| in vivo delivery of cytoplasmic rna virus-derived mirnas. | the discovery of micrornas (mirnas) revealed an unappreciated level of post-transcriptional control used by the cell to maintain optimal protein levels. this process has represented an attractive strategy for therapeutics that is currently limited by in vivo delivery constraints. here, we describe the generation of a single-stranded, cytoplasmic virus of negative polarity capable of producing functional mirnas. cytoplasmic rna virus-derived mirnas accumulated to high levels in vitro, generated s ... | 2011 | 22086233 |
| retargeting of viruses to generate oncolytic agents. | oncolytic virus therapy is based on the ability of viruses to effectively infect and kill tumor cells without destroying the normal tissues. while some viruses seem to have a natural preference for tumor cells, most viruses require the modification of their tropism to specifically enter and replicate in such cells. this review aims to describe the transductional targeting strategies currently employed to specifically redirect viruses towards surface receptors on tumor cells. three major strategi ... | 2011 | 22312365 |
| common origins and host-dependent diversity of plant and animal viromes. | many viruses infecting animals and plants share common cores of homologous genes involved in the key processes of viral replication. in contrast, genes that mediate virus–host interactions including in many cases capsid protein (cp) genes are markedly different. there are three distinct scenarios for the origin of related viruses of plants and animals: first, evolution from a common ancestral virus predating the divergence of plants and animals; second, horizontal transfer of viruses, for exampl ... | 0 | 22408703 |
| krüppel homolog 1 (kr-h1) mediates juvenile hormone action during metamorphosis of drosophila melanogaster. | juvenile hormone (jh) given at pupariation inhibits bristle formation and causes pupal cuticle formation in the abdomen of drosophila melanogaster due to its prolongation of expression of the transcription factor broad (br). in a microarray analysis of jh-induced gene expression in abdominal integument, we found that krüppel homolog 1 (kr-h1) was up-regulated during most of adult development. quantitative real-time pcr analyses showed that kr-h1 up-regulation began at 10h after puparium formatio ... | 2007 | 18036785 |
| characterization and expression patterns of let-7 microrna in the silkworm (bombyx mori). | lin-4 and let-7, the two founding members of heterochronic microrna genes, are firstly confirmed in caenorhabditis elegans to control the proper timing of developmental programs in a heterochronic pathway. let-7 has been thought to trigger the onset of adulthood across animal phyla. ecdysone and broad-complex are required for the temporal expression of let-7 in drosophila melanogaster. for a better understanding of the conservation and functions of let-7, we seek to explore how it is expressed i ... | 2007 | 17651473 |
| pd-catalyzed c-c bond-forming reactions of thymidine mesitylene sulfonate. | facile synthesis of c-4 aryl pyrimidinone nucleoside analogues from an easily prepared o4-arylsulfonate derivative of thymidine is reported. two o4-arylsulfonylthymidine precursors, (4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl and (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonyl, were prepared and analyzed for their stabilities. of the two, the latter possessed suitable stability as well as reactivity for pd-catalyzed c-c bond-forming reactions with a variety of arylboronic acids. these reactions at the c-4 position are nontrivial ... | 2007 | 17595142 |
| effect of ceramide n-acyl chain and polar headgroup structure on the properties of ordered lipid domains (lipid rafts). | ceramides are sphingolipids that greatly stabilize ordered membrane domains (lipid rafts), and displace cholesterol from them. ceramide-rich rafts have been implicated in diverse biological processes. because ceramide analogues have been useful for probing the biological function of ceramide, and may have biomedical applications, it is important to characterize how ceramide structure affects membrane properties, including lipid raft stability and composition. in this report, fluorescence quenchi ... | 2007 | 17574203 |
| changes in the structural complexity of the aged brain. | structural changes of neurons in the brain during aging are complex and not well understood. neurons have significant homeostatic control of essential brain functions, including synaptic excitability, gene expression, and metabolic regulation. any deviations from the norm can have severe consequences as seen in aging and injury. in this review, we present some of the structural adaptations that neurons undergo throughout normal and pathological aging and discuss their effects on electrophysiolog ... | 2007 | 17465981 |
| using viral vectors as gene transfer tools (cell biology and toxicology special issue: etcs-uk 1 day meeting on genetic manipulation of cells). | in recent years, the development of powerful viral gene transfer techniques has greatly facilitated the study of gene function. this review summarises some of the viral delivery systems routinely used to mediate gene transfer into cell lines, primary cell cultures and in whole animal models. the systems described were originally discussed at a 1-day european tissue culture society (etcs-uk) workshop that was held at university college london on 1st april 2009. recombinant-deficient viral vectors ... | 2009 | 19830583 |
| cytokine determinants of viral tropism. | the specificity of a given virus for a cell type, tissue or species - collectively known as viral tropism - is an important factor in determining the outcome of viral infection in any particular host. owing to the increased prevalence of zoonotic infections and the threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, gaining a better understanding of the factors that determine viral tropism has become particularly important. in this review, we summarize our current understanding of the central role of ... | 2009 | 19696766 |
| death and survival of heterozygous lurcher purkinje cells in vitro. | the differentiation and survival of heterozygous lurcher (+/lc) purkinje cells in vitro was examined as a model system for studying how chronic ionic stress affects neuronal differentiation and survival. the lurcher mutation in the delta2 glutamate receptor (glurdelta2) converts an orphan receptor into a membrane channel that constitutively passes an inward cation current. in the glurdelta2(+/lc) mutant, purkinje cell dendritic differentiation is disrupted and the cells degenerate following the ... | 0 | 19294643 |
| keystone symposium on antibodies as drugs: march 27-april 1, 2009, whistler, bc ca. | the symposium on antibodies as drugs, organized by keystone symposia and chaired by j. marks, (university of california los angeles, usa), e.s. ward (university of texas southwestern medical center, usa) and l. weiner (georgetown university medical center, usa), was held in whistler, british columbia. this canadian rockies village, which will host the 2010 olympic games, served as an enchanting backdrop to the meeting. the more than 350 speakers and attendees included scientists from major pharm ... | 2009 | 20068403 |
| regulated cell death pathways: new twists in modulation of bcl2 family function. | a number of cell death pathways have been recognized. though apoptosis and autophagy have been well characterized, programmed necrosis has recently received attention and may provide clinical alternatives to suppress resistant tumors. necrosis is primarily characterized by large-scale permeabilization, swelling, and rupture of cell membranes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. traditionally, necrosis in cancer cells has been indicative of poor prognoses, as chronic inflammation was fo ... | 2009 | 19509269 |
| the role of rnai and micrornas in animal virus replication and antiviral immunity. | the closely related microrna (mirna) and rnai pathways have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. although both pathways are relatively well conserved all the way from plants to invertebrates to mammals, there are important differences between these systems. a more complete understanding of these differences will be required to fully appreciate the relationship between these diverse host organisms and the various viruses that infect them. insights derived from this res ... | 0 | 19451215 |
| autophagy genes in immunity. | in its classical form, autophagy is a pathway by which cytoplasmic constituents, including intracellular pathogens, are sequestered in a double-membrane-bound autophagosome and delivered to the lysosome for degradation. this pathway has been linked to diverse aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including pathogen resistance, production of type i interferon, antigen presentation, tolerance and lymphocyte development, as well as the negative regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammation. ... | 0 | 19381141 |
| natural and engineered mosquito immunity. | a recent paper in bmc microbiology shows how suppression of mosquito innate immunity against a virus that the mosquito can normally tolerate increases mosquito mortality. this is just one of several approaches that may soon bring genetics-based mosquito control methods from the laboratory into the field. | 2009 | 19439051 |
| transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells for gene therapy. | it is well known that angiogenesis plays a critical role in the pathobiology of tumors. recent clinical trials have shown that inhibition of angiogenesis can be an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer. however, one of the outstanding issues in anti-angiogenic treatment for cancer is the development of toxicities related to off-target effects of drugs. transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells involves the use of specific promoters for selective expression of therape ... | 2009 | 19393703 |
| from tucson to genomics and transgenics: the vector biology network and the emergence of modern vector biology. | | 2009 | 19333394 |
| autophagy and its role in mhc-mediated antigen presentation. | intracellular degradation by autophagy plays a role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under normal conditions and during periods of cellular stress. autophagy has also been implicated in several other cellular processes including immune recognition and responsiveness. more specifically, autophagy has been identified as a route by which cytoplasmic and nuclear ag are delivered to mhc class ii molecules for presentation to cd4(+) t cells. autophagy has also recently been implicated in mhc ... | 0 | 19265109 |
| autophagy, antiviral immunity, and viral countermeasures. | the autophagy pathway likely evolved not only to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis but also to protect cells against microbial attack. this conserved mechanism by which cytoplasmic cargo is delivered to the endolysosomal system is now recognized as a central player in coordinating the host response to diverse intracellular pathogens, including viruses. as an endolysosomal delivery system, autophagy functions in the transfer of viruses from the cytoplasm to the lysosome where they are degr ... | 2009 | 19264100 |
| antiviral immunity in drosophila. | genetic analysis of the drosophila antiviral response indicates that rna interference plays a major role. this contrasts with the situation in mammals, where interferon-induced responses mediate innate antiviral host-defense. an inducible response also contributes to antiviral immunity in drosophila, and similarities in the sensing and signaling of viral infection are becoming apparent between drosophila and mammals. in particular, dexd/h box helicases appear to play a crucial role in the cytoso ... | 2009 | 19223163 |
| parkin protects dopaminergic neurons against microtubule-depolymerizing toxins by attenuating microtubule-associated protein kinase activation. | mitogen-activated protein kinases, originally known as microtubule-associated protein (map) kinases, are activated in response to a variety of stimuli. here we report that microtubule-depolymerizing agents such as colchicine or nocodazole induced strong activation of map kinases including jnk, erk, and p38. this effect was markedly attenuated by parkin, whose mutations are linked to parkinson disease (pd). our previous study has shown that parkin stabilizes microtubules through strong interactio ... | 2008 | 19074146 |
| use of aptamers as diagnostics tools and antiviral agents for human viruses. | appropriate diagnosis is the key factor for treatment of viral diseases. time is the most important factor in rapidly developing and epidemiologically dangerous diseases, such as influenza, ebola and sars. chronic viral diseases such as hiv-1 or hcv are asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic and the therapeutic success mainly depends on early detection of the infective agent. over the last years, aptamer technology has been used in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications and, concretel ... | 2016 | 27999271 |
| the conserved coronavirus macrodomain promotes virulence and suppresses the innate immune response during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | adp-ribosylation is a common posttranslational modification that may have antiviral properties and impact innate immunity. to regulate this activity, macrodomain proteins enzymatically remove covalently attached adp-ribose from protein targets. all members of the coronavirinae, a subfamily of positive-sense rna viruses, contain a highly conserved macrodomain within nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). however, its function or targets during infection remain unknown. we identified several macrodomain ... | 2016 | 27965448 |
| first report on human-biting culex pipiens in sweden. | culex mosquitoes are vectors of several bird-hosted arboviruses that cause outbreaks in europe, such as sindbis virus and west nile virus. recently, the human-biting form of culex pipiens, cx. pipiens biotype molestus, was found causing big nuisance in a housing cooperative in gothenburg in southern sweden, confirmed by molecular identification. this is the first report of human-biting culex in scandinavia, signalling increased risk of arbovirus infection in northern europe. | 2016 | 27927233 |
| molecular evolution of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses circulating in vietnam from 2007 to 2015. | porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (prrs) virus is one of the most economically significant pathogens in the vietnamese swine industry. orf5, which participates in many functional processes, including virion assembly, entry of the virus into the host cell, and viral adaptation to the host immune response, has been widely used in molecular evolution and phylogeny studies. knowing of molecular evolution of prrsv fields strains might contribute to prrs control in vietnam. | 2016 | 27855667 |
| yellow fever virus capsid protein is a potent suppressor of rna silencing that binds double-stranded rna. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus (yfv), zika virus (zikv), and west nile virus (wnv), profoundly affect human health. the successful transmission of these viruses to a human host depends on the pathogen's ability to overcome a potentially sterilizing immune response in the vector mosquito. similar to other invertebrate animals and plants, the mosquito's rna silencing pathway comprises its primary antiviral defense. although a diverse range of plant and insect viruses has ... | 2016 | 27849599 |
| peroxisomal protein pex13 functions in selective autophagy. | pex13 is an integral membrane protein on the peroxisome that regulates peroxisomal matrix protein import during peroxisome biogenesis. mutations in pex13 and other peroxin proteins are associated with zellweger syndrome spectrum (zss) disorders, a subtype of peroxisome biogenesis disorder characterized by prominent neurological, hepatic, and renal abnormalities leading to neonatal death. the lack of functional peroxisomes in zss patients is widely accepted as the underlying cause of disease; how ... | 2016 | 27827795 |
| deep sequencing analysis reveals the mycoviral diversity of the virome of an avirulent isolate of rhizoctonia solani ag-2-2 iv. | rhizoctonia solani represents an important plant pathogenic basidiomycota species complex and the host of many different mycoviruses, as indicated by frequent detection of dsrna elements in natural populations of the fungus. to date, eight different mycoviruses have been characterized in rhizoctonia and some of them have been reported to modulate its virulence. dsrna extracts of the avirulent r. solani isolate dc17 (ag2-2-iv) displayed a diverse pattern, indicating multiple infections with mycov ... | 2016 | 27814394 |
| (in)validating experimentally derived knowledge about influenza a defective interfering particles. | a defective interfering particle (dip) in the context of influenza a virus is a virion with a significantly shortened rna segment substituting one of eight full-length parent rna segments, such that it is preferentially amplified. hence, a cell co-infected with dips will produce mainly dips, suppressing infectious virus yields and affecting infection kinetics. unfortunately, the quantification of dips contained in a sample is difficult because they are indistinguishable from standard virus (stv) ... | 0 | 27881801 |
| genome investigations of vector competence in aedes aegypti to inform novel arbovirus disease control approaches. | dengue (denv), yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika virus transmission to humans by a mosquito host is confounded by both intrinsic and extrinsic variables. besides virulence factors of the individual arboviruses, likelihood of virus transmission is subject to variability in the genome of the primary mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. the "vectorial capacity" of a. aegypti varies depending upon its density, biting rate, and survival rate, as well as its intrinsic ability to acquire, host and transmi ... | 2016 | 27809220 |
| acyclic nucleoside phosphonates containing the amide bond. | to study the influence of a linker rigidity and donor-acceptor properties, the p-ch2-o-chr- fragment in acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (e.g., acyclovir, tenofovir) was replaced by the p-ch2-hn-c(o)- residue. the respective phosphonates were synthesized in good yields by coupling the straight chain of ω-aminophosphonates and nucleobase-derived acetic acids with edc. based on the (1)h and (13)c nmr data, the unrestricted rotation within the methylene and 1,2-ethylidene linkers in phosphonates fro ... | 2016 | 27881885 |
| crystal structure of glycoprotein c from a hantavirus in the post-fusion conformation. | hantaviruses are important emerging human pathogens and are the causative agents of serious diseases in humans with high mortality rates. like other members in the bunyaviridae family their m segment encodes two glycoproteins, gn and gc, which are responsible for the early events of infection. hantaviruses deliver their tripartite genome into the cytoplasm by fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes in response to the reduced ph of the endosome. unlike phleboviruses (e.g. rift valley fever vi ... | 2016 | 27783673 |
| mutagenic effects of ribavirin on hepatitis e virus-viral extinction versus selection of fitness-enhancing mutations. | hepatitis e virus (hev), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. to date, hev infections can only be treated with ribavirin (rbv). major drawbacks of this therapy are that rbv is not approved for administration to pregnant women and that the virus can acquire mutations, which render the intra-host population less sensitive or even resistant to rbv. one of the proposed modes of action of rbv is a direc ... | 2016 | 27754363 |
| interferon gamma: influence on neural stem cell function in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease. | interferon-gamma (ifnγ), a pleiotropic cytokine, is expressed in diverse neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. its protective mechanisms are well documented during viral infections in the brain, where ifnγ mediates non-cytolytic viral control in infected neurons. however, ifnγ also plays both protective and pathological roles in other central nervous system (cns) diseases. of the many neural cells that respond to ifnγ, neural stem/progenitor cells (nspcs), the only pluripotent cell ... | 2016 | 27774000 |
| amyloid-β effects on synapses and memory require ampa receptor subunit glua3. | amyloid-β (aβ) is a prime suspect for causing cognitive deficits during the early phases of alzheimer's disease (ad). experiments in ad mouse models have shown that soluble oligomeric clusters of aβ degrade synapses and impair memory formation. we show that all aβ-driven effects measured in these mice depend on ampa receptor (ampar) subunit glua3. hippocampal neurons that lack glua3 were resistant against aβ-mediated synaptic depression and spine loss. in addition, aβ oligomers blocked long-term ... | 2016 | 27708157 |
| high insecticides resistance in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) from tehran, capital of iran. | during recent years transmission of dirofilaria immitis (dog heart worm) by culex pipiens and west nile virus have been reported from iran. the present study was preformed for evaluating the susceptibility status of cx. pipiens collected from capital city of tehran, iran. | 2016 | 28032100 |
| climate change influences on the global potential distribution of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus, vector of west nile virus and lymphatic filariasis. | rapid emergence of most vector-borne diseases (vbds) may be associated with range expansion of vector populations. culex quinquefasciatus say 1823 is a potential vector of west nile virus, saint louis encephalitis virus, and lymphatic filariasis. we estimated the potential distribution of cx. quinquefasciatus under both current and future climate conditions. the present potential distribution of cx. quinquefasciatus showed high suitability across low-latitude parts of the world, reflecting the c ... | 2016 | 27695107 |
| a 3'-end structure in rna2 of a crinivirus is essential for viral rna synthesis and contributes to replication-associated translation activity. | the terminal ends in the genome of rna viruses contain features that regulate viral replication and/or translation. we have identified a y-shaped structure (yss) in the 3' terminal regions of the bipartite genome of lettuce chlorosis virus (lcv), a member in the genus crinivirus (family closteroviridae). the yss is the first in this family of viruses to be determined using selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (shape). using luciferase constructs/replicons, in vivo and in ... | 2016 | 27694962 |
| differential expression pattern of vago in bumblebee (bombus terrestris), induced by virulent and avirulent virus infections. | viruses are one of the main drivers of the decline of domesticated and wild bees but the mechanisms of antiviral immunity in pollinators are poorly understood. recent work has suggested that next to the small interfering rna (sirna) pathway other immune-related pathways play a role in the defense of the bee hosts against viral infection. in addition, vago plays a role in the cross-talk between the innate immune pathways in culex mosquito cells. here we describe the vago orthologue in bumblebees ... | 2016 | 27680717 |
| quantification of virus particles using nanopore-based resistive-pulse sensing techniques. | viruses have drawn much attention in recent years due to increased recognition of their important roles in virology, immunology, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. because the biological and physical properties of viruses significantly impact their applications, quantitative detection of individual virus particles has become a critical issue. however, due to various inherent limitations of conventional enumeration techniques such as infectious titer assays, immunological assays, and electron micro ... | 2016 | 27713738 |
| morphological abnormalities and cell death in the asian citrus psyllid (diaphorina citri) midgut associated with candidatus liberibacter asiaticus. | candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) is a phloem-limited, gram-negative, fastidious bacterium that is associated with the development of citrus greening disease, also known as huanglongbing (hlb). clas is transmitted by the asian citrus psyllid (acp) diaphorina citri, in a circulative manner. two major barriers to transmission within the insect are the midgut and the salivary glands. we performed a thorough microscopic analysis within the insect midgut following exposure to clas-infected cit ... | 2016 | 27630042 |
| amphotericin b inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by impeding viral entry. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease that leads to cardiopulmonary complications and death in young children. there is thus an urgent need to find new treatments to control ev71 infection. in this study, we report potent inhibition of ev71 by a polyene antibiotic amphotericin b. amphotericin b profoundly diminished the expression of ev71 rna and viral proteins in the rd cells and the hek293 cells. as a result, ev71 production was inhibited by amphotericin b with an ... | 2016 | 27608771 |
| m2bp inhibits hiv-1 virion production in a vimentin filaments-dependent manner. | m2bp (also called 90k) is an interferon-stimulated gene product that is upregulated in hiv-1 infection. a recent study revealed that m2bp reduces the infectivity of hiv-1 by inhibiting the processing of the viral envelope protein. here we report that in addition to reducing viral infectivity, m2bp inhibits hiv-1 virion production. we provide evidence showing that m2bp inhibits hiv-1 gag trafficking to the plasma membrane in a vimentin-dependent manner. when vimentin filaments were collapsed by t ... | 2016 | 27604950 |
| global profiling of the cellular alternative rna splicing landscape during virus-host interactions. | alternative splicing (as) is a central mechanism of genetic regulation which modifies the sequence of rna transcripts in higher eukaryotes. as has been shown to increase both the variability and diversity of the cellular proteome by changing the composition of resulting proteins through differential choice of exons to be included in mature mrnas. in the present study, alterations to the global rna splicing landscape of cellular genes upon viral infection were investigated using mammalian reoviru ... | 2016 | 27598998 |
| excess cerebral tnf causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-tnf agents. | the basic mechanism of the major neurodegenerative diseases, including neurogenic pain, needs to be agreed upon before rational treatments can be determined, but this knowledge is still in a state of flux. most have agreed for decades that these disease states, both infectious and non-infectious, share arguments incriminating excitotoxicity induced by excessive extracellular cerebral glutamate. excess cerebral levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) are also documented in the same group of disease ... | 2016 | 27596607 |
| trim14 inhibits hepatitis c virus infection by spry domain-dependent targeted degradation of the viral ns5a protein. | tripartite motif 14 (trim14) was reported to function as a mitochondrial signaling adaptor in mediating innate immune responses. however, the involvement of trim14 in host defense against viral infection and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. here, we demonstrated that enforced expression of trim14 could potently inhibit the infection and replication of hcv in hepatocytes, whereas trim14 knockout cells became more susceptible to hcv infection. interestingly, further experiments revealed that s ... | 2016 | 27578425 |
| consecutive inhibition of isg15 expression and isgylation by cytomegalovirus regulators. | interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15) encodes an ubiquitin-like protein that covalently conjugates protein. protein modification by isg15 (isgylation) is known to inhibit the replication of many viruses. however, studies on the viral targets and viral strategies to regulate isgylation-mediated antiviral responses are limited. in this study, we show that human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) replication is inhibited by isgylation, but the virus has evolved multiple countermeasures. hcmv-induced isg15 expr ... | 2016 | 27564865 |
| type-1 angiotensin receptor signaling in central nervous system myeloid cells is pathogenic during fatal alphavirus encephalitis in mice. | alphaviruses can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. natural infections occur via the bite of infected mosquitos, but aerosol transmissibility makes some of these viruses potential bioterrorism agents. central nervous system (cns) host responses contribute to alphavirus pathogenesis in experimental models and are logical therapeutic targets. we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ros) generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) oxidase (nox) activity within the cns ... | 2016 | 27562117 |
| working with zika and usutu viruses in vitro. | usutu (usuv) and zika (zikv) viruses are emerging arboviruses of significant medical and veterinary importance. these viruses have not been studied as well as other medically important arboviruses such as west nile (wnv), dengue (denv), or chikungunya (chikv) viruses. as such, information regarding the behavior of zikv and usuv viruses in the laboratory is dated. usutu virus re-emerged in austria in 2001 and has since spread throughout the european and asian continents causing significant mortal ... | 2016 | 27541001 |
| functional translational readthrough: a systems biology perspective. | translational readthrough (tr) has come into renewed focus because systems biology approaches have identified the first human genes undergoing functional translational readthrough (ftr). ftr creates functional extensions to proteins by continuing translation of the mrna downstream of the stop codon. here we review recent developments in tr research with a focus on the identification of ftr in humans and the systems biology methods that have spurred these discoveries. | 2016 | 27490485 |
| cytoplasmic drosha activity generated by alternative splicing. | rnase iii enzyme drosha interacts with dgcr8 to form the microprocessor, initiating canonical microrna (mirna) maturation in the nucleus. here, we re-evaluated where drosha functions in cells using drosha and/or dgcr8 knock out (ko) cells and cleavage reporters. interestingly, a truncated drosha mutant located exclusively in the cytoplasm cleaved pri-mirna effectively in a dgcr8-dependent manner. in addition, we demonstrated that in vitro generated pri-mirnas when transfected into cells could be ... | 2016 | 27471035 |
| the role of phlebovirus glycoproteins in viral entry, assembly and release. | bunyaviruses are enveloped viruses with a tripartite rna genome that can pose a serious threat to animal and human health. members of the phlebovirus genus of the family bunyaviridae are transmitted by mosquitos and ticks to humans and include highly pathogenic agents like rift valley fever virus (rvfv) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) as well as viruses that do not cause disease in humans, like uukuniemi virus (uukv). phleboviruses and other bunyaviruses use their e ... | 2016 | 27455305 |
| exaptive origins of regulated mrna decay in eukaryotes. | eukaryotic gene expression is extensively controlled at the level of mrna stability and the mechanisms underlying this regulation are markedly different from their archaeal and bacterial counterparts. we propose that two such mechanisms, nonsense-mediated decay (nmd) and motif-specific transcript destabilization by ccch-type zinc finger rna-binding proteins, originated as a part of cellular defense against rna pathogens. these branches of the mrna turnover pathway might have been used by primeva ... | 2016 | 27438915 |
| n-terminal domain of feline calicivirus (fcv) proteinase-polymerase contributes to the inhibition of host cell transcription. | feline calicivirus (fcv) infection results in the inhibition of host protein synthesis, known as "shut-off". however, the precise mechanism of shut-off remains unknown. here, we found that the fcv strain 2280 proteinase-polymerase (pp) protein can suppress luciferase reporter gene expression driven by endogenous and exogenous promoters. furthermore, we found that the n-terminal 263 aa of pp (ppn-263) determined its shut-off activity using the expression of truncated proteins. however, the same d ... | 2016 | 27447663 |
| a conserved virus-induced cytoplasmic tramp-like complex recruits the exosome to target viral rna for degradation. | rna degradation is tightly regulated to selectively target aberrant rnas, including viral rna, but this regulation is incompletely understood. through rnai screening in drosophila cells, we identified the 3'-to-5' rna exosome and two components of the exosome cofactor tramp (trf4/5-air1/2-mtr4 polyadenylation) complex, dmtr4 and dzcchc7, as antiviral against a panel of rna viruses. we extended our studies to human orthologs and found that the exosome as well as tramp components hmtr4 and hzcchc7 ... | 0 | 27474443 |
| larval food quantity affects the capacity of adult mosquitoes to transmit human malaria. | adult traits of holometabolous insects are shaped by conditions experienced during larval development, which might impact interactions between adult insect hosts and parasites. however, the ecology of larval insects that vector disease remains poorly understood. here, we used anopheles stephensi mosquitoes and the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, to investigate whether larval conditions affect the capacity of adult mosquitoes to transmit malaria. we reared larvae in two groups; one ... | 0 | 27412284 |
| isg12a restricts hepatitis c virus infection through the ubiquitination-dependent degradation pathway. | interferons (ifns) restrict various kinds of viral infection via induction of hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs), while the functions of the majority of isgs are broadly unclear. here, we show that a high-ifn-inducible gene, isg12a (also known as ifi27), exhibits a nonapoptotic antiviral effect on hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. viral ns5a protein is targeted specifically by isg12a, which mediates ns5a degradation via a ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal pathway. k374r mutation in ns5a ... | 2016 | 27194766 |
| mechanisms of viral mutation. | the remarkable capacity of some viruses to adapt to new hosts and environments is highly dependent on their ability to generate de novo diversity in a short period of time. rates of spontaneous mutation vary amply among viruses. rna viruses mutate faster than dna viruses, single-stranded viruses mutate faster than double-strand virus, and genome size appears to correlate negatively with mutation rate. viral mutation rates are modulated at different levels, including polymerase fidelity, sequence ... | 2016 | 27392606 |
| genetic dissection of flaviviridae host factors through genome-scale crispr screens. | the flaviviridae are a family of viruses that cause severe human diseases. for example, dengue virus (denv) is a rapidly emerging pathogen causing an estimated 100 million symptomatic infections annually worldwide. no approved antivirals are available to date and clinical trials with a tetravalent dengue vaccine showed disappointingly low protection rates. hepatitis c virus (hcv) also remains a major medical problem, with 160 million chronically infected patients worldwide and only expensive tre ... | 0 | 27383987 |
| dissecting virus infectious cycles by cryo-electron microscopy. | | 2016 | 27362353 |
| viral inhibition of the ifn-induced jak/stat signalling pathway: development of live attenuated vaccines by mutation of viral-encoded ifn-antagonists. | the interferon (ifn) induced anti-viral response is amongst the earliest and most potent of the innate responses to fight viral infection. the induction of the janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription (jak/stat) signalling pathway by ifns leads to the upregulation of hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (isgs) for which, many have the ability to rapidly kill viruses within infected cells. during the long course of evolution, viruses have evolved an extraordinary range of ... | 2016 | 27367734 |
| tnfα impairs rhabdoviral clearance by inhibiting the host autophagic antiviral response. | tnfα is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine with a key role in the activation of the immune system to fight viral infections. despite its antiviral role, a few viruses might utilize the host produced tnfα to their benefit. some recent reports have shown that anti-tnfα therapies could be utilized to treat certain viral infections. however, the underlying mechanisms by which tnfα can favor virus replication have not been identified. here, a rhabdoviral infection model in zebrafish allowed us t ... | 2016 | 27351838 |
| the strica homolog aacasps16 is involved in apoptosis in the yellow fever vector, aedes albopictus. | caspases are a family of cysteine proteases playing essential roles during apoptosis. seven caspases identified in drosophila were dronc, dredd, strica, dcp-1, decay, drice and damm. among them, strica is an insect-specific caspase containing a long serine- and threonine- rich prodomain, of which function is not yet well studied. here we identified a homolog of strica from aedes albopictus, named as aacasps16. aacasps16 encoded a protein containing a putative serine- and threonine-rich prodomain ... | 2016 | 27351972 |
| suppression of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and replication by 5'-amp-activated protein kinase. | the host intracellular antiviral restriction factors inhibit viral infection and replication. the 5'-amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) is a cellular energy sensor regulating metabolic homeostasis. activated ampk inhibits the replication of numerous rna viruses but enhances the entry of vaccinia virus. however, the role of ampk in herpesvirus infection is unclear. in this study, we showed that the constitutive ampk activity restricted kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) lytic replica ... | 2016 | 27147746 |
| the emerging duck flavivirus is not pathogenic for primates and is highly sensitive to mammalian interferon antiviral signaling. | flaviviruses pose a significant threat to both animals and humans. recently, a novel flavivirus, duck tembusu virus (dtmuv), was identified to be the causative agent of a serious duck viral disease in asia. its rapid spread, expanding host range, and uncertain transmission routes have raised substantial concerns regarding its potential threats to nonavian hosts, including humans. here, we demonstrate that dtmuv is not pathogenic for nonhuman primates and is highly sensitive to mammal type i inte ... | 2016 | 27147750 |
| recent advances in lentiviral vaccines for hiv-1 infection. | the development of an effective hiv vaccine to prevent and/or cure hiv remains a global health priority. given their central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cell (dc)-based vaccines are being increasingly explored as immunotherapeutic strategies to enhance hiv-specific t cells in infected individuals and, thus, promote immune responses that may help facilitate a functional cure. hiv-1-based lentiviral (lv) vectors have inherent advantages as dc vaccine vectors due ... | 2016 | 27446074 |
| mosquito saliva increases endothelial permeability in the skin, immune cell migration, and dengue pathogenesis during antibody-dependent enhancement. | dengue remains the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. while probing for blood vessels, aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes transmit the four serotypes of dengue virus (denv1-4) by injecting virus-containing saliva into the skin. even though arthropod saliva is known to facilitate transmission and modulate host responses to other pathogens, the full impact of mosquito saliva on dengue pathogenesis is still not well understood. inoculating mice lacking the interferon-α ... | 2016 | 27310141 |
| receptor-targeted nipah virus glycoproteins improve cell-type selective gene delivery and reveal a preference for membrane-proximal cell attachment. | receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors (lvs) can be an effective tool for selective transfer of genes into distinct cell types of choice. moreover, they can be used to determine the molecular properties that cell surface proteins must fulfill to act as receptors for viral glycoproteins. here we show that lvs pseudotyped with receptor-targeted nipah virus (niv) glycoproteins effectively enter into cells when they use cell surface proteins as receptors that bring them closely enough to the cell memb ... | 2016 | 27281338 |
| a universal next-generation sequencing protocol to generate noninfectious barcoded cdna libraries from high-containment rna viruses. | several biosafety level 3 and/or 4 (bsl-3/4) pathogens are high-consequence, single-stranded rna viruses, and their genomes, when introduced into permissive cells, are infectious. moreover, many of these viruses are select agents (sas), and their genomes are also considered sas. for this reason, cdnas and/or their derivatives must be tested to ensure the absence of infectious virus and/or viral rna before transfer out of the bsl-3/4 and/or sa laboratory. this tremendously limits the capacity to ... | 2016 | 27822536 |
| deah-rha helicase•znf cofactor systems in kinetoplastid rna editing and evolutionarily distant rna processes. | multi-zinc finger proteins are an emerging class of cofactors in deah-rha rna helicases across highly divergent eukaryotic lineages. deah-rha helicase•zinc finger cofactor partnerships predate the split of kinetoplastid protozoa, which include several human pathogens, from other eukaryotic lineages 100-400 ma. despite a long evolutionary history, the prototypical deah-rha domains remain highly conserved. this short review focuses on a recently identified deah-rha helicase•zinc finger cofactor sy ... | 2016 | 27540585 |
| a tale of two rnas during viral infection: how viruses antagonize mrnas and small non-coding rnas in the host cell. | viral infection initiates an array of changes in host gene expression. many viruses dampen host protein expression and attempt to evade the host anti-viral defense machinery. host gene expression is suppressed at several stages of host messenger rna (mrna) formation including selective degradation of translationally competent messenger rnas. besides mrnas, host cells also express a variety of noncoding rnas, including small rnas, that may also be subject to inhibition upon viral infection. in th ... | 2016 | 27271653 |
| a glance at subgenomic flavivirus rnas and micrornas in flavivirus infections. | the family flaviviridae comprises a wide variety of viruses that are distributed worldwide, some of which are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. there are neither vaccines nor antivirals for most flavivirus infections, reinforcing the importance of research on different aspects of the viral life cycle. during infection, cytoplasmic accumulation of rna fragments mainly originating from the 3' utrs, which have been designated subgenomic flavivirus rnas (sfrnas), has been detect ... | 2016 | 27233361 |
| entry sites of venezuelan and western equine encephalitis viruses in the mouse central nervous system following peripheral infection. | venezuelan and western equine encephalitis viruses (veev and weev; alphavirus; togaviridae) are mosquito-borne pathogens causing central nervous system (cns) disease in humans and equids. adult cd-1 mice also develop cns disease after infection with veev and weev. adult cd-1 mice infected by the intranasal (i.n.) route, showed that veev and weev enter the brain through olfactory sensory neurons (osns). in this study, we injected the mouse footpad with recombinant weev (mcmillan) or veev (subtype ... | 2016 | 27053560 |
| suppression of usp18 potentiates the anti-hbv activity of interferon alpha in hepg2.2.15 cells via jak/stat signaling. | ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (usp18, also known as ubp43) has both interferon stimulated gene 15 (isg15) dependent and isg15-independent functions. by silencing the expression of usp18 in hepg2.2.15 cells, we studied the effect of usp18 on the anti-hbv activity of ifn-f and demonstrated that knockdown of usp18 significantly inhibited the hbv expression and increased the expression of isgs. levels of hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis b virus e antigen (hbeag), hbv dna and int ... | 2016 | 27227879 |
| a new defective helper rna to produce recombinant sindbis virus that infects neurons but does not propagate. | recombinant sindbis viruses are important tools in neuroscience because they combine rapid and high transgene expression with a capacity to carry large transgenes. currently, two packaging systems based on the defective helper (dh) rnas dh(26s)5'sin and dh-bb(trna;te12) are available for generating recombinant sindbis virus that is neurotropic (able to infect neurons and potentially other cells). both systems produce a fraction of viral particles that can propagate beyond the primary infected ne ... | 2016 | 27252627 |
| hepatitis c virus infection induces autophagy as a prosurvival mechanism to alleviate hepatic er-stress response. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection frequently leads to chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). the molecular mechanisms by which hcv infection leads to chronic liver disease and hcc are not well understood. the infection cycle of hcv is initiated by the attachment and entry of virus particles into a hepatocyte. replication of the hcv genome inside hepatocytes leads to accumulation of large amounts of viral proteins and rna replication intermediates in the endopl ... | 2016 | 27223299 |
| a de novo transcriptome analysis shows that modulation of the jak-stat signaling pathway by salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 favors virus replication in macrophage/dendritic-like to-cells. | the janus kinase (jak) and signaling transducer activator of transcription (stat) pathway mediates the signaling of genes required for cellular development and homeostasis. to elucidate the effect of type i ifn on the jak/stat pathway in salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (sav3) infected macrophage/dendritic like to-cells derived from atlantic salmon (salmo salar l) headkidney leukocytes, we used a differential transcriptome analysis by rna-seq and the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (keggs) ... | 2016 | 27215196 |
| isg15 deficiency and increased viral resistance in humans but not mice. | isg15 is an interferon (ifn)-α/β-induced ubiquitin-like protein. it exists as a free molecule, intracellularly and extracellularly, and conjugated to target proteins. studies in mice have demonstrated a role for isg15 in antiviral immunity. by contrast, human isg15 was shown to have critical immune functions, but not in antiviral immunity. namely, free extracellular isg15 is crucial in ifn-γ-dependent antimycobacterial immunity, while free intracellular isg15 is crucial for usp18-mediated downre ... | 2016 | 27193971 |
| mutagenesis of coronavirus nsp14 reveals its potential role in modulation of the innate immune response. | coronavirus (cov) nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) is a 60-kda protein encoded by the replicase gene that is part of the replication-transcription complex. it is a bifunctional enzyme bearing 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (exon) and guanine-n7-methyltransferase (n7-mtase) activities. exon hydrolyzes single-stranded rnas and double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) and is part of a proofreading system responsible for the high fidelity of cov replication. nsp14 n7-mtase activity is required for viral mrna cap syn ... | 2016 | 27009949 |
| analysis of the contribution of hemocytes and autophagy to drosophila antiviral immunity. | antiviral immunity in the model organism drosophila melanogaster involves the broadly active intrinsic mechanism of rna interference (rnai) and virus-specific inducible responses. here, using a panel of six viruses, we investigated the role of hemocytes and autophagy in the control of viral infections. injection of latex beads to saturate phagocytosis, or genetic depletion of hemocytes, resulted in decreased survival and increased viral titers following infection with cricket paralysis virus (cr ... | 2016 | 27009948 |
| inflammatory and oxidative stress in rotavirus infection. | rotaviruses are the single leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea affecting children under 5 years of age. rotavirus entry into the host cell seems to occur by sequential interactions between virion proteins and various cell surface molecules. the entry mechanisms seem to involve the contribution of cellular molecules having binding, chaperoning and oxido-reducing activities. it appears to be that the receptor usage and tropism of rotaviruses is determined by the species, cell line and rotav ... | 0 | 27175349 |
| gain-of-function mutations in protein kinase cα (pkcα) may promote synaptic defects in alzheimer's disease. | alzheimer's disease (ad) is a progressive dementia disorder characterized by synaptic degeneration and amyloid-β (aβ) accumulation in the brain. through whole-genome sequencing of 1345 individuals from 410 families with late-onset ad (load), we identified three highly penetrant variants in prkca, the gene that encodes protein kinase cα (pkcα), in five of the families. all three variants linked with load displayed increased catalytic activity relative to wild-type pkcα as assessed in live-cell im ... | 2016 | 27165780 |
| capturing and concentrating adenovirus using magnetic anionic nanobeads. | we recently demonstrated how various enveloped viruses can be efficiently concentrated using magnetic beads coated with an anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydrate). however, the exact mechanism of interaction between the virus particles and anionic beads remains unclear. to further investigate whether these magnetic anionic beads specifically bind to the viral envelope, we examined their potential interaction with a nonenveloped virus (adenovirus). the beads were incubated with ... | 2016 | 27274228 |
| widespread 3'-end uridylation in eukaryotic rna viruses. | rna 3' uridylation occurs pervasively in eukaryotes, but is poorly characterized in viruses. in this study, we demonstrate that a broad array of rna viruses, including mycoviruses, plant viruses and animal viruses, possess a novel population of rna species bearing nontemplated oligo(u) or (u)-rich tails, suggesting widespread 3' uridylation in eukaryotic viruses. given the biological relevance of 3' uridylation to eukaryotic rna degradation, we propose a conserved but as-yet-unknown mechanism in ... | 2016 | 27151171 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of inkoo virus in northern sweden. | the mosquito-borne inkoo virus (inkv) is a member of the california serogroup in the family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus these viruses are associated with fever and encephalitis, although inkv infections are not usually reported and the incidence is largely unknown. the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anti-inkv antibodies and associated risk factors in humans living in northern sweden. seroprevalence was investigated using the world health organization monitoring of tr ... | 2016 | 26928830 |
| human papillomavirus e2 regulates srsf3 (srp20) to promote capsid protein expression in infected differentiated keratinocytes. | the human papillomavirus (hpv) life cycle is tightly linked to differentiation of the infected epithelial cell, suggesting a sophisticated interplay between host cell metabolism and virus replication. previously, we demonstrated in differentiated keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo that hpv type 16 (hpv16) infection caused increased levels of the cellular sr splicing factors (srsfs) srsf1 (asf/sf2), srsf2 (sc35), and srsf3 (srp20). moreover, the viral e2 transcription and replication factor that ... | 2016 | 26962216 |
| down-regulation of p21-activated serine/threonine kinase 1 is involved in loss of mesencephalic dopamine neurons. | although the roles of p21-activated serine/threonine kinase 1 (pak1) have been reported in some neurodegenerative diseases, details regarding neurodegeneration are still limited. hence, we tried to determine the role of pak1 and molecular mechanisms of neuronal death involved in neurodegeneration. | 2016 | 27121078 |
| the modulation of apoptotic pathways by gammaherpesviruses. | apoptosis or programmed cell death is a tightly regulated process fundamental for cellular development and elimination of damaged or infected cells during the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. it is also an important cellular defense mechanism against viral invasion. in many instances, abnormal regulation of apoptosis has been associated with a number of diseases, including cancer development. following infection of host cells, persistent and oncogenic viruses such as the members of the gamma ... | 2016 | 27199919 |
| the role of climatic and density dependent factors in shaping mosquito population dynamics: the case of culex pipiens in northwestern italy. | culex pipiens mosquito is a species widely spread across europe and represents a competent vector for many arboviruses such as west nile virus (wnv), which has been recently circulating in many european countries, causing hundreds of human cases. in order to identify the main determinants of the high heterogeneity in cx. pipiens abundance observed in piedmont region (northwestern italy) among different seasons, we developed a density-dependent stochastic model that takes explicitly into account ... | 2016 | 27105065 |
| infection pattern and transmission potential of chikungunya virus in two new world laboratory-adapted aedes aegypti strains. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus belonging to the togaviridae, which is transmitted to humans by aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus. we describe the infection pattern of chikv in two new world ae. aegypti strains, hwe and orl. both mosquito strains were susceptible to the virus but showed different infection patterns in midguts and salivary glands. even though acquisition of a bloodmeal showed moderate levels of apoptosis in midgut tissue, there was no obvious addition ... | 2016 | 27102548 |
| pilot longitudinal mosquito surveillance study in the danube delta biosphere reserve and the first reports of anopheles algeriensis theobald, 1903 and aedes hungaricus mihályi, 1955 for romania. | mosquito-borne viruses (moboviruses) are of growing importance in many countries of europe. in romania and especially in the danube delta biosphere reserve (ddbr), mosquito and mobovirus surveillance are not performed on a regular basis. however, this type of study is crucially needed to evaluate the risk of pathogen transmission, to understand the ecology of emerging moboviruses, or to plan vector control programmes. | 2016 | 27066827 |
| ecological characterization and molecular differentiation of culex pipiens complex taxa and culex torrentium in eastern austria. | culex pipiens complex taxa differ in behaviour, ecophysiology and epidemiologic importance. despite their epidemiologic significance, information on genetic diversity, occurrence and seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of the cx. pipiens complex is still insufficient. assessment of seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of culex pipiens forms and their congener cx. torrentium is crucial for the understanding of their vector-pathogen dynamics. | 2016 | 27067139 |
| high-throughput screening to enhance oncolytic virus immunotherapy. | high-throughput screens can rapidly scan and capture large amounts of information across multiple biological parameters. although many screens have been designed to uncover potential new therapeutic targets capable of crippling viruses that cause disease, there have been relatively few directed at improving the efficacy of viruses that are used to treat disease. oncolytic viruses (ovs) are biotherapeutic agents with an inherent specificity for treating malignant disease. certain ov platforms - i ... | 2016 | 27579293 |
| autophagy negatively regulates transmissible gastroenteritis virus replication. | autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that has been shown to be important in the innate immune defense against several viruses. however, little is known about the regulatory role of autophagy in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) replication. in this study, we found that tgev infection increased the number of autophagosome-like double- and single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells, a phenomenon that is known to be related to autophagy. in addition, virus replicatio ... | 2016 | 27029407 |
| lv305, a dendritic cell-targeting integration-deficient zvex(tm)-based lentiviral vector encoding ny-eso-1, induces potent anti-tumor immune response. | we have engineered an integration-deficient lentiviral vector, lv305, to deliver the tumor antigen ny-eso-1 to human dendritic cells in vivo through pseudotyping with a modified sindbis virus envelop protein. mice immunized once with lv305 developed strong, dose-dependent, multifunctional, and cytotoxic ny-eso-1-specific cluster of differentiation 8 (cd8) t cells within 14 days post-immunization and could be boosted with lv305 at least twice to recall peak-level cd8 t-cell responses. immunizatio ... | 2016 | 27626061 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus ns4b protein inhibits host rnase l activation. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002. like many coronaviruses, mers-cov carries genes that encode multiple accessory proteins that are not required for replication of the genome but are likely involved in pathogenesis. evasion of host innate immunity through interferon (ifn) antagonism is a critical component of viral pathogenesis. the ifn-inducible ... | 2016 | 27025250 |
| emergence of a large-plaque variant in mice infected with coxsackievirus b3. | coxsackieviruses are enteric viruses that frequently infect humans. to examine coxsackievirus pathogenesis, we orally inoculated mice with the coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) nancy strain. using hela cell plaque assays with agar overlays, we noticed that some fecal viruses generated plaques >100 times as large as inoculum viruses. these large-plaque variants emerged following viral replication in several different tissues. we identified a single amino acid change, n63y, in the vp3 capsid protein that w ... | 2016 | 27025249 |
| the proteasome controls presynaptic differentiation through modulation of an on-site pool of polyubiquitinated conjugates. | differentiation of the presynaptic terminal is a complex and rapid event that normally occurs in spatially specific axonal regions distant from the soma; thus, it is believed to be dependent on intra-axonal mechanisms. however, the full nature of the local events governing presynaptic assembly remains unknown. herein, we investigated the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups), the major degradative pathway, in the local modulation of presynaptic differentiation. we found that prote ... | 0 | 27022091 |
| a simple and efficient in vivo non-viral rna transfection method for labeling the whole axonal tree of individual adult long-range projection neurons. | we report a highly efficient, simple, and non-infective method for labeling individual long-range projection neurons (lrpns) in a specific location with enough sparseness and intensity to allow complete and unambiguous reconstructions of their entire axonal tree. the method is based on the "in vivo" transfection of a large rna construct that drives the massive expression of green fluorescent protein. the method combines two components: injection of a small volume of a hyperosmolar nacl solution ... | 2016 | 27047347 |