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in vitro rapid clearance of infectious bursal disease virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chicken lines divergent for antibody response might be related to the enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). an effective way to control ibdv would be to breed chickens with a reduced susceptibility to ibdv infection. in the present work, we used chickens selected for high and low specific responses to sheep red blood cells (srbc) (h and l, respectively) to assess the susceptibility of differential immune competent animals to ibdv infection. the peripheral ...201324075224
overexpression of microrna gga-mir-21 in chicken fibroblasts suppresses replication of infectious bursal disease virus through inhibiting vp1 translation.previously we have identified a series of cellular mirna molecules up- or down-regulated in infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infected chicken embryo fibroblasts and bursa of fabricius with gene microarray analysis. here we studied in detail a relatively well studied mirna, gga-mir-21, for better understanding mirnas involvement in ibdv-host interactions. chicken pri-gga-mirna-21 and a control mirna caenorhabditis elegans pri-cel-lin-4 gene were cloned into a lentiviral vector, respectively ...201323954191
mutations of residues 249 and 256 in vp2 are involved in the replication and virulence of infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a pathogen of worldwide significance to the poultry industry. although the pde and pfg domains of the capsid protein vp2 contribute significantly to virulence and fitness, the detailed molecular basis for the pathogenicity of ibdv is still not fully understood. because residues 253 and 284 of vp2 are not the sole determinants of virulence, we hypothesized that other residues involved in virulence and fitness might exist in the pde and pfg domains of vp2. ...201323923037
characterization of field and vaccine infectious bursal disease viruses from nigeria revealing possible virulence and regional markers in the vp2 minor hydrophilic peaks.outbreaks of infectious bursal disease in vaccinated chicken flocks are frequent in nigeria. for the control of infectious bursal disease, live vaccines based on foreign infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) strains are used. the present study investigated the phylogenetic relationship between field and vaccine ibdv strains from northwestern nigeria. thirty field ibdv strains and three commercial vaccines strains were characterized through sequencing the vp2 hypervariable region. in addition, t ...201323919308
spatiotemporal phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterisation of infectious bursal disease viruses based on the vp2 hyper-variable region.infectious bursal disease is a highly contagious and acute viral disease caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv); it affects all major poultry producing areas of the world. the current study was designed to rigorously measure the global phylogeographic dynamics of ibdv strains to gain insight into viral population expansion as well as the emergence, spread and pattern of the geographical structure of very virulent ibdv (vvibdv) strains.201323805195
mucosal application of cationic poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as carriers of dna vaccine and adjuvants to protect chickens against infectious bursal disease.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an immunosuppressive virus of chickens. the virus protein (vp) 2 induces neutralizing antibodies, which protect chickens against the disease. the aim of this study was to develop a cationic poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) microparticle (mp) based ibdv-vp2 dna vaccine (mp-ibdv-dna) for chickens to be delivered orally and by eye drop route. the tested ibdv-vp2 dna vaccines were immunogenic for specific-pathogen-free chickens and induced an antibody r ...201323777953
the endosomal pathway and the golgi complex are involved in the infectious bursal disease virus life cycle.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a double-stranded rna virus belonging to the birnaviridae family, causes immunosuppression in chickens. in this study, we defined the localization of ibdv replication complexes based on colocalization analysis of vp3, the major protein component of ibdv ribonucleoproteins (rnps). our results indicate that vp3 localizes to vesicular structures bearing features of early and late endocytic compartments located in the juxtanuclear region. interfering with the ...201323741000
historical, spatial, temporal, and time-space epidemiology of very virulent infectious bursal disease in california: a retrospective study 2008-2011.in december of 2008 very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) was identified in a commercial flock in northern california. since then several other backyard and commercial facilities in california have had flocks affected by the same strain and other unique (previously unseen) strains of ibdv. previous to this incident, very virulent infectious bursal disease (vvibd) had never been identified in north america. following the initial outbreak in 2008, california became the first state ...201323678733
molecular evidence for a geographically restricted population of infectious bursal disease viruses.a population of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) in northeast ohio that appears to be geographically restricted was identified. thirteen broiler farms containing a total of 36 houses were examined for the presence of ibdv. twenty-four of the 36 houses were positive for ibdv, and of those viruses, 15 viruses from six different broiler farms formed a unique phylogenetic group. nucleotide sequence analysis identified glutamic acid (e) at position 253 in all 15 viruses. only one other virus in ...201323678730
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
serosurvey for selected infectious agents in two sympatric species of cormorants (phalacrocorax atriceps and phalacrocorax magellanicus) from coastal patagonia, argentina.we conducted a serologic survey for selected infectious agents on two sympatric cormorants, the imperial cormorant (phalacrocorax atriceps) and the rock shag (phalacrocorax magellanicus). blood was collected from 267 imperial cormorants and 106 rock shags at 17 colonies along the patagonia atlantic shore during nine breeding seasons (1994, 1999-2001-2005-2008-2010). antibodies to four pathogens were common to both species and frequently observed: avian paramyxovirus type 1 (56% of imperial cormo ...201323778597
decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ...201323960115
cloning and expression of gumboro vp2 antigen in aspergillus niger.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes a highly immunosuppressive disease in chickens and is a pathogen of major economic importance to the poultry industry worldwide. the vp2 protein is the major host-protective immunogen of ibdv and has been considered as a potential subunit vaccine against the disease. vp2 coding sequence was cloned in an inducible fungal vector and the protein was expressed in aspergillus niger (a. niger).201323626875
dual infections with low virulent chicken infectious anaemia virus (lvciav) and intermediate infectious bursal disease virus (iibdv) in young chicks increase lvciav in thymus and bursa while decreasing lymphocyte disorders induced by iibdv.the use of attenuated vaccines or the occurrence of low virulent t-lymphotropic or b-lymphotropic viruses in flocks may alter the immune responses of young chicks in spite of the absence of clinical signs. infections with a low virulent t-lymphotropic chicken infectious anaemia virus (lvciav) followed by infection with an intermediate b-lymphotropic infectious bursal disease virus (iibdv) were conducted in specific pathogen free chicks. thirty-six 1-day-old chicks were infected with the lvciav s ...201323581435
neuraminidase subtyping of avian influenza viruses with primerhunter-designed primers and quadruplicate primer pools.we have previously developed a software package called primerhunter to design primers for pcr-based virus subtyping. in this study, 9 pairs of primers were designed with primerhunter and successfully used to differentiate the 9 neuraminidase (na) genes of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in multiple pcr-based assays. furthermore, primer pools were designed and successfully used to decrease the number of reactions needed for na subtyping from 9 to 4. the quadruplicate primer-pool method is cost-sav ...201324312367
regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa.macrophages (mph) and dendritic cells (dc) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. in chickens, markers to distinguish mph from dc are lacking, but whether mph and dc can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. mucosal mph and dc are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. this review addresses our current understanding of dc and mph function, the receptors exp ...201323542704
the peptide motif of the single dominantly expressed class i molecule of the chicken mhc can explain the response to a molecular defined vaccine of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv).in contrast to typical mammals, the chicken mhc (the bf-bl region of the b locus) has strong genetic associations with resistance and susceptibility to infectious pathogens as well as responses to vaccines. we have shown that the chicken mhc encodes a single dominantly expressed class i molecule whose peptide-binding motifs can determine resistance to viral pathogens, such as rous sarcoma virus and marek's disease virus. in this report, we examine the response to a molecular defined vaccine, fp- ...201323644721
development of a chick bioassay for determination of infectivity of viral pathogens in poultry litter.to develop a chicken bioassay to detect infective viral pathogens in poultry litter and to determine the effects of type of chicken and age of exposure, as well as the effect of simulated litter transportation, on the level of viral infectivity detected.201323356376
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), an alphaherpesvirus. despite the extensive use of attenuated, and more recently recombinant, vaccines for the control of this disease, ilt continues to affect the intensive poultry industries worldwide. innate and cell-mediated, rather than humoral immune responses, have been identified as responsible for protection against disease. this review examines the cu ...201323567343
infectious bursal disease virus rescued efficiently with 3' authentic rna sequence induces humoral immunity without bursal atrophy.a reverse genetics infectious bursal disease virus (rg-ibdv) that contained authentic 3' rna sequence was characterized both in vitro and in vivo. lp1-ibdv, a cell line-adapted ibdv strain variant e (ve) was used as the parent virus for constructing viral cdna clones. authentic 3' rna sequence was generated by using cis-acting hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (hdr). the absence of hdr in the clones did not affect viral protein expression, but the obtained viral titers were reduced by 200-folds whe ...201323196210
persistence and tissue distribution of infectious bursal disease virus in experimentally infected spf and commercial broiler chickens.this study was initiated to determine the persistence, distribution, and quantification of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of specific-pathogen-free (spf) and commercial broiler chickens. two serotype 1 strains, stc classic and in variant, were independently used in the experiments. five separate experiments were conducted using 2- and 4-wk-old spf chickens, 2- and 4-wk-old in ovo-vaccinated commercial broilers, and 2-wk-old commercial broilers having m ...201324597119
adjuvant effects of interleukin-18 in dna vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens.interleukin-18 (il-18) is an important cytokine with multiple functions in innate and acquired immunity. in this study, chicken il-18 was evaluated for its adjuvant effects on the protective immunity of a dna vaccine carrying the vp243 gene of ibdv. groups of 14-day-old spf chickens were given twice at 2-week intervals with 100 μg of the plasmid dna vaccine pcagvp243, pcagvp243-il-18 and the blank vector pcaggs, respectively, and challenged with vvibdv (hlj0504 strain) 2 weeks later. chickens im ...201323395585
multivalent virus-like-particle vaccine protects against classic and variant infectious bursal disease viruses.nucleotide sequences that encode the pvp2 proteins from a variant infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) strain designated usa08md34p and a classic ibdv strain designated mo195 were produced with the use of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and cloned into a pgem-t easy vector. a nucleotide sequence that encodes the vp3 protein was also produced from the usa08md34p viral genome with the use of rt-pcr and cloned into a pgem-t easy vector. the vp3 and pvp2 clones were insert ...201323678728
an in vivo experimental model to determine antigenic variations among infectious bursal disease viruses.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a double-stranded rna virus causing infectious bursal disease in chickens. ibdv undergoes antigenic drift, so characterizing the antigenicity of ibdv plays an important role for identification and selection of vaccine candidates. in this study, an in vivo experimental model was developed to differentiate a new antigenic variant of ibdv. to this end, a hyper-immune serum to ibdv e/del-type virus was generated in specific pathogen-free chickens and a stand ...201323662946
pathogenicity associated with coinfection with very virulent infectious bursal disease and infectious bursal disease virus strains endemic in the united states.the pathogenicity induced by co-challenge with the rb strain of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) and ibdv pathotypes endemic in the united states was evaluated in specific pathogen-free chickens. four- and 6-week-old birds were simultaneously challenged with a 10(5) 50% egg infectious dose (eid50) of rb mixed with a 10(5) eid50 of one of the following viruses: standard classic (stc), subclinical variant (del-e), subclinical variant (t1), or avirulent serotype 2 (oh). each c ...201323572450
infectious bursal disease: a complex host-pathogen interaction.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is caused by a small, non-enveloped virus, highly resistant in the outside environment. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) targets the chicken's immune system in a very comprehensive and complex manner by destroying b lymphocytes, attracting t cells and activating macrophages. as an rna virus, ibdv has a high mutation rate and may thus give rise to viruses with a modified antigenicity or increased virulence, as emphasized during the last decades. the molecular ...201323567344
genomic sequence analysis of a new reassortant infectious bursal disease virus from commercial broiler flocks in central china.we report the complete nucleotide sequence of a reassortant infectious bursal disease (ibd) virus (ibdv) hn isolate from commercial broiler flocks in central china. the genome consisted of 3,232 and 2,652 nucleotides in the coding regions of segments a and b, respectively. alignment of both nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome segments a and b of hn were derived from the attenuated strain b87 and the vv strain okym. this is a new reassort ...201323543159
oral exposure of broiler breeder hens to extra thyroxine modulates early adaptive immune responses in progeny chicks.based on the findings of a recent study suggesting a decreased cold-induced ascites incidence in broiler progeny from hyperthyroid (hyper) breeder hens, and a controversy on the effects of hyperthyroidism on immunocompetence, the present study was conducted to determine the probable adverse effect of induced maternal hyperthyroidism on immune function in progeny chicks. breeder hens (n = 88) were randomly allotted to the control or hyper groups and received common or thyroxine (t4)-added (1 mg/l ...201323472027
viral shedding and emission of airborne infectious bursal disease virus from a broiler room.1. the significance of airborne transmission in epidemics of infectious diseases in the livestock production industry remains unclear. the study therefore investigated the shedding route (faeces vs. exhaled air) of a vaccine strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) by broilers and the emission of airborne virus. 2. the experimental room contained 526 broilers which were orally inoculated at the age of 20 d. the airborne virus was sampled by three different bioaerosol samplers: andersen s ...201323444858
dna prime-protein boost vaccination enhances protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens.infectious bursal disease virus causes an acute contagious immunosuppressive disease in chickens. using vp2 protein from ibdv (gx strain) as the immunogen, the goal of the current study was to evaluate the immune responses and protective efficacy elicited by different prime-boost vaccination regimens (dna only, protein only, and dna plus protein) in chickens. the results indicated that both pcagoptivp2 plasmid and rvp2 protein induced humoral and cellular immune responses. chickens in the dna pr ...201323419823
the host genotype influences infectious bursal disease virus pathogenesis in chickens by modulation of t cells responses and cytokine gene expression.the immunopathogenesis of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) was investigated in different layer and broiler type chickens in comparison to highly susceptible specific-pathogen-free layers (spf-wh-lt) often used for experimental studies. layer-type chickens (lt) of all genetic backgrounds showed significantly higher ibdv antigen loads in the bursa of fabricius (bf) compared to broiler type birds (bt) (p<0.05). the variation between ibdv-infected and virus-free birds in the percentage of sple ...201323194926
molecular epidemiology of infectious bursal disease virus in zambia.nucleotide sequences of the vp2 hypervariable region (vp2-hvr) of 10 infectious bursal disease viruses detected in indigenous and exotic chickens in zambia from 2004 to 2005 were determined. phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses diverged into two genotypes and belonged to the african very virulent types (vv1 and vv2). in the phylogenetic tree, strains in one genotype clustered in a distinct group and were closely related to some strains isolated in western africa (vv1), with nucleotide s ...201325687581
reduction of infectious bursal disease virus replication by shrnas targeting the vp1 and vp2 genes driven by chicken u6 promoter.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease in young chickens and results in considerable economic losses for the poultry industry. to suppress the replication of ibdv, two short hairpin rnas (shrnas) were designed for targeting the vp1 and vp2 genes of ibdv. recombinant plasmids carrying each shrna or two shrnas were constructed based on vector psilencer2.1-u6 in which the human u6 promoter was replaced with chicken u6 promoter. in chicken emb ...201322959482
protective oral vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus using the major viral antigenic protein vp2 produced in pichia pastoris.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes economically important immunosuppressive disease in young chickens. the self-assembling capsid protein (vp2) from ibdv strain ir01 was expressed in pichia pastoris resulting in the formation of homomeric, 23-nm infectious bursal disease subviral particles (ibd-svps) with a yield of 76 mg/l before and 38 mg/l after purification. anti-ibdv antibodies were detected in chickens injected with purified ibd-svps or fed with either purified ibd-svps or inact ...201324376665
[characterization the immunogenicity of recombinant vp2 of infectious bursal disease virus containing n-terminal m2e of avian influenza virus].we developed subunit vaccines against h5 or h9 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv) and infectious bursal disease viruses (ibdv). viral protein 2 (vp2) of ibdv was used as cargo protein to display a 12-amino-acid (aa) immunodominant epitope derived from n-terminal m2 extracelluar domain (nm2e) of h5 or h9 subtype aiv.201222934356
differential expression of the toll-like receptor pathway and related genes of chicken bursa after experimental infection with infectious bursa disease virus.infectious bursa disease virus causes an acute infection in bursal b cells. the toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathway plays a key role in innate immunity during virus infection. in this study, an agilent microarray was used to investigate different transcriptional profiles of the tlr pathway and related genes of chicken bursa at 48 h after infection with ibdv, compared with simulated infection. expression of >58 genes changed significantly. forty-six genes associated with chicken bursa proi ...201222828777
effects of chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunodeficiency on infectious bronchitis virus replication and genotypic drift.we followed changes in a portion of the s1 gene sequence of the dominant populations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) vaccine strain during serial passage in chickens infected with the immunosuppressive chicken anaemia virus (cav) and/or infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) as well as in immunocompetent chickens. the ibv-ark vaccine was applied ocularly and tears were collected from infected chickens for subsequent ocular inoculation in later passages. the experiment was ...201222897690
the infectious bursal disease virus rna-binding vp3 polypeptide inhibits pkr-mediated apoptosis.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an avian pathogen responsible for an acute immunosuppressive disease that causes major losses to the poultry industry. despite having a bipartite dsrna genome, ibdv, as well as other members of the birnaviridae family, possesses a single capsid layer formed by trimers of the vp2 capsid protein. the capsid encloses a ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the genome associated to the rna-dependent rna polymerase and the rna-binding polypeptide vp3. a previou ...201223056444
both genome segments contribute to the pathogenicity of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes an economically significant disease of chickens worldwide. very virulent ibdv (vvibdv) strains have emerged and induce as much as 60% mortality. the molecular basis for vvibdv pathogenicity is not understood, and the relative contributions of the two genome segments, a and b, to this phenomenon are not known. isolate 94432 has been shown previously to be genetically related to vvibdvs but exhibits atypical antigenicity and does not cause mortality. h ...201223269788
induction of protective immunity in chickens immunized with plant-made chimeric bamboo mosaic virus particles expressing very virulent infectious bursal disease virus antigen.very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) causes a highly contagious disease in young chickens and leads to significant economic loss in the poultry industry. effective new vaccines are urgently needed. autonomously replicating plant virus-based vector provides attractive means for producing chimeric virus particles (cvps) in plants that can be developed into vaccines. in this study, we demonstrate the potential for vaccine development of bamboo mosaic virus (bamv) epitope-presentat ...201222406128
expression and purification of chicken beta interferon and its antivirus immunological activity.interferon beta (ifn-β) belongs to a class of natural proteins that can inhibit virus replication. in this paper, nucleic acid sequence encoding chicken interferon beta (chifn-β) mature protein was cloned and highly expressed in escherichia coli (e. coli) by 1mm iptg induction. the expressed chifn-β was about 20% of total bacterial protein. the recombinant protein in form of inclusion body was then solubilised, refolded and purified to a purity of greater than 95% by immobilized metal ion affini ...201222564876
characterization of infectious bursal disease viruses isolated in 2007 from delmarva commercial broiler chickens.a study was performed in 2007 to isolate and characterize infectious bursal disease viruses (ibdvs) in commercial broilers grown in the delmarva (dmv) peninsula region of the united states. bursae of fabricius were collected weekly from 1 to 4 wk of age from broilers on 10 farms with a history of poor performance. microscopic pathology was used to determine the infectious bursal disease (ibd) status of the broilers. bursae from 1- and 2-wk-old broilers did not show ibd microscopic lesions. moreo ...201222545532
molecular characterization of two bangladeshi infectious bursal disease virus isolates using the hypervariable sequence of vp2 as a genetic marker.two bangladeshi infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) isolates collected in 2007, termed gb1 and gb3, were subjected to comparative sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. sequence analysis of a 474-bp hypervariable region in the vp2 gene revealed that among four major amino acid substitutions observed in the strains, two were unique to gb1 and gb3 (ser217leu and ala270thr) while one substitution was only found in gb1 (asn299ser). among ibdvs from bangladesh including gb1 and gb3, the rate of ide ...201223271182
acute hypersensitive-like injury in specific-pathogen-free chickens after infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus.very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) can cause systemic inflammatory syndromes and acute death in specific-pathogen-free chickens within 72 h. however, the subtle mechanism of these severe inflammatory responses has been unsatisfactorily resolved until now. this study determined the kinetics of mast cells, tryptase, eosinophilic major basic protein, and eotaxin expression in specific-pathogen-free chickens after vvibdv infection. results showed that mast cell population, trypta ...201222252345
genomic sequence of infectious bursal disease virus from zambia suggests evidence for genome re-assortment in nature.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a bi-segmented rna virus, which belongs to the genus avibirnavirus of the family birnaviridae. two serotypes, 1 and 2, exist in ibdv. the serotype 1 ibdvs are the causative agents of infectious bursal disease (ibd) in chickens worldwide and lead to immunosuppression in young birds. genome re-assortment has been speculated to occur and contribute to the emergence of new ibdv strains. however, evidence was lacking until recently when two re-assortant virus ...201223327396
chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-like particles as potent vaccines for eradication of established hpv-16 e7-dependent tumors.cervical cancer is caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-hpv) infection and represents the second most frequent gynecological malignancy in the world. the hpv-16 type accounts for up to 55% of all cervical cancers. the hpv-16 oncoproteins e6 and e7 are necessary for induction and maintenance of malignant transformation and represent tumor-specific antigens for targeted cytotoxic t lymphocyte-mediated immunotherapy. therapeutic cancer vaccines have become a challenging area of o ...201223300838
development of a label-free and innovative approach based on surface plasmon resonance biosensor for on-site detection of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv).an innovative, specific and label-free detection approach based on optical surface plasmon resonance (spr) was developed and employed in the development of a rapid and quantitative bioanalyzer for detecting infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) in the field. a unique bioanalyzer based on this approach was established which consists of a micro-flow cell, a temperature regulator, an integrated biosensor, an optical platform, an electronic control unit incorporated into a photoelectric conversion ...201222138467
epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus infection in commercial chickens in korea.in total, 39 clinical cases of fowl adenoviruses (fadv) infection in chickens (28 broiler, 7 native, and 4 layer chickens) between 2007 and 2010 in korea were investigated. the fadv types 4, 8b, and 11 comprised 18, 9, and 12 clinical cases, respectively. all fadv type 4 cases showed clinical hydropericardium (hps) lesions as well as inclusion body hepatitis (ibh), whereas all fadv types 8b and 11 cases exhibited ibh lesions without hps. all 3 types were detected in broiler (9-30 d old) and laye ...201222991534
hypericum perforatum extract therapy for chickens experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus and its influence on immunity.hypericum perforatum extract (hpe) has been proved a drug effective to many viral diseases. the purpose of this paper was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and immuno-enhancement of hpe for chickens which were already challenged with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv bc-6/85). chickens infected with ibdv were treated with hpe for 5 consecutive days, the observation of immune organ indexes and pathological changes index, determination of ifn-α and detection of ibdv with rt-pcr were empl ...201223277696
protective vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus with whole recombinant kluyveromyces lactis yeast expressing the viral vp2 subunit.here we report on vaccination approaches against infectious bursal disease (ibd) of poultry that were performed with complete yeast of the species kluyveromyces lactis (k. lactis). employing a genetic system that enables the rapid production of stably transfected recombinant k. lactis, we generated yeast strains that expressed defined quantities of the virus capsid forming protein vp2 of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). both, subcutaneous as well as oral vaccination regiments with the hea ...201223024743
fas/fasl and perforin-granzyme pathways mediated t cell cytotoxic responses in infectious bursal disease virus infected chickens.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is a highly contagious disease of chickens which leads to immunosuppression. in our previous study it was demonstrated that, possibly, cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells may employ perforin and granzyme-a pathway for the clearance of ibdv-infected bursal cells. in this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic t cell responses involving two independently functioning but complementary mechanisms: fas-fas ligand and perforin-granzyme pathways in ibdv-infected chickens. as demonstrat ...201224371574
virus-like particles of hepatitis b virus core protein containing five mimotopes of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) protect chickens against ibdv.current infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccines suffer from maternal antibody interference and mimotope vaccines might be an alternative. previously we demonstrated an ibdv vp2 five-mimotope polypeptide, 5epis, elicited protective immunity in chickens. in the current study, the 5epis gene was inserted into a plasmid carrying human hepatitis b virus core protein (hbc) gene at its major immunodominant region site. the recombinant gene was efficiently expressed in escherichia coli to produc ...201222285269
response of white leghorn chickens to infection with avian leukosis virus subgroup j and infectious bursal disease virus.the effects of viral-induced immunosuppression on the infectious status (viremia and antibody) and shedding of avian leukosis virus (alv) were studied. experimental white leghorn chickens were inoculated with alv subgroup j (alv-j) and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) at day of hatch with the alv-j adol prototype strain hcl, the lukert strain of ibdv, or both. appropriate groups were exposed a second time with the lukert strain at 2 wk of age. serum samples were collected at 2 and 4 wk of ...201222545522
endopeptidase activity characterization of e. coli-derived infectious bursal disease virus protein 4 tubules.viral protein 4 (vp4) is a serine protease that catalyzes the hydrolysis of polyprotein pvp2-vp4-vp3 of infectious bursal disease virus. in this report, the recombinant vp4 with a his-tag and three mutants (vp4-s652a, vp4-k692a and vp4-s652a.k692a) were expressed in escherichia coli. soluble vp4 was purified using immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography or sucrose density gradient following with gel-filtration chromatography. the purified vp4 has a tubular structure with 25-30 nm in width ...201223081839
development of fpv140 antigen-specific elisa differentiating fowlpox virus isolates from all other viral pathogens of avian origin.the fpv140 gene encodes an envelope protein of fowlpox virus (fpv). in this study, the fpv140 gene of fpv chinese isolate hh2008 was cloned and the comparison of its sequence with other fpv isolates showed it to be highly conserved across all fpv isolates. a recombinant plasmid pet-fpv140 carrying fpv140 gene was constructed and transformed into escherichia coli. the optimal expression condition for the fpv140 gene was developed and purified fpv140 recombinant protein was used to produce rabbit ...201222991535
fusion protein strategy to increase expression and solubility of hypervariable region of vp2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus in escherichia coli.infectious bursal disease is one of the most important viral diseases in the young chickens. vp2 protein is the major host protective immunogen of the virus. a hypervariable region is present in vp2 protein (hvvp2) that contains immunodominant epitops. the high hydrophobicity of hvvp2 region causes protein aggregation in escherichia coli (e. coli). the objective of the present study was to improve the expression and the solubility of the hvvp2 protein in e. coli. the effects of fusion partners o ...201222865249
protective immune responses of recombinant vp2 subunit antigen of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is the causative agent of gumboro disease and poses a huge threat to poultry industry. the risks associated with conventional attenuated viral vaccines make it indispensable to probe into the development of novel and rationally designed subunit vaccines which are safer as well as effective. vp2 is the major host-protective antigen found in ibdv capsid. it encompasses different independent epitopes responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibody. here ...201222795186
health assessment of captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) in brazil.ninety-five (95) captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) of species crypturellus obsoletus (brown tinamou), crypturellus parvirostris (small-billed tinamou), crypturellus tataupa (tataupa tinamou), crypturellus undulatus (undulated tinamou), rhynchotus rufescens (red-winged tinamou), and tinamus solitarius (solitary tinamou) were evaluated for diseases of mandatory control in the brazilian poultry health program (pnsa). antibodies were detected by serum agglutination test (sat) in 4 birds for myco ...201223082518
molecular evidence of very virulent infectious bursal disease viruses in chickens in ethiopia.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an important immunosuppressive pathogen of chickens worldwide. the introduction and evolution of ibdv in most african countries, especially in ethiopia, remains unclear. we have investigated ibdv isolates obtained from commercial broilers, indigenous chickens, and pullets. the hypervariable region of the virus protein (vp) 2 and the 5' two-thirds of vp1 of 11 ibdv isolates were characterized by rt-pcr and further sequencing. all isolates were identified ...201223050483
host proteolytic activity is necessary for infectious bursal disease virus capsid protein assembly.in many viruses, a precursor particle, or procapsid, is assembled and undergoes massive chemical and physical modification to produce the infectious capsid. capsid assembly and maturation are finely tuned processes in which viral and host factors participate. we show that the precursor of the vp2 capsid protein (pvp2) of the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a double-stranded rna virus, is processed at the c-terminal domain (ctd) by a host protease, the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase ( ...201222619177
partial vp1 sequencing of brazilian infectious bursal disease virus strains.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is classified according to the antigenicity and virulence into classical virulent (cv), very virulent (vv), and antigenic variant strains. the molecular basis for the ibdv antigenic variation is well established and is associated to the capsid protein, vp2 (gene vp2 of segment a), whereas both vp2 and the rna-dependent rna polymerase, vp1 (gene vp1 of segment b), have been correlated with the virulence. in this study, seventeen brazilian ibdv samples previo ...201224031921
development and validation of a taqman-mgb real-time rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection and characterization of infectious bursal disease virus.rapid and reliable detection and classification of infectious bursal disease viruses (ibdvs) is of crucial importance for disease surveillance and control. this study presents the development and validation of a real-time rt-pcr assay to detect and discriminate very virulent (vv) from non-vv (classic and variant) ibdv strains. the assay uses two fluorogenic, minor groove-binding (mgb) taqman probes targeted to a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) embedded in a highly conserved genomic region. ...201222728272
a simple and efficient method to rescue very virulent infectious bursal disease virus using spf chickens.reverse genetic systems for efficient generation of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) are currently limited. in this study, we have developed a simple and efficient way to rescue vvibdv using spf chickens. the genome of a vvibdv strain, hlj0504, flanked by hammerhead and hepatitis delta ribozyme sequences, was cloned downstream of the cytomegalovirus enhancer and the chicken beta-actin promoter of the vector pcaggs. after transfection of df-1 cells, cell suspensions were inj ...201222367476
detection of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus from a field outbreak in central india.in order to detect infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), bursal tissue was collected from 10 ibd-suspected birds from a 30-day-old, ibdv-vaccinated commercial broiler chicken flock of 2000 birds exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of infectious bursal disease (ibd). the presence of ibdv was confirmed by partial amplification of the vp2 gene by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. isolates were identified as very virulent strains of ibdv (vvibdv) by nucleotide sequence analysis ...201222366141
molecular epidemiologic evidence of homologous recombination in infectious bursal disease viruses.nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) surface protein vp2 have been used to identify strains of the virus and place them into phylogenetic groups. the amino acids across the hypervariable sequence region of vp2 (hvvp2) vary, but typically variant viruses have amino acids 222t, 249k, 286i, and 318d and classic viruses have 222p, 249q, 286t, and 318g. a molecular epidemiologic study was conducted from 2001 to 2011 in commercial chickens (gallus ...201223050476
the vp3 factor from viruses of birnaviridae family suppresses rna silencing by binding both long and small rna duplexes.rna silencing is directly involved in antiviral defense in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms, including plants, fungi, invertebrates, and presumably vertebrate animals. the study of rna silencing-mediated antiviral defences in vertebrates is hampered by the overlap with other antiviral mechanisms; thus, heterologous systems are often used to study the interplay between rna silencing and vertebrate-infecting viruses. in this report we show that the vp3 protein of the avian birnavirus infecti ...201223049903
complete genome sequence analysis of a natural reassortant infectious bursal disease virus in china.a novel isolate of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) was designated gx-nn-l. the gx-nn-l ibdv was a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) isolated from broiler flocks in guangxi province, china, in 2011. the gx-nn-l ibdv caused high mortality, immunosuppression, low weight gain, and bursal atrophy in commercial broilers. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the gx-nn-l ibdv, a reassortment strain with segments a and b derived from very virulent strains and attenu ...201223043174
[the development and application of a sybr green i real-time pcr assay for detection of infectious bursal disease virus].to meet the needs of detection of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) under high efficient culture, a sybr green i real-time rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) was developed using a pair of primers specific to the conserved region of vp4 gene of ibdv and compared with tcid50 method by monitoring the proliferation dynamics of ibdv in df-1 cell line adherent to micro carrier in tubular reactor. the results showed that the rt-pcrassay was linear in the range of 4. 03 x 10(1)-10(9) copies/microl. the ibdv rna dete ...201222978169
diversity of genome segment b from infectious bursal disease viruses in the united states.several phylogenetic lineages of the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) genome segment b have been identified. although this genome segment has been shown to contribute to virulence, little is known about the genetic lineages that exist in the united states. the nucleotide genome segment b sequences of 67 ibdv strains collected from 2002 to 2011 in the united states were examined. although they were from nine different states, a majority (47) of these viruses were from california. a 722-base ...201222545543
current status of vaccines against infectious bursal disease.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is the aetiological agent of the acute and highly contagious infectious bursal disease (ibd) or "gumboro disease". ibd is one of the economically most important diseases that affects commercially produced chickens worldwide. along with strict hygiene management of poultry farms, vaccination programmes with inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used to prevent ibd. live vaccines show a different degree of attenuation; many of them may cause bursa ...201222515532
biological and phylogenetic characterization of a genotype vii newcastle disease virus from venezuela: efficacy of field vaccination.here we report the biological and molecular characterization of a virulent genotype vii newcastle disease virus (ndv) circulating in venezuela and the assessment of the vaccination efficacy under field conditions compared to controlled rearing conditions. biological pathotyping showed a mean embryo dead time of 50 h and an intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.86. sequence-based phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus belongs to genotype vii in class ii (a genotype often found in asia ...201222238433
inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus infection by artificial micrornas targeting chicken heat-shock protein 90.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes an important disease in young chickens. chicken heat-shock protein 90 (chsp90) has been shown to be a functional component of the cellular receptor complex for ibdv infection. this study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of vector-expressed anti-chsp90α microrna (mirna) on ibdv infection. the reporter vectors pchsp90α-egfp and pchsp90β-egfp were constructed to facilitate effective mirna selection. two anti-chsp90α and one anti-chsp90β mirna-expressi ...201222238234
evaluation of modified vaccinia virus ankara expressing vp2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus as an immunogen in chickens.a recombinant modified vaccinia ankara (mva) virus expressing mature viral protein 2 (vp2) of the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) was constructed to develop mva-based vaccines for poultry. we demonstrated that this recombinant virus was able to induce a specific immune response by observing the production of anti-ibdv-seroneutralizing antibodies in specific pathogen-free chickens. besides, as the epitopes of vp2 responsible to induce ibdv-neutralizing antibodies are discontinuous, our res ...201222705743
phylogeographic distribution of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolates in the iberian peninsula.viral population dynamics of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) field strains isolated in the iberian peninsula since the first outbreak in the 1990s have been analysed. low levels of genetic variability and a global purification selection pattern were reported in 480 base pairs of the hypervariable region of the vp2 gene, indicating a lack of a selection-driven immune escape in the evolutive pathway of the virus. the viral population structure of vvibdv strains in the iberia ...201222702455
protocatechuic acid, a new active substance against the challenge of avian infectious bursal disease virus.the present study aims to investigate the potential antiviral activity of protocatechuic acid (pca) and its mechanism against infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infection. in the curative test, dosages of pca of 40, 20, and 10 mg/kg, the survival rate was 90, 90, and 60%, respectively, and the bw gain was 36.63, 31.85, and 51.8%, respectively. the survival rate for the astragalus polysaccharide (asp) group was significantly lower than those of the birds treated with 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg of p ...201222700505
molecular epidemiology of infectious bursal disease viruses isolated from southern china during the years 2000-2010.we performed a molecular epidemiology study of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) from six provinces in southern china by analyzing ibdvs isolated during the years 2000-2010. sequence analysis of hypervariable regions of the vp2 gene (vvp2) in the genome of these isolates revealed that the majority of these viruses (45/59) were characterized as vv (very virulent) ibdv genotype, 12 out of 59 isolates were avirulent ibdv genotype and two from guangxi were intermediate ibdv genotype. phylogenet ...201222639104
proteome dynamics in primary target organ of infectious bursal disease virus.viruses induce dramatic changes in target tissue during pathogenesis, including host cellular responses that either limit or support the pathogen. the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) targets primarily the bursa of fabricius (bf) of chickens, causing severe immunodeficiency. here, we characterized the cellular proteome changes of the bf caused by ibdv replication in vivo using 2de followed maldi-tof ms identification. comparative analysis of multiple 2de gels revealed that the majority of ...201222623289
different domains of the rna polymerase of infectious bursal disease virus contribute to virulence.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a pathogen of worldwide significance to the poultry industry. ibdv has a bi-segmented double-stranded rna genome. segments a and b encode the capsid, ribonucleoprotein and non-structural proteins, or the virus polymerase (rdrp), respectively. since the late eighties, very virulent (vv) ibdv strains have emerged in europe inducing up to 60% mortality. although some progress has been made in understanding the molecular biology of ibdv, the molecular basis ...201222253687
an overview of infectious bursal disease.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is a viral immunosuppressive disease of chickens attacking mainly an important lymphoid organ in birds [the bursa of fabricius (bf)]. the emergence of new variant strains of the causative agent [infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv)] has made it more urgent to develop new vaccination strategies against ibd. one of these strategies is the use of recombinant vaccines (dna and viral-vectored vaccines). several studies have investigated the host immune response towar ...201222707044
oral treatment of chickens with lactobacilli influences elicitation of immune responses.commensal microbes in the intestine are in constant interaction with host cells and play a role in shaping the immune system. lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus reuteri, and lactobacillus salivarius are members of the chicken intestinal microbiota and have been shown to induce different cytokine profiles in mononuclear cells in vitro. the objective of the present study was to examine the effects of these bacteria individually or in combination on the induction of antibody- and cell-mediate ...201121734067
changes in the cytokine and toll-like receptor gene expression following infection of indigenous and commercial chickens with infectious bursal disease virus.a comparative study of cytokine and toll-like receptor (tlr) mrna expression in 3 weeks old indigenous and commercial chickens infected with a very virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) was performed using a custom-made microarray chip. in uninfected indigenous chickens, the basal levels of interleukin (il) 15 were lower and il 16 was higher than their commercial counterparts. in the ibdv infected indigenous chickens, only il16 gene expression was down regulated, while tlr3 e ...201123637518
differentiation of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) genome segment b of very virulent and classical lineage by rt-pcr amplification and restriction enzyme analysis.molecular characterization of ibdv usually relies on the analysis of segment a of the bi-segmented, double-stranded rna genome. although segments b of classical and very virulent ibdvs differ significantly, re-assortment of genome segments does occur, and molecular epidemiological studies demand the analysis of both segments. an rt-pcr and restriction enzyme analysis for molecular discrimination between genome segment b of classical and very virulent ibdvs is described. tested on eight ibdv stra ...201122038074
Infectious bursal disease virus-induced activation of JNK signaling pathway is required for virus replication and correlates with virus-induced apoptosis.The Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) which serves as an important component of cellular signal transduction pathways has been shown to regulate many viral infections. The present study demonstrated for the first time that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in chickens, can activate JNK1/2 pathway in IBDV-infected cells dependent upon viral replication. IBDV-induced JNK1/2 activation causes its downstream target c-Jun phosphorylation, which kin ...201121968197
[screening proteins interacting with infectious bursa disease virus gt vp2 from cdna library of b lymphoid cells of the bursa of fabricius].to screen the interactive proteins with ibdv gt vp2 protein from cdna library of b lymphoid cells of the bursa of fabricius. the expression cdna library plasmids was transformed to the yeast competent cells, which have the bait plasmid-gt vp2. after testing for growth in synthetic complete medium lacking histidine and uracil and for production of beta-galactosidase (x-gal), we obtained 16 positive clones. we searched the gene sequences of positive clones in the ncbi website. the blast results sh ...201121847989
novel multiplex rt-pcr/rflp diagnostic test to differentiate low- from high-pathogenic strains and to detect reassortant infectious bursal disease virus.three types of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) strains are currently circulating worldwide: the low-pathogenic classic and variant strains and the high-pathogenic very virulent strains. there are also natural reassortant viruses that combine genomic segments a and b from different strains and exhibit particular pathogenic characteristics. detection and characterization of the different ibdvs is extremely critical for improving disease control and performing epidemiologic studies. here, we ...201122017032
infectious bursal disease dna vaccination conferring protection by delayed appearance and rapid clearance of invading viruses.the present study was undertaken to determine the kinetics of viral load and immune response in protection against infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) by dna vaccination. chickens were dna-vaccinated and challenged with ibdv one week after the third vaccination. tissues were collected at 12 hours postinfection (hpi), 1 day postinfection (dpi), 3, 5, 7 and 10 dpi. the vaccinated chickens had less viral rna, with delayed appearance and shorter duration in the bursa of fabricius, spleen, and cec ...201121984266
rapid and sensitive detection of infectious bursal disease virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick.infectious bursal disease (ibd), an immunosuppressive disease that affects all ages of chickens, results in significant losses in the poultry industry. a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) combined with a chromatographic lateral flow dipstick (lfd) for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) was developed. the whole process of testing can be completed in less than 70 min using biotin-labeled primers, an fitc-labeled dna probe, and the lfd. the ...201122353472
infectious bursal disease virus activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k)/akt signaling pathway by interaction of vp5 protein with the p85+¦ subunit of pi3k.phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k)/akt signaling is commonly activated upon virus infection and has been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular functions such as proliferation and apoptosis. the present study demonstrated for the first time that infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in chickens, can induce akt phosphorylation in cultured cells, by a mechanism that is dependent on pi3k. inhibition of pi3k activation greatly enhanced ...201121723579
viral competition and maternal immunity influence the clinical disease caused by very virulent infectious bursal disease virus.the very virulent form of infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) causes an immunosuppressive disease that is further characterized by the rapid onset of morbidity and high mortality in susceptible chickens. in 2009, vvibdv was first reported in california, u. s. a., and since that time only a few cases of acute infectious bursal disease attributed to vvibdv have been recognized in california. in other countries where vvibdv has become established, it rapidly spreads to most poultry-producing r ...201122017037
critical role for voltage-dependent anion channel 2 in infectious bursal disease virus-induced apoptosis in host cells via interaction with vp5.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by ibd virus (ibdv). although ibdv-induced host cell apoptosis has been established, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. we report here that ibdv viral protein 5 (vp5) is a major apoptosis inducer in df-1 cells by interacting with the voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (vdac2) in the mitochondrion. we found that in df-1 cells, vp5-induced apoptosis can be completely abolishe ...201122114330
identification and pathogenicity of a natural reassortant between a very virulent serotype 1 infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and a serotype 2 ibdv.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes an economically important, immunosuppressive disease in chickens. there are two serotypes of the virus that contain a bi-segmented double-stranded rna genome. in december 2008, the first very virulent (vv)ibdv was identified in california, usa and in 2009 we isolated reassortant viruses in two different locations. genome segment a of these reassortants was typical of vvibdv serotype 1 but genome segment b was most similar to ibdv serotype 2. the ca-k ...201121955938
inhibitory effect of sargassum polysaccharide on oxidative stress induced by infectious bursa disease virus in chicken bursal lymphocytes.the aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of sargassum polysaccharide on oxidative stress induced by infectious bursa disease virus (ibdv) in chicken bursal lymphocytes. the levels of il-1+¦, il-8, il-10, tnf-+¦, mcp-1, reduced glutathione and reactive oxygen species in chicken bursal lymphocytes treated with ibdv or both ibdv and sargassum polysaccharide were measured, and the activities of superoxide dimutase and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated. our results showed th ...201121723314
field efficacy of different vaccines against infectious bursal disease in broiler flocks.a field study was performed to determine the efficacy of three commercially available vaccines against infectious bursal disease (ibd) in commercial broilers raised in a high ibd virus (ibdv) risk area. live attenuated intermediate and intermediate plus vaccines were used in four flocks. birds were vaccinated orally at the estimated vaccination time. three broiler flocks were vaccinated subcutaneously with a turkey herpesvirus (hvt)-ibd vector vaccine at one day old. evaluation of the efficacy o ...201121727070
one-step reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of infectious bursal disease virus.a fast, sensitive, and specific reverse-transcription (rt) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed that involved a single tube and a 1-step reaction for detecting infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). four specific primers were used for amplification of the vp2 gene of ibdv. the amplified lamp products were detected by dna electrophoresis and by direct observation with the naked eye in the presence of sybr green i. the sensitivity of rt-lamp was determined to be 0. ...201121731183
conjugated linoleic acids alleviate infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunosuppression in broiler chickens.the immunoregulatory actions of conjugated linoleic acid (cla) of relevance to viral disease pathogenesis and immune responses were investigated. to test the hypothesis that cla ameliorates immunosuppression, we developed a viral challenge model by infecting chickens with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). after 14 d of dietary supplementation with either soybean oil or cla, half of the chickens in each group were challenged with ibdv. we examined the effect of cla on the development of les ...201121844256
[inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus replication in chicken embryos by mirnas delivered by recombinant avian adeno-associated viral vector].we studied the inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) replication in chicken embryos by recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (aaav)-delivered vp1- and vp2-specific micrornas (mirnas).201121574388
a serological survey for infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in free-range village chickens in northern tanzania.a study of infectious bursal disease (ibd) or 'gumboro disease' seroprevalence rates in healthy, non-vaccinated indigenous scavenging chickens in northern tanzania was conducted in november and december 2009 on 362 chickens raised in a traditional management system. individual bird and flock-level information was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and serum samples were screened for ibd virus (ibdv) antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the study revealed ...201121826835
effect of temperature, relative humidity, absolute humidity and evaporation potential on survival of airborne gumboro vaccine virus.survival of airborne virus influences the extent of disease transmission via air. how environmental factors affect viral survival is not fully understood. we investigated the survival of a vaccine strain of gumboro virus which was aerosolized at three temperatures (10°c, 20°c, and 30°c) and two relative humidities (40% and 70%). the response of viral survival to four metrics (temperature, relative humidity 'rh', absolute humidity 'ah' and evaporation potential 'ep') was examined. the results sho ...201122156417
origin of the chicken splenic reticular cells influences the effect of the infectious bursal disease virus on the extracellular matrix.the effects of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) (strain f52/70) infection were studied by immunohistochemical methods on the splenic extracellular matrix (ecm). the major fibrillar components of the ecm, the type i and type iii collagens and the main ecm organizing glycoproteins (laminin, tenascin and fibronectin) were monitored up to 11 days post-infection (d.p.i.). by 3 d.p.i., the collagens that form the basic scaffold of the antigen-trapping region of the spleen are destroyed, which is ...201121500040
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