Publications

factors involved in the initiation of phage phi 29 dna replication in vitro: requirement of the gene 2 product for the formation of the protein p3-damp complex.	to study the requirements for the in vitro formation of the protein p3-damp complex, the first step in phi29 dna replication, extracts from b. subtilis infected with phi29 mutants in genes 2, 3, 5, 6 and 17, involved in dna synthesis, have been used. the formation of the initiation complex is completely dependent on the presence of a functional gene 2 product, in addition to protein p3 and phi29 dna-protein p3 as template. atp is also required, although it can be replaced by other nucleotides. t ...	1983	6402761
assembly of the tail protein of the bacillus subtilis phage phi 29.	by in vitro complementation we have determined that gene 13 product functions during phi 29 morphogenesis after the formation of 11- particles, specifically in the functional assembly of the tail protein, p9. protein p9 from 8- but not from 8-13- extracts assembles in vitro into either 11-13- or 12-13- particles. the action of gene 13 product on p9 for its correct assembly has to take place in vivo; no complementation of 12-13- and 9- lysates occurs in vitro. protein p9, isolated from phi 29-inf ...	1983	6402855
in vitro synthesis of late bacteriophage phi 29 rna.	a crude p-100 fraction prepared from bacillus subtilis 21 min after infection with wild-type phage phi 29 supported the in vitro synthesis of late phi 29 rna by added rna polymerase. synthesis of late rna was also detected when purified phi 29 dna was transcribed by rna polymerase in the presence of an s-150 fraction obtained by lysis of phi 29-infected cells in the presence of 1 m nacl. late phi 29 rna was not synthesized when either the p-100 or the s-150 fraction was prepared from cultures in ...	1983	6406684
protein-primed initiation of phage phi 29 dna replication.	we recently reported the development of an in vitro replication system for bacteriophage phi 29 dna. we have used this system for the isolation of replication activity associated with gene 3 protein (terminal protein) from phi 29-infected bacillus subtilis cells. we utilized two assay systems: (i) dna replication dependent on phi 29 dna with the 5' end covalently linked to terminal protein (dna-protein) and (ii) the formation of complex between the terminal protein and damp. the dna-replication ...	1983	6410387
a novel dna polymerase induced by bacillus subtilis phage phi 29.	a novel dna polymerase induced by bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29 has been identified. this polymerase can be separated from host dna polymerase, by fractionation of extracts prepared from phage infected cells, using phosphocellulose chromatography. the isolated polymerase prefers poly(da)oligo(dt) as template. the dna polymerase isolated from the cells infected with a gene 2 temperature sensitive mutant (ts2) showed greater heat-lability than that induced by wild type phi 29. the ts2 dna ...	1983	6424095
morphogenesis of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis: oriented and quantized in vitro packaging of dna protein gp3.	the assembly of phage phi 29 occurs by a single pathway, and the dna protein (dna-gp3) of "packaging intermediates" can be obtained after dnase i interruption of in vitro complementation. a broad spectrum of dna molecules of variable length was isolated from dnase i-treated proheads. restriction endonuclease ecori digestion and electrophoretic analysis of these dna molecules suggested that dna-gp3 packaging was oriented with respect to the physical map and was a complex process. proteinase k-tre ...	1983	6185695
nucleotide sequences of transcription and translation initiation regions in bacillus phage phi 29 early genes.	phi 29 dna directs the synthesis of three major proteins of mr = 22,400, 13,900, and 10,500 in a cell-free transcription-translation system derived from bacillus subtilis. we have determined the locations of the coding regions for these early proteins on the phi 29 genome, and our results are in agreement with genetic evidence that the 22.4-kilodalton protein is the product of cistron 17 (p17) and the 13.9-kilodalton protein is the product of cistron 6 (p6). the 13.9-kilodalton and 10.5-kilodalt ...	1982	6274853
high level synthesis in escherichia coli of the bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 proteins p3 and p4 under the control of phage lambda pl promoter.	the hind iii g fragment from the bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 dna, inserted downstream from the bacteriophage lambda promoter pl carried by a pbr322 derivative plasmid (pplc28), directed the synthesis in e. coli of two proteins of apparent molecular weight 27500 and 12500. with the use of the recombinants obtained with the dna from mutants sus3(91) and sus4(56), the two proteins were identified as a modified p3 (p3'), the protein covalently linked to the 5' ends of phi 29 dna, and p4, responsi ...	1982	6292851
nucleotide sequence of the early genes 3 and 4 of bacteriophage phi 29.	the nucleotide sequence of an early region of the phi 29 genome has been determined. the sequenced region includes genes 3 and 4, which code for the protein covalently linked to the 5' ends of phi 29 dna and the protein involved in the control of late transcription, respectively. the position and nature of the mutations of mutants sus3(91) and sus4(56) has also been determined.	1982	6292852
structure of protein-containing replicative intermediates of bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 dna.		1982	6801848
structure of the head-tail connector of bacteriophage phi 29.		1982	6804634
morphogenesis of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis: dna-gp3 intermediate in in vivo and in vitro assembly.	the assembly of phage phi 29 occurs by a single pathway, and dna-protein (dna-gp3) has been shown to be an intermediate on the assembly pathway by a highly efficient in vitro complementation. at 30 degrees c, about one-half of the viral dna synthesized was assembled into mature phage, and the absolute plating efficiency of phi 29 approached unity. dna packaging at 45 degrees c was comparable to that at 30 degrees c, but the burst size was reduced by one-third. when cells infected with mutant ts3 ...	1982	6804642
rna polymerase of myxococcus xanthus: purification and selective transcription in vitro with bacteriophage templates.	dna-dependent rna polymerase from vegetative cells of the gram-negative, fruiting bacterium myxococcus xanthus was purified more than 300-fold by a modified burgess procedure (lowe et al., biochemistry 18:1344-1352, 1979), using polymin p precipitation, 40 to 65% saturated ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, double-stranded dna cellulose chromatography, a5m gel filtration chromatography, and single-stranded dna agarose chromatography. the last step separated the rna polymerase into a core ...	1982	6806251
in vitro complex formation between bacteriophage phi 29 terminal protein and deoxynucleotide.		1982	6807309
nucleotide sequence of the major early region of bacteriophage phi 29.	the nucleotide sequence of the left end of bacteriophage phi 29 dna has been determined. together with data reported earlier (yoshikawa et al., 1981), this sequencing comprises the major early genetic region of this viral genome (5708 bp). computer analysis of the dna sequences revealed that there are up to fifteen open reading frames which could encode polypeptides containing more than thirty amino acids. the dna sequence also revealed a number of potential regulatory signals, promoters and rib ...	1982	6809534
in vitro replication of bacteriophage phi 29 dna.	we have been studying the mechanisms of linear dna replication by using bacillus bacteriophage phi 29 as a model system. to isolate and characterize the proteins required for phi 29 dna replication, we have developed a cell-free replication system. a cell-free extract prepared from phi 29-infected bacillus subtilis catalyzes the semiconservative replication of phi 29 dna, but only if exogenous phi 29 dna-protein complex is used as the template. this template consists of linear duplex dna with a ...	1982	6813856
initiation of phage phi 29 dna replication in vitro: formation of a covalent complex between the terminal protein, p3, and 5'-damp.	incubation of extracts of phi 29-infected bacillus subtilis with [alpha-32p]datp produced a labeled protein having the electrophoretic mobility of p3, the 5'-terminal protein of phi 29 dna. the reaction product was resistant to treatment with micrococcal nuclease, phosphatase, and rnases a and t1 and sensitive to proteinase k. incubation of the 32p-labeled protein with piperidine under conditions in which the phi 29 dna-protein p3 linkage is hydrolyzed released 5'-damp. the reaction with [alpha- ...	1982	6813861
terminal proteins and short inverted terminal repeats of the small bacillus bacteriophage genomes.	the genome of bacillus phage phi 29 contains covalently linked protein at both ends. these dna terminal proteins are essential for phi 29 dna replication. we have isolated phi 29 terminal protein from each end separately and compared their two-dimensional peptide maps. our results showed the two proteins to be identical. the dnas of four phages examined (phi 15, nf, m2y, and ga-1) also contain protein at both ends of the dna molecules. the chymotryptic peptide maps of these dna terminal proteins ...	1981	6941313
adsorption of bacteriophage phi 29 to bacillus subtilis through the neck appendages of the viral particle.	phage phi 29 particles produced under restrictive conditions by mutants in gene 12 have normal amounts of all of the structural proteins except the appendage protein, p12, which is missing. these particles are not infective and do not adsorb to bacillus subtilis cells. by in vitro complementation of 12- particles with extracts containing protein p12 or with purified protein p12*, the defective particles could bind the appendage protein and become infective and able to adsorb to bacteria. there ...	1981	7241648
purification, properties and assembly of the neck-appendage protein of the bacillus subtilis phage phi 29.	the purification of the neck appendage protein of phi 29, p12, which is involved in the adsorption of the phage to bacillus subtilis, is described. the purified native protein is in a dimeric form and can be assembled, in vitro, onto purified 12- particles that lack the neck appendages, suggesting that the incorporation of p12 to the rest of the phage structure is a self-assembly process. the assembly of protein p12* in vitro follows cooperative kinetics and it occurs with an efficiency of abo ...	1981	6793359
initiation factor-independent translation of mrnas from gram-positive bacteria.	initiation factor-independent translation of mrna derived from bacillus phage phi29 dna occurs with translation systems derived from bacillus subtilis or escherichia coli. this is in sharp contrast to the strict dependence on ribosome salt wash fraction of e. coli ribosomes for the translation of t7 and other mrnas derived from gram-negative organisms.	1981	6795625
in vitro assembly of the bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.	in vitro assembly of the bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29 that approaches the efficiency of assembly in vivo has been demonstrated. proheads, dna, and gene 16 product (gp16) were essential for dna encapsidation, and the average yield in extracts was 180 phage per prohead donor cell. the in vitro maturation was very similar to in vivo assembly in terms of yield, intermediates, and abortive structures. more that 30% of the proheads in the extract were converted to phage, and about 20% of dna ...	1981	6795639
structural organization of bacillus subtilis phage phi29. a model.	phage phi29 is a nonisometric virus producing several types of morphological variants in normal infections. the study of these variants by electron microscopy, and their comparison with those from t-even phages, suggest that the capsid of phage phi29 is a prolate icosahedron. phage phi29 capsid consists of a major protein, p8, and an additional protein, p8.5, making up the fibers. we have determined the number of subunits of each structural protein per viral particle taking into account the phag ...	1981	18635054
nucleotide sequence at the termini of the dna of bacillus subtilis phage phi 29.	phage phi 29 dna cannot be phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32p]atp because of the presence of a viral protein covalently linked to the 5' termini. the 5' ends can, however, be made susceptible to phosphorylation by treatment with alkali and alkaline phosphatase. restriction fragments hpa ii c and hpa ii f, corresponding to the right and left ends of phi 29 dna, respectively, were labeled at the 5' ends with polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32p]atp or at the 3' ends with term ...	1981	6262800
specificity of promoter site utilization in vitro by bacterial rna polymerases on bacillus phage phi 29 dna. transcription mapping with exonuclease iii.	bacillus subtilis rna polymerase holoenzyme transcribes phi 29 dna in vitro producing five major rna species defined by characteristic electrophoretic mobilities. in addition to these products, escherichia coli rna polymerase transcribes phi 29 dna to yield three rna species not detected when transcribing with the b. subtilis enzyme under the same optimal reaction conditions for rna synthesis. transcriptional analysis of purified restriction fragments and exonuclease iii-digested dna established ...	1980	6251067
dna replication of bacteriophage phi 29: characterization of the intermediates and location of the termini of replication.		1980	7395108
structure of replicating dna molecules of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.	we isolated phi 29 dna replicative intermediates from extracts of phage-infected bacillus subtilis, pulsed-labeled with [3h]thymidine, by velocity sedimentation in neutral sucrose followed by cscl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. during a chase, the dna with a higher sedimentation coefficient in neutral sucrose and a lower sedimentation rate in alkaline sucrose than that of viral phi 29 dna was converted into mature dna. the material with a density higher than that of mature phi 29 d ...	1980	6768899
the protein covalently linked to the 5' termini of the dna of bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 is involved in the initiation of dna replication.		1980	6771916
protein p3 is linked to the dna of phage phi 29 through a phosphoester bond between serine and 5'-damp.	to investigate the role of protein p3 in bacteriophage phi 29 initiation of replication, we have studied the nature of the covalent linkage between protein p3 and phi 29 dna. the protein-dna compound was digested with micrococcal nuclease and pronase resulting in a nucleotidyl-peptide that was further digested by alkaline phosphatase and snake venom phosphodiesterase yielding 5'-damp. the dna-protein linkage is sensitive to alkali. treatment of the nucleotidyl-peptide with 0.1 m naoh at 37 degre ...	1980	6779279
bacteriophage phi 29 infection of bacillus subtilis minicells.	bacteriophage phi 29 can infect b. subtilis minicells and synthesize all the phage-coded proteins detected in ultraviolet irradiated-infected b. subtilis cells. synthesis of phage unit-length dna has been obtained after infection of minicells with phi 29. the dna can be encapsulated in particles with a sedimentation rate similar to that of phage phi 29 produced in b. subtilis cells. the particles produced in minicells can be adsorbed to b. subtilis cells, but infectivity has not been demonstrate ...	1980	6780760
unusual base sequence arrangement in phage phi 29 dna.	susceptibility of bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 dna to 34 different restriction endoculceases was determined. three enzymes, bgli, xbai and bsteii, were found to cleave phi 29 dna only once at specific sites. the sites of these single cleavages have been mapped. thirteen enzymes did not cut phi 29 dna. phi 29 hindiii dna fragments inserted into pbr313 plasmid and propagated in escherichia coli, were resistant to these restriction endonucleases. this result suggests that the insusceptibility is ...	1979	107059
order of assembly of the lower collar and the tail proteins of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.	extracts obtained after restrictive infection of bacillus subtilis with mutants in cistron 11 of bacteriophage phi 29 are complemented in vitro by extract donors of the lower collar protein (p11). purified 11- heads, containing the major capsid protein (p8), the fiber protein (p8.5), the upper collar protein (p10), and the virus dna, can be also complemented in vitro to produce infective virus. this result suggests that 11- heads are intermediates in phage phi 29 morphogenesis. the order of asse ...	1979	107325
purification of bacillus subtilis rna polymerase with heparin-agarose. in vitro transcription of phi 29 dna.	we have devised a new procedure for the purification of highly active preparations of bacillus subtilis rna polymerase holoenzyme. a column of heparin-agarose a-15m is used to rapidly and quantitatively adsorb rna polymerase from the initial crude extract fraction. this affinity procedure obviates the necessity of including nucleic acid precipitation or partitioning steps and allows for rapid separation of rna polymerase from proteolytic activity. the enzyme is further purified by preparative gl ...	1979	113409
comparison of the a-t rich regions and the bacillus subtilis rna polymerase binding sites in phage phi 29 dna.	by using a modification of the bac spreading method for mounting the dna for electron microscopy, partial denaturation maps of protein-free phi 29 dna and of phi 29 dna containing protein p3 were obtained. in phi 29 p3-dna1 the protein does not seem to influence the melting of the ends of the molecules. the comparison of the partial denaturation map and the b. subtilis rna polymerase binding sites indicates that five of the seven early promoters (a1, a2, a3, b2 and c2) are located in a-t rich dn ...	1979	114982
identification of the protein firmly bound to the ends of bacteriophage phi 29 dna.		1978	203093
transcription of the genome of bacteriophage phi 29: isolation and mapping of the major early mrna synthesized in vivo and in vitro.	the phi29 early mrna's synthesized in infected bacillus subtilis were studied by using sedimentation velocity analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and hybridization of phi29 dna fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease eco ri. viral rnas synthesized in vivo in the resence of chloramphenicol were found to hybridize to eco ri-a, -c, and -d fragments, but not to eco ri-b and -e fragments, of the viral genome. major early mrna sedimenting as 16s material in neutral sucrose gradie ...	1977	408515
morphogenesis of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis: mapping and functional analysis of the head fiber gene.	a set of mutants of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 unable to synthesize the head fiber protein has been identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. infectious phage are produced during restrictive infection. we have focused on mutant sus 8.5(900) because the mutation is suppressible by both the su(+3) and su(+44) hosts, and it can be mapped by three- and four-factor crosses. after restrictive infection with mutant sus 8.5(900), a fragment a ...	1977	409854
order of the two major head protein genes of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis.	bacteriophage phi 29 mutation sus8(22) has been mapped by two-factor crosses between markers sus8(769) and ts8(93). whe sus8(22) infects bacillus subtilis su- proteins, hp1 (major head protein) and hp3 (fiber protein) are not synthesized; instead, a fragment with a molecular weight of 25,000 is produced. the tryptic peptides of the fragments overlap with corresponding peptides in protein hp1, but not with the peptides of protein hp3, showing that cistron 8 codes for the major head protein hp1.	1977	409855
isolation of a strong suppressor of nonsense mutations in bacillus subtilis.	by treatment of bacillus subtilis mo-101-p spoa- met thr- su- with ethyl methanesulfonate, a strong suppressor strain of nonsense mutations, b. subtilis mo-101-p spoa- [met-]+thr- su+44, was isolated. this strain does not suppress phage phi 29 mutant susb47, selected on a b. subtilis strain containing the su+3 suppressor isolated by georgopoulos. a revertant from this mutant, susb610, was isolated, being suppressed by both the su+3 and su+44 suppressor strains. the efficiency of suppression by s ...	1976	819269
genetic analysis of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis: integration and mapping of reference mutants of two collections.	reference mutants of bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 of the madrid and minneapolis collections were employed to construct a genetic map. suppressor-sensitive and temperature-sensitive mutants were assigned to 17 cistrons by quantitative complementation. three-factor crosses were used to assign an unambiguous order for the 17 cistrons. recombination frequencies determined by two-factor crosses were used to construct a linear genetic map of 24.4 recombination units. the genes were numbered sequenti ...	1976	822174
analysis of gene function of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis: identification of cistrons essential for viral assembly.	restrictive infection of bacillus subtilis by suppressor-sensitive (sus) mutants of phi 29 has been used to search for cistrons that function in viral assembly. the products of cistrons 7, 9, 10, and 16 are necessary for head morphogenesis. the neck upper collar protein p10 and the tail protein p9 must be present for dna packaging to occur. the protein p7 must be present for phage-related particles to form. a prohead-like particle has been isolated during 16-restrictive infection. the particle i ...	1976	822175
morphogenesis of bacteriophage phi 29 of bacillus subtilis: preliminary isolation and characterization of intermediate particles of the assembly pathway.	three classes of particles have been identified in restrictive phi 29 suppressor-sensitive (sus) mutant infections of bacillus subtilis, including dna-containing heads or phage, prohead, and empty heads. pulse-chase labeling experiments indicate that the prohead, the first particle assembled in 14-infected cells, is converted to dna-filled heads and phi 29. in addition to the proteins hd, p10, and f found in mature phi 29, the prohead contains a "core" protein p7 that exits as the prohead mature ...	1976	822176
[infectivity of dna-protein complex: transfection of bacillus phage phi29 (author's transl)].		1975	806101
analysis of bacteriophage phi 29 gene function: protein synthesis in suppressor-sensitive mutant infection of bacillus subtilis.	phage phi29 suppressor-sensitive (sus) mutants of 14 cistrons have been examined for production of (14)c-labeled viral-specific proteins in restrictive infections of bacillus subtilis. proteins specified by four cistrons (h, j, l, and n) have been resolved and identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, and fragments of the normal polypeptides were detected. mutants of six cistrons (c, d, e, f, i, and m) demonstrated two or more missing bands in the gel profiles ...	1974	4204249
a precursor of the neck appendage protein of b. subtilis phage phi 29.		1974	4212893
suppressor-sensitive mutants and genetic map of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.		1974	4214301
gene expression during the development of bacteriophage phi 29. 3. analysis of viral-specific protein synthesis with suppressible mutants.	fifty-four suppressible mutants of bacteriophage phi29 have been isolated with a variety of mutagens and assigned to eight complementation groups. viral-specific protein synthesis in uv light-irradiated, nonsuppressing bacillus subtilis 60084 was analyzed with exponential acrylamide gels. four additional phi29 proteins which were undetected on ordinary acrylamide gels are reported in this paper. five phage phi29 proteins have been unambiguously assigned to specific cistrons. two cistrons had ple ...	1974	4362871
genetic study of suppressor-sensitive mutants of the bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.	with bacteriophage phi29 of bacillus subtilis 133, suppressor-sensitive (sus) hydroxylamine mutants have been isolated. intracistronic and intercistronic quantitative complementation placed the mutants in 13 cistrons, and three-factor crosses have been used to assign an unambiguous order for 10 cistrons. recombination frequencies have been presented for several regions of the genome to facilitate comparison of the sus system with the previously published temperature-sensitive mapping systems.	1973	4196635
synthesis of bacteriophage phi 29 proteins in bacillus subtilis.	seventeen bacteriophage phi29 proteins were detected in ultraviolet light-irradiated bacillus subtilis by autoradiography of polyacrylamide slab gels. the appearance of phi29 proteins occurred either before or concomitantly with viral dna replication. viral proteins detected early in the infectious cycle consisted of nine polypeptides ranging from 5,200 daltons to 54,000 daltons. two of the early proteins were identified as, respectively, the major capsid protein and the protein comprising the f ...	1973	4199108
proteins induced in bacillus subtilis infected with bacteriophage phi 29.		1973	4200881
antigenic properties of bacteriophage phi 29 structural proteins.	serological methods and electron microscopy were used to study the structural proteins of the small bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29. this virus has a large number of fibers attached at both ends of its prolate head. a complex neck assembly is comprised of 12 symmetrically arranged appendages as the outer component. head fibers, neck appendages, and the head surface bind anti-phi29 antibodies. immune sera absorbed with defective lysates of suppressor-sensitive (sus) mutants have been used t ...	1973	4202619
viral protein synthesis in bacteriophage phi 29-infected bacillus subtilis.	twenty-three (14)c-labeled phage phi29-specific proteins in lysates of uv-irradiated bacillus subtilis have been resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by autoradiography. included in this group of proteins are the six major structural proteins of the virion. analysis of the temporal sequence of viral protein synthesis indicates that three groups of proteins can be identified by time of appearance, beginning at 2 to 4, 4 to 6, or 8 to 10 min after in ...	1973	4203085
gene expression during the development of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29. i. analysis of viral-specific transcription by deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid competition hybridization.	the ribonucleic acid (rna) specified by bacteriophage phi29 was analyzed to determine its composition at various times in the viral lytic cycle. although viral-specific rna was detected immediately after infection, a large increase in the rate was observed at 10 min when dna synthesis began. phi29 was found to resemble other viruses in that gene expression occurred in two stages which could be defined temporally as "early" and "late." early rna appeared before the onset of viral deoxyribonucleic ...	1973	4630802
head fibers of bacteriophage phi 29.		1972	4117123
mapping of temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage phi 29.		1972	5018452
transfecting deoxyribonucleic acid of bacillus bacteriophage phi 29 that is protease sensitive.	the transfecting activity of bacillus phage varphi29 dna, extracted either by sodium lauroyl sarcosine-phenol or by 2 m perchlorate, was destroyed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes, although these enzymes did not effect transfecting dnas of spp1, spo1, and sp50. these facts suggest that a protein is associated with transfective varphi29 dna. stabilization of protease-resistance during transfection appeared earlier than that of dnaseresistance, indicating that the protein associated with varp ...	1972	4504368
transcription during the development of bacteriophage phi 29: production of host- and phi 29-specific ribonucleic acid.	the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (rna) during development of the virulent bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 has been analyzed. transcription of host deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) continues at the preinfection rate throughout the latent period of viral growth. rna-dna hybridization was used to show that host messenger rna synthesis continues late into the phage lytic cycle. amino acid-labeling experiments show that this rna is continuously used to produce protein. ribosomal rna production is n ...	1972	4630153
temperature-shift analysis of bacteriophage phi 29 gene expression in bacillus amyloliquefaciens.	temperature shift-up experiments with conditional lethal mutants of bacillus phage phi29 have allowed placement of early, middle, and late functions on the linear phi29 genetic map most of the phi29 cistrons are late and are found at the ends of the map.	1971	5119489
temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage phi-29.		1971	5167656
a genetic study of temperature-sensitive mutants of the bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.		1971	5000908
dna-protein complex in circular dna from phage phi-29.		1971	5002464
structural proteins of bacteriophage phi 29.		1971	4108183
rescue of genetic markers from bacteriophage phi 29 dna fragments.		1970	4998256
effect of elevated temperature on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in bacteriophage phi-29-infected bacillus amyloliquefaciens.	deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) synthesis in bacteriophage phi29-infected bacillus amyloliquefaciens was studied at 37 and 45 c. infectious intracellular particles appear at the same time at both temperatures, but the average burst size is reduced 45 to 50% at 45 c. there is a transient inhibition of cellular mass increase at 45 c which is not observed at the lower temperature. in addition, the rate of host dna synthesis is reduced and the onset of viral-specific dna replication is delayed for 6 to ...	1970	5497888
complementary strands of bacteriophage phi29 deoxyribonucleic acid: preparative separation and transcription studies.	bacillus subtilis phage phi29 has a nonpermuted, duplex deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) with cohesive ends and a molecular weight of 11 x 10(6). denaturation of this dna yielded two intact polynucleotide chains. preferential binding of the polyribonucleotide polyuridylic-guanylic acid (poly ug) to the complementary strands of denatured phi29 dna permitted separation of the strands in neutral cscl gradients. in analytical cscl density gradient centrifugation, the separated strands with poly ug appear ...	1970	16789128
physical and biological properties of phage phi 29 deoxyribonucleic acid.	deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) molecules having a mean length of 5.8 mum were released from purified bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 with 2 m sodium perchlorate. small 0.1 to 0.2-mum molecules were also detected in these dna preparations. since intact single chains annealed to form linear duplex molecules, phage phi29 dna was found to be nonpermuted. the molecular weights of single chains of phi29 dna were approximately half that of native dna, as determined by analytical band sedimentation i ...	1968	4972802
structure of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29 and the length of phi 29 deoxyribonucleic acid.	anderson, d. l. (university of minnesota, minneapolis), d. d. hickman, and b. e. reilly. structure of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 and the length of phi29 deoxyribonucleic acid. j. bacteriol. 91:2081-2089. 1966-bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 were negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. the head of phi29 has a hexagonal outline with a flattened base, and is about 315 a wide and 415 a in length. the virus has an intricate tail about 325 a in length. twelve spindle-shaped appe ...	1966	4957028