| efficient enhancement of priming effect by intermittent treatment with interferon. | to improve the efficacy of interferon (ifn) therapy for chronic hepatitis c, we proposed a therapy with twice-a-day injection of ifnbeta as the induction. to assess its biological enhancement, we compared antiviral activities in vitro using intermittent treatment schedules simulating the clinical condition. fl cells were treated with ifnbeta twice in 12 h interval (single treatment, 1000 and 0 iu/ml; double treatment, 500 iu/ml each) and challenged with sindbis virus. antiviral activities were d ... | 2000 | 11095955 |
| c-iap1 is cleaved by caspases to produce a proapoptotic c-terminal fragment. | although human c-iap1 and c-iap2 have been reported to possess antiapoptotic activity against a variety of stimuli in several mammalian cell types, we observed that full-length c-iap1 and c-iap2 failed to protect cells from apoptosis induced by bax overexpression, tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment or sindbis virus infection. however, deletion of the c-terminal ring domains of c-iap1 and c-iap2 restored antiapoptotic activity, indicating that this region negatively regulates the antiapoptotic ... | 2001 | 11106668 |
| imaging high-resolution structure of gfp-expressing neurons in neocortex in vivo. | to detect subtle changes in neuronal morphology in response to changes in experience, one must image neurons at high resolution in vivo over time scales of minutes to days. we accomplished this by infecting postmitotic neurons in rat and mouse barrel cortex with a sindbis virus carrying the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein. visualized with 2-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy, infected neurons showed bright fluorescence that was distributed homogeneously throughout the cell, ... | 2000 | 11112802 |
| alphavirus nucleocapsid protein contains a putative coiled coil alpha-helix important for core assembly. | the alphavirus nucleocapsid core is formed through the energetic contributions of multiple noncovalent interactions mediated by the capsid protein. this protein consists of a poorly conserved n-terminal region of unknown function and a c-terminal conserved autoprotease domain with a major role in virion formation. in this study, an 18-amino-acid conserved region, predicted to fold into an alpha-helix (helix i) and embedded in a low-complexity sequence enriched with basic and pro residues, has be ... | 2001 | 11119567 |
| protective t-cell-based immunity induced in neonatal mice by a single replicative cycle of herpes simplex virus. | newborns are very susceptible to infections because their immune systems are not fully developed and react to antigen exposure preferentially with unresponsiveness. uv-inactivated herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) represents such an antigen and does not induce an immune response in neonates. in contrast, protective t cells were primed in newborn mice by a single replicative cycle of disc hsv-1 given once within 24 h of birth. each of the hsv-1-primed cd4(+) or cd8(+) t cells induced in wild-ty ... | 2001 | 11119576 |
| role of nf-kappab and myc proteins in apoptosis induced by hepatitis b virus hbx protein. | chronic infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) promotes a high level of liver disease and cancer in humans. the hbv hbx gene encodes a small regulatory protein that is essential for viral replication and is suspected to play a role in viral pathogenesis. hbx stimulates cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways, moderately stimulates a number of transcription factors, including several nuclear factors, and in certain settings sensitizes cells to apoptosis by proapoptotic stimuli, including tumor n ... | 2001 | 11119591 |
| calpain inhibition protects against virus-induced apoptotic myocardial injury. | viral myocarditis is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality for which reliable and effective therapy is lacking. using reovirus strain 8b infection of neonatal mice, a well-characterized experimental model of direct virus-induced myocarditis, we now demonstrate that myocardial injury results from apoptosis. proteases play a critical role as effectors of apoptosis. the activity of the cysteine protease calpain increases in reovirus-infected myocardiocytes and can be inhibited by the ... | 2001 | 11119604 |
| chronic arthritis after sindbis-related (pogosta) virus infection. | | 2000 | 11132212 |
| characterization of the adomet-dependent guanylyltransferase activity that is associated with the n terminus of bamboo mosaic virus replicase. | bamboo mosaic virus (bamv), a member of the potexvirus group, infects primarily members of the bambusoideae. open reading frame 1 (orf1) of bamv encodes a 155-kda polypeptide that has long been postulated to be a replicase involved in the replication and formation of the cap structure at the 5' end of the viral genome. to identify and characterize the enzymatic activities associated with the n-terminal domain of the bamv orf1 protein, the intact replicase and two c-terminally truncated proteins ... | 2001 | 11134291 |
| recognition of nascent rna by the human la antigen: conserved and divergent features of structure and function. | | 2001 | 11134326 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu protein affects sindbis virus glycoprotein processing and enhances membrane permeabilization. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpu is an integral membrane protein that forms oligomeric structures in membranes. expression of vpu using sindbis virus (sv) as a vector leads to permeabilization of plasma membrane to hydrophilic molecules and impaired maturation of wild type sv glycoproteins in bhk cells. the 6k protein is a membrane protein encoded in the sv genome that facilitates budding of virus particles and regulates transport of viral glycoproteins through the secretory p ... | 2001 | 11145902 |
| sorting of marburg virus surface protein and virus release take place at opposite surfaces of infected polarized epithelial cells. | marburg virus, a filovirus, causes severe hemorrhagic fever with hitherto poorly understood molecular pathogenesis. we have investigated here the vectorial transport of the surface protein gp of marburg virus in polarized epithelial cells. to this end, we established an mdckii cell line that was able to express gp permanently (mdck-gp). the functional integrity of gp expressed in these cells was analyzed using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes. further experiments revealed that gp is transp ... | 2001 | 11152500 |
| mutations in hepatitis c virus rnas conferring cell culture adaptation. | as an initial approach to studying the molecular replication mechanisms of hepatitis c virus (hcv), a major causative agent of acute and chronic liver disease, we have recently developed selectable self-replicating rnas. these replicons lacked the region encoding the structural proteins and instead carried the gene encoding the neomycin phosphotransferase. although the replication levels of these rnas within selected cells were high, the number of g418-resistant colonies was reproducibly low. in ... | 2001 | 11152517 |
| human papillomavirus infection requires cell surface heparan sulfate. | using pseudoinfection of cell lines, we demonstrate that cell surface heparan sulfate is required for infection by human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) and hpv-33 pseudovirions. pseudoinfection was inhibited by heparin but not dermatan or chondroitin sulfate, reduced by reducing the level of surface sulfation, and abolished by heparinase treatment. carboxy-terminally deleted hpv-33 virus-like particles still bound efficiently to heparin. the kinetics of postattachment neutralization by antiseru ... | 2001 | 11152531 |
| ebola virus glycoprotein: proteolytic processing, acylation, cell tropism, and detection of neutralizing antibodies. | using the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) pseudotype system, we studied the functional properties of the ebola virus glycoprotein (gp). amino acid substitutions at the gp cleavage site, which reduce glycoprotein cleavability and viral infectivity in some viruses, did not appreciably change the infectivity of vsv pseudotyped with gp. likewise, removal of two acylated cysteine residues in the transmembrane region of gp showed no discernible effects on infectivity. although most filoviruses are be ... | 2001 | 11152533 |
| hostile takeovers: viral appropriation of the nf-kappab pathway. | | 2001 | 11160127 |
| polarity of human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection in polarized human lung epithelial a549 cells: role of microfilament and microtubule. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) is an airborne pathogen that infects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. in the present study we investigated the interaction of hpiv-3 with the type ii alveolar human lung polarized epithelial a549 cells. although hpiv-3 entry and budding were bidirectional from both the apical and the basolateral domains, hpiv-3 exhibited preferential entry and release from the apical pole. while disruption of the cellular actin microfilament and microtubule ... | 2001 | 11160698 |
| exposure to low ph is not required for penetration of mosquito cells by sindbis virus. | it is widely held that the penetration of cells by alphaviruses is dependent on exposure to the acid environment of an endosome. the alphavirus sindbis virus replicates in both vertebrate and invertebrate cell cultures. we have found that exposure to an acid environment may not be required for infection of cells of the insect host. in this work, we investigated the effects of two agents (nh(4)cl and chloroquine), which raise the ph of intracellular compartments (lysosomotropic weak bases) on the ... | 2001 | 11160702 |
| yellow fever virus encephalitis: properties of the brain-associated t-cell response during virus clearance in normal and gamma interferon-deficient mice and requirement for cd4+ lymphocytes. | viral encephalitis caused by neuroadapted yellow fever 17d virus (pyf) was studied in parental and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-deficient (ifn-gamma knockout [gko]) c57bl/6 mice. the t-cell responses which enter the brain during acute fatal encephalitis of nonimmunized mice, as well as nonfatal encephalitis of immunized mice, were characterized for relative proportions of cd4+ and cd8+ cells, their proliferative responses, and antigen-specific expression of cytokines during stimulation in vitro. ... | 2001 | 11160715 |
| enhancement of sindbis virus self-replicating rna vaccine potency by linkage of herpes simplex virus type 1 vp22 protein to antigen. | recently, self-replicating and self-limiting rna vaccines (rna replicons) have emerged as an important form of nucleic acid vaccines. self-replicating rna eventually causes lysis of transfected cells and does not raise the concern associated with naked dna vaccines of integration into the host genome. this is particularly important for development of vaccines targeting proteins that are potentially oncogenic. however, the potency of rna replicons is significantly limited by their lack of intrins ... | 2001 | 11160740 |
| transmission of replication-defective sindbis helper vectors encoding capsid and envelope proteins. | a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-encoding derivative of the replication-defective sindbis helper vector dhbb was constructed in order to study the rate of packaging of the helper vector. the results show that despite lacking a 'packaging sequence', this vector is co-packaged about 1/300th the rate of packaging of single rnas containing a packaging sequence. this helps explain the frequent observation of recombinant, replication-competent viruses when using first generation sindbis packaging sys ... | 2001 | 11164486 |
| enhancement of sindbis virus self-replicating rna vaccine potency by targeting antigen to endosomal/lysosomal compartments. | self-replicating rna vaccines (rna replicons) have emerged as an attractive approach for tumor immunotherapy. rna replicons do not integrate into host chromosomes, eliminating the concern for oncogenicity associated with a dna vaccine. in this study, we used human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) e7 as a model antigen and evaluated e7-specific immunity generated by a sindbis virus self-replicating rna vector, sin-rep5. three different constructs were created to target e7 antigen to different cell ... | 2001 | 11177561 |
| the effects of testosterone on a viral infection in greenfinches (carduelis chloris): an experimental test of the immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis. | the immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis suggests that the honesty of quality signals could be guaranteed if testosterone (t) suppresses immune function while enhancing male ornaments. in addition, it has been proposed that the cost of enhancing ornaments should be highest for males with small ornaments. recently, the assertion that t causes obligate immunosuppression has been questioned. in this study, we tested whether elevated t levels would increase susceptibility to a viral infection, and w ... | 2001 | 11209893 |
| measurement of rab5 protein kinase b/akt and regulation of ras-activated endocytosis. | | 2001 | 11210531 |
| viral neuroinvasion as a marker for bbb integrity following exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. | exposure to the nerve agent soman, an irreversible cholinesterase (che) inhibitor, results in changes in blood-brain barrier permeability attributed to its seizure-induced activity. however, smaller bbb changes may be independent of convulsions. such minor injury may escape detection. a nonneuroinvasive neurovirulent sindbis virus strain (svn) was used as a marker for bbb permeability. peripheral inoculation of mice with 2 x 10(3) plaque forming units (pfu) caused up to 10(5) pfu/ml viremia afte ... | 2001 | 11212873 |
| vaccines against hantaviruses. | | 2001 | 11217404 |
| virus-expressed, recombinant single-chain antibody blocks sporozoite infection of salivary glands in plasmodium gallinaceum-infected aedes aegypti. | transgenic mosquitoes resistant to malaria parasites are being developed to test the hypothesis that they may be used to control disease transmission. we have developed an effector portion of an antiparasite gene that can be used to test malaria resistance in transgenic mosquitoes. mouse monoclonal antibodies that recognize the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium gallinaceum can block sporozoite invasion of aedes aegypti salivary glands. an anti-circumsporozoite monoclonal antibody, n2h6d5, w ... | 2000 | 11220756 |
| ross river virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped retroviruses and stable cell lines for their production. | pseudotyped retroviruses have important applications as vectors for gene transfer and gene therapy and as tools for the study of viral glycoprotein function. recombinant moloney murine leukemia virus (mo-mulv)-based retrovirus particles efficiently incorporate the glycoproteins of the alphavirus ross river virus (rrv) and utilize them for entry into cells. stable cell lines that produce the rrv glycoprotein-pseudotyped retroviruses for prolonged periods of time have been constructed. the pseudot ... | 2001 | 11222688 |
| inhibition of hepatitis b virus replication by the interferon-inducible mxa protein. | human mxa is an alpha/beta interferon-inducible intracytoplasmic protein that mediates antiviral activity against several rna viruses. we had previously shown that overexpression of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) capsid led to selective downregulation of mxa gene expression, suggesting a mechanism by which the virus escapes from the host defense system (o. rosmorduc, h. sirma, p. soussan, e. gordien, p. lebon, m. horisberger, c. brechot and d. kremsdorf, j. gen. virol. 80:1253-1262, 1999). in the p ... | 2001 | 11222692 |
| in vitro assembly of sindbis virus core-like particles from cross-linked dimers of truncated and mutant capsid proteins. | a nucleic acid-bound capsid protein dimer was previously identified using a sindbis virus in vitro nucleocapsid assembly system and cross-linking reagents. cross-link mapping, in combination with a model of the nucleocapsid core, suggested that this dimer contained one monomer from each of two adjacent capsomeres. this intercapsomere dimer is believed to be the initial intermediate in the nucleocapsid core assembly mechanism. this paper presents the purification of cross-linked dimers of a trunc ... | 2001 | 11222705 |
| differences in cytokine and chemokine responses during neurological disease induced by polytropic murine retroviruses map to separate regions of the viral envelope gene. | infection of the central nervous system (cns) by several viruses can lead to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. in immunocompetent adults, these molecules induce prominent inflammatory infiltrates. however, with immunosuppressive retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), little cns inflammation is observed yet proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are still upregulated in some patients and may mediate pathogenesis. the present study examined expression o ... | 2001 | 11222710 |
| expression of human mxa protein in mosquito cells interferes with lacrosse virus replication. | human mxa protein inhibits lacrosse virus (lac virus; family bunyaviridae) replication in vertebrate cells and mxa-transgenic mice. lac virus is transmitted to humans by aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. in this report, we have shown that transfected mosquito cells expressing the human mxa cdna are resistant to lac virus but permissive for sindbis virus (family togaviridae) infection. | 2001 | 11222725 |
| identification of b-cell epitope of dengue virus type 1 and its application in diagnosis of patients. | using a serotype-specific monoclonal antibody (mab) of dengue virus type 1 (den-1), 15f3-1, we identified the b-cell epitope of den-1 from a random peptide library displayed on phage. fourteen immunopositive phage clones that bound specifically to mab 15f3-1 were selected. these phage-borne peptides had a consensus motif of hxyawb (a = s/t, b = k/h/r) that mimicked the sequence hkyswk, which corresponded to amino acid residues 111 to 116 of the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of den-1. among the f ... | 2001 | 11230414 |
| uag readthrough in mammalian cells: effect of upstream and downstream stop codon contexts reveal different signals. | translation termination is mediated through an interaction between the release factors erf1 and erf3 and the stop codon within its nucleotide context. although it is well known that the nucleotide contexts both upstream and downstream of the stop codon, can modulate readthrough, little is known about the mechanisms involved. | 2001 | 11242562 |
| lectin and carbohydrate affinity capture surfaces for mass spectrometric analysis of microorganisms. | in a preliminary report (bundy, j. l.; fenselau, c. anal. chem 1999, 71, 1460-1463), we demonstrated the use of lectin-derivatized surfaces to capture and concentrate complex carbohydrates as well as microorganisms from sample matrixes unamenable to direct maldi mass spectrometry. here, we extend the work to include samples representative of a wider variety of microorganisms of importance to human health and of enveloped viruses. in this study, lectins were immobilized directly to a membrane sur ... | 2001 | 11248888 |
| comparison of bcl-2 to a bcl-2 deletion mutant for mammalian cells exposed to culture insults. | apoptosis has been found to occur in bioreactors as a result of environmental stresses. the overexpression of bcl-2 is a widely used strategy to limit the induction of apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures. in this study, the effectiveness of wild-type bcl-2 was compared to a bcl-2 mutant lacking the nonstructured loop domain in two commercially prominent cell lines, chinese hamster ovary (cho) and baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells. the generation of a dna "ladder" and condensation of chromatin ind ... | 2001 | 11257603 |
| human prostate carcinoma cells as targets for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase-mediated suicide gene therapy. | to evaluate human prostate carcinoma cells as targets for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv-tk) -mediated gene therapy, we tested the utility of different viral vectors on three human cell lines du-145, lncap, and pc-3. our viral vectors were carrying a fusion gene of hsv-tk and green fluorescent protein for accurate determination of the gene transfer rate and its contribution to the treatment outcome in each case. we observed that adenoviral and lentiviral vectors were efficient vehicl ... | 2001 | 11263529 |
| sequence requirements for sindbis virus subgenomic mrna promoter function in cultured cells. | the sindbis virus minimal subgenomic mrna promoter (spanning positions -19 to +5 relative to the subgenomic mrna start site) is approximately three- to sixfold less active than the fully active -98 to +14 promoter region. we identified two elements flanking the -19 to +5 region which increase its transcription to levels comparable to the -98 to +14 region. these elements span positions -40 to -20 and +6 to +14 and act synergistically to enhance transcription. nine different virus libraries were ... | 2001 | 11264340 |
| role of alpha/beta interferon in venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis: effect of an attenuating mutation in the 5' untranslated region. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee) is an important equine and human pathogen of the americas. in the adult mouse model, cdna-derived, virulent v3000 inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) causes high-titer peripheral replication followed by neuroinvasion and lethal encephalitis. a single change (g to a) at nucleotide 3 (nt 3) of the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the v3000 genome resulted in a virus (v3043) that was avirulent in mice. the mechanism of attenuation by the v3043 mutation was stu ... | 2001 | 11264360 |
| y2, the smallest of the sendai virus c proteins, is fully capable of both counteracting the antiviral action of interferons and inhibiting viral rna synthesis. | an open reading frame (orf) overlapping the amino-terminal portion of the sendai virus (sev) p orf in the +1 frame produces a nested set of carboxy-coterminal proteins, c', c, y1, and y2, which are referred to collectively as the c proteins. the c proteins are extremely versatile triple-role players; they counteract the antiviral action of interferons (ifns), inhibit viral rna synthesis, and are involved in virus assembly. in this study, we established hela cell lines stably expressing the c, y1 ... | 2001 | 11264369 |
| biogenesis of the semliki forest virus rna replication complex. | the nonstructural (ns) proteins nsp1 to -4, the components of semliki forest virus (sfv) rna polymerase, were localized in infected cells by confocal microscopy using double labeling with specific antisera against the individual ns proteins. all ns proteins were associated with large cytoplasmic vacuoles (cpv), the inner surfaces of which were covered by small invaginations, or spherules, typical of alphavirus infection. all ns proteins were localized by immuno-electron microscopy (em) to the li ... | 2001 | 11264376 |
| coupling of antibodies via protein z on modified polyoma virus-like particles. | therapeutic application of virus-based delivery systems often implies a change of the tropism of these vectors. this can be achieved by insertion of polypeptides (e.g., antibody fragments) in viral coat proteins. such fusion proteins have only been used in viral vectors so far and, as part of a virus, they have not been available for a detailed biophysical characterization. we analyzed a fusion protein called vp1-z, which is based on the polyoma virus coat protein vp1 and protein z. protein z is ... | 2001 | 11266629 |
| arbovirus of marine mammals: a new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, lepidophthirus macrorhini. | a novel alphavirus was isolated from the louse lepidophthirus macrorhini, collected from southern elephant seals, mirounga leonina, on macquarie island, australia. the virus displayed classic alphavirus ultrastructure and appeared to be serologically different from known australasian alphaviruses. nearly all macquarie island elephant seals tested had neutralizing antibodies against the virus, but no virus-associated pathology has been identified. antarctic division personnel who have worked exte ... | 2001 | 11287559 |
| pharmacokinetics study of a novel chimeric single-chain variable fragment antibody against western equine encephalitis virus. | a novel recombinant single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibody against western equine encephalitis (wee) virus has been previously constructed and partially characterized. the rs10b5hufc antibody was made by fusing an anti-wee scfv to a human heavy-chain igg1 constant region. the rs10b5hufc antibody was functional in binding to wee virus in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), and the fc domain of the antibody was capable of effector functions, such as binding to protein g and human ... | 2001 | 11289221 |
| activation-dependent changes in receptor distribution and dendritic morphology in hippocampal neurons expressing p2x2-green fluorescent protein receptors. | atp-gated p2x(2) receptors are widely expressed in neurons, but the cellular effects of receptor activation are unclear. we engineered functional green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged p2x(2) receptors and expressed them in embryonic hippocampal neurons, and report an approach to determining functional and total receptor pool sizes in living cells. atp application to dendrites caused receptor redistribution and the formation of varicose hot spots of higher p2x(2)-gfp receptor density. redistribu ... | 2001 | 11296257 |
| prevalence of sindbis virus neutralizing antibodies among swedish passerines indicates that thrushes are the main amplifying hosts. | the sindbis virus uses birds as vertebrate hosts in the summer amplification cycle, and the virus is transmitted by ornithophilic culex species. previous field and experimental studies have shown that mainly passerine birds are involved in the amplification. to delineate the pattern of sindbis virus infections among passerines, we collected and sampled birds for blood at five study sites located in northern, central, and southern sweden. all study sites were lowland forested wetlands and humid f ... | 2001 | 11296837 |
| non-structural proteins 2 and 3 interact to modify host cell membranes during the formation of the arterivirus replication complex. | the replicase polyproteins of equine arteritis virus (eav; family arteriviridae, order nidovirales) are processed by three viral proteases to yield 12 non-structural proteins (nsps). the nsp2 and nsp3 cleavage products have previously been found to interact, a property that allows nsp2 to act as a co-factor in the processing of the downstream part of the polyprotein by the nsp4 protease. remarkably, upon infection of vero cells, but not of bhk-21 or rk-13 cells, eav nsp2 is now shown to be subje ... | 2001 | 11297673 |
| locations of carbohydrate sites on alphavirus glycoproteins show that e1 forms an icosahedral scaffold. | there are 80 spikes on the surface of sindbis virus arranged as an icosahedral surface lattice. each spike consists of three copies of each of the glycoproteins e1 and e2. there are two glycosylation sites on e1 and two on e2. these four sites have been located by removal of the glycosylation recognition motifs using site-specific mutagenesis, followed by cryoelectron microscopy. the positions of these sites have demonstrated that e2 forms the protruding spikes and that e1 must be long and narro ... | 2001 | 11301008 |
| enhancement of hepatitis c virus rna replication by cell culture-adaptive mutations. | studies of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) replication cycle have been made possible with the development of subgenomic selectable rnas that replicate autonomously in cultured cells. in these replicons the region encoding the hcv structural proteins was replaced by the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, allowing the selection of transfected cells that support high-level replication of these rnas. subsequent analyses revealed that, within selected cells, hcv rnas had acquired adaptive mutations that i ... | 2001 | 11312331 |
| m-x-i motif of semliki forest virus capsid protein affects nucleocapsid assembly. | alphavirus budding is driven by interactions between spike and nucleocapsid proteins at the plasma membrane. the binding motif, y-x-l, on the spike protein e2 and the corresponding hydrophobic cavity on the capsid protein were described earlier. the spike-binding cavity has also been suggested to bind an internal hydrophobic motif, m113-x-i115, of the capsid protein. in this study we found that replacement of amino acids m113 and i115 with alanines, as single or double mutations, abolished forma ... | 2001 | 11312332 |
| coupling between replication and packaging of flavivirus rna: evidence derived from the use of dna-based full-length cdna clones of kunjin virus. | in order to study whether flavivirus rna packaging is dependent on rna replication, we generated two dna-based kunjin virus constructs, pkun1 and pkun1dgdd, allowing continuous production of replicating (wild-type) and nonreplicating (with a deletion of the ns5 gene rna-polymerase motif gdd) full-length kunjin virus rnas, respectively, via nuclear transcription by cellular rna polymerase ii. as expected, transfection of pkun1 plasmid dna into bhk cells resulted in the recovery of secreted infect ... | 2001 | 11312333 |
| rna is a structural element in retrovirus particles. | a single retroviral protein, gag, is sufficient for virus particle assembly. while gag is capable of specifically packaging the genomic rna into the particle, this rna species is unnecessary for particle assembly in vivo. in vitro, nucleic acids profoundly enhance the efficiency of assembly by recombinant gag proteins, apparently by acting as "scaffolding" in the particle. to address the participation of rna in retrovirus assembly in vivo, we analyzed murine leukemia virus particles that lack ge ... | 2001 | 11320254 |
| analysis of viral glycoproteins by maldi-tof mass spectrometry. | membrane glycoproteins were shown to be useful biomarkers of enveloped viruses using on-target deglycosylation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). sindbis virus, the prototype alpha-virus, was used as a model system. the glycoproteins and the capsid protein of the sindbis virus were successfully detected by maldi-tof ms using two solvent systems. one of them is 0.5% n-octyl glucoside/0.5% trifluoroacetic acid. the two components of thi ... | 2001 | 11321307 |
| sindbis viral-mediated expression of ca2+-permeable ampa receptors at hippocampal ca1 synapses and induction of nmda receptor-independent long-term potentiation. | gene manipulation in order to artificially express a particular gene in neurons in the central nervous system is a powerful tool for the analysis of brain function. sindbis viral vectors have been developed to express high levels of foreign genes in postmitotic brain neurons with little transfection of glial cells. in this study, we expressed the gene encoding the unedited glur2 (glur-b) subunit of the ampa-type glutamate receptor that forms inwardly rectifying and ca2+-permeable channels, in ra ... | 2001 | 11328357 |
| enhancement of sindbis virus self-replicating rna vaccine potency by linkage of mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 gene to an antigen gene. | recently, self-replicating rna vaccines (rna replicons) have emerged as an effective strategy for nucleic acid vaccine development. unlike naked dna vaccines, rna replicons eventually cause lysis of transfected cells and therefore do not raise the concern of integration into the host genome. we evaluated the effect of linking human papillomavirus type 16 e7 as a model ag to mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) on the potency of ag-specific immunity generated by a sindbis viru ... | 2001 | 11342644 |
| adaptation of tick-borne encephalitis virus to bhk-21 cells results in the formation of multiple heparan sulfate binding sites in the envelope protein and attenuation in vivo. | propagation of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus in bhk-21 cells selected for mutations within the large surface glycoprotein e that increased the net positive charge of the protein. in the course of 16 independent experiments, 12 different protein e mutation patterns were identified. these were located in all three of the structural domains and distributed over almost the entire upper and lateral surface of protein e. the mutations resulted in the formation of local patches of predom ... | 2001 | 11356970 |
| new immunochromatographic rapid test for diagnosis of acute puumala virus infection. | a new immunochromatographic rapid test, poc puumala (erilab ltd., kuopio, finland), for detection of acute-phase puumala virus (puuv) infection was developed based on a highly purified baculovirus-expressed puuv nucleocapsid protein antigen and lateral immunodiffusion techniques. after addition of sample (5 microl of serum, plasma, or fingertip blood) and buffer, puuv-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies, if present, together with the gold-conjugated anti-human igm, formed a specific color ... | 2001 | 11376049 |
| physicians' database searches as a tool for early detection of epidemics. | we analyzed retrospectively the use of physician desk reference database searches to identify epidemics of tularemia, nephropathy, pogosta disease, and lyme disease and compared the searches with mandatory laboratory reports to the national infectious diseases register in finland during 1995. continuous recording of such searches may be a tool for early detection of epidemics. | 2001 | 11384534 |
| deacylation of the transmembrane domains of sindbis virus envelope glycoproteins e1 and e2 does not affect low-ph-induced viral membrane fusion activity. | the envelope glycoproteins e1 and e2 of sindbis virus are palmitoylated at cysteine residues within their transmembrane domains (e1 at position 430, and e2 at positions 388 and 390). here, we investigated the in vitro membrane fusion activity of sindbis virus variants (derived from the toto 1101 infectious clone), in which the e1 c430 and/or e2 c388/390 residues had been substituted for alanines. both the e1 and e2 mutant viruses, as well as a triple mutant virus, fused with liposomes in a stric ... | 2001 | 11389898 |
| potential sources of the 1995 venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype ic epidemic. | venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (veev) belonging to subtype ic have caused three (1962-1964, 1992-1993 and 1995) major equine epizootics and epidemics. previous sequence analyses of a portion of the envelope glycoprotein gene demonstrated a high degree of conservation among isolates from the 1962-1964 and the 1995 outbreaks, as well as a 1983 interepizootic mosquito isolate from panaquire, venezuela. however, unlike subtype iab veev that were used to prepare inactivated vaccines that prob ... | 2001 | 11390583 |
| trypsin cleavage stabilizes the rotavirus vp4 spike. | trypsin enhances rotavirus infectivity by an unknown mechanism. to examine the structural basis of trypsin-enhanced infectivity in rotaviruses, sa11 4f triple-layered particles (tlps) grown in the absence (nontrypsinized rotavirus [ntr]) or presence (trypsinized rotavirus [tr]) of trypsin were characterized to determine the structure, the protein composition, and the infectivity of the particles before and after trypsin treatment. as expected, vp4 was not cleaved in ntr particles and was cleaved ... | 2001 | 11390607 |
| stat1-independent regulation of gene expression in response to ifn-gamma. | although stat1 is essential for cells to respond fully to ifn-gamma, there is substantial evidence that, in the absence of stat1, ifn-gamma can still regulate the expression of some genes, induce an antiviral state and affect cell growth. we have now identified many genes that are regulated by ifn-gamma in serum-starved stat1-null mouse fibroblasts. the proteins induced by ifn-gamma in stat1-null cells can account for the substantial biological responses that remain. some genes are induced in bo ... | 2001 | 11390994 |
| biologic consequences of stat1-independent ifn signaling. | although stat1 is required for many ifn-dependent responses, recent work has shown that ifngamma functions independently of stat1 to affect the growth of tumor cells or immortalized fibroblasts. we now demonstrate that both ifngamma and ifnalpha/beta regulate proliferative responses in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage derived from stat1-null mice. using both representational difference analysis and gene arrays, we show that ifngamma exerts its stat1-independent actions on mononuclear p ... | 2001 | 11390995 |
| dna vaccination against neu reduces breast cancer incidence and metastasis in mice. | the gene for her2/neu is overexpressed in 30-40% of breast and ovarian cancers, and this overexpression correlates with increased metastasis and poor prognosis. the her2/neu gene product, a transmembrane protein kinase member of the egf receptor family, has significant potential as a tumor antigen for vaccination. we inserted the sequence for neu into a novel plasmid called elvis containing a sindbis virus replicon that reproduces multiple copies of mrna. mice vaccinated one time intramuscularly ... | 2001 | 11393278 |
| virus-specific mrna capping enzyme encoded by hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a positive-strand rna virus, is an important causative agent of waterborne hepatitis. expression of cdna (encoding amino acids 1 to 979 of hev nonstructural open reading frame 1) in insect cells resulted in synthesis of a 110-kda protein (p110), a fraction of which was proteolytically processed to an 80-kda protein. p110 was tightly bound to cytoplasmic membranes, from which it could be released by detergents. immunopurified p110 catalyzed transfer of a methyl group from ... | 2001 | 11413290 |
| fidelity of leader and trailer sequence usage by the respiratory syncytial virus and avian pneumovirus replication complexes. | the specificity of usage of promoters for replication and transcription by the pneumoviruses human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and avian pneumovirus (apv) was studied using minigenomes containing a reporter gene. when infectious hrsv or apv was used as helper virus, replication could occur only if both the leader and trailer regions (containing the replicative and transcriptional promoters) were derived from the helper virus. in contrast, when the hrsv replication complex was supplied fro ... | 2001 | 11413292 |
| an amino acid substitution in the coding region of the e2 glycoprotein adapts ross river virus to utilize heparan sulfate as an attachment moiety. | passage of ross river virus strain nb5092 in avian cells has been previously shown to select for virus variants that have enhanced replication in these cells. sequencing of these variants identified two independent sites that might be responsible for the phenotype. we now demonstrate, using a molecular cdna clone of the wild-type t48 strain, that an amino acid substitution at residue 218 in the e2 glycoprotein can account for the phenotype. substitutions that replaced the wild-type asparagine wi ... | 2001 | 11413296 |
| induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in cultured cells by the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. | avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of chicken infectious bronchitis, an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory disease. replication of ibv in vero cells causes extensive cytopathic effects (cpe), leading to destruction of the entire monolayer and the death of infected cells. in this study, we investigated the cell death processes during acute ibv infection and the underlying mechanisms. the results show that both necrosis and apoptosis may contribute t ... | 2001 | 11413307 |
| a monoclonal antibody specific for reovirus outer-capsid protein sigma3 inhibits sigma1-mediated hemagglutination by steric hindrance. | reovirus virions are nonenveloped icosahedral particles consisting of two concentric protein shells, termed outer capsid and core. outer-capsid protein sigma1 is the viral attachment protein and binds carbohydrate molecules on the surface of host cells. monoclonal antibody (mab) 4f2, which is specific for outer-capsid protein sigma3, blocks the binding of sigma1 protein to sialic acid and inhibits reovirus-induced hemagglutination (ha). to determine whether mab 4f2 inhibits ha by altering sigma1 ... | 2001 | 11413330 |
| viral replicase gene products suffice for coronavirus discontinuous transcription. | we have used vaccinia virus as a vector to clone a 22.5-kbp cdna that represents the 5' and 3' ends of the human coronavirus 229e (hcov 229e) genome, the hcov 229e replicase gene, and a single reporter gene (coding for green fluorescent protein [gfp]) located downstream of a regulatory element for coronavirus mrna transcription. when rna transcribed from this cdna was transfected into bhk-21 cells, a small percentage of cells displayed strong fluorescence. a region of the mrna encoding gfp was a ... | 2001 | 11413334 |
| innate gastrointestinal immunity: characterization of broadly active viral inhibitors. | innate viral inhibitors that are broadly active have been characterized in the serum and the nervous system, but incompletely characterized in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract. gi preparations from porcine gastric mucosa, mouse intestine, and in neuramide (a pharmaceutical product), were examined for broad antiviral activity, molecular size and mechanism of action for comparison with the previously characterized, innate inhibitors in the serum and nervous system. the gi inhibitors were found to b ... | 2001 | 11428242 |
| sindbis virus-induced neuronal death is both necrotic and apoptotic and is ameliorated by n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. | virus infection of neurons leads to different outcomes ranging from latent and noncytolytic infection to cell death. viruses kill neurons directly by inducing either apoptosis or necrosis or indirectly as a result of the host immune response. sindbis virus (sv) is an alphavirus that induces apoptotic cell death both in vitro and in vivo. however, apoptotic changes are not always evident in neurons induced to die by alphavirus infection. time lapse imaging revealed that sv-infected primary cortic ... | 2001 | 11435592 |
| pocket protein p130/rb2 is required for efficient herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression and viral replication. | we have reported previously that herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection disrupts normal progression of the mammalian cell cycle, causing cells to enter a g(1)-like state. infected cells were characterized by a decline in cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) activities, loss of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (prb), accumulation of e2f-pocket protein complexes, and failure to initiate cellular dna replication. in the present study, we investigated the role of the pocket proteins prb ... | 2001 | 11435596 |
| sindbis virus-induced silencing of dengue viruses in mosquitoes. | aedes aegypti were injected intrathoracically with double subgenomic sindbis (dssin) viruses with inserted sequences derived from the genome of one or more of the four dengue (den) virus serotypes. mosquitoes were highly resistant to challenge with homologous den viruses from which the effector sequences were derived, and resistance to den viruses was independent of the orientation of the effector rna. dssin viruses designed to express rna derived from the premembrane coding region of den-2 prev ... | 2001 | 11437918 |
| role of antibodies in controlling alphavirus infection of neurons. | | 2001 | 11443874 |
| interferon-gamma-mediated site-specific clearance of alphavirus from cns neurons. | recovery from viral encephalomyelitis requires immune-mediated noncytolytic clearance from neurons by mechanisms assumed to be the same for all neurons. in alphavirus encephalomyelitis, antibody clears infectious virus from neurons in all regions of the central nervous system (cns), but cd8 t cells contribute to elimination of viral rna. to understand the role of t cells in clearance, we infected antibody knockout mice with sindbis virus. virus was cleared from spinal cord and brain stem neurons ... | 2001 | 11452126 |
| characterization of new syncytium-inhibiting monoclonal antibodies implicates lipid rafts in human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 syncytium formation. | we have previously shown that erythroleukemia cells (k562) transfected with vascular adhesion molecule 1 (vcam-1) are susceptible to human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1)-induced syncytium formation. since expression of vcam-1 alone is not sufficient to render cells susceptible to htlv-1 fusion, k562 cells appear to express a second molecule critical for htlv-induced syncytium formation. by immunizing mice with k562 cells, we have isolated four monoclonal antibodies (mabs), k5.m1, k5.m2, k ... | 2001 | 11462007 |
| human herpesvirus 8 envelope glycoprotein k8.1a interaction with the target cells involves heparan sulfate. | human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) or kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus k8.1 gene encodes for two immunogenic glycoproteins, gpk8.1a and gpk8.1b, originating from spliced messages. the 228-amino-acid (aa) gpk8.1a is the predominant form associated with the virion envelope, consisting of a 167-aa region identical to gpk8.1b and a 61-aa unique region (l. zhu, v. puri, and b. chandran, virology 262:237-249, 1999). hhv-8 has a broad in vivo and in vitro cellular tropism, and our studies showed that t ... | 2001 | 11462024 |
| recombinant measles viruses expressing altered hemagglutinin (h) genes: functional separation of mutations determining h antibody escape from neurovirulence. | measles virus (mv) strain cam/rb, which was adapted to growth in the brain of newborn rodents, is highly neurovirulent. it has been reported earlier that experimentally selected virus variants escaping from the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) nc32 and l77 to hemagglutinin (h) preserved their neurovirulence, whereas mutants escaping mabs k71 and k29 were found to be strongly attenuated (u. g. liebert et al., j. virol. 68:1486-1493, 1994). to investigate the molecular basis of these findings, we have ... | 2001 | 11462033 |
| sindbis virus variant with a deletion in the 6k gene shows defects in glycoprotein processing and trafficking: lack of complementation by a wild-type 6k gene in trans. | a sindbis virus (sv) variant with a 6k gene partially deleted has been obtained. this sv del6k virus is defective in the proteolytic processing of virus glycoprotein precursor, transport of glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, and plaque phenotype. a revertant virus (sv del6k-revq21l) containing a point mutation in the deleted 6k gene was isolated and characterized. sv del6k-revq21l has corrected the defects of proteolytic processing and transport of virus glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, ... | 2001 | 11462055 |
| gene transfer: manipulating and monitoring function in cells and tissues. | 1. the ectopic expression of genes has proven to be an extremely valuable tool for biologists. the most widely used systems involve electrically or chemically mediated transfer of genes to immortalized cell lines and, at the other end of the spectrum, transgenic animal models. as would be expected, there are compromises to be made when using either of these broad approaches. immortalized cell lines have limited "physiological relevance" and transgenic approaches are costly and out of the reach o ... | 2001 | 11473537 |
| genetic analysis of the pestivirus nonstructural coding region: defects in the ns5a unit can be complemented in trans. | the functional analysis of molecular determinants which control the replication of pestiviruses was considerably facilitated by the finding that subgenomic forms of the positive-strand rna genome of bvdv (bovine viral diarrhea virus) are capable of autonomous replication in transfected host cells. the prototype replicon, bvdv di9c, consists of the genomic 5' and 3' untranslated regions and a truncated open reading frame (orf) encoding mainly the nonstructural proteins ns3, ns4a, ns4b, ns5a, and ... | 2001 | 11483722 |
| salicylates inhibit flavivirus replication independently of blocking nuclear factor kappa b activation. | flaviviruses comprise a positive-sense rna genome that replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. whether flaviviruses require an activated nuclear factor(s) to complete their life cycle and trigger apoptosis in infected cells remains elusive. flavivirus infections quickly activate nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab), and salicylates have been shown to inhibit nf-kappab activation. in this study, we investigated whether salicylates suppress flavivirus replication and virus-induced ... | 2001 | 11483726 |
| antibody-directed targeting of retroviral vectors via cell surface antigens. | targeted stable transduction of specific cells is a highly desirable goal for gene therapy applications. we report an efficient and broadly applicable approach for targeting retroviral vectors to specific cells. we find that the envelope of the alphavirus sindbis virus can pseudotype human immunodeficiency virus type 1- and murine leukemia virus-based retroviral vectors. when modified to contain the fc-binding domain of protein a, this envelope gives a significant enhancement in specificity in c ... | 2001 | 11483746 |
| in vivo generation and characterization of a soluble form of the semliki forest virus fusion protein. | during infection of host cells, a number of enveloped animal viruses are known to produce soluble forms of viral membrane glycoproteins lacking the transmembrane domain. the roles of such soluble glycoproteins in viral life cycles are incompletely understood, but in several cases they are believed to modulate host immune response and viral pathogenesis. semliki forest virus (sfv) is an enveloped alphavirus that infects cells through low-ph-dependent fusion and buds from the plasma membrane. fusi ... | 2001 | 11483778 |
| abundant gfp expression and ltp in hippocampal acute slices by in vivo injection of sindbis virus. | virus-mediated gene transfer into neurons is a powerful tool for the analysis of neuronal structure and function. recombinant sindbis virus has been previously used to study protein function in hippocampal neuron cultures as well as in hippocampal organotypic slice cultures. nevertheless, some concern still exists about the physiological relevance of these cultured preparations. acute hippocampal slices are a widely used preparation for the study of synaptic transmission, but currently recombina ... | 2001 | 11495971 |
| n-methyl-d-aspartate-induced alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (ampa) receptor down-regulation involves interaction of the carboxyl terminus of glur2/3 with pick1. ligand-binding studies using sindbis vectors carrying ampa receptor decoys. | the dynamics of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (ampa)-type glutamate receptors, as represented by their exocytosis, endocytosis and cytoskeletal linkage, has often been implicated in n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda)-dependent synaptic plasticity. to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the ampa receptor dynamics, cultured hippocampal neurons were stimulated with 100 microm nmda, and the biochemical and pharmacological changes in the ligand binding activity of ampa re ... | 2001 | 11498531 |
| [effect of sindbis xj-160 virus structural proteins on bhk-21 cell]. | to study the effect of sindbis xj-160 virus structural proteins on bhk-21 cell. | 2000 | 11498682 |
| candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype a derived from a venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vector system. | a candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype a (bont/a) was developed by using a venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus replicon vector. this vaccine vector is composed of a self-replicating rna containing all of the vee nonstructural genes and cis-acting elements and also a heterologous immunogen gene placed downstream of the subgenomic 26s promoter in place of the viral structural genes. in this study, the nontoxic 50-kda carboxy-terminal fragment (h(c)) of the bont/a heavy ch ... | 2001 | 11500447 |
| isolation and characterization of a mutant chinese hamster ovary cell line that is resistant to chlamydia trachomatis infection at a novel step in the attachment process. | host factors involved in chlamydia trachomatis pathogenesis were investigated by random chemical mutagenesis of chinese hamster ovary (cho-k1) cells followed by selection for clones resistant to chlamydial infection. a clonal mutant cell line, d4.1-3, refractory to infection by the c. trachomatis l2 serovar was isolated. the d4.1-3 cell line appears to be lacking in a previously undescribed temperature-dependent and heparin-resistant binding step that occurs subsequent to engagement of cell surf ... | 2001 | 11500469 |
| expression and functional characterization of bluetongue virus vp5 protein: role in cellular permeabilization. | segment 5 of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 10, which encodes the outer capsid protein vp5, was tagged with glutathione s-transferase and expressed by a recombinant baculovirus. the recombinant protein was subsequently purified to homogeneity, and its possible biological role in virus infection was investigated. purified vp5 was able to bind mammalian cells but was not internalized, which indicates it is not involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. the purified vp5 protein was shown to be abl ... | 2001 | 11507181 |
| pa subunit from influenza virus polymerase complex interacts with a cellular protein with homology to a family of transcriptional activators. | the pa subunit of the influenza virus polymerase complex is a phosphoprotein that induces proteolytic degradation of coexpressed proteins. point mutants with reduced proteolysis induction reconstitute viral ribonucleoproteins defective in replication but not in transcriptional activity. to look for cellular factors that could associate with pa protein, we have carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen. using a human kidney cdna library, we identified two different interacting clones. one of them was ... | 2001 | 11507205 |
| genetic control of neuroadapted sindbis virus replication in female mice maps to chromosome 2 and associates with paralysis and mortality. | neuroadapted sindbis virus (nsv) infection of mice causes hindlimb paralysis and 100% mortality in the c57bl/6 mouse strain, while adults of the balb/cby mouse strain are resistant to fatal encephalomyelitis. levels of viral rna are higher in the brains of infected c57bl/6 mice than in balb/cby mice (d. c. thach et al., j. virol. 74:6156-6161, 2000). these phenotypic differences between the two strains allowed us to map genetic loci involved in mouse susceptibility to nsv and to find relationshi ... | 2001 | 11507212 |
| effect of prophenoloxidase expression knockout on the melanization of microfilariae in the mosquito armigeres subalbatus. | melanization is an effective defence reaction used by mosquito hosts to kill malarial and filarial worm parasites. although phenoloxidase (po) has long been considered to be the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanotic material in insects, there is no direct evidence verifying its role in parasite melanization. to elucidate the role of po in the melanization of microfilariae (mf) by mosquitoes, a double subgenomic sindbis (dssin) recombinant virus was used to transduce armigeres subalbatus mo ... | 2001 | 11520354 |
| 5'-nor carbocyclic 5'-deoxy-5'-(isobutylthio)adenosine and a 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro derivative. | the inhibition of biochemical processes requiring s-adenosylmethionine as a co-factor have led to many nucleoside-based medicinal agents. included in this group are 5'-deoxy-5'-(isobutylthio)adenosine (siba), a nucleoside with antiparasitic, antiviral and antiproliferative effects, and 5'-noraristeromycin, a carbocyclic-derived nucleoside with potent antiviral properties. this report brings together the structural components of these two compounds by describing both enantiomers of carbocyclic 5- ... | 2001 | 11527043 |
| mutant prion proteins are partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. | familial prion diseases are linked to point and insertional mutations in the prion protein (prp) gene that are presumed to favor conversion of the cellular isoform of prp to the infectious isoform. in this report, we have investigated the subcellular localization of prp molecules carrying pathogenic mutations using immunofluorescence staining, immunogold labeling, and prp-green fluorescent protein chimeras. to facilitate visualization of the mutant proteins, we have utilized a novel sindbis vira ... | 2001 | 11527974 |
| receptors and entry cofactors for retroviruses include single and multiple transmembrane-spanning proteins as well as newly described glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored and secreted proteins. | in the past few years, many retrovirus receptors, coreceptors, and cofactors have been identified. these molecules are important for some aspects of viral entry, although in some cases it remains to be determined whether they are required for binding or postbinding stages in entry, such as fusion. there are certain common features to the molecules that many retroviruses use to gain entry into the cell. for example, the receptors for most mammalian oncoretroviruses are multiple membrane-spanning ... | 2001 | 11528001 |
| cooperation of an rna packaging signal and a viral envelope protein in coronavirus rna packaging. | murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) produces a genome-length mrna, mrna 1, and six or seven species of subgenomic mrnas in infected cells. among these mrnas, only mrna 1 is efficiently packaged into mhv particles. mhv n protein binds to all mhv mrnas, whereas envelope m protein interacts only with mrna 1. this m protein-mrna 1 interaction most probably determines the selective packaging of mrna 1 into mhv particles. a short cis-acting mhv rna packaging signal is necessary and sufficie ... | 2001 | 11533169 |
| high resistance of human parainfluenza type 2 virus protein-expressing cells to the antiviral and anti-cell proliferative activities of alpha/beta interferons: cysteine-rich v-specific domain is required for high resistance to the interferons. | human parainfluenza type 2 virus (hpiv-2)-infected hela (hela-ca) cells and hpiv-2 v-expressing hela (hela-v) cells show high resistance to alpha/beta interferons (ifn-alpha/beta) irrespective of whether vesicular stomatitis virus or sindbis virus is used as a challenge virus. when sindbis virus is used, these cells show high susceptibility to human ifn-gamma. furthermore, the multiplication of hela-v cells is not inhibited by ifn-alpha/beta. hela cells expressing the n-terminally truncated v pr ... | 2001 | 11533180 |
| additive effects characterize the interaction of antibodies involved in neutralization of the primary dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate 89.6. | human immunodeficiency virus-type i (hiv-1) infection elicits antibodies (abs) directed against several regions of the gp120 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins. many of these abs are able to neutralize t-cell-line-adapted strains (tcla) of hiv-1, but only a few effectively neutralize primary hiv-1 isolates. the nature of hiv-1 neutralization has been carefully studied using human monoclonal abs (mabs), and the ability of such mabs to act in synergy to neutralize hiv-1 has also been extensively stud ... | 2001 | 11533181 |