtained from transient expression of orf1a cdna constructs. the 187-kda orf1a protein was found to ... | 1994 | 8057457 |
| identification of major differences in the nucleocapsid protein genes of a québec strain and european strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the sequence of the 3'-terminal region of the genome of québec reference strain iaf-exp91 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) was investigated by analysis of four cdna clones. the 3'-terminal 530 nucleotides (nt) encompassed a large open reading frame with a coding capacity of 123 amino acids (m(r) 13,649). the predicted protein was extremely basic and hence was considered to correspond to the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene. when compared to the homologous sequences of ... | 1994 | 8126467 |
| comparison of m and n gene sequences distinguishes variation amongst equine arteritis virus isolates. | cdna copies of the m and n genes of equine arteritis virus (eav) isolates were synthesized by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. the cdna was subjected to a cycle sequencing strategy using taq polymerase, and the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of 10 virus isolates were compared. the m and n genes of all isolates had the same initiation and termination sites as the prototype bucyrus strain and the encoded proteins were conserved between viruses ... | 1994 | 8207415 |
| equine viral arteritis in donkeys in south africa. | 1994 | 7776331 | |
| export of stallions vaccinated against equine viral arteritis. | 1994 | 8128564 | |
| monoclonal antibodies to equine arteritis virus proteins identify the gl protein as a target for virus neutralization. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to equine arteritis virus (eav) proteins were produced and characterized. the protein specificities of eight mabs were determined definitively by immunoprecipitation of eav proteins expressed from vaccinia virus recombinants (vvrs). included were two new vvrs produced for this study, expressing the m and the gl proteins, respectively. three mabs were determined to be n-specific and five mabs recognized the gl protein. one gl-specific mab, 17f5, of the iga class, effi ... | 1994 | 8077945 |
| enzymatic amplification of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus. | to improve the detection of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (ldv), we developed a pcr assay. primers were selected from orf7, encoding nucleocapsid protein vp1. no specific amplification was observed with any other common murine virus or with rnas from the closely related lelystad virus and equine arteritis virus. in experimentally infected mice, ldv could be detected in plasma in both the acute and the persistent phases. ldv was also detected by the pcr in contaminated pools of plasmodium ... | 1994 | 7989557 |
| [equine infectious arteritis: molecular biology, epidemiology and preventative measures]. | after a brief historical account of the outbreak of infectious arteritis of horses which occurred in 1984 in kentucky (united states of america), the author reports on the present state of knowledge concerning the organisation of the genome of the virus. clinical signs of the disease are described, as well as modes and routes of transmission. finally, currently-available vaccination procedures are discussed and their value is assessed. | 1994 | 7949357 |
| [rhinopneumonia and equine viral arteritis: seroepidemiological study in the northeast of tunisia]. | a seroepidemiological survey was realized in the nord-est tunisia to study the prevalence of complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies to equine rhinopneumonitis and viral arteritis of horse, respectively. four hundred sera were tested, using complement fixation reaction and seroneutralization test. the results show that 8.75% of sera have antibodies to viral arteritis and only 1.25% are positive for equine rhinopneumonitis. | 1994 | 7661652 |
| determination of the 5' end of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus genome by two independent approaches. | we have determined the 5' end of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (ldv) genome (strain ldv-p) using two independent approaches. in one approach, methylmercuric hydroxide-denatured genomic rna was reverse-transcribed using as primer an oligonucleotide complementary to the 5' end of open reading frame (orf) 1a. the first-strand cdna was ligated with t4 rna ligase to an oligonucleotide of which the 3' end was blocked. the ligated product was amplified by pcr, cloned and sequenced. in the s ... | 1994 | 7512122 |
| [an outbreak of equine arteritis virus infection in a riding school]. | a major part of the residing horses and ponies of a riding school in noord-holland became affected by a febrile disorder that included anorexia, depression, conjunctivitis, urticaria, edema of the legs and laborious locomotion. all remaining horses fell ill within one week. based on the clinical symptoms the disorder was diagnosed as vasculitis. with serology the causative agent of the disorder appeared to be equine arteritis virus. | 1994 | 8296297 |
| use of the serum neutralisation test for equine viral arteritis with different virus strains. | serum cross neutralisation tests were conducted with a recent american isolate (84ky-a1) and a european isolate, (wroclaw-2) and compared with the prototype and modified viruses of the bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus by using virus specific immune horse sera. the modified bucyrus strain was neutralised and showed high neutralisation titres with all the immune sera. the prototype bucyrus strain was also substantially neutralised, followed by the 84ky-a1 strain. as a result of the tests w ... | 1994 | 7941250 |
| lelystad virus belongs to a new virus family, comprising lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, equine arteritis virus, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus. | lelystad virus (lv) is an enveloped positive-stranded rna virus, which causes abortions and respiratory disease in pigs. the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of lv has been determined. this sequence is 15.1 kb in length and contains a poly(a) tail at the 3' end. open reading frames that might encode the viral replicases (orfs 1a and 1b), membrane-associated proteins (orfs 2 to 6) and the nucleocapsid protein (orf7) have been identified. sequence comparisons have indicated that lv is di ... | 1994 | 8032274 |
| detection of equine arteritis virus following amplification of structural and nonstructural viral genes by reverse transcription-pcr. | a reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay was developed for the detection of equine arteritis virus (eav) in cell culture supernatant and in horse semen. four different sets of oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences located in the 3' end of the polymerase gene (open reading frame [orf] 1b) and to sequences representing the entire orfs 3, 4, and 7, which encode for nonstructural (orfs 3 and 4) or viral nucleocapsid (orf 7) proteins, were compared for their abilities to amplify the target ... | 1994 | 8195375 |
| proteolytic processing of the n-terminal region of the equine arteritis virus replicase. | a papainlike cysteine protease (pcp) domain in the n-terminal region of the equine arteritis virus (eav) replicase was identified by in vitro translation and mutagenesis studies. the eav protease was found to direct an autoproteolytic cleavage at its c-terminus which leads to the production of an approximately 30k n-terminal replicase product (nsp1) containing the pcp domain. amino acid residues cys164 and his230 of the eav replicase polyprotein were identified as the most likely candidates for ... | 1993 | 8209735 |
| the coronaviruslike superfamily. | 1993 | 8209737 | |
| equine arteritis virus contains a unique set of four structural proteins. | 1993 | 8209738 | |
| equine viral arteritis--a challenge for the british horse industry. | 1993 | 8221034 | |
| horserace betting levy board recommendation for the 1993 covering season. common code of practice for equine viral arteritis. | 1993 | 8221035 | |
| lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (pears), is related to ldv and eav. | the genome of lelystad virus (lv), the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (previously known as mystery swine disease), was shown to be a polyadenylated rna molecule. the nucleotide sequence of the lv genome was determined from a set of overlapping cdna clones. a consecutive sequence of 15,088 nucleotides was obtained. eight open reading frames (orfs) that might encode virus-specific proteins were identified. orf1a and orf1b are predicted to encode the viral rna ... | 1993 | 8517032 |