Publications

trivittatus virus infections in wild mammals and sentinel rabbits in central iowa.	a serological survey was conducted in iowa to determine the prevalence rate of california group virus antibodies in sera of several vertebrate species. serum specimens were assayed for infectivity-neutralizing antibody in a microneutralization system with baby hamster kidney cell culture. of 77 sera assayed, 21 (27%) neutralized trivittatus (tvt) virus infectivity. the antibody prevalence rate was highest for eastern cottontail rabbits inasmuch as 46% (10/22) of the serum specimens form this spe ...	1975	1200251
transovarial transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes: a review.	one interesting aspect of mosquito-borne arboviruses is their endemic persistence, espeically during adverse climatic conditions in the temperate zones. the hypothesis that transovarial transmission of alpha- and flaviviruses by their respective mosquito vectors could serve as an overwintering mechanism has been proposed; however, experimental data in support of this hypothesis are not very convincing. recently, some of the california encephalitis group arboviruses have been shown to be transmit ...	1975	1207183
replication of arboviruses in mouse organ cultures. ii. multiplication of virulent and avirulent semliki forest and western equine encephalitis viruses in mouse organ cultures.	the titre of wee virus produced by organ cultures of brain, muscle and spleen decreased as tissue was taken from older mice. the multiplication of sfv and sfa in muscle organ cultures of mice remained nearly constant, whereas in spleen organ cultures, titers of both viruses decreased with increasing age of mice. there was a striking difference in the rate of decline of the yield of brain organ culture infected with virulent and avirulent sf virus strains. organ cultures made from the brains of m ...	1975	1239039
[dependence of immune cytolysis of cells infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus upon the cell cycle stages].	in the first few hours after inoculation of chinese hamster cells with western equine encephalomyelitis virus the mitotic activity of the cells did not change significantly but mitoses stopped mainly in the stage of metaphase and had all signs of pathological mitoses. treatment of the cells for 1 hour with the homologous antiviral immune serum and complement resulted in destruction and death of practically all cells except those in the state of mitosis. in the latter specific fluorescence of vir ...	1975	1241178
arboviral disease--united states, 1991.	during 1991, state and local health departments reported 122 cases of human arboviral encephalitis to cdc. more than half (69) of the cases resulted from outbreaks of st. louis encephalitis (sle) in arkansas and texas. in addition, an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) extending from the atlantic and gulf coasts into the upper midwest caused sporadic human cases and a substantial loss of livestock. this report summarizes the reported cases of arboviral encephalitis in the united stat ...	1992	1321947
from the centers for disease control. arboviral disease--united states, 1991.		1992	1324995
mosquito and arbovirus ecology in southeastern california, 1986-1990.	mosquito abundance and western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus activity were monitored in five valleys in southeastern california from june 1986 through april 1990 to study virus overwintering and possible dissemination from south to north along geographically defined corridors. culex tarsalis coquillett predominated in co2 trap collections and was the only species repeatedly infected with wee and sle viruses. abundance peaked during april-may and august-oct ...	1992	1352557
transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus by argentine aedes albifasciatus (diptera: culicidae).	aedes albifasciatus (macquart) has been considered a potential vector of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus in argentina because it has been found naturally infected, it is susceptible to infection per os, and its distribution and feeding habits are compatible with those of an epizootic and epidemic vector. ae. albifasciatus females collected in the vicinity of cordoba, argentina, were highly susceptible to wee virus perorally (id50 less than 0.5 vero cell plaque-forming units) when fed on ...	1992	1404265
pathologic changes in the midgut of culex tarsalis following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus.	midguts of two strains of the mosquito vector culex tarsalis were examined by light and electron microscopy following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. infection of the highly susceptible knight's landing strain with high-titered blood meals resulted in pathologic changes in the midgut epithelium after 2-4 days of incubation; lesions included sloughing of epithelial cells into the lumen and necrosis of cells in situ. infection of knight's landing strain mosquitoes with low-t ...	1992	1449210
experimental inoculation of three arboviruses in black-bellied whistling ducks (dendrocygna autumnalis).	wild-caught, immature black-bellied whistling ducks (dendrocygna autumnalis) were inoculated with eastern equine encephalitis (eee), st. louis encephalitis (sle), or western equine encephalitis (wee) virus. susceptibility, duration and titer of viremia, and antibody response to these arboviruses were determined. birds from all inoculated groups became viremic. higher virus titers occurred in the eee group but overall mean titers were not significantly different among experimental groups. all bir ...	1992	1474647
evaluation of domestic pigeons as sentinels for detecting arbovirus activity in southern california.	flocks of sentinel domestic pigeons (columbia livia) detected increases in st. louis encephalitis (sle) and western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus activity in southern california concurrently with flocks of sentinel chickens. however, occasional low-titered, transient seroconversions to both wee and sle viruses also occurred in pigeons during periods when virus activity was not detected by seroconversions in sentinel chickens, by virus isolation from culex mosquitoes, or by human disease. ...	1992	1536386
arboviral encephalomyelitides of livestock in the western hemisphere.		1992	1601730
arboviral infections in the united states.	arboviruses are important considerations in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis and other acute infections. alterations in the environment and in human behaviors contribute to changing patterns of arboviral transmission. these trends, the periodic epidemic resurgence of arboviral diseases such as st. louis encephalitis, and the discovery of new arboviruses present a continued challenge to infectious disease clinicians.	1991	1646839
[immune mechanisms of resistance in mice to the western equine encephalomyelitis virus].	using the immunogenetic method and method of immunomodification of outbred animals, it was established that immune response of humoral or cell-mediated type to wee virus antigens did not play any important role in the survival of intact mice infected with wee virus. under such conditions, it is inexpedient to select immune response modulators. the immune response of predominantly cell-mediated type is a determining factor of resistance to wee virus in mice after immunization started 7 days befor ...	1990	1964514
effects of house sparrow age and arbovirus infection on attraction of mosquitoes.	to test the hypothesis that arbovirus infection or advancing age increases the attractiveness of avian hosts to vector mosquitoes, we used an olfactometer that measures the response of mosquitoes to the passive, vertical diffusion of host-related cues. st. louis encephalitis or western equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in house sparrows (passer domesticus (l.], regardless of age, had no detectable effect on culex quinquefasciatus say or cx. tarsalis coquillett attraction, respectively, at ...	1990	1977913
antiviral activities of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues: some structure--activity relationships.	seventeen nucleoside derivatives (derived from arabinosylcytosine, resp. cytidine, 5-fluorouracil and uracil) were tested by agar-diffusion plaque-inhibition test for their antiviral activity with herpes simplex, vaccinia, fowl plague, newcastle disease and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses. the highest antiviral activity against dna viruses exhibited arabinosylcytosine, n4-acylarabinosylcytosines, arabinosylthiouracil, cyclocytidine and its 5'-chloroderivative. rna viruses were inhibited ...	1990	1981442
an assessment of the biological capacity of a sacramento valley population of aedes melanimon to vector arboviruses.	daily survivorship, duration of the gonotrophic cycle, absolute abundance and season-long relative abundance were estimated for aedes melanimon in the sacramento valley of california in 1987 and 1988 using mark-release-recapture (mrr) techniques and by monitoring changes in the abundance and parity rate of the native population. one objective of these studies was to determine the extent to which a. melanimon was biologically capable of serving as a horizontal arbovirus vector. daily survivorship ...	1991	2042703
multiple intracranial calcifications after western equine encephalitis.		1991	2067893
peroral susceptibility of aedes albifasciatus and culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from argentina to western equine encephalitis virus.	the transmission cycle of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus in south america is unknown. a wee virus strain was isolated from aedes albifasciatus in argentina during the wee epizootic of 1982-83. also, culex pipiens from argentina was reported to be able to transmit wee virus experimentally, but other results indicate that cx. pipiens from the usa is refractory to this virus. we determined the susceptibility of argentina strains of ae. albifasciatus and culex pipiens complex mosquitos to i ...	1990	2103643
complete sequence of the genomic rna of o'nyong-nyong virus and its use in the construction of alphavirus phylogenetic trees.	the alphaviruses are a group of about 25 positive-strand rna viruses that are important human and veterinary pathogens and that are geographically dispersed. we report here the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of the alphavirus, o'nyong-nyong virus. the rna is 11,835 nucleotides in length and the organization of the genome is typical of alphaviruses. phylogenetic trees were constructed from the protein sequences of o'nyong-nyong and six other alphaviruses. trees were constructed f ...	1990	2155505
temporal variations in the susceptibility of a semi-isolated population of culex tarsalis to peroral infection with western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses.	a semi-isolated population of culex tarsalis in kern county, ca was found to vary significantly in its seasonal and yearly susceptibility to peroral infection with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses during the breeding seasons of 1975-1981. female cohorts of the population were significantly more resistant to wee virus from 1975 through 1977 than from 1978 through 1981. on the average, females were 40 times more susceptible to wee virus during may tha ...	1990	2160200
diel changes in adult mosquito microhabitat temperatures and their relationship to the extrinsic incubation of arboviruses in mosquitoes in kern county, california.	microhabitat temperatures experienced by nocturnally active culex tarsalis coquillett mosquitoes were measured in the southern san joaquin valley of california. temperatures of the diurnal resting shelter and nocturnal activity air space were measured by digital recorder at three cx. tarsalis habitats in kern county. temperatures measured by digital recorders agreed well with temperatures recorded concurrently at nearby california irrigation management and inspection system weather stations. mon ...	1990	2167374
persistence of mosquito-borne viruses in kern county, california, 1983-1988.	the persistence of arboviruses was studied from 1983 to 1988 in mixed agriculture, marsh, riparian, and foothill habitats in kern county, ca. western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus was isolated frequently during 1983 from culex tarsalis and aedes melanimon and was detected by the seroconversion of sentinel chickens. wee virus then disappeared, even though vector competence studies during 1984-1986 showed that cx. tarsalis was able to transmit wee virus. st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus w ...	1990	2240370
effect of the anesthetizing agent triethylamine on western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viral titers in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae).	triethylamine (tea) is a chemical compound that provides an effective means to anesthetize mosquitoes. the mosquitoes remain alive but are incapacitated for several hours; they do not recover following treatment. there was no effect on the titers of infectious virus recovered from western equine encephalomyelitis or st. louis encephalitis virus-infected culex tarsalis coquillett and aedes dorsalis (meigen) that were anesthetized with tea prior to storage at -70 degrees c. furthermore, tea had no ...	1990	2280383
binding of western equine encephalomyelitis virus to brush border fragments isolated from mesenteronal epithelial cells of mosquitoes.	brush border fragments (bbf) were isolated from mesenteronal epithelial cells of mosquitoes that are either susceptible (ws culex tarsalis) or refractory (wr cx. tarsalis; culex pipiens) to peroral infection by western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus. the isolated bbf were combined with radiolabeled wee virus in a binding assay to compare the amount of virus bound by bbf from susceptible and refractory mosquitoes. bbf and wee virus were mixed in a microcentrifuge tube, incubated for 1 h and ...	1990	2291333
biochemical and biological characteristics of epitopes on the e1 glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis virus.	antigenic determinants identified by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) on the e1 glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus have been characterized by their serological activity, requirements for secondary structure, expression on the mature virion, and their role in protecting animals from wee virus challenge. on the basis of a cross-reactivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and hemagglutination inhibition assay, eight antigenic determinants (epitopes) on the e1 glycoprotein ...	1985	2414904
properties of monospecific antibodies to the glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis virus.	monospecific (msp-) antisera against e1 and e2 glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus were prepared and examined for binding activities to whole virions, hemagglutination-inhibition (hi), neutralization (nt) and protection. both anti-e1 and anti-e2 msp-abs protected mice against wee virus challenge. a competition experiment with monoclonal antibodies showed that these msp-antisera appear to lack the antibody population for some epitopes involved in viral neutralization.	1986	2425229
in vitro mechanisms of monoclonal antibody neutralization of alphaviruses.	we have previously identified at least eight epitopes on the e2 glycoprotein of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus vaccine strain tc-83 by using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). several of these antibodies identified a critical neutralization (n) domain in competitive binding assays. passive transfer of these mabs protected animals from a lethal virus challenge. using radioactive, purified virus as a marker, we have demonstrated that antibody-mediated virus n, preattachment, can be eff ...	1988	2455383
specificity of the murine t helper cell immune response to various alphaviruses.	we investigated the specificity of the t helper (th) cell immune response to three alphaviruses: venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee), eastern equine encephalitis (eee) and western equine encephalitis (wee). single cell suspensions were prepared from spleens of virus-primed c3h mice, and t lymphocyte populations were enriched by nylon wool chromatography. t cells were incubated in vitro with irradiated, syngeneic splenic stimulator cells previously exposed to purified virus. cellular prolif ...	1989	2479713
the prevalence of antibodies against viruses causing kumlinge and pogosta diseases on the islands of iniö on the southwest coast of finland.	the prevalence of antibodies against viruses causing kumlinge (tick-borne encephalitis) and pogosta disease in the population of iniö, a small island community in southwest finland was measured. antibodies against kumlinge disease were found in 28% of the population, and increased from 10% in the 0-19 year age group to 42% in the 60-79 year age group. the prevalence varied markedly between different islands, being highest in the outer, bushy islands. antibodies against pogosta disease were detec ...	1989	2543059
cross-protective immunity between equine encephalomyelitis viruses in equids.	eighteen equids were inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and 18 equids with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) viruses to produce eee virus- and wee virus-immunized equids. twelve surviving eee virus-seropositive equids, 15 surviving wee virus-seropositive equids, and 10 nonimmunized, seronegative equids (controls) were subsequently inoculated with an equine pathogenic (epizootic) strain of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus to determine cross-protective immun ...	1989	2552875
[serologic study of arbovirus in 2 localities of the juventud island].	a serologic study is made in two population groups in the isle of youth. a total 268 blood samples in blotting paper are subjected to the hemagglutination inhibition technique, using the eastern equine encephalomyelitis, western equine encephalomyelitis, saint louis encephalitis, and dengue 2 viruses; 16% positivity to flavivirus was found. a second serum sample was taken in people positive by the hemagglutination inhibition technique in order to carry out the techniques of complement fixation a ...	1989	2561798
a case of western equine encephalitis--alberta.		1989	2611922
occurrence of culex erythrothorax in southeastern colorado and report of virus isolations from this and other mosquito species.	significant numbers of culex erythrothorax were collected during arbovirus surveillance in 1987 and 1988 at las animas, bent county, on the high plains of southeastern colorado. this finding extends the range of this species to the eastern side of the rocky mountains. the isolation of western equine encephalitis virus in 1988 from both cx. tarsalis and cx. erythrothorax suggests that the latter also may be involved in the endemic cycle of this virus in the area. st. louis encephalitis, hart park ...	1989	2614403
dot-elisa for serodiagnosis of human infections due to western equine encephalitis virus.	a standard dot-elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was modified for use in detecting igm and igg class antibodies to western equine encephalitis (wee) virus in serum samples from humans infected with this virus. nitrocellulose membranes were soaked in supernatant fluid from wee virus-infected cell cultures, air dried, and blocked with bovine protein. serum samples were pipetted onto sections of the nitrocellulose, incubated, and washed. addition of antibody to human immunoglobulin conjugat ...	1989	2621241
[phagocytosis system and resistance of mice to western equine encephalomyelitis virus].		1989	2633471
characterization of the mesenteronal infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus in an incompetent strain of culex tarsalis.	interactions of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus are compared with mesenterons of 2 genetically selected susceptible (ws) and refractory (wr) lines of culex tarsalis. both ws and wr females had similar susceptibility when parenterally inoculated with virus, thus it was initially thought that resistance in wr cx. tarsalis was associated with a mesenteronal infection barrier. present data on viral growth in mesenterons dissected from females fed on virus-soaked pledgets suggest that vi ...	1989	2774065
[interferon responses of various populations of lymphocytes of inbred mice with various degrees of sensitivity to the western equine encephalitis virus].	the sensitivity of mice of three lines: cba, balb/c, and c57bl/6 (males aged greater than or equal to 4-5 and one week) to peripheral inoculation with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus was studied. the c57bl/6 line was found to be the most and cba the least sensitive. the first generation hybrids between these lines are intermediate in their sensitivity to wee virus. a correlation was established between the increased sensitivity to wee virus of c57bl/6 mice and the defect of the inte ...	1989	2786281
western equine encephalitis in avian populations in north dakota, 1975.	the involvement of wild birds in western equine encephalitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus activity in the red river valley area of north dakota (usa) during a wee epidemic was investigated in august 1975. free-ranging birds were captured with mist nets and nestlings by hand. virologic and serologic results indicated that a similar rate of wee virus activity occurred throughout richland county and between permanent and summer resident birds. the rate of sle virus activity in the b ...	1989	2810548
encephalomyelitis vaccines: a vero-derived cell culture alternative to primary duck embryonic cell cultures.		1988	2833043
reevaluation of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex of alphaviruses (family togaviridae) as determined by neutralization tests.	fourteen viruses closely related to the fleming strain of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus were cross-tested by serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization. the results demonstrate that strains mcmillan, r-43738, ag80-646, bear 102091, and y62-33 are subtypes or varieties of western equine encephalitis virus strain fleming. ockelbo, kyzylagach, and babanki are subtypes of the prototype strain (egar 339) of sindbis virus. fort morgan and buggy creek viruses are closely related to each o ...	1988	2833129
identification of highlands j virus from a florida horse.	a virus, strain 64a-1519, isolated from the brain of a horse dying of encephalitis in florida in 1964, was identified as western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus. recently, we used polyclonal and monoclonal immune reagents to identify this isolate by comparing it to 2 strains of wee virus and to highlands j (hj) virus in hemagglutination-inhibition, immunofluorescent antibody, and plaque-reduction neutralization tests. these tests demonstrate that strain 64a-1519 is a strain of hj virus dist ...	1988	2849884
effect of normal mosquito extracts upon arbovirus recoveries from mosquito pools.	titers of turlock (tur) and hart park (hp) viruses were reduced to undetectable levels when virus was mixed with a triturated suspension of uninfected (normal) 4th instar larvae of culex tarsalis prior to plaque assay in cell culture. there was a linear relationship between the number of larvae in the pool and the titer of virus recoverable. virus was undetectable when 1,000-10,000 pfu of either agent was added to pools that contained 25 or more larvae. suspensions of up to 25 adult male or fema ...	1985	2860815
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. ii. arthropod collections and virus isolations from argentine mosquitoes.	prospective surveys for arboviruses were carried out in santa fe, corrientes, and chaco provinces, argentina, aperiodically during 1977-1980. a total of 313,233 mosquitoes and 598 biting flies other than mosquitoes were collected and tested for virus in 5,197 and 45 pools, respectively. forty virus strains were isolated, all from mosquitoes, as follows: santa fe province: 4 gamboa group viruses from aedeomyia squamipennis, 1 strain each of st. louis encephalitis virus from culex pipiens quinquef ...	1985	2863989
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. iii. identification and characterization of viruses isolated, including new subtypes of western and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and four new bunyaviruses (las maloyas, resistencia, barranqueras, and antequera).	forty viruses isolated from mosquitoes between 1977 and 1980 in argentina have been identified and characterized. nineteen strains of vee virus, identical by neutralization (n) tests, were shown by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with anti-e2 glycoprotein sera to represent a new subtype vi of the vee complex. rna oligonucleotide fingerprints of this virus were distinct from subtype i viruses. the virus was not lethal for english short-haired guinea pigs, indicating that it is probably not equi ...	1985	2863990
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. iv. serologic surveys and sentinel equine program.	serologic surveys of wild and domestic birds, wild mammals, and horses were conducted during arbovirus field studies in argentina from 1977 through 1980, a non-epizootic interval. the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was consistently higher than to western equine encephalitis (wee) virus in all species and all areas. the presence of antibodies in short-lived avian species and in young unvaccinated horses and the demonstration of seroconversions in horses ...	1985	2863991
isolation and preliminary characterization of mutants of western equine encephalomyelitis virus with altered virulence in chickens.	a small plaque (sp) and four temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (weev) were obtained from a highly virulent field isolate (bfs-1703) after mutagenesis with 5-azacytidine or nitrosoguanidine or following undiluted passage in mosquito cell culture. three ts mutants (158, 214, and 260) expressed stable ts phenotypes as determined both by six-hour leak yield and efficiency of plaquing (eop) analyses. progeny of ts mutant 214 grown at the nonpermissive temper ...	1985	2864389
arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes collected during and after the 1982-1983 epizootic of western equine encephalitis in argentina.	mosquitoes were collected in santa fe and rio negro provinces, argentina, in 1982-1983 during a western equine encephalitis (wee) epizootic. totals of 153,084 mosquitoes from santa fe province and 484 from rio negro province were tested for virus in 2,351 pools. seventeen virus strains were isolated, all from santa fe collections, as follows: 4 wee, 6 venezuelan equine encephalitis, 1 st. louis encephalitis, 2 antequera, 1 maguari, 1 melao, 1 new vesiculovirus (calchaqui), and 1 gamboa. the wee ...	1987	2880521
host-feeding patterns of argentine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected during and after an epizootic of western equine encephalitis.		1987	2884317
the discovery decade of arbovirus research in western north america, 1940-1949.		1987	2891315
impact of climate on western equine encephalitis in manitoba, minnesota and north dakota, 1980-1983.	information was collected on confirmed outbreaks of western equine encephalitis (wee) in north america east of the rockies for 1981 and 1983 (epidemic years) and 1980 and 1982 (non-epidemic years). the initial pattern of outbreaks in manitoba, minnesota and north dakota was determined for each year. backward (and in some instances forward) wind trajectories were computed for each day 4-15 days (incubation period) before the initial outbreaks of wee in a given area of province or state. during th ...	1988	2905669
the use of an animal-baited net trap for collecting mosquitoes during western equine encephalitis investigations in argentina.	a large net trap was used to sample mosquito populations attracted to horses at three sites each in santa fe and rio negro provinces, argentina, during the austral summer of 1984. these provinces, as well as others in argentina, were affected by a severe epizootic of western equine encephalitis (wee) during 1982-83. totals of 2,752 and 6,929 mosquitoes were collected in santa fe and rio negro provinces during five and three trap nights, respectively. culex mosquitoes of the subgenus culex were p ...	1985	2906656
identification of aedes campestris from new mexico: with notes on the isolation of western equine encephalitis and other arboviruses.	an arbovirus survey was conducted during august 1985 at white sands missile range in southcentral new mexico following a suspected arboviral disease epizootic among feral horses. a total of 20,566 mosquitoes (18,505 females and 2,061 males) and 8,900 biting gnats were collected and assayed for virus. female mosquitoes were principally aedes campestris (54.8%), aedes dorsalis (30.4%) and culex tarsalis (13.2%). arboviruses were not isolated from biting gnats, but mosquitoes yielded a total of 37 ...	1986	2906989
complex-specific immunoglobulin m antibody patterns in humans infected with alphaviruses.	sera from humans with serologically confirmed eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, pogosta (ockelbo), mayaro, ross river, and chikungunya virus infections were tested by immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody capture enzyme immunoassay. diagnostically useful igm antibody titers were detected, and selected sera with high igm antibody titers were tested for igm antibody with nine heterologous alphaviruses. the results provide evidence for the complex specificity of igm antibody and i ...	1986	3009526
specificity of immunoglobulin m and g antibody responses in humans infected with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses: application to rapid serodiagnosis.	paired sera from 20 humans with eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infections and from 17 humans with western equine encephalitis (wee) virus infections, all with previously demonstrated fourfold or greater rises or falls in hemagglutination-inhibiting, complement-fixing, or neutralizing antibody titers, were tested for immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay. all individuals with eee and 14 of 17 individuals with wee had igm antibody, some as early as 1 day after ...	1986	3009535
[virus-specific antibodies in persons inoculated with a bivaccine against eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis].		1986	3020802
relevance of detection of immunoglobulin m antibody response in birds used for arbovirus surveillance.	young chickens were inoculated with 5,000 pfu of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus and bled at intervals thereafter for determinations of hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi), neutralizing (n), immunoglobulin m (igm), and igg antibodies. hi, n, and igm antibodies were first detected 4 days after infection, and igg was detected 7 days after infection. all four antibodies persisted through day 90 after infection. hi, n, and igm antibody titers remained elevated and were not cross-reactive with t ...	1986	3021813
[stimulation of arbovirus reproduction in cell cultures by hormones].	the possibility of stimulation of reproduction and antigen production of arboviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, japanese encephalitis, western equine encephalomyelitis) in cell cultures (spev, chick embryo fibroblasts) by using various hormones (insulin, acth, hydrocortisone) and optimal temperatures was demonstrated. the stimulating effect depended upon the type of cell culture, virus, method of cell treatment, and manifested by a significant increase of the hemagglutinating and infectious activ ...	1986	3026097
infection of a poikilothermic cell line (xl-2) with eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses.	eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was in cuba before the 1940s; the virus has been isolated from horses, birds, and rodents during epizootic as well as interepizootic periods. the only isolation of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus was from a sick pigeon found in the vicinity of havana university. both viruses can cause human disease; the isolation of wee virus from the centre of an urban area emphasises the need for the prompt isolation and rapid identification of these agents. the object ...	1987	3031203
western equine encephalitis--united states and canada, 1987.		1987	3116385
the ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the central valley of california, 1945-1985.	reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the central valley of california have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts invol ...	1987	3318522
western equine encephalitis virus is a recombinant virus.	the alphaviruses are a group of 26 mosquito-borne viruses that cause a variety of human diseases. many of the new world alphaviruses cause encephalitis, whereas the old world viruses more typically cause fever, rash, and arthralgia. the genome is a single-stranded nonsegmented rna molecule of + polarity; it is about 11,700 nucleotides in length. several alphavirus genomes have been sequenced in whole or in part, and these sequences demonstrate that alpha-viruses have descended from a common ance ...	1988	3413072
amplified elisa for the detection of western equine encephalitis virus from mosquitoes in manitoba, canada.	current monitoring systems to detect western equine encephalitis (wee) virus in mosquitoes involve isolation in suckling mice or cell culture followed by serological identification of the isolates obtained. studies were undertaken to develop an amplified elisa for the rapid detection of wee virus from mosquitoes. virus was inoculated onto primary chick embryo cells in 96 well plates, incubated at 37 degrees c for various time periods, monolayers were fixed, and an elisa performed. by this proced ...	1987	3443681
air conditioning and television as protective factors in arboviral encephalitis risk.	in california, the advent of television and air conditioned housing has coincided with a general decrease in mosquito-borne viral encephalitis cases in humans in the past 25 years. during this same period, levels of vector populations, virus activity in vectors, birds, and horses has been high at times. air conditioning and television encourage persons to remain indoors during summer evenings, the primary time when infected culex tarsalis transmit western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis e ...	1986	3486605
western equine encephalitis surveillance in utah.	the history of wee surveillance in utah is reviewed, beginning with the 1933 outbreak involving 3,958 horses. the step by step formation of the utah mosquito abatement associations surveillance program from 1957 to the present is discussed. results of an enlarged sentinel chicken flock surveillance program in utah during 1983 (3 sero-conversions in september), 1984 and 1985 (no sero-conversion) show the lack of wee activity in the surveillance area.	1986	3507489
isolation of cache valley virus and detection of antibody for selected arboviruses in michigan horses in 1980.	blood samples collected in september and november 1980 from 87 horses in southwestern michigan were examined for virus isolation and for plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody against selected arboviruses. cache valley virus was isolated from the blood of a clinically normal horse in st joseph county in september. the age-specific antibody prevalence for cache valley virus indicated enzootic transmission in the study area. the high antibody prevalence and the lack of age-specific antibody preval ...	1987	3631684
leads from the mmwr. western equine encephalitis--united states and canada, 1987.		1987	3669204
factors influencing the transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus between its vertebrate maintenance hosts and from them to humans.	a simple model is used to explore the extent to which the uniquely comprehensive studies of western equine encephalomyelitis in kern county, california, by reeves and his colleagues over many years, explain the dynamics and epidemiology of the infection. it is concluded that not only does this series of integrated field and laboratory studies successfully account for these phenomena, to an extent which is unlikely to be substantially improved upon, not least because of the inherent difficulties ...	1987	3688320
an interspecific mosquito model for the mesenteronal infection barrier to western equine encephalomyelitis virus (culex tarsalis and culex pipiens).	culex tarsalis, a putative mosquito vector of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus, is susceptible to peroral infection by wee virus. the nonvector mosquito, culex pipiens, has a very high peroral threshold of infection and is considered to be refractory. by parenteral inoculation, both mosquito species are equally susceptible. thus, cx. tarsalis and cx. pipiens represent an excellent model system to examine the mechanisms for the mesenteronal infection barrier to wee virus. diethylamino ...	1986	3706628
diagnosis of western equine encephalitis in an infant by brain biopsy.		1986	3725645
rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses.	paired sera from 28 nonvaccinated horses with serologically confirmed western equine encephalitis (wee) virus infections were evaluated for immunoglobulin (ig)m and igg directed against wee virus, by use of enzyme immunoassay. twenty-one of the horses developed greater than or equal to 4-fold increases or decreases in serum igm titers in paired serum samples, confirming the diagnosis of wee in these horses. of the remaining 7 horses, 1 had stable igm titers, 1 had a 2-fold increase in igm titer ...	1986	3729130
aerial adulticiding for the suppression of culex tarsalis in kern county, california, using low volume propoxur: 2. impact on natural populations in foothill and valley habitats.	a low volume formulation of propoxur wettable powder suspended in larvicidal oil was evaluated on 4 occasions in kern co., california during 1983 using fixed and rotary wing aerial application systems. culex tarsalis abundance was suppressed significantly by all sprays, although reduction below the virus maintenance threshold of 30 females per trap night was achieved only at one foothill site. western equine encephalomyelitis virus minimum infection rates decreased significantly after serial app ...	1985	3880226
sensitive enzyme immunoassay for detecting immunoglobulin m antibodies to sindbis virus and further evidence that pogosta disease is caused by a western equine encephalitis complex virus.	an antibody capture enzyme immunoassay (eia) was adapted for the detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody to sindbis (sin) virus. sera from humans with a febrile illness characterized by rash and arthralgia in eastern finland (pogosta [pog] disease) and sweden (ockelbo disease) and from humans with western equine encephalitis (wee) virus infection in the united states were tested for igm antibodies by eia. seroconversions were documented in patients with pog disease and with wee virus infect ...	1985	3908469
arboviral infections of the central nervous system--united states, 1984.		1985	3923307
western equine encephalomyelitis virus: in vivo infection and morphogenesis in mosquito mesenteronal epithelial cells.	the infection and morphogenetic events associated with the replication of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus within the mesenterons of aedes dorsalis and three strains of culex tarsalis are compared and contrasted. wee virus apparently penetrates mesenteronal epithelial cells in vivo through membrane fusion. profiles of apparent membrane fusion events were observed between virus particles and the microvillar surface of the mesenteron and naked nucleocapsids are observed intracellularly ...	1985	3993231
properties of monoclonal antibodies against glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis virus.	to analyze the biological activities of the alphavirus glycoproteins, eight different monoclonal antibodies against the two glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis virus were isolated. five of the eight monoclonal antibodies were shown to be specific for e1 and three for e2 protein by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by radioimmunoprecipitation. three of the five anti-e1 and all of the anti-e2 monoclonal antibodies inhibited hemagglutination by purified virions. one anti-e1 and two ...	1985	4020970
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. i. historical aspects and description of study sites.	this is the introductory paper to a series on the ecology of arboviruses in argentina. epizootics of equine encephalitis have occurred since at least 1908, principally in the pampa and espinal biogeographic zones, with significant economic losses; human cases of encephalitis have been rare or absent. both western equine and eastern equine encephalitis viruses have been isolated from horses during these epizootics, but the mosquitoes responsible for transmission have not been identified. a number ...	1985	4037184
demonstration of western equine encephalitis virus in mouse brain by immunofluorescence.		1970	4107096
comparative studies on nucleic acid synthesis and virus-induced rna polymerase activity in mammalian cells infected with certain arboviruses.		1971	4107475
gamma ray-induced small plaque mutants of western equine encephalitis virus.	small plaque mutants of western equine encephalitis virus were obtained from the surviving fractions of wild-type virus which was irradiated with gamma rays. the frequency with which small plaque mutants appeared in the surviving fraction increased with the radiation dose. these mutants were not more resistant to radiation than wild-type virus. the growth rate of a mutant, s127, was lower than that of wild-type. clonally purified mutant virions presented two peaks in a velocity sedimentation pro ...	1973	4128384
antigenic components of group a arbovirus virions.	three group a arboviruses, sindbis (sin), western (wee) and eastern equine encephalitis (eee), were selectively degraded with a nonionic detergent to yield a core particle and a soluble envelope component. antigenic analysis by using radioimmune precipitation techniques revealed marked antigenic similarity among the core particles of the three viruses. the soluble envelope component exhibited antigenic specificity similar to that of intact virions. a close relationship between sin and wee envelo ...	1973	4128825
[specific precipitinogen activity of certain arboviruses and the factors determining its manifestation].		1973	4132142
uridine kinase level in cells infected with western equine encephalomyelitis, vesicular stomatitis, pseudorabies and polyoma viruses.		1973	4144274
arboviruses in hungary.		1973	4145388
isolation of st. louis encephalitis and cache valley viruses from saskatchewan mosquitoes.		1973	4147200
interferon in young and aged chick embryo cell cultures infected with herpes simplex and pseudorabies viruses.		1973	4150028
relationship of density of culiseta melanura mosquitoes to infection of wild birds with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses.		1974	4153042
problems of insecticide resistance.		1974	4156106
[use of ultrasound for increasing the activity of arbovirus antigens in serological reactions in vitro].		1973	4203622
structural and immunologic characteristics of subviral components of sindbis, eastern equine and western equine encephalitis viruses.		1972	4212354
[role of birds in importing and preserving arboviruses (a review of the literature)].		1974	4213786
[interaction of vertebrate viruses and insect nuclear polyhedrosis viruses with transplantable diploid embryonal drosophila cells].	when the drosophila cells were infected with the mixo- and arboviruses, in case of influenza a/wsn virus a rise in the titre and slight cytopathogenic effect with the subsequent decrease in the titre was observed. since the decrease in the virus titer was not observed when actinomycin d was added, it was supposed that interferonlike inhibitor may be produced by the infected cells. vacuolization and increase in the size of the infected cells were caused by all the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses tes ...	1974	4219669
antibody against western equine encephalitis virus occurring in the serum of garter snakes (colubridae: thamnophis) in saskatchewan.	a study was made of feeding and temperature as factors affecting the appearance of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus-neutralizing serum (vns) antibodies in the serum of garter snakes (thamnophis spp). eighty snakes were collected in the field, held in captivity under controlled conditions, and bled at frequent intervals. the sera were examined by standard procedures for the presence of wee vns-antibodies. it was found that snakes held between 10-28 degrees c showed conversion and intermitt ...	1971	4251413
some aspects of diagnosis of western equine encephalitis in chicks and mice by immunofluorescence.		1972	4259934
laboratory studies on the transmission of western equine encephalitis virus by saskatchewan mosquitoes. i. culex tarsalis.	a saskatchewan strain of the mosquito culex tarsalis, transmitted a local strain of western equine encephalitis virus from chick to chick, between four and 44 days after an infective blood meal. at incubation temperatures of 69 and 75 degrees f, 120 transmissions occurred out of a possible 141, and all but seven of these were by single infected mosquitoes. at 75 degrees f virus titers in individual mosquitoes were more uniform and transmission was more efficient, than at 69 degrees f, although i ...	1972	4259935
[detection of antibodies to a series of arboviruses of groups a, b and bunyamwera on the territory of the georgian ssr].		1972	4260426
heterogeneous rna's occurring during the replication of western equine encephalomyelitis virus.		1966	4286764
inhibition of interferon synthesis in phospholipase c treated primary chick embryo cells.		1971	4327713
[chronic infection of human embryo diploid cells caused by japanese encephalitis virus].		1971	4332919
further characterization of an attenuated western equine encephalitis virus: search for in vitro markers.		1972	4336497