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genetic analyses reveal differences in the vp7 and vp4 antigenic epitopes between human rotaviruses circulating in belgium and rotaviruses in rotarix™ and rotateq™two live-attenuated rotavirus group a (rva) vaccines, rotarix™ (g1p[8]) and rotateq™ (g1-g4, p[8]), have been successfully introduced in many countries worldwide, including belgium. the parental rva strains used to generate the vaccines were isolated more than 20 years ago in france (g4 parental strain in rotateq™) and the united states (all other parental strains). at present, little is known about the relationship between currently circulating human rvas and the vaccine strains. in this study, ...201122189107
[Application of clinical pathways in children with Rotavirus enteritis].Clinical pathways are standardized, multidisciplinary, integrated management plans. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of clinical pathways in children with Rotavirus enteritis.201122000440
In situ gastrointestinal protection against anthrax edema toxin by single-chain antibody fragment producing lactobacilli.ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and is regarded as one of the most prominent bioterrorism threats. Anthrax toxicity is induced by the tripartite toxin complex, composed of the receptor-binding anthrax protective antigen and the two enzymatic subunits, lethal factor and edema factor. Recombinant lactobacilli have previously been used to deliver antibody fragments directed against surface epitopes of a variety of pathogens, including Streptococcus mutan ...201122185669
effects of lactoferrin-containing formula in the prevention of enterovirus and rotavirus infection and impact on serum cytokine levels: a randomized trial.lactoferrin has been shown to exhibit anti-enterovirus 71 (ev71) and antirotavirus properties. this trial was conducted to determine whether a formula containing bovine lactoferrin (blf) exerts a protective effect against ev71 or rotavirus infection among children from 2 to 6 years old.201121880194
detection of enterovirus 71 using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp).reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp), which is a visual assay for nucleic acids, is performed in a single step using one tube at 65°c for 1.5h. in this study, rt-lamp was established as a method for the detection of enterovirus 71 (ev71). the detection limit of the assay was approximately 10 copies, and no cross-reactivity was noted with coxsackievirus a16, echovirus, human rotavirus (hrv) or norovirus. this assay, which offers greater sensitivity at a lower cos ...201122155579
hospital-based study of the economic burden associated with rotavirus diarrhea in eastern china.rotavirus infection is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea in china. to evaluate the economic burden associated with rotavirus infection of children in china, we combined data on the disease burden of rotavirus-associated costs for samples comprising 832 outpatients and 604 inpatients from five seaside cities. the average social costs and direct medical costs for rotavirus-associated admissions were calculated to be us $61.64 and us $40.73 for outpatients, and us $684.15 and us $559 ...201121843578
cost-effectiveness of universal rotavirus vaccination in reducing rotavirus gastroenteritis in ireland.we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of universal infant rotavirus (rv) vaccination compared to current standard of care of "no vaccination". two rv vaccines are currently licensed in ireland: rotarixôäó and rotateqôäó. a cohort model used in several european countries was adapted using irish epidemiological, resource utilisation and cost data. the base case model considers the impact of rotarix vaccination on health-related quality of life of children under five years old from a healthcare payer ...201121821085
circovirus and impact of temporary withdrawal of rotavirus vaccines in spain.at the beginning of 2010 dna fragments of a porcine circovirus 1 (pcv-1) were detected in the monovalent rotavirus vaccine, rotarix-« (glaxosmithkline), and later also of pcv-1 and pcv-2 in the rotateq-« (msd) vaccine. these viruses are frequently found in meat and other products for normal human consumption and have not been shown to cause disease in humans. although the world health organization (who) and the european medicines agency (ema) did not recommended discontinuation of vaccination ag ...201121715979
characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in israel.diarrhea is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. rotavirus is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea and dehydration in children.201121845967
clinical features and molecular epidemiology of rotavirus and norovirus infections in libyan children.rotaviruses and noroviruses are leading viral causes of diarrhoea in children. a cross-sectional study was undertaken among children aged <5 years with acute gastroenteritis at al-jala children's hospital, tripoli, libya, from october 2007 to september 2008. of 1,090 fecal samples collected, 260 from inpatients and 830 from outpatients, all inpatients and approximately a third of outpatients, selected systematically, were investigated for rotavirus and norovirus infection by elisa and real-time ...201121837804
case report: detection of rotavirus rna in the cerebrospinal fluid of a child with rotavirus gastroenteritis and meningism.although case reports have described detection of rotavirus (rv) in extraintestinal sites such as the liver, kidney, and central nervous system (cns) of children with rv gastroenteritis, cns localization in rv infection seems to be rare. rt-pcr and nucleotide sequencing detected a g1p[8] strain in the stool and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples of a patient with concurrent rv-associated enteritis and cns signs. upon sequence analysis, the viruses detected in the csf was identical to the virus de ...201121739456
baseline estimates of diarrhea-associated mortality among united states children before rotavirus vaccine introduction.objectives:: deaths due to diarrhea among us children declined substantially from the 1960s through the 1980s, but have not been recently assessed. we examined diarrhea-associated mortality among young us children from 1992 to 2006 to establish baseline estimates through which the effect of rotavirus vaccines, introduced in 2006, can be assessed. methods:: national center for health statistics multiple cause-of-death mortality data were used to examine diarrhea-associated deaths and death rates ...201121691244
vaccine campaign to target deadly childhood diarrhoea. 201121956306
Rapid and sensitive detection of PRRSV by a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.A real-time monitoring reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the sensitive and specific detection of prototypic, prevalent North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains. As a higher sensitivity and specificity method than reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the RT-LAMP method only used a turbidimeter, exhibited a detection limit corresponding to a 10(-4) dilution of template RNA ex ...201121847756
[Investigation of verotoxigenic escherichia coli O157:H7 incidence in gastroenteritis patients].Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most common serotype among verotoxigenic E.coli (VTEC) strains that cause haemolytic uremic syndrome. Although sporadic VTEC cases originating from Turkey and small outbreaks have been reported from our country, VTEC has not been routinely investigated in most of the diagnostic microbiology laboratories in Turkey and studies related to this topic are limited. In this study, the incidence of E.coli O157:H7 in patients who were admitted to Alanya Research and Applic ...201121935785
incidence of intussusception in early infancy: a capture-recapture estimate for germany.background: rotavirus (rv) vaccination with the first generation vaccine (rotashield) has been associated with intussusception (is). reliable age specific baseline incidence data for children ôëñ6 months of age in particular is fundamental for further post marketing monitoring of potential effects of recently introduced new rv vaccines. methods: is incidence was estimated by a 2-source capture-recapture calculation (crc) based on esped (german paediatric surveillance unit) reports and on hospita ...201121698555
immunization schedule of the spanish association of pediatrics: 2012 recommendations.the advisory committee on vaccines of the spanish association of pediatrics (cav-aep) updates the immunization schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines. the present schedule includes grades of recommendation. we have graded as routine vaccinations those that the cav-aep believes all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunization and would ideally be gi ...201122177960
effects of viscogens on rna transcription inside reovirus particles.the dsrna genome of mammalian reovirus (mrv), like the dsdna genomes of herpesviruses and many bacteriophages, is packed inside its icosahedral capsid in liquid-crystalline form, with concentrations near or more than 400 mg/ml. viscosity in such environments must be high, but the relevance of viscosity for the macromolecular processes occurring there remains poorly characterized. here, we describe the use of simple viscogens, glycerol and sucrose, to examine their effects on rna transcription in ...201121719697
Novel pentameric structure of the diarrhea-inducing region of the rotavirus enterotoxigenic protein NSP4.A novel pentameric structure which differs from the previously reported tetrameric form of the diarrhea-inducing region of the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 is reported here. A significant feature of this pentameric form is the absence of the calcium ion located in the core region of the tetrameric structures. The lysis of cells, the crystallization of the region spanning residues 95 to 146 of NSP4 (NSP4(95-146)) of strain ST3 (ST3:NSP4(95-146)) at acidic pH, and comparative studies of the recombin ...201121917949
infection: preventing 5 million child deaths from diarrhea in the next 5 years. 201121725348
intussusception risk of rotavirus vaccination. 201122129261
use of the state immunization information system to assess rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in connecticut, 2006-2008.immunization information systems (iis) contain individual vaccination records and have potential use for evaluating post-licensure vaccine effectiveness (ve). a matched case-control study was performed by using the connecticut state iis to calculate rotavirus ve against hospitalization; results were compared with pre-licensure efficacy and with estimates previously obtained by traditional case-control methods using matched controls from medical sources and medical chart abstracted data. case-pat ...201121723356
comparative review of three cost-effectiveness models for rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs; a generic approach applied to various regions in the world.abstract:201121740545
Sudden death from systemic rotavirus infection and detection of nonstructural rotavirus proteins.A 2.5-year-old girl died suddenly during the course of rotavirus gastroenteritis. The autopsy showed encephalopathy with rotavirus systemic infection. Here, we provide evidence of rotavirus replication in multiple organs. Our findings clarify that rotavirus infection in children can extend beyond the intestinal tract through viremia.201121998424
the hidden costs and characteristics of childhood rotavirus emergency visits in canada.background:: administrative databases are often used to determine burden of rotavirus disease in emergency departments (eds). our objective was to describe rotavirus ed visits to include healthcare utilization pre- and postvisit to estimate true societal costs. methods:: during rotavirus seasons in 2007, 2008, and 2009, a convenience sample of children <3 years of age with vomiting and/or diarrhea and rotavirus in stool samples at ed visits was identified at 5 pediatric hospitals in canada. inte ...201122001965
Novel Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 Strain Active against Rotavirus Infections.Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children worldwide. It is well known that breast-feeding and vaccination afford infants protection. Since breast-feeding has drastically decreased in developed countries, efforts have been focused on the potential use of probiotics as preventive agents. In this study, a novel Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strain was isolated from infant feces and selected, based on its capacity to inhibit in vitro rotavirus Wa replicat ...201122003027
intussusception risk and health benefits of rotavirus vaccination in mexico and brazil.because postlicensure surveillance determined that a previous rotavirus vaccine, rotashield, caused intussusception in 1 of every 10,000 recipients, we assessed the association of the new monovalent rotavirus vaccine (rv1) with intussusception after routine immunization of infants in mexico and brazil.201121675888
Enteropathogens in acute diarrhea: a general practice-based study in a Nordic country.The epidemiology of infectious diarrhea influences the microbiological investigation of the disease, and is best elucidated through prospective studies. We undertook such a study in a Nordic country. Patients of all age groups who had acute diarrhea were recruited prospectively from general practice clinics in Iceland. They completed a questionnaire and provided stool samples for the detection of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Of the 464 recruited patients, 211 (45%) had 224 infect ...201122057365
cross-linking of rotavirus outer capsid protein vp7 by antibodies or disulfides inhibits viral entry.antibodies that neutralize rotavirus infection target outer coat proteins vp4 and vp7 and inhibit viral entry. the structure of a vp7-fab complex (s. t. aoki, et al., science 324:1444-1447, 2009) led us to reclassify epitopes into two binding regions at inter- and intrasubunit boundaries of the calcium-dependent trimer. it further led us to show that antibodies binding at the intersubunit boundary inhibit uncoating of the virion outer layer. we have now tested representative antibodies for each ...201121849465
Regulation of gene expression by the NSP1 and NSP3 non-structural proteins of rotavirus.The role of the rotavirus non-structural proteins NSP1 and NSP3 in regulating cellular and viral mRNA translation has been investigated by examining the effect of added recombinant NSP3 on protein translation in a T7-based in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. Addition of purified NSP3 to assays primed solely with cellular mRNA was found to have no effect on the translation efficiency of the mRNA. However, as expected, the addition of viral mRNA to such assays competitively inhibite ...201121947567
nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis in a canadian paediatric hospital: incidence, disease burden and patients affected.rotavirus is a well-recognised nosocomial pathogen in paediatric settings. although rotavirus gastroenteritis is a vaccine-preventable disease, there is currently no publicly funded programme in canada. the objective of this study was to inform rotavirus vaccination strategy by determining the incidence of nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis (nrvge), estimating the burden of disease and characterising the patients affected. we performed a retrospective cohort study of all nrvge cases over a per ...201121723643
etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children requiring hospitalization in the netherlands.infectious gastroenteritis causes a considerable burden of disease worldwide. costs due to gastroenteritis are dominated by the hospitalized cases. effective control of gastroenteritis should be targeted at the diseases with the highest burden and costs. for that, an accurate understanding of the relative importance of the different bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens is needed. the objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and etiology of gastroenteritis requiring hosp ...201121725865
Rotavirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations among Japanese Children Aged <5 Years: Active Rotavirus Surveillance in Mie Prefecture, Japan.Two effective vaccines for rotavirus infection will be available near future in Japan and data on the burden of rotavirus disease and the circulating rotavirus strains are urgently needed. To obtain these data, we set up active rotavirus hospitalization surveillance in three cities, Tsu, Matsusaka, and Ise in Mie Prefecture, Japan. From November 1, 2007 through October 31, 2009, we enrolled children <5 years of age who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and co ...201122116326
Noroviruses as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in Finland, 2009-2010.Abstract Noroviruses are, after rotaviruses, the second most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. In a prospective study conducted in 2009-2010 at the Tampere University Hospital, 195 stool specimens were collected from cases of acute gastroenteritis in children and examined for noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses, using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Noroviruses were found in 49 (25%) of the cases and sapoviruses in 12 (6%). The norovirus g ...201121696253
Treatment of Acute Diarrhea With Saccharomyces Boulardii in Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial.OBJECTIVES:: To determine if an oral treatment with a commercial pharmaceutical product containing Saccharomyces boulardii would reduce the duration of diarrhea in infants with acute diarrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS:: In this double-bind, placebo controlled study, 186 infants, 6 to 48 months old and hospitalized within 72ÔÇèhours after the onset of acute diarrhea in two hospitals in Goi+ónia, Goi+ís, Brazil, were randomly assigned to receive twice a day during five days 200ÔÇèmg of a commercial ph ...201121734600
Novel structural insights into rotavirus recognition of ganglioside glycan receptors.Rotaviruses ubiquitously infect children under the age of 5, being responsible for more than half a million diarrhoeal deaths each year worldwide. Host cell oligosaccharides containing sialic acid(s) are critical for attachment by rotaviruses. However, to date, no detailed three-dimensional atomic model showing the exact rotavirus interactions with these glycoconjugate receptors has been reported. Here, we present the first crystallographic structures of the rotavirus carbohydrate-recognizing pr ...201121945555
extraction of food-borne viruses from food samples: a review.detection of food-borne viruses such as noroviruses, rotaviruses and hepatitis a virus in food products differs from detection of most food-borne bacteria, as most of these viruses cannot be cultivated in cell culture to date. therefore, detection of food-borne viruses in food products requires multiple steps: first, virus extraction; second, purification of the viral genomic material (rna for the majority of food-borne viruses); and last, molecular detection. this review is focused on the first ...201122137685
Prospective evaluation of indirect costs due to acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in Spain: the ROTACOST study.The effect of rotavirus in developed countries is mainly economic. This study aimed to assess the indirect costs induced by rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (RVAGE) in Spain.201121917176
one-step rt-qpcr with an internal control system for the detection of turkey rotaviruses in faecal samples.turkey rotaviruses are one of the major pathogens responsible for the poult enteritis syndrome (pes). in this study a one step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) assay targeting the rotaviral non-structural protein 4 (nsp4) was developed. the nsp4 is a highly conserved gene inside the turkey rotavirus genome and contains an internal control system to monitor any potential rt-qpcr inhibitors. the detection limit of the optimized nsp4-rt-qpcr assay ranged from 8.15 ...201121816176
impact of rotavirus vaccination on diarrhoea mortality and hospital admissions in brazil.objective to analyse the data reported by the national surveillance system of brazil, including data on diarrhoea mortality and hospital admissions before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction, and evaluate the impact of its widespread use under operational conditions. method retrospective analysis of routinely collected data was reported by several surveillance systems of brazil, comprising an 8-year period of all diarrhoea-related hospitalisations and deaths in children <5 years old (2002 ...201121749584
epidemiology and prevention of rotavirus infection: an underestimated issue? 201121749188
monitoring of group c rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in brazil: an emergent epidemiological issue after rotavirus vaccine?group c rotavirus (gpcrv) has a worldwide distribution; however, its epidemiology and ecology are still unclear. evidence for a possible zoonotic role has been postulated recently for brazilian children strains. the aim of this study was to monitor gpcrv in children ôëñ15 years with acute gastroenteritis during the 2007-2010 national brazilian rotavirus surveillance, and to undertake the molecular characterization of the major vp6 capsid protein. a total of 3,019 fecal samples were first screene ...201121739455
complications in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus: a retrospective analysis.acute gastroenteritis (age) caused by rotavirus (rv) is a common disease among infants and toddlers, often leading to hospitalization and, in resource-poor countries, to death. however, little is known on specific complications of severe rv-positive (rv+) age and on the clinical course in chronically ill children. this was a retrospective analysis of data for children <5-áyears of age hospitalized due to age during six rotavirus seasons in three large german pediatric hospitals. the primary stud ...201121833497
comparative evaluation of the potential impact of rotavirus versus hpv vaccination in gavi-eligible countries: a preliminary analysis focused on the relative disease burden.immunization policymakers at global and local levels need to establish priorities among new vaccines competing for limited resources. however, comparison of the potential impact of single vaccination programs is challenging, primarily due to the limited number of vaccine analyses as well as their differing analytic approaches and reporting formats. the purpose of this study is to provide early insight into how the comparative impact of different new vaccines could be assessed in resource-poor se ...201121679420
astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions.astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded rna viruses first identified in 1975 in children suffering from diarrhea and then described in a wide variety of animals. to date, the list of animal species susceptible to astrovirus infection has expanded to 22 animal species or families, including domestic, synantropic and wild animals, avian, and mammalian species in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. astrovirus infections are considered among the most common cause ...201121843659
development and clinical validation of multiplex taqman-« assays for rapid diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis.there is a need to provide rapid, sensitive, and often high throughput detection of pathogens in diagnostic virology. viral gastroenteritis is a serious health issue often leading to hospitalization in the young, the immunocompromised and the elderly. the common causes of viral gastroenteritis include rotavirus, norovirus (genogroups i and ii), astrovirus, and group f adenoviruses (serotypes 40 and 41). this article describes the work-up of two internally controlled multiplex, probe-based pcr as ...201121739458
enteric vaccines for resource-limited countries: current status and future prospects. 201121736257
monitoring the circulation of rotavirus among children after the introduction of the rotarixôäó vaccine in goi+ónia, brazil.the epidemiological features of rotavirus a (rva) infection differ between children from developing and developed countries which could result in differences in vaccine efficacy around the world. to evaluate the impact of rotarixôäó on rva prevalence, we monitored rva genotypes circulating in goi+ónia by monitoring virus in faecal samples from children that had or had not been previously vaccinated. from february-november of 2008, 220 faecal samples were collected from children in seven day-care ...201121739040
iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal.laboratory studies were performed to determine if the addition of iron oxides throughout biosand filter (bsf) media would increase virus removal due to adsorption. the proposed mechanism is electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged virion particles to positively charged iron oxides formed during the corrosion of zerovalent iron. initial tests conducted using continuous flow, small-scale glass columns showed high ms2 bacteriophage removal in an iron-amended sand column (5log10) compared to a ...201121708394
summary of effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccination with the oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine: a systematic review of the experience in industrialized countries.the pentavalent rotavirus (rv) vaccine rotateqôäó has been available in industrialized countries since 2006. several studies have been conducted to evaluate the benefit of rv vaccination under routine conditions of use. a systematic review of all publicly available data from rotateqôäó vaccine-effectiveness and vaccination-impact studies in the usa, europe and australia between 2006 and february 2010 was undertaken. depending on the population studied, effectiveness of up to 100% (95% confidence ...201121734466
the rhesus rotavirus gene encoding vp4 is a major determinant in the pathogenesis of biliary atresia in newborn mice.biliary atresia (ba) is a devastating disease of childhood for which increasing evidence supports a viral component in pathogenesis. the murine model of ba is induced by perinatal infection with rhesus rotavirus (rrv) but not with other strains of rotavirus, such as tuch. to determine which rrv gene segment(s) is responsible for pathogenesis, we used the rrv and tuch strains to generate a complete set of single-gene reassortants. eleven single-gene "loss-of-function" reassortants in which a tuch ...201121697466
rotavirus vaccination and intussusception--act two. 201121675894
3,3'-diindolylmethane induces immunotoxicity via splenocyte apoptosis in neonatal mice.3,3'-diindolylmethane (dim), a major product of indole-3-carbinol derived from vegetables of the genus brassica, exhibits chemotherapeutic activity and various immune modulatory effects in animal models and in vitro studies. although extensive studies have only focused on dim's beneficial effects, the toxic effects of dim on the immune systems have not been clearly elucidated. the aim of this study was to explore the immunotoxic effects of dim in a neonatal mouse and to further evaluate whether ...201121820497
viruses exploiting peroxisomes.viruses that are of great importance for global public health, including hiv, influenza and rotavirus, appear to exploit a remarkable organelle, the peroxisome, during intracellular replication in human cells. peroxisomes are sites of lipid biosynthesis and catabolism, reactive oxygen metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. viral proteins are targeted to peroxisomes (the spike protein of rotavirus) or interact with peroxisomal proteins (hiv's nef and influenza's ns1) or use the peroxisomal mem ...201121824805
experimental infection of pigs with group a rotavirus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in india: gross, histopathological and immunopathological study.the authors describe a detailed study conducted in assam, india, of gross, histopathological and immunopathological alterations in pigs experimentally infected with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) expressing k88 pili. a total of 30 caesarean derived piglets were infected experimentally with rotavirus alone or in combination with etec to study the gross and histopathological alterations and the distribution pattern of different b- and t cell subsets in the gut. villus atroph ...201121706463
characterization of human rotavirus subgroups and serotypes in children under five with acute gastroenteritis in a saudi hospital.rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children. currently, there is no published data on the prevalence of subgroups and serotypes of rotavirus in the eastern province of saudi arabia. the objectives of the present study were to assess the rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis and to assess the subgroups and serotypes of rotavirus in the children and maternity hospital in dammam, eastern saudi arabia.201121694956
hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the era of limited vaccine uptake through the private sector.to investigate possible impact of limited vaccine uptake by the private sector since 2007, a prospective observational study included all children <5 years hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis (age) in a tertiary care hospital between 09/2006 and 08/2010. rotavirus (rv) antigen was detected in stools by a rapid immunochromatographic test and genotype analysis was performed on positive samples by rt-pcr. compared to 2006-2008, the likelihood of rotavirus infection was significantly reduced amon ...201121816195
intra-genotypic diversity of archival g4p[8] human rotaviruses from washington, dc.group a human rotaviruses (rvs) remain the most frequently detected viral agents associated with acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. despite their medical importance, relatively few complete genome sequences have been determined for commonly circulating g/p-type strains (i.e., g1p[8], g2p[4], g3p[8], g4p[8], and g9p[8]). in the current study, we sequenced the genomes of 11 g4p[8] isolates from stool specimens that were collected in washington, dc during the years of 1974-1991. w ...201121712102
development of γδ t cell subset responses in gnotobiotic pigs infected with human rotaviruses and colonized with probiotic lactobacilli.γδ t cell responses are induced by various viral and bacterial infections. different γδ t cells contribute to activation and regulation of the inflammatory response and to epithelial repair. how γδ t cells respond to rotavirus infection and how the colonization of probiotics influences the γδ t cell response were unknown. in this study, we evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry the frequencies and distribution of total γδ t cells and three major subsets (cd2-cd8-, cd2+cd8- and cd2+cd8+) in ileum ...201121489639
active participation of cellular chaperone hsp90 in regulating the function of rotavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3).heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) has been reported to positively regulate rotavirus replication by modulating virus induced pi3k/akt and nfκb activation. here, we report the active association of hsp90 in the folding and stabilization of rotavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). in pcd-nsp3-transfected cells, treatment with hsp90 inhibitor (17-n,n-dimethylethylenediamine-geldanamycin (17dmag)) resulted in the proteasomal degradation of nsp3. sequence analysis and deletion mutations revealed that th ...201121489987
outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in a nursing home, slovenia, december 2010.a gastroenteritis outbreak affected 45 people (40 residents and five staff) in a nursing home for the elderly in the celje region, north-east slovenia, between 17 december and 31 december 2010. rotavirus group a was laboratory confirmed in the stools of five ill individuals. the outbreak was identified when the number of affected persons was high but was successfully controlled after implementing preventive measures.201121492527
racecadotril for childhood gastroenteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis.background: racecadotril is an antidiarrhoeal drug with intestinal antisecretory mechanism of action. aim: to assess racecadotril efficacy as an adjunct to oral rehydration solution, against oral rehydration solution alone or with placebo in childhood acute gastroenteritis. methods: individual patient data meta-analysis following multilevel mixed models testing the significance of the treatment effect adjusted for baseline covariates. results: nine randomised clinical trials (n=1384) were identi ...201121514257
bug breakfast in the bulletin: rotavirus. 201121632006
enteric pathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in tripoli-libya.abstract. stool samples from children < 5 years of age with diarrhea (n = 239) were examined for enteric pathogens using a combination of culture, enzyme-immunoassay, and polymerase chain reaction methods. pathogens were detected in 122 (51%) stool samples; single pathogens were detected in 37.2% and co-pathogens in 13.8% of samples. norovirus, rotavirus, and diarrheagenic escherichia coli (dec) were the most frequently detected pathogens (15.5%, 13.4%, and 11.2%, respectively); salmonella, aden ...201121633024
oral immunization with live lactococcus lactis expressing rotavirus vp8* subunit induces specific immune response in mice.rotaviruses are the major cause of worldwide infectious diarrhea in children and vaccination is considered to be the most effective way to control these infections. the development of a mucosal live vaccine using the food-grade lactic acid bacteria lactococcus lactis as antigen vehicle is an attractive and safe vaccination strategy against rotavirus. in this study, the construction of recombinant l. lactis strains able to produce the rotavirus spike-protein subunit vp8* in cytoplasmic, secreted ...201121530589
ifn-{lambda} determines the intestinal epithelial antiviral host defense.type i and type iii ifns bind to different cell-surface receptors but induce identical signal transduction pathways, leading to the expression of antiviral host effector molecules. despite the fact that type iii ifn (ifn-λ) has been shown to predominantly act on mucosal organs, in vivo infection studies have failed to attribute a specific, nonredundant function. instead, a predominant role of type i ifn was observed, which was explained by the ubiquitous expression of the type i ifn receptor. he ...201121518880
efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of rix4414 in japanese infants during the first two years of life.a phase iii, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the efficacy, reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of a human rotavirus vaccine, rix4414 in japanese infants aged 6-14 weeks when administered as two doses (0, 1-month schedule). efficacy against any and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis leading to medical intervention caused by circulating wild-type rotavirus from two weeks post-dose 2 until two years of age was 79.3%(95% ci: 60.5-89.8%) and 91.6%(95% ci: 62.4-99.1%), respectively. solic ...201121640780
cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in bolivia from the state perspective.background: in bolivia, the under-five mortality rate is 54 per 1000 live births. diarrhea causes 15% of these deaths, and 40% of pediatric diarrhea-related hospitalizations are caused by rotavirus illness (ri). rotavirus vaccination (rv), subsidized by international donors, is expected to reduce morbidity, mortality, and economic burden to the bolivian state. estimates of the illness and economic burden of ri and their reduction by rv are essential to the bolivian state's policies on rv program ...201121624421
burden of rotavirus and other enteropathogens among children with diarrhea in burkina faso.objective: there is limited information available regarding the etiology of gastrointestinal infections in burkina faso. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of enteric pathogens causing gastroenteritis in young children, with a focus on rotavirus, and to investigate the levels of malnutrition and other clinical factors in association with the severity of diarrhea. methods: a prospective study was undertaken from may 2009 to march 2010, covering the rainy and ...201121763172
antiviral activity of substituted salicylanilides - a review.chemotherapy of viral infections is still challenging. salicylanilides demonstrated a wide range of biological activities including antiviral potency and the review summarizes this field. niclosamide was described to be able to affect coronaviruses, some salicylanilides and salicylamides could inhibit hiv virus by targeting of hiv-1 integrase or reverse transcriptase. hepatitis c virus is another virus, which could be potentially afflicted by salicylanilides on the level of two enzymes - ns3 pro ...201121762100
Productive infection of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by porcine circovirus type 1.Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1), a small DNA virus in pigs, recently gained its notoriety when commercial human rotavirus vaccines were discovered to be contaminated by infectious PCV1. Here we report, for the first time, definitive evidence of productive PCV1 infection in a subclone of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh-7, subclone 10-3). Infectious virus was detected in the lysates of infected Huh-7 cells by immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and can be serially passaged in Huh-7-S10-3 ...201121742002
osteopontin upregulation in rotavirus-induced murine biliary atresia requires replicating virus but is not necessary for development of biliary atresia.biliary atresia (ba) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory pediatric liver disease in which osteopontin (opn), a glycoprotein with inflammatory and fibrogenic activity, may play a pathogenic role. the current studies were conducted in a mouse model of rotavirus-induced ba to test the hypotheses that live but not inactivated rotavirus causes antigenemia, upregulation of hepatic opn expression, and induction of ba and fibrosis; and that opn is necessary for development of ba. prolonged or transient ...201121742364
the incidence and direct medical cost of hospitalization due to rotavirus gastroenteritis in kyoto, japan, as estimated from a retrospective hospital study.anticipating imminent licensure of rotavirus vaccine for use in japan, we estimated the incidence of rotavirus hospitalization and calculated the direct medical cost associated with rotavirus hospitalization in a hospital that provided virtually exclusive pediatric beds to the local community adjacent to the northern outskirts of metropolitan kyoto, japan. for a 2 year period between september, 2008 and august, 2010, there were 103 hospitalizations due to acute gastroenteritis among children les ...201121821087
identification of a novel biomarker candidate, a 4.8-kda peptide fragment from a neurosecretory protein vgf precursor, by proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from children with acute encephalopathy using seldi-tof-ms.abstract: background: acute encephalopathy includes rapid deterioration and has a poor prognosis. early intervention is essential to prevent progression of the disease and subsequent neurologic complications. however, in the acute period, true encephalopathy cannot easily be differentiated from febrile seizures, especially febrile seizures of the complex type. thus, an early diagnostic marker has been sought in order to enable early intervention. the purpose of this study was to identify a novel ...201121838886
randomized, open-label, multicentre pharmacokinetic studies of two dose levels of pantoprazole granules in infants and children aged 1 month through <6 years with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.the primary objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of pantoprazole delayed-release granules in infants and children aged 1 month to <6 years with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord). the studies described in this manuscript were conducted to fulfil the requirements of the paediatric written request for pantoprazole by the us fda.201121740077
effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in spain.with the aim of determining rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (rvve) in spain, from oct-2008/jun-2009, 467 consecutive children below 2 years old with acute gastroenteritis (age) were recruited using a pediatric research network (regalip-www.regalip.org) that includes primary, emergency and hospital care settings. of 467 enrolled children, 32.3% were rotavirus positive and 35.0% had received at least one dose of any rotavirus vaccine. rrve to prevent any episode of rotavirus age was 91.5% (95% ci: ...201121521947
a duplex real-time rt-pcr assay for the simultaneous genogroup-specific detection of noroviruses in both clinical and environmental specimens.norovirus (nov) is the major etiological agent causing foodborne and waterborne outbreaks worldwide. we developed a novel duplex real-time quantitative rt-pcr assay designed for the simultaneous detection of and discrimination between nov genogroups gi and gii, by targeting the short junction region between orf1 and orf2, with sensitivity and efficiency comparable to those of each simplex rt-pcr assay. this new duplex assay was evaluated against clinical stool (n = 82) and environmental (groundw ...201121643768
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric gastroenteritis associated with new viral agents.a 22-month study (2008-2009) was carried out on 273 patients (average age 40 months), admitted with gastroenteritis to the pediatric unit of l. sacco university hospital in milan, italy. fecal samples were investigated for rotavirus (hrv), norovirus (nov), adenovirus (adv), sapovirus (sav), enterovirus, astrovirus and bocavirus (hbov). a 38.3% incidence of infection was observed for hrv, followed by nov (16.2%), hbov (13.6%), adv (2.6%) and sav (0.6%). clinical evaluation of 109 gastroenteritis ...201121643788
epidemiology and burden of rotavirus disease in central asia.background: rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. new rotavirus vaccines are not currently used in the five countries that make up the central asian region. three of these countries, kazakhstan, uzbekistan, and kyrgyzstan, have a combined total population of 48 million and an estimated 1 million annual births. methods: we conducted prospective hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea in three central asian countries (kazakhstan, u ...201121524932
characterization of in vivo anti-rotavirus activities of saponin extracts from quillaja saponaria molina.rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide with approximately 300,000 pre-adolescent deaths each year. quillaja saponins are a natural aqueous extract obtained from the chilean soapbark tree. the extract is approved for use in humans by the fda for use in beverages as a food addictive. we have demonstrated that quillaja extracts have strong antiviral activities in vitro against six different viruses. in this study, we evaluated the in vivo ...201121549151
egg yolk igy: protection against rotavirus induced diarrhea and modulatory effect on the systemic and mucosal antibody responses in newborn calves.bovine rotavirus (brv) is an important cause of diarrhea in newborn calves. local passive immunity is the most efficient protective strategy to control the disease. igy technology (the use of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins) is an economic and practical alternative to prevent brv diarrhea in dairy calves. the aim of this study was to evaluate the protection and immunomodulation induced by the oral administration of egg yolk enriched in brv specific igy to experimentally brv infected calves. all ...201121652087
estimated economic benefits during the 'decade of vaccines' include treatment savings, gains in labor productivity.in 2010 the bill & melinda gates foundation announced a $10 billion commitment over the next ten years to increase access to childhood vaccines in the world's poorest countries. the effort was labeled the "decade of vaccines." this study estimates both the short- and long-term economic benefits from the introduction and increased use of six vaccines in seventy-two of the world's poorest countries from 2011 to 2020. increased rates of vaccination against pneumococcal and haemophilus influenzae ty ...201121653952
vaccines as a global imperative--a business perspective.during the past thirty years, vaccines have experienced a renaissance. advances in science, business, and distribution have transformed the field to the point where vaccines are recognized as a "best buy" in global health, a driver of pharmaceutical industry growth, and a key instrument of international development. with many new vaccines available and others on the horizon, the global community will need to explore new ways of ensuring access to vaccines in developing nations. so-called tiered ...201121653955
decline in diarrhea mortality and admissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization in brazil: a time-series analysis.in 2006, brazil began routine immunization of infants <15 wk of age with a single-strain rotavirus vaccine. we evaluated whether the rotavirus vaccination program was associated with declines in childhood diarrhea deaths and hospital admissions by monitoring disease trends before and after vaccine introduction in all five regions of brazil with varying disease burden and distinct socioeconomic and health indicators.201121526228
epidemiology of rotavirus and cholera in children aged less than five years in rural bangladesh.despite the known presence of rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in bangladesh, its prevalence, including records of hospitalization in rural health facilities, is largely unknown. in a systematic surveillance undertaken in two government-run rural health facilities, 457 children, aged less than five years, having acute watery diarrhoea, were studied between august 2005 and july 2007 to determine the prevalence of rotavirus. due to limited financial support, the surveillance of rotavirus was include ...201121528784
rotavirus-coded deaths in children, united states, 1999-2007.the introduction of specific international classification of diseases-10th revision code for rotavirus in 1999 prompted us to examine the us mortality data for 1999-2007 to validate rotavirus-coded deaths. of 38 rotavirus-coded deaths identified in the national multiple cause-of-death database, results of laboratory testing could be obtained for 21 deaths, all of which had confirmation of rotavirus by either microbiologic or histopathologic testing.201121577173
lactobacilli producing bispecific llama-derived anti-rotavirus proteins in vivo for rotavirus-induced diarrhea.aims: using genetically engineered lactobacilli, producing high avidity llama vhh domains (referred to as anti-rotavirus proteins; arps), to test the effect of multimeric antibody fragments as prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infection. methods: two arps, arp1 and arp3, shown to bind to different epitopes and act synergistically against rotavirus, were displayed on the surface of lactobacillus paracasei as monovalent or bivalent proteins (mono- or bi-specific). results: although a nonsi ...201121585264
first description of gastroenteritis viruses in lebanese children: a pilot study.human enteric viruses are important causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children. the role of rotaviruses, adenoviruses, human caliciviruses and astroviruses in the development of severe acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization of infants and young children in north lebanon was investigated. stool specimens collected between april and may 2010 from 79 lebanese infants and children hospitalized for severe acute gastroenteritis, were screened for enteric viruses by immunoassays a ...201121663874
a community outbreak of rotavirus diarrhea associated with exposures in a hospital outpatient department in south china.introduction:: between october 1 and december 10, 2006, bao'an, china had a 5-fold increase in acute rotavirus gastroenteritis (arge) cases compared with the same time in 2005. to identify the risk factors for arge during this outbreak, we conducted a case-control study among children ≤24 months old from the most heavily affected area. methods:: we defined an arge case as diarrhea, with group a rotavirus antigen detected from fecal samples by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. in the ca ...201121587095
use of fluoroscopy to study in vivo motility in mouse pups.objectives:: few methods exist to noninvasively study in vivo gastrointestinal motility in animal models of enteric infections. none have been used on mouse pups, which often display more severe symptoms during enteric infections than adult mice. this study sought to determine whether digital fluoroscopy could be used to evaluate gastrointestinal motility in mouse pups as well as adult mice. materials and methods:: fluoroscopic imaging studies were performed on normal 6- to 8-week-old adult mice ...201121593642
rotavirus vaccines: safety, efficacy and public health impact.abstract.ôçé gray j (norfolk and norwich university hospital, norwich, uk). rotavirus vaccines: safety, efficacy and public health impact (foresight). j intern med 2011; 270: 206-214. rotaviruses are the cause of acute gastroenteritis, and disease is widespread amongst infants and young children throughout the world. also, rotavirus is associated with significant mortality in developing countries with more than 500ôçâ000 children dying each year as a result of the severe dehydration associated w ...201121668823
rotavirus infection in a tertiary hospital: laboratory diagnosis and impact of immunization on pediatric hospitalization.rotavirus (rv) is the main etiological agent of diarrhea in childhood; its laboratory diagnosis is crucial to guide the clinical management and prevention of its spread. rv immunization was introduced in brazilian 6-month-old children in 2006. the present study was aimed to evaluate three methodologies used for human rv detection in stool samples obtained from patients hospitalized due to gastroenteritis in a teaching hospital and report the impact of rv immunization in hospitalization by diarrh ...201121670920
detection of mutations in antigenic regions of rotavirus viral proteins 4 and 7 in a child with chronic shedding of rotavirus vaccine-type strain. 201121673551
incidence of rotavirus infection in children with gastroenteritis attending jos university teaching hospital, nigeria.abstract: this study was conducted to determine the incidence of rotavirus infection in children with gastroenteritis attending jos university teaching hospital, plateau state. a total of 160 children with acute diarrhea were selected by random sampling. stool samples were obtained and assayed for rotavirus antigens by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique using standard diagnostic bioline rotavirus kit. demographic data of parents were also recorded. rotavirus were detected in faeces of 2 ...201121575246
monovalent rotavirus vaccine provides protection against an emerging fully heterotypic g9p[4] rotavirus strain in mexico.after the introduction of monovalent rotavirus vaccine (rv1) in mexico in 2006-2007, diarrhea mortality and morbidity declined substantially among mexican children under 5 years of age. in january 2010, surveillance identified the emergence of a novel g9p[4] rotavirus strain nationwide. we conducted a case-control study to assess the field effectiveness of rv1 against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by this unusual strain and to determine whether the g9p[4] emergence was related to vacci ...201121810915
rotavirus surveillance worldwide – 2009. 201121608199
rotavirus rearranged genomic rna segments are preferentially packaged into viruses despite not conferring selective growth advantage to viruses.the rotavirus (rv) genome consists of 11 double-stranded rna segments. sometimes, partial sequence duplication of an rna segment leads to a rearranged rna segment. to specify the impact of rearrangement, the replication efficiencies of human rv with rearranged segments 7, 11 or both were compared to these of the homologous human wild-type rv (wt-rv) and of the bovine wt-rv strain rf. as judged by viral growth curves, rotaviruses with a rearranged genome (r-rv) had no selective growth advantage o ...201121611152
sequence analysis of vp4 genes of wild type and culture adapted human rotavirus g1p[8] strains.to conduct a comparative analysis of the vp4 gene sequences of indian wild type (06361, 0613158, 061060 and 0715880) and cell culture adapted (06361-ca, 0613158-ca, 061060-ca and 0715880-ca) g1p[8] rotavirus strains.201121803305
porcine rotavirus closely related to novel group of human rotaviruses.we determined nucleotide sequences and inferred amino acid sequences of viral protein (vp) 4, vp6, vp7, and nonstructural protein 4 genes of a porcine rotavirus strain (ska-1) from japan. the strain was closely related to a novel group of human rotavirus strains (b219 and j19).201121801631
incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, georgia, usa, 2004-2005.approximately 179 million cases of acute gastroenteritis (age) occur annually in the united states. however, lack of routine clinical testing for viruses limits understanding of their role among persons seeking medical care. fecal specimens submitted for routine bacterial culture through a health maintenance organization in georgia, usa, were tested with molecular diagnostic assays for norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and adenovirus. incidence was estimated by using national health c ...201121801613
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