Publications

herpesviruses and adenoviruses as potential vectors for vaccines in poultry.		1989	2559693
egg drop syndrome.		1989	2560397
vaccine for the control of egg drop syndrome '76.		1989	2543116
propagation of group ii avian adenoviruses in turkey and chicken leukocytes.	an avirulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus isolate (hev-a) as well as a virulent one (hev-v), both belonging to the group ii avian adenoviruses, were successfully propagated in turkey leukocyte cell cultures. hev antigens were detected as early as 12 hr after infection of the cells, using hev-specific monoclonal antibodies in a fluorescent antibody test, and virus particles were observed by electron microscopy in the nuclei of infected cells at 18 to 24 hr after infection. electron microscopy reve ...	1990	2157387
sequence of an avian adenovirus (celo) dna fragment (0-11.2%)		1990	2160072
serological surveillance for antibodies against different avian infectious agents on turkey flocks naturally infected with turkey rhinotracheitis.	turkey rhinotracheitis (trt) in the state of baden-württemberg, germany appears to have become endemic affecting all farms and every new restocking. in 5 meat turkey flocks, serological surveillance for antibodies to trt-, ib- and ibd-viruses, as well as to pasteurella multocida were carried out using elisa tests. furthermore, sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to avian adenovirus (celo virus), reo- and paramyxo-viruses 1 and 3. the birds were bled at 4 week intervals starting at ...	1990	2168612
avian adenovirus isolated from pigeons affected with inclusion body hepatitis.	avian adenoviruses were isolated from two pigeons affected with inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) by using chicken embryo liver cell cultures. one of the isolates, designated strain s-pl1, replicated in the cell nuclei forming intranuclear inclusion bodies, showed adenovirus-like morphology by electron microscopy, and cross-reacted serologically with strain sr-48 known as serotype 2 of fowl adenovirus. the strain s-pl1 killed day-old chicks by subcutaneous inoculation, and its 50% chicken lethal do ...	1990	2161475
efficacy of avirulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus propagated in turkey leukocyte cultures for vaccination against hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys.	avirulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev-a) propagated in turkey leukocyte cell culture was tested as a vaccine to prevent hemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys in experimental and field trials. immunization of turkeys with live hev-a resulted in protection against a challenge with virulent hev (hev-v) as measured by the serological response and the absence of clinical disease and hev antigen in spleens. in field trials, 19 out of 20 flocks seroconverted within 21 days after vaccination with l ...	1990	2157395
expression of fowl adenovirus type 10 antigens in escherichia coli.	in an attempt to construct a genetic map of the fowl adenovirus (fav) and to determine which viral proteins are natural immunogens in chickens and hence may be relevant to protective immunity we have constructed an expression library of fav type 10 dna. the genomic dna was partially digested with the restriction endonuclease sau3a, and this dna was inserted into the 3' terminal end of the beta-galactosidase gene in a plasmid vector. to date, approximately 600 clones have been identified that exp ...	1990	2173247
further characterization of an avian adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in bobwhite quails.	an adenovirus (isolate 1452) associated with inclusion body hepatitis of bobwhite quails (colinus virginianus) was characterized as a group i, serotype 1 avian adenovirus and was indistinguishable from quail bronchitis virus. bobwhite quails were inoculated via the intratracheal or intraperitoneal route with 10(6) mean tissue-culture infective dose of isolate 1452 at 1, 3, 6, or 9 weeks of age. lesions produced by either route of inoculation were similar to those of quail bronchitis and included ...	1990	2173532
growth of avian adeno-associated virus in chicken cells transfected with fowl adenovirus serotype 1 dna.	using the chloroquine-modified calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique, fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (fav 1) dna transfects efficiently chicken cell cultures. infection of fav 1 dna transfected cells with helper dependent avian adeno-associated virus (aaav) results in the production of aaav progeny, being detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. these findings indicate that fav 1 dna introduced into the host cell promotes actively the growth of aaav.	1990	2176225
a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus antibody and antigen.	a highly sensitive and specific double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described for the detection of antigen and antibody of turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev). the assay utilizes a virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) to capture the antigen and turkey antiserum against hev as the second antibody. microtiter plates were first coated with a dilution of 1:3000 of the mab (300 ng immunoglobulin/well) and are used for detection of both antigen and antibody. for a ...	1990	2164392
development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect and quantify adenovirus in chicken tissues.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect and quantify avian adenovirus (aav) in various chicken tissues, including blood. a positive elisa absorbance value was obtained with suspensions of infected liver tissue that contained less than 100 mean tissue-culture infective doses per gram. a positive correlation was observed between the absorbance values and titer of infectious virus in infected liver tissue. a group-specific antigen common to the 12 serotypes of ...	1990	2164383
the influence of age on the response of ring-necked pheasants to infection with marble spleen disease virus.	ring-necked pheasants that were negative for maternal antibody against type ii avian adenoviruses were orally inoculated with 5.0 x 10(2) tissues-culture-infective doses of marble spleen disease (msd) virus at 1-week intervals through 6 weeks of age, and at 9 and 13 weeks of age. groups of four virus-inoculated birds and two control birds were necropsied at 4, 6, 8, and 10 days postinoculation, and the spleens were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions. no lesions consistent with msd were ...	1991	1664723
[isolation of an adenovirus responsible for a case of pancreatitis in guinea fowl].	necrotizing pancreatitis is observed in 2 to 4 week-old guinea poult. virus isolation was attempted from the pancreata of naturally affected birds. the isolate was identified as a type 1 adenovirus, and it reproduced the disease when inoculated to sensible guinea fowl.	1991	1664998
investigation of a chronic feed-passage problem on a broiler farm in northwest arkansas.	a commercial broiler farm with a history of poor feed conversion and chronic feed-passage problems was chosen for investigation. chickens were taken from the broiler flock at specified intervals during growout and tested by virus isolation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for avian reovirus. abnormal tissue pathology was first seen in the broilers at 9 days of age and continued sporadically throughout the growout period. antireovirus antibody levels began to increase at 24 days of a ...	1991	1649595
identification and characterization of viral polypeptides from type-ii avian adenoviruses.	the polypeptides of serologically related viruses of hemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys, marble spleen disease (msd) in pheasants, and splenomegaly in chickens (smc) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and analyzed by protein immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies to he virus (hev). the viral polypeptides ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and vii were detected on sds-page with the size range from 18 to 97 kda in hev. viral polypeptides ii, iii, v, vi, a ...	1991	1654036
respiratory adenovirus-like infection in a rose-ringed parakeet (psittacula krameri).	intranuclear inclusions were observed under light microscopy in the bronchial epithelial cells of a recently purchased female rose-ringed parakeet that died of chlamydiosis. transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous particles of adenovirus morphology. a latent adenovirus infection may have become more severe following chlamydiosis and the stress of handling.	1991	1664716
structural polypeptides of type ii avian adenoviruses analyzed by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.	polypeptides of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys and marble spleen disease virus (msdv) of pheasants were analyzed by immune precipitation and immunoblot assays. a total of 11 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 14,000 to 97,000 were detected in lysates of hev-infected turkey cells analyzed by immunoblot assay using a polyclonal antibody against hev. identical patterns were observed with preparations of msdv. five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against hev were chosen based o ...	1991	1719952
development of an immunocytochemical procedure to detect adenoviral antigens in chicken tissues.	an immunocytochemical technique utilizing an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex was developed to detect viral antigens in various tissues following oral administration of a locally isolated serotype 8 avian adenovirus (aav) in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. a strong color reaction was obtained with tissues from infected birds that contained a minimal amount of aav antigens as determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. no reaction was detected in sections of tissues obtain ...	1991	1662080
sequence of an avian adenovirus (celo) dna fragment (0-11.2%).		1991	1849634
studies on the aetiology of hydropericardium syndrome (angara disease) in broilers.	the study was carried out to determine the aetiological agent(s) associated with hydropericardium syndrome (angara disease) in broilers in pakistan. the results indicate that in addition to adenovirus some other agent is involved in causing the disease but that this agent requires co-infection by an adenovirus for the reproduction of the typical signs of the syndrome. the nature of this agent remains unknown because no discrete virus or virus-like particle could be seen by electron microscopy.	1991	1654661
pathogenesis of marble spleen disease in bursectomized and non-bursectomized ring-necked pheasants following oral inoculation with cell-culture-propagated virus.	seventy-two 13-week-old ring-necked pheasants were inoculated orally with 5.0 x 10(2) tissue-culture infective dose (tcid) of cell-culture-propagated marble spleen disease virus. inoculated birds exhibited neither mortality nor clinical disease. gross and histologic lesions were typical of marble spleen disease. the mean splenic weight was significantly (p less than 0.02) higher in inoculated birds than in controls between 6 and 10 days postinoculation (pi). the histologic splenic lesions, which ...	1991	1659370
comparison of reporter molecules for viral in situ hybridization.	a number of streptavidin-linked reporter molecules at the endpoint of a five-step detection protocol for viral in situ hybridization using biotinylated probes were examined. dna-dna and rna-rna model systems were used. streptavidin linked to either peroxidase or fluorescein was found to be optimal in terms of sensitivity and resolution within individual cells. all other reporter molecules labelled similar numbers of cells with low background reaction. however, streptavidin-5 nm gold followed by ...	1991	1849911
isolation and identification of adenovirus 127, the causative agent of egg drop syndrome (eds), from commercial laying hens in south africa.	a drop in egg production associated with loss of pigment and soft-shelled eggs was experienced on a farm in the western cape. investigations revealed high levels of antibodies against adenovirus 127, the causative agent of egg drop syndrome (eds) in chickens which were not vaccinated against eds. a cytopathic agent was subsequently isolated in chicken embryo liver cell cultures and identified as eds virus by haemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests.	1991	1664076
pathogenesis of an acute viral hepatitis: inclusion body hepatitis in the chicken.	the pathogenesis of inclusion body hepatitis was studied following the oral administration of a serotype 8 strain of avian adenovirus into 2-day-old specific pathogen free chickens. viral antigens were detected in tissues at various times post inoculation (pi) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by immunocytochemistry. viral antigens were detected in intestinal epithelium from 12h to 13 days pi and in the plasma fraction of blood by 24 h pi. a biphasic, cell-free viremia with peaks at 2 and ...	1991	1848068
cell mediated immune response of chicks following fowl adenovirus type-1 infection.	cellular immune response of 6-week-old chickens infected with fowl adenovirus type-1 was evaluated by both in vivo and in vitro assay. in vitro assay, enumerating peripheral t lymphocyte by alphanaphthyl acetate esterase staining, revealed that cellular immunity appeared as early as 1 week post-infection and was maintained up to 5 weeks post-infection. in vivo assay by phytohaemagglutin skin test showed cellular immunity until 2 weeks post-infection. thereafter no immunity was observed by this a ...	1991	1647932
immune function in pheasants experimentally infected with marble spleen disease virus.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of marble spleen disease virus (msdv) infection on the immune response of pheasants. in the first, 15 ring-necked pheasants were inoculated orally with cell-culture-propagated msdv and 15 received saline (controls). on days 7, 21, and 35 postinoculation (pi), all birds received sheep erythrocytes intravenously. hemagglutination titers to sheep erythrocytes were determined for serum samples collected weekly for 6 weeks. the virus-inoculated gr ...	1992	1320870
effects of fowl adenovirus infection on the immune system of chickens.	a virulent strain of serotype 8 fowl adenovirus (fav) was isolated from an outbreak of inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) in broiler flocks. post-mortem changes included characteristic liver lesions with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes and severe lymphocytic depletion in the bursa, thymus and spleen. the packed cell volume was reduced by 50 per cent or more and varying amounts of cell depletion were observed in the bone marrow. typical ibh was reproduced in specific pathogen-free ch ...	1992	1334981
effect of adenovirus infection on adiposity in chicken.	excessive fat accumulation has been observed in the field in chickens infected with adenovirus. in the present study this has been verified under experimental conditions. chickens inoculated with adenovirus showed lesser weight gain but excessive adiposity compared to normal control chickens. these changes could not be explained by variation in food consumption. chickens acquiring adenovirus naturally from the inoculated group showed similar adiposity. serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels o ...	1992	1320784
characterization of the avian adenovirus penton base.	a portion of the fowl adenovirus 10 (fav-10) penton base gene was located within a sau3a genomic dna fragment by the combination of a plasmid expression library and colony immunoassays with rabbit anti-fav-10-sera. the coding portion of the sequence contained in the expression vector was mapped to a 11.6-kb bg/ii fragment and more precisely mapped to the right-hand end of the 11.6-kb fragment at map units 37.7 to 41.3. nucleotide sequence analysis of the region revealed an open reading frame of ...	1992	1316685
outbreaks of egg drop syndrome due to eds-76 virus in quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	two outbreaks of the egg drop syndrome were observed in quail flocks maintained on a farm together with chickens. the decrease in egg production ranged from 10.6 per cent to 50.6 per cent, and the number of soft-shelled eggs increased with the decline in egg production. in both the outbreaks haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to eds-76 virus were detected. fluorescent viral antigen specific to eds-76 virus was also detected in the lining epithelial and glandular cells of the uterus.	1992	1329304
inclusion bodies containing adenovirus-like particles in the intestine of a psittacine bird affected by inclusion body hepatitis.	this paper reports a case of inclusion body hepatitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and the intestine of a yellow-naped amazon parrot (amazona ochrocephala). structurally, basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in hepatic cells and enterocytes. ultrastructurally, icosahedral adenovirus-like particles, 60-75 nm in diameter, were found in the same cells.	1992	1318426
inclusion body hepatitis associated with an adenovirus in racing pigeons in australia.		1992	1318715
detection of type ii avian adenoviral antigen in tissue sections using immunohistochemical staining.	an immunohistochemical staining technique for the detection of marble spleen disease (msd) viral antigens and other type ii avian adenoviral antigens was developed using a mixture of monoclonal antibodies produced against hemorrhagic enteritis (he) virus and a commercial streptavidin-biotin peroxidase indicator system. this technique was applied to both frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. the immunohistochemical staining technique was used on tissues from pheasants with ...	1992	1320863
characterization of the structural proteins of hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	the structural proteins of hemorrhagic enteritis (hev), a turkey adenovirus, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and western blotting using polyspecific, monospecific and monoclonal antibodies for detection. in purified hev preparations, eleven polypeptides with apparent molecular weights ranging from 96,000 to 9,500 (96k to 9.5k), were specifically recognized by convalescent turkey serum. six of these polypeptides were further characterized by page, western blotting, elis ...	1992	1326260
hemorrhagic enteritis virus inclusions in turkey renal tubular epithelium.	commercial turkeys from four iowa flocks, two illinois flocks, and three california flocks were submitted to state diagnostic laboratories because of a variety of health problems. the turkeys ranged in age from 5 to 12 weeks, included both hens and toms, and were owned by five different companies. some flocks had previously been immunized with live hemorrhagic enteritis vaccine, and other flocks were unvaccinated. in all accessions, basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in renal ...	1992	1336658
[analysis of the nucleotide sequence of a fragment (92-100%) of the celo avian adenovirus genome].	the nucleotide sequence of 92-100% of the adenovirus celo (fav1), strain phelps, genome has been determined. the computer analysis of the sequences revealed a clai site methylated by m*ecodam. a recognition site for xbai and two sites for psti, not found in the corresponding genome of celo, strain ote, have been determined. three extensive (more than 100 amino acid residues) open reading frames exist, coding for the polypeptides with molecular weights of 31.5, 19.3 and 14.5 kd (276, 178 and 128 ...	1992	1338734
relationship between age of flock seroconversion to hemorrhagic enteritis virus and appearance of adenoviral inclusions in the spleen and renal tubule epithelia of turkeys.	a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the temporal relationship between flock seroconversion to hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) and the appearance of adenoviral inclusions in the spleen and renal tubular epithelium. the study was conducted on samples of turkey poults submitted to the fresno branch of the california veterinary diagnostic laboratory system during may to december 1988. the study included 78 submissions (four to eight poults per submission) of ages ranging from 6 to 15 w ...	1992	1314556
increased numbers of duodenal mucosal mast cells in turkeys inoculated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	the relation between average duodenal mast cell count, duodenal mucosal mast cell numbers, duodenal connective tissue mast cell numbers, circulating basophil numbers, heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lesion score were studied to gain an understanding of the events that may lead to intestinal lesion formation associated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) infection. changes in vascular permeability in the duodenum in birds inoculated with hev were examined, using colloidal carbon and ferrit ...	1992	1326244
viral tracheitis in goslings in saskatchewan.	up to 12% mortality occurred in goslings between 4 and 11 days of age in two sequential hatches from a single breeder flock. respiratory signs were noted before the birds died. the most consistent necropsy finding was a white opaque plug of fibrin and cellular debris in the trachea. the tracheal epithelium was hyperplastic and metaplastic with intranuclear inclusion bodies present in superficial cells. an adenovirus was isolated in both chicken and goose embryo liver cells.	1992	1314554
the identification of genes for the major core proteins of fowl adenovirus serotype 10.	the sequence analysis of 1218 base pairs containing the probable fowl adenovirus (fav) equivalents to the major core genes of human adenovirus (hav) located on the late transcription unit number 2 (l2) has been completed. two open reading frames (orf) 3 prime to the gene for the penton base have been identified (41.3 to 43.4 map units). the putative poly a recognition sequence signalling the end of the l2 transcription unit has also been located. the two orfs identified encode polypeptides that ...	1993	7691049
evaluation of the interaction of eimeria meleagrimitis with hemorrhagic enteritis virus or marble spleen disease virus in turkeys.	the interaction of eimeria meleagrimitis with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) or marble spleen disease virus (msdv) was studied in 4-week-old female turkeys. birds given either virus in combination with the coccidia showed greater weight gain than did birds given hev alone. a combination of msdv and e. meleagrimitis resulted in significantly lower oocyst production when oocysts were counted from individual birds. levels of serum glucose, serum albumin, and total protein were reduced in birds g ...	1993	8395795
organization of the avian adenovirus genome and the structure of its endopeptidase.	in the search for the endopeptidase gene, short segments of genomic dna were sequenced from the avian adenovirus type 1 (celo) hindiii c and g fragments. on the basis of homology of the translated segments to ad2 proteins, the genes for hexon, endopeptidase, dna-binding protein, and 100k protein were mapped in that order between map units 41 and 63. the endopeptidase gene was encoded within a 900 nucleotide segment extending leftward from the ecori site at coordinate 50. the predicted aavl endop ...	1993	8395124
protection against hemorrhagic enteritis and newcastle disease in turkeys by embryo vaccination with monovalent and bivalent vaccines.	the feasibility of embryo vaccination against hemorrhagic enteritis (he) and newcastle disease (nd) in specific-pathogen-free turkey embryos was studied. turkey eggs were injected with marble spleen disease virus (msdv) at embryonation day (ed) 24, and tissues of poults hatching from virus-injected eggs were examined for msdv. the virus was detected in spleen, intestine, liver, and bursa between 4 to 10 days postinoculation (pi). the peak titer of msdv was present in the spleen at 6 days pi. pou ...	1993	8395802
biological characterisation of an indian isolate of egg drop syndrome-76 virus.	an isolate of egg drop syndrome-76 virus replicated best in primary chicken embryo liver cells and less well in duck embryo liver cells, duck embryo fibroblast cells and chicken embryo kidney cells. the cytopathic effect in chicken embryo liver cells was marked by the presence of round and refractile cells and detachment of cells from the glass surface. the intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies were observed by 24 to 48 hours after infection. no virus multiplication was observed in primary ...	1993	8284511
serological relationships within the group e fowl adenoviruses.	antisera were raised in chickens to six group e fowl adenoviruses (fav) which have been divided into a highly virulent (hypervirulent) and a mildly virulent subgroup using restriction endonuclease analysis. virus neutralisations showed that these two distinct restriction endonuclease groups were distinguishable serologically, and indicated a possible vaccine candidate for use against the hypervirulent fav. the suitability of this candidate was established in challenge experiments where vaccinati ...	1993	8294186
physical mapping and homology studies of egg drop syndrome (eds-76) adenovirus dna.	homologous sequences between eds-76 adenovirus strain 127 dna and bovine adenovirus dna were found by the southern blotting technique and no homology with celo virus dna could be detected. these data suggest a genetic similarity between eds-76 virus and bovine adenoviruses. the fragments generated form eds-76 adenovirus dna by eight restriction endonucleases were physically mapped.	1993	8380323
protection of turkeys against haemorrhagic enteritis by monoclonal antibody and hexon immunization.	virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for the hexon of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a turkey adenovirus, were examined for their ability to confer passive protection against haemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys. a high dose of antibody prevented clinical disease and reduced virus replication in experimentally infected birds. this suggests that virus neutralization might be an important mechanism for protection against he. subsequently, the use of the hexon protein as a subun ...	1993	8383383
[analysis of rat2 cells, transformed by the celo (fav1) virus, using the polymerase chain reaction].	dnas extracted from the rat2 cells transformed by the celo virus (strain phelps) have been analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. sequences belonging to the left end of the viral genome (according to ishibashi & yasue, 1984) were not found in the tested dnas. on the other hand, the polymerase chain reaction data have revealed the presence of fragments specific of the opposite end. we conclude that this region may have included the genes responsible for cell transformation, at least as far as phe ...	1993	8394508
adenovirus inclusion body ventriculitis in chickens and captive bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus).	gizzard erosions and ulcers are associated with dietary deficiencies and toxins. a retrospective study of histopathology reports over an 8-year period (1985-92) found six cases of adenovirus inclusion body ventriculitis in broiler and leghorn chickens and captive bobwhite quail (colinus viriginianus) in south georgia. the relationship between intralesional virus and the pathogenesis of ventricular lesions in chicks and quail in the present study is not known.	1993	8395808
use of virulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus for the induction of colibacillosis in turkeys.	three hundred fifty 1-day-old large white turkeys were reared in brooding batteries to 10 days of age, after which they were moved to floor pens on litter. at 7 weeks of age, poults were allotted into four treatment groups as follows: 1) virulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) alone (100 turkeys), 2) escherichia coli alone (100 turkeys), 3) hev + e. coli (100 turkeys), and 4) negative controls (50 turkeys). hev was given orally at 7 weeks of age, followed by e. coli challenge in the drinking ...	1993	8383956
liquid crystalline dna in fowl adenovirus.	fowl adenovirus particles were studied using negative stain electron microscopy. upon preparation, some particles collapsed and showed their internal structure. the dna could be observed as thin parallel lines with a spacing of 25 a, very similar to images of the liquid crystalline dna in bacteriophage heads and in herpes virus.	1993	8396954
an improved dot elisa to detect fowl adenovirus type-1 antigen.	an improved dot immunobinding assay to detect fowl adenovirus type-1 is described. the method consists of spotting of antigen on nitrocellulose membrane sheet, blocking with either 5% acetic acid or with 5% defatted milk powder and fixation of either antigen or antigen-antibody complex, with either 50% methanol or 0.25% glutaraldehyde or 0.2% tannic acid. the results revealed that fixation of both antigen and antigen-antibody complex resulted in 4-fold increase in sensitivity when acetic acid wa ...	1993	8403840
chicken adenovirus (celo virus) particles augment receptor-mediated dna delivery to mammalian cells and yield exceptional levels of stable transformants.	delivery of genes via receptor-mediated endocytosis is severely limited by the poor exit of endocytosed dna from the endosome. a large enhancement in delivery efficiency has been obtained by including human adenovirus particles in the delivery system. this enhancement is probably a function of the natural adenovirus entry mechanism, which must include passage through or disruption of the endosomal membrane. in an effort to identify safer virus particles useful in this application, we have tested ...	1993	8099627
pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis virus infection in turkeys.	the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis was investigated in 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) turkeys after oral administration of hemorrhagic enteritis virus. the virus antigen was detected and quantified in tissues at various days post-infection (dpi) by an avidin-biotin-enhanced enzyme immunoassay and was located by a monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase (ip) staining technique. in the intestinal tract, low levels of viral antigen were detected from 1 to 3 and 9 to 15 dpi, where ...	1993	8128806
replication cycle and associated biosynthetic reactions for a non-oncogenic avian adenovirus.	the replication cycle of the non-oncogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) has been examined. the onset of viral dna synthesis was shown to commence at about 10 h postinfection (hpi) defining the early period of viral replication as prior to this time and the late phase as that time following the initiation of dna replication. virus titre rapidly increased between 18 and 24 hpi with maximum virus yield between 28 and 30 hpi. the late phase transcription profiles of the fav-10 genome from 10 ...	1993	8212861
identification of a fowl adenovirus gene with sequence homology to the 100k gene of human adenovirus.	the nucleotide sequence of a region of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) genome, located between map units 57.3 and 62.6, has been determined. this sequence contains the entire coding region of the fav equivalent to the 100k gene of human adenovirus (hav). the fav 100k polypeptide was found to consist of 798 amino acids with a deduced m(r) of 89,023.	1993	8224879
experimental infection of bobwhite quail with indiana c adenovirus.	bobwhite quails (colinus virginianus) were inoculated intratracheally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously with indiana c adenovirus at 1, 3, 6, or 9 weeks of age. mortality rates were 33-100% in quails inoculated at 1 or 3 weeks of age and 0-10% in quails inoculated at 6 or 9 weeks of age. gross and histologic lesions included necrotizing tracheitis and bronchitis with pneumonia, necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, and lymphoid depletion of the bursa of fabricius; these were consistent with q ...	1994	7980283
inclusion body hepatitis in gambel's quail (callipepla gambelii).	an acute necrotizing hepatitis in 1- to 3-wk-old gambel's quail (callipepla gambelii) caused by an adenovirus is described. the infection caused high mortality in captive raised, orphan chicks at two wildlife rehabilitation facilities in arizona (usa). gross lesions varied from pale livers to multiple, pinpoint, white foci scattered throughout the livers. microscopically, scattered foci of hepatocellular necrosis were present. intact hepatocytes at teh periphery of necrotic foci had eosinophilic ...	1994	8028119
histochemical/histoenzymic studies in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin, ochratoxin and inoculated with inclusion body hepatitis virus singly and in concurrence.	the effect of feeding mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxin b1 (1.25 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age) and ochratoxin a (0.5 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age) along with inclusion body hepatitis virus (ibhv) inoculation (at 10 days of age) singly and in combination was studied in broiler chicks. birds in combined treatment groups, i.e. aflatoxin fed and virus inoculated and ochratoxin fed and virus inoculated, showed more changes in activities of phosphatases (akpase, atpase, g-6-pase and acpase) in liver and kidn ...	1994	8028644
the penton base of human adenovirus type 3 has the rgd motif.	the gene encoding the penton base of human adenovirus (ad) type 3 has been sequenced. the resulting amino-acid sequence has an arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif located near its middle in a hydrophilic region. the same motif is found in serotypes 2, 5 and 12. this sequence was found [wickham et al., cell 73 (1993) 309-319] to be involved in the internalisation of ad2 through an interaction with some specific integrins.	1994	8076828
response of specific-pathogen-free turkeys to vaccines derived from marble spleen disease virus and hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	tissue-culture-propagated marble spleen disease virus (msdv-tc) and two preparations of spleen homogenate (msdv-sh and msdv-sh-tc) were compared as anti-hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) vaccines in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. both types of vaccines spread horizontally among turkeys, induced anti-hev antibodies, and protected turkeys against challenge with virulent hev. antibody development and horizontal spread of virus occurred earlier in turkeys given msdv-sh or msdv-sh-tc than in those g ...	1994	7832705
the pathogenesis of quail bronchitis.	to determine the fate of virus and characterize the development of lesions, 1-week-old bobwhite quails (colinus virginianus) were inoculated intratracheally with 10(6) mean tissue-culture-infective doses of quail bronchitis virus. quails were killed and necropsied sequentially at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours postinoculation (pi) and on days 2-10 pi. virus was first isolated from the lung as early as 2 hours pi, from cecal tonsils and bursa of fabricius 4 hours pi, and from spleen and liver 8 hours ...	1994	7832708
long-term episomal gene delivery in human lymphoid cells using human and avian adenoviral-assisted transfection.	human b-lymphoblastoid cells transformed by epstein-barr virus (ebv), a common source of established human cell lines, are generally refractory to standard dna transfection methods. we report here the use of human and chicken adenoviruses for the stable delivery of plasmid dna carrying the latent origin of replication, orip, from ebv into human b-lymphoblastoid cells. long-term hygromycin-resistant transformants of human lymphoblastoid cells belonging to the genetically unstable inherited diseas ...	1994	7873181
effect of composting poultry carcasses on survival of exotic avian viruses: highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus and adenovirus of egg drop syndrome-76.	eight-week-old chickens were inoculated with one of two exotic viruses to determine the effect of composting on virus survival. group 1 chickens were inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus via the caudal thoracic air sac. group 2 chickens were inoculated with the adenovirus that causes egg drop syndrome-76 (eds-76) by the oral route. five days after inoculation, lung, trachea, and air sacs for hpai and spleen, cecal tonsils, and bursa of fabricius for eds-76 were collecte ...	1994	7702505
[pathogenicity of avian adenoviruses in chickens].	in the last years avian adenoviruses have caused diseases with similar symptoms and high losses in four countries. the causative viruses could be grouped by cross-neutralization tests and restriction enzyme analysis into four serotypes. within the serotypes there exist strains with pathogenic properties as well as strains without pathogenicity. epidemiologic investigations demonstrated that not only immunosuppression or co-infections produce diseases after adenovirus infections. vertical transmi ...	1994	7940515
isolation of an adenovirus from an ostrich (struthio camelus) causing pancreatitis in experimentally infected guinea fowl (numida meleagris).	an adenovirus was isolated from the pancreas, kidney, and lung of a dead 4-month-old ostrich (struthio camelus). experimental infection of week-old guinea fowl (numida meleagris) was carried out in order to study transmission. of the infected keets, six out of 15 died; these exhibited pancreatitis, presence of a hemorrhagic liquid in the abdominal cavity, kidney degeneration, and pulmonary lesions. the remaining birds, euthanatized on day 21 postinoculation, showed chronic pancreatitis. the viru ...	1994	7832722
hemorrhagic enteritis by adenovirus-like particles in turkeys: a possible pathogenic mechanism.	this paper describes an outbreak of hemorrhagic enteritis due to adenovirus in turkeys in spain. diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by histopathological examination and the observation of adenovirus in spleen mononuclear cells and intestinal infiltrate. evidence was also found of intravascular coagulation, which may give rise to the bleeding considered characteristic of this disease.	1994	7832723
adenovirus endopeptidases.		1994	7845235
the avian adenovirus penton: two fibres and one base.	the penton capsomer of mammalian adenoviruses consists of a trimeric, long and thin fibre inserted into a pentameric base. the avian adenoviruses possess a penton which presents another symmetry mismatch: each pentameric base is associated with two fibres. here we have studied the morphology of the penton of celo virus, an avian adenovirus, and we have determined the sequence of both fibres, one long and one short. the short fibre is probably associated with the base in the same way as the mamma ...	1995	7563058
the fowl adenovirus type 1 (celo) virus-associated rna-encoding gene: a new ribozyme-expression vector.	a new system for hammerhead ribozyme (rz) expression was examined in which fowl adenovirus type 1 (celo) virus-associated rna (celo va rna) was used as a vector for the incorporation of rz to target the mrna of secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) both in vitro and in vivo. the rz gene was integrated into the celo va rna between the internal promoter boxes a and b; apparently this did not interfere with its transcription. rz integrated into celo va rna and, lacking the viral sequences, exhibited ...	1995	7665077
comparison of agar-gel precipitin responses among strains of fowl adenovirus using antigens prepared from chorioallantoic membranes and chicken kidney cell cultures.	agar-gel precipitin responses obtained for serologically different strains of fowl adenovirus (fav) in tests using antigens prepared from fav-infected chorioallantoic membranes (cam antigen) and chicken kidney cell cultures (ckc antigen) were compared. findings showed that both types of antigens exhibited less sensitivity to heterologous than to homologous antisera and that quantitative differences in sensitivity were present between serotypes. cam antigens were more sensitive than ckc antigens ...	1995	7492655
effect of t-lymphocyte depletion on the pathogenesis of marble spleen disease virus infection in ring-necked pheasants.	the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cyclosporine (csp)-mediated t-lymphocyte depletion on the pathogenesis of marble spleen disease virus (msdv) infection in ring-necked pheasants. seventy-two 6-week-old pheasants were divided into three groups; one group of 18 birds was inoculated with msdv, a second group of 18 birds was treated with csp, and a third group of 36 birds was both treated with csp and inoculated with msdv. two birds each from both of the smaller groups and fou ...	1995	7794193
inclusion body hepatitis and hemorrhagic enteritis in two african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) associated with adenovirus.		1995	7779952
comparison of four fixatives for routine splenic histology and immunohistochemical staining for group ii avian adenovirus.	four different fixatives, a, b, c, and d, were compared for use in routine histology of splenic tissue and for immunohistochemical staining to detect group ii avian adenoviral antigen. sixteen pheasants were experimentally infected with type ii adenovirus; spleens from each bird were harvested, divided, and treated with each of the four fixatives. all four fixatives were adequate for routine histology. fixative b was significantly more sensitive for immunohistochemistry than the three other fixa ...	1995	7545899
pathological studies in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin or ochratoxin and inoculated with inclusion body hepatitis virus singly and in concurrence.	day-old broiler chicks found negative for maternal antibodies against inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) virus by agar gel precipitation test and viral antigen in cloacal swabs by dot enzyme immunoassay were divided into 6 groups of 20 chicks each. group a was fed aflatoxin b1 at 1.25 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age; group o was fed ochratoxin a at 0.5 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age; group v was inoculated with 1 ml of ibh virus of titre log10 6.5 eid50 per 0.2 ml. groups av and ov were given aflatoxin b ...	1995	7762137
genomic mapping and sequence analysis of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 hexon gene.	the gene for the major capsid protein (hexon) of fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) has been identified by the use of the expression vector pgex and rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against fav-10. the nucleotide sequence of the entire hexon gene has been determined. sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 2808 bp coding for a putative polypeptide 936 amino acids long with a molecular mass of 105.5 kda. the translation initiation codon has a local sequence which conforms with the ...	1995	7595364
immunological and molecular comparison of fowl adenovirus serotypes 4 and 10.	some discussion has centered on whether fowl adenovirus (fav) serotypes 4 and 10 are distinct serotypes or in fact should be reclassified as a single serotype. we have undertaken a detailed characterisation of representatives of both serotypes in order to determine if types 4 and 10 should be grouped together or retained as distinct serotypes. examination at the genomic level has revealed considerable similarities and few differences between these 2 serotypes. dna cross-hybridization failed to d ...	1995	7733822
approaches to food-based vaccines for domestic chickens.	domestic chickens were fed viral vaccines that were applied to the surface of food pellets. responses were judged by the production of specific antibodies, and compared with the responses obtained when the same vaccines were given by conventional routes. chickens responded similarly to commercial avian infectious encephalomyelitis vaccine given on food or by eyedrop when antibodies were measured by elisa, and the vaccine virus spread by contact. increasing the dose of oral vaccine tenfold gave a ...	1995	8545968
gross and histologic lesions of adenovirus group i in guinea fowl.		1995	8580184
hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chickens: its contagious nature and pathology.	twenty-five-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated intramuscularly or orally with a suspension prepared from the livers of chickens naturally affected with hydropericardium syndrome (hps), and uninoculated chickens were kept in the same room with the inoculated birds. the mortality rates in the chickens inoculated intramuscularly or orally were 100 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. the corresponding groups of uninoculated chickens had mortality rates of 60 per cent and 53.3 per cent, res ...	1995	8588094
pathogenicity of quail's inclusion body hepatitis virus (avian adenovirus-1) for japanese quails and broiler chicks.	quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and broiler (gallus domesticus) chicks were inoculated experimentally with ibh virus (avian adenovirus-1) derived from quails to determine its pathogenicity. quail chicks were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route at 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 weeks of age. lesions were encountered most frequently in the liver, kidneys and lungs. these included pale, swollen and mottled liver, swollen nephrotic kidneys, and congested and pneumonic lungs. the lesions were severe in birds ...	1995	8619292
electron microscopic evidence for infection of splenic dendritic cells by adenovirus in psittacine birds.	the spleens of four psittacine birds suffering from natural type ii avian adenoviral infection were studied by histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques to determine the target cells of this virus in the spleen. typical adenoviral replication sites were found in lymphocytes and dendritic cells.	1995	8834755
immunosuppressive potential and pathogenicity of an avian adenovirus isolate involved in hydropericardium syndrome in broilers.	the role of avian adenovirus isolate parc-1 as an immunosuppressive agent was investigated using a newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine immune response procedure. the immunosuppressive effect on the humoral immune response was investigated up to 21 days after inoculation with adenovirus. infected chickens showed a serologic response to ndv that was reduced compared with that of the controls. to further investigate the effect of the virus on major lymphoid organs, the pattern of virus disseminat ...	1995	8719205
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the penton base genes of type ii avian adenoviruses.	we describe here the identification of the penton base gene of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a type ii avian adenovirus, in a 2477-base pair (bp)-ecori fragment of the viral dna by sequence analysis. identification is based on an extensive amino acid homology between the hev-open reading frame and the penton base of a fowl adenovirus (fav-10) and various human adenoviruses. the 1344 bp-penton base gene of hev encodes a 448-amino acid polypeptide of molecular weight of 50,843 da. the nucleot ...	1995	8837891
dna in situ hybridization for the rapid diagnosis of massive necrotizing avian adenovirus hepatitis and pancreatitis in chicks.	the present study describes the use of dna in situ hybridization for the rapid diagnosis of massive necrotizing adenovirus hepatitis and pancreatitis in broiler chicks. a light microscope and dna probes were used to identify avian adenovirus in replicate sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver and pancreas from field and experimental chicks. avian adenovirus infection was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and virus isolation.	1996	8980813
immunopathogenesis and physical maps of fowl adenovirus serotype 9.	restriction endonuclease maps of the genome of fowl adenovirus (fav) serotype 9 have been constructed for the restriction endonucleases ndei, noti and xbai. the total size of the fav-9 genome was estimated to be 44.5 kb pairs, consistent with previous reports that fav genomes are approximately 10 kb larger than human adenovirus (hav). the pathogenicity of this virus in day-old chickens was intermediate between the pathogenicity of the non-pathogenic and the highly pathogenic favs.	1996	8880992
molecular cloning and restriction enzyme mapping of avian adenovirus type 8 dna.	avian adenovirus (aav) type 8 was cultured in an avian hepatoma cell line designated ch-sah and the viral dna extracted and purified. restriction enzyme analysis of viral dna using the endonucleases apai, ecori, hindiii, kpni, noti, spei, stui and xbai was carried out, and fragments representing the entire genome were cloned. according to the restriction enzyme fragments, the size of the aav type 8 genome was calculated to be 44.7 kb. subcloning of viral dna fragments and hybridization studies u ...	1996	8896244
epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis in poultry in northern india from 1990 to 1994.	the epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) was studied in poultry in northern india, from april 1990 to march 1994, to evaluate the various factors responsible for causing and determining the severity of the disease. broiler chicks and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were the species examined. the factor observed to be most commonly associated with ibh was the presence of aflatoxins in the feed at higher than permissible levels, i.e. 20 parts per billion. avian adenovirus-1 w ...	1996	9025150
the complete dna sequence and genomic organization of the avian adenovirus celo.	the complete dna sequence of the avian adenovirus chicken embryo lethal orphan (celo) virus (fav-1) is reported here. the genome was found to be 43,804 bp in length, approximately 8 kb longer than those of the human subgenus c adenoviruses (ad2 and ad5). this length is supported by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of genomes isolated from several related fav-1 isolates (indiana c and ote). the genes for major viral structural proteins (illa, penton base, hexon, pvi, and pviii), as well ...	1996	8627769
genes for fowl adenovirus celo penton base and core polypeptides.	a 3.5-kilobase dna fragment of the fowl adenovirus type 1 (celo), located between map units 31.1 and 39.4 has been determined. the sequence contains the probable celo equivalents of the iiia protein, penton base, pvii and pv core protein genes of human adenovirus (hav). the celo penton base and major core protein (analog hav pvii) were found to consist of 514 (56.8 kda) and 72 amino acids (8.4 kda), respectively.	1996	8634026
comparison by restriction enzyme analysis of three fowl adenoviruses of varying pathogenicity.	restriction enzyme studies have been used to divide the fowl adenoviruses (fav) into 5 groups - a, b,c,d and e. more detailed restriction enzyme studies of a series of group e fav field isolates showed that these methods could differentiate between mildly and hypervirulent fav belonging to this group. we have mapped the genomes of the hypervirulent (cfa 40) and two of the mildly virulent fav (cfa 44 and cfa 3), using 11 different restriction enzymes: hindiii, bglii, xbai, ndei, spei, drai, noti, ...	1996	8701571
variations in response of four lines of ring-necked pheasants to infection with marble spleen disease virus.	this study evaluated the response and susceptibility of four lines of ring-necked pheasants to infection with marble spleen disease (msd) virus. fifteen birds of the following lines were used: the standard ring-necked gamebird, the highly inbred jumbo white, the sichuan, and the first-generation cross of the sichuan and the standard gamebird. baseline immune responses were assessed at 6 weeks of age by lymphoblastogenesis assays. all birds were orally challenged at 7 weeks of age with cell -cult ...	1996	8790879
characterization of the haemorrhagic enteritis virus genome and the sequence of the putative penton base and core protein genes.	haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) is a member of a genetically ill-defined group within the genus aviadenovirus which causes significant clinical disease in gallinaceous fowl. using dna obtained from a low virulence isolate of hev passed in turkeys, we developed a genomic restriction map and estimated an apparent genomic length of 25.5 kb. no evidence for extensive dna hybridization was found between the hev genome and either the hexon or penton base genes of human adenovirus 2 (hadv-2) and fow ...	1996	8601784
sequence of the avian adenovirus fav 1 (celo) dna encoding the hexon-associated protein pvi and hexon.	the genomic region of the avian adenovirus fav1 (celo) encoding the precursor to virion structural protein vi (p vi) and the major capsid protein hexon has been sequenced. the 223-unit sequence of the celo pvi protein has two potential ad endoproteinase cleavage sites and a conserved c-terminal sequence including the cys residue supposedly involved in endoproteinase activation. the celo hexon gene sequence predicts a 942-residue protein (106.7 kda). multiple sequence alignment with other six kno ...	1996	8893797
pathogenesis of type ii avian adenovirus infection in turkeys: in vivo immune cell tropism and tissue distribution of the virus.	hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a type ii avian adenovirus, causes intestinal hemorrhages and immunosuppression in turkeys. in this study, we exposed turkeys to virulent hev and examined fractionated spleen cells for the presence of viral dna by in situ hybridization and amplification of dna extracted from virus-infected cells by pcr. hev replication was detected only in the immunoglobulin m-bearing b lymphocytes and macrophage-like cells but not in the cd4+ or cd8+ t lymphocytes. the inabili ...	1996	8523540
egg drop syndrome '76 in bolivia.	four outbreaks of egg drop syndrome '76 (eds '76) were diagnosed between april 1993 and july 1993 in the santa cruz department of bolivia, around the department capital santa cruz. three outbreaks involved commercial laying birds and the fourth a broiler breeder unit. clinical signs were typical of eds '76 with decreases in egg production of up to 55% being recorded as well as the production of thin shelled and shell-less eggs. a total of 183 serum samples from the 4 farms were tested for the pr ...	1996	8888524
purification of egg drop syndrome-76 virus by velocity density gradient centrifugation. a comparative study.		1997	9607086
the complete nucleotide sequence of the egg drop syndrome virus: an intermediate between mastadenoviruses and aviadenoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of an avian adenovirus, the egg drop syndrome (eds) virus, was determined. the total genome length is 33,213 nucleotides, resulting in a molecular weight of 21.9 x 10(6). the gc content is only 42.5%. between map units 3.5 and 76.9, the distribution of open reading frames with homology to known genes is similar to that reported for other mammalian and avian adenoviruses. however, no homologies to adenovirus genes such as e1a, pix, pv, and e3 could be found. outsi ...	1997	9375018