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transmission routes of african swine fever virus to domestic pigs: current knowledge and future research directions.african swine fever (asf) is a major threat to the pig industry in europe. since 2007, asf outbreaks have been ongoing in the caucasus, eastern europe and the baltic countries, causing severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers. in addition, the number of asf cases in wild boar populations has dramatically increased over the past few years. evidence supports direct contact with infectious domestic pigs and wild boars, and consumption of contaminated feed, as the main transmis ...026966305
african swine fever virus strain georgia 2007/1 in ornithodoros erraticus ticks. 022607706
hemadsorption and cytopathic effect produced by african swine fever virus in swine bone marrow and buffy coat cultures. 196014420403
immunological studies on african swine fever virus. i. elimination of the procomplementary activity of swine serum with formalin. 196113696091
propagation, modification, and hemadsorption of african swine fever virus in cell cultures. 196214469017
serologic and immunologic studies with african swine fever virus. 196313932609
quantity production of leukocyte cultures for use in hemadsorption tests with african swine fever virus. 196313994659
immunologic studies on african swine fever virus. ii. enhancing effect of normal bovine serum on the complement-fixation reaction. 196314023516
propagation and modification of african swine fever virus in cell cultures. 196514266920
the role of the hippopotamus in the epizootiology of african swine fever (a survey of the incidence of african swine fever virus in hippopotami in queen elizabeth national park uganda). 196514286145
isolation of african swine fever virus from a giant forest hog. 19654283999
separation of virus and soluble noninfectious antigens in african swine fever virus by isoelectric precipitation. 19654953582
the effect of stressor viruses on pigs inoculated with attenuated african swine fever virus. 19655892232
extraction of infectious deoxyribonucleic acid from african swine fever virus. 19665928803
electron microscopy of african swine fever virus hemadsorption. 19665949565
fluorescent antibody studies on african swine fever virus. 19664959954
electron microscope observations of african swine fever virus in tissue culture cells.african swine fever virus, hinde isolate, grown in a stable pig kidney cell line and primary pig kidney cells, was examined for successive stages in the development of the virus particle. the mature particle has a hexagonal outer membrane structure (diameter 175-215 micron) surrounding an electron lucent region and a dense nucleoid (diameter 72-89 micron). the increase in particle production in the cell cytoplasm is consistent with both the rise in infectivity as measured in pig kidney cell cult ...196618611474
electron microscopy of the interaction of african swine fever virus with ferritin-conjugated antibody. 19674960597
african swine fever. ii. detection of the virus in swine tissues by means of the modified direct complement-fixation test.the modified direct complement-fixation test, supplemented with unheated normal calf serum, was used to demonstrate antibodies in sera of swine immunized to african swine fever virus. these antibodies did not react in the ordinary direct non-supplemented complement-fixation test.african swine fever complement-fixing antigen in infected swine tissue is not denatured by extraction with fat solvents. consequently, good antigens devoid of non-specific reactivity were obtained by extraction with a mi ...19674291680
antibody response to inactivated preparations of african swine fever virus in pigs. 19674291851
chemical structure of african swine fever virus investigated by electron microscopy. 19674168517
the morphological characteristics of african swine fever virus and its resemblance to tipula iridescent virus. 19675628255
the stability of african swine fever virus with particular reference to heat and ph inactivation. 19675628715
identification and localization of genetic material of african swine fever virus by autoradiography. 19675341983
ultrastructure of lymphocystis virus.lymphocystis virus obtained from bluegills (lepomis macrochirus) was cultured in the permanent bluegill cell line bf-2 and examined by electron microscopy in ultrathin sections of cell cultures and in negative-contrast preparations from cells and from centrifuged culture medium. according to negative-contrast preparations, the icosahedral virions have an overall diameter close to but not exceeding 300 mmu. delicate filaments seem to issue from the vertices. in collapsed virions, an ordered array ...19684986903
the growth of a virulent strain of african swine fever virus in domestic pigs. 19685239770
plaque formation by african swine fever virus. 19685691283
studies with hinde attenuated african swine fever virus. 19685693643
a modified hemadsorption-inhibition test for african swine fever virus. 19685693874
synthesis and cytopathogenesis of african swine fever virus in procine cell cultures. 19684171074
immunofluorescence and inclusion bodies in circulating leukocytes of pigs infected with african swine fever virus. 19684180037
segregation of a nonhemadsorbing african swine fever virus in tissue culture. 19684297717
[position of african swine fever virus as a systematic virus]. 19684968760
the antibody response in pigs inoculated with attenuated african swine fever virus.pigs were inoculated with a modified isolate of african swine fever virus (asfv). complement-fixing (cf) and agar gel diffusion precipitin (agdp) antibodies could be detected in the serums of most pigs from 14-days postinoculation (dpi) until their immunity was challenged with virulent asfv at 117 dpi. reductive cleavage with 2-mercaptoethanol showed that serums collected at 14 to 35 dpi contained 19s antibody, but that the 7s antibody was dominant at 35 and 117 dpi. this distribution of antibod ...196815846892
host specificity and serologic disparity of african swine fever virus and amphibian polyhedral cytoplasmic viruses. 19694973865
effect of hydroxyurea on the development of african swine fever virus. 19695776172
african swine fever virus in ticks (ornithodoros moubata, murray) collected from animal burrows in tanzania. 19695813153
epizootiology of african swine fever virus in warthogs. 19695386390
experimental infection of the argasid tick, ornithodoros moubata porcinus, with african swine fever virus. 19705475061
altered thymidine kinase activity in culture cells inoculated with african swine fever virus. 19705528337
transovarial infection with african swine fever virus in the argasid tick, ornithodoros moubata porcinus, walton. 19705532269
the excretion of two virulent strains of african swine fever virus by domestic pigs.daily observations were made on the excretion of african swine fever (asf) virus by pigs infected intranasally or by contact. two strains of virus having mean death times of approximately 3 and 6 days were used, the latter being recently isolated from a warthog.first excretion usually occurred by the nasopharyngeal route, as early as 1 or 2 days before the onset of fever in many cases. the titres of pharyngeal and nasal swabs rose rapidly to reach mean levels of about 10(4)-10(5) had 50 at 48-72 ...19705276336
serological behaviour of isolated african swine fever virus. brief report. 19704992470
hypergammaglobulinemia in swine infected with african swine fever virus. 19704192541
african swine fever virus. 19714950035
inhibition by rifampin of african swine fever virus replication in tissue culture.vaccinia virus and african swine fever virus are deoxyribonucleic acid viruses of cytoplasmic origin. the fact that rifampin inhibits the replication of the former virus led to an investigation of its effect on african swine fever virus. the virus used was cytopathogenic to a pk-15 cell line, hemadsorbing in pig leukocyte cultures and lethal to pigs. rifampin clearly inhibited the multiplication and cytopathogenicity of the virus in pk-15 cells. there was a 1- to 5-log reduction in virus titer d ...19715154875
increased deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in african swine fever virus-infected culture cells. brief report. 19724673394
the localization of african swine fever virus in the tick ornithodoros moubata porcinus. 19724564455
effects of some disinfectants on african swine fever virus.ten commercially available disinfectants were tested at high ph in 2% sodium hydroxide and low ph in 2% acetic acid as inactivants for african swine fever (asf) in a protein-rich blood-spleen homogenate. as assayed in leukocyte cultures, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid, sodium meta silicate and roccal did not inactivate asf virus in 1 hr at 22 to 25 c. some viricidal activity as assayed in leukocyte cultures was found with weladol, triton x-100 amphyl, phisohex, sodium dodecyl sulfate, lph, env ...19734631432
effects of some disinfectants on african swine fever virus.[this corrects the article on p. 115 in vol. 25.].197316349959
immunofluorescence plaque assay for african swine fever virus.suitably diluted cell culture adapted african swine fever virus preparations were inoculated on vero cell monolayers and grown on coverslips. gum tragacanth was used as an overlay. after three days incubation at 37 degrees c the infected cultures were fixed with acetone and stained with fluorescent antibody conjugate. fluorescing plaques consisted of 20-30 infected cells. three statistical criteria for a quantitatively reliable assay were met: the poisson distribution for plaque counts, linearit ...19744279763
protein kinase activity in african swine fever virus. 19744365182
sexual transmission of african swine fever virus in the tick, ornithodoros moubata porcinus, walton. 19744417657
african swine fever virus. pathogenesis. 19744418259
design and construction of an apparatus for the growth of micro cell cultures on standard glass microscope slides and its application for screening large numbers of sera by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique.a simple stainless-steel apparatus was designed to contain standard microscope slides on which were grown micro cell cultures in the form of 16 individual monolayers per slide. the application of this apparatus for the screening of serum samples by fluorescent antibody techniques is described.1975170316
[serological identification and behavior of the highly virulent swine fever virus in immunoelectrophoresis]. 19751136613
the use of a microtitration technique for the routine assay of african swine fever virus. brief report. 19751168046
the basis of arbovirus classification.the biologically defined set of arboviruses contains well over 300 separate viruses which have been subdivided into some 40 serological groups on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity. more than three quarters of all arboviruses can now bw placed into one of the following five major taxonomic genera based upon the fundamental properties of the virion: alphavirus, flavivirus, orbivirus, rhadovirus, bunyavirus. there are 20 alphaviruses, representing serological group a, and 57 flaviviruses in s ...19751207193
ultrastructural study of african swine fever virus replication in cultures of swine bone marrow cells.cultures from pig bone marrow cells were infected with asfv and the replication cycle was studied. in the cytoplasmic replication areas there are a differentiation of membrane segments. some of them are polygonal, which give rise to virus particles. an over production of viral coded materials, including non-polygonal membranes seems to be an important feature of the replicative cycle of asfv in this cell system. viruses are released enveloped with a cellular membrane. paracrystalline arrays of v ...19751239040
titration of african swine fever (asf) virus.a haemadsorption microtest for african swine fever (asf) virus is described. this assay is as sensitive and its response is faster than the conventional assay which uses buffy coat cultures in leighton tubes. the method can also process a larger number of samples by using smaller amounts of swine blood and laboratory space. a plaque assay for asf virus adapted to grow in vero cells gives a titre similar to that obtained using the haemadsorption microtest. in both the micromethod and the plaque a ...1976823294
isolation and properties of the dna of african swine fever (asf) virus.african swine fever (asf) virus was grown either in swine macrophages or in vero cells and purified free of cell dna. virus dna was isolated from virions as a molecule with a sedimentation coefficient of 60s and a contour of 58 +/- 3 mum. .these two values give a mol. wt. of 102 +/- 5 x 10(6) and 107 +/- 5 x 10(6), respectively, for the genome of asf virus. denatured dna fragments from asf virus reassociate with a c0t1/2 value of 0-60 +/- 0-05 ms, which compared with the corresponding value for ...1976823295
purification and physicochemical characteristics of african swine fever virus.methods for the purification of african swine fever virus (asfv) and its dissection into two fractions are described. the difficulties which have been encountered previously in attempts to purify the virus, namely contamination with large amounts of cellular constituents and aggregation of the virus particles, have been overcome by treatment with tween 80 and by the use of 1 m-nacl in the sucrose gradients. five major polypeptides, mol. wt. 10(3) x 125 (vp1), 76 (vp2), 50 (vp3), 44 (vp4) and 39 ...1976965949
isolation and segregation of non-haemadsorbing strains of african swine fever virus. 19761014300
plaque formation by african swine fever virus in chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of co2 atmosphere.a plaque assay method using asfv previously adapted to growth in chick embryo fibroblasts is described. chick embryo fibroblast monolayers under bactoagar or methylcellulose have been employed using cysteine, arginine, deae-dextran and hepes as additives. plaque production was optimal under methylcellulose. hepes rendered the plaques more clear when used with the overlay. arginine enhances plaque formation with bactoagar, and deae-dextran doubles the plaque size. the growth curve of asfv in chic ...19761033755
cellular immunity demonstrated in pigs infected with african swine fever virus.twenty-two pigs infected with african swine fever virus (asfv) were used to demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity (dh) in vitro by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. the results indicated that asfv-infected pigs developed dh against asfv antigen (asf antigen) as early as 20 days after inoculation, and the presence of viremia did not interfere with the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. three asfv-infected pigs that were also sensitized to mycobacterium developed dh against both asf antige ...1977835865
transmission studies with african swine fever virus. infections of pigs by airborne virus. 1977908773
transmission studies with african swine fever virus. the early distribution of virus in pigs infected by airborne virus. 1977908774
african swine fever virus replication in porcine lymphocytes.purified preparation of porcine lymphocytes were infected with three isolates of virulent african swine fever virus (asfv). electron microscopy showed the presence of small numbers of mature virus particles in degenerating cells. the titres of infective virus released were low and reached a maximum by 24 h after infection.1977562925
the association of african swine fever virus with blood components of infected pigs.the distribution of african swine fever virus (asfv) in whole blood, plasma, red blood cells (rbc) and white blood cell (wbc) sub-populations was determined in pigs infected with virulent virus. changes in the rbc and wbc populations were also examined. total wbc counts decreased and rbc numbers remained unchanged during the course of the disease. the number of circulating lymphocytes decreased whilst neutrophil numbers increased owing to the replacement of mature forms by juveniles. virus was p ...1977563710
sensitivity of macrophages from different species to african swine fever (asf) virus.the swine white blood cells sensitive to african swine fever (asf) virus are monocytes differentiated in vitro to macrophages. these cells have been characterized by their morphology, phagocytic capacity and the presence of receptors for swine immunoglobulin g in their membranes. asf virus does not produce any detectable effect on macrophages from humans, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters or rats, whereas asf virus-infected chicken macrophages show an enhancement of cellular dna synthesis and an in ...1977856945
negative staining of a non-haemadsorbing strain of african swine fever virus.since the application of negative staining, preceded by fixation, prevents the disruption and distortion of the capsid of the african swine fever virus, improved contrast and evaluation of the appearance and size of virus particles in the electron microscope is possible and, in addition, the icosahedral shape of the virus is demonstrable. the mature virus particle contains at least 2 capsid layers and an outer envelope.197778480
requirement of cell nucleus for african swine fever virus replication in vero cells.the role of the cell nucleus in the development of african swine fever virus in vero cells has been studied. no viral growth could be detected in enucleated cells under conditions that allow normal development of sindbis virus. furthermore, african swine fever virus dna synthesis was inhibited more than 95% after infection of enucleated vero cells as compared with normal cells.1977403300
crossed immunoelectrophoretic characterization of virus-specified antigens in cells infected with african swine fever (asf) virus. 1977407329
the growth of virulent african swine fever virus in pig monocytes and macrophages.the replication of virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) in cultures of monocytes and macrophages derived from pig bone marrow (pbm) and pig leukocyte (pl) cells was investigated by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, haemadsorption and infective virus release. monocytes showed a high rate of infection and complete destruction within 2 to 3 days, whereas macrophages had only a very low level of infection and survived to form persistently infected cultures. these observations may explain th ...1978340610
african swine fever: microplaque assay by an immunoperoxidase method.a microplaque assay for vero cell-adapted lisborn '60 strain of african swine fever virus (l'60-uncloned) and a large plaque-forming strain cloned from the l'60-uncloned strain was developed by an immunoperoxidase method. the immunoperoxidase method can be used to stain microplaques of 3 days after inoculation, whereas the conventional plaque assay requires 5 to 7 days to develop visible plaques. a linear relationship between viral concentration in the inoculum and plaque numbers was observed. v ...1978345892
electron microscopic observation of african swine fever virus development in vero cells.african swine fever virus emerges from infected vero cells either from areas of smooth cell surface or from microvilli. the two patterns may occur at different sites on the same cell and are unique for this virus. the scanning electron micrographs supplement regular thin section views.197899488
some characteristics of african swine fever viruses isolated from brazil and the dominican republic. 1978287093
residual viruses in pork products.partly cooked canned hams and dried pepperoni and salami sausages were prepared from the carcasses of pigs infected with african swine fever virus and pigs infected with hog cholera virus. virus was not recovered from the partly cooked canned hams; however, virus was recovered in the hams before heating in both instances. both african swine fever virus and hog cholera virus were recovered from the dried salami and pepperoni sausages, but not after the required curing period.1978564162
the replication of african swine fever virus in pig endothelial cells. 1978566606
inhibition of african swine fever (asf virus replication by phosphonoacetic acid.phosphonoacetic acid (paa) inhibits the multiplication of african swine fever (asf) virus in vero cells. the observed inhibition of the in vivo dna synthesis could be related to the in vitro inhibition of a virus-induced dna polymerase activity present in cytoplasmic extracts from infected vero cells.1978650176
additional characteristics of disease caused by the african swine fever viruses isolated from brazil and the dominican republic. 1979298918
stability of three animal viruses in thyroid tissue from infected swine. 1979224564
glutaraldehyde inactivation of exotic animal viruses in swine heart tissue.glutaraldehyde, 0.2%, in a 1:100 (wt/vol) ratio, inactivated four animal viruses (foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, african swine fever, hog cholera) in swine heart tissues during 11-day exposures at 22 to 26 degrees c.1979225989
synthesis of dna in cells infected with african swine fever virus.incorporation of 14c-thymidine by cells infected with african swine fever virus (asfv) occurs in the nucleus. part of this dna is transferred to the cytoplasm and becomes resistant to dnase. the nuclear fraction washed with triton x100 retained all labeled dna and was able to synthesize viral and cellular dna under in vitro conditions in the presence of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, mg+2, and sucrose. under similar conditions nuclei from uninfected cells synthesized very little dna.1979117788
african swine fever antibody detection in warthogs. 1979122128
effect of disodium phosphonoacetate and iododeoxyuridine on the multiplication of african swine fever virus in vitro.disodium phosphonoacetate (paa) was found to inhibit the replication of african swine fever virus (asfv). the action of this compound has been compared with the inhibitory capacity of iododeoxyuridine (idu) upon asfv growing in vero cells. the study was done by the immunofluorescence technique in order to detect formations of cytoplasmic virus antigens and inclusion bodies; both were found to be inhibited by idu and paa. at 100 microgram/ml, idu blocked completely the multiplication of asfv and ...1979378573
a solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of african swine fever virus antigen and antibody.a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure both african swine fever virus (asfv) antigen and antibody. experiments showed it to be reproducible and able to detect limiting antigen concentrations of 50--500 had50/ml. the assay was more sensitive than those used at present to detect asfv antibody and it is suggested that it might be of great diagnostic use in countries where african swine fever has recently appeared.1979385771
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of african swine fever. 1979394467
solid-phase radioimmunoassay techniques for the detection of african swine fever antigen and antibody.a solid phase radioimmunoassay (ria) has been successfully developed to measure both african swine fever virus (asfv) antigen and antibody. studies show that the assay is reproducible and will detect limiting antigen concentrations equivalent to 50--500 had50/ml. both direct and indirect antibody ria have been developed and have proved to be approximately 100 times fore sensitive than the complement fixation test at present available and 1000 times more sensitive than the immuno-electro-osmophor ...1979489964
the replication of virulent and attenuated strains of african swine fever virus in porcine macrophages.the replication of virulent and attenuated strains of african swine fever virus (asfv) was studied in pure cultures of swine macrophages. to ensure complete destruction of the macrophage monolayers about 50--100 times more virulent asfv was needed than attenuated virus although both isolates could be used to establish persistently infected cultures. interferon did not appear to influence virus yields from such cultures. fluorescent and electron microscopy studies of infected macrophages suggeste ...1979496644
cross-links in african swine fever virus dna.african swine fever virus dna sediments in neutral sucrose density gradients as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient of 60s. in alkaline sucrose density gradients, this material shows two components with sedimentation coefficients of 85s and 95s, respectively. the sedimentation rate value of alkali-denatured virus dna in neutral sucrose density gradients and the renaturation velocity of denatured dna show that is reassociated much faster than expected from its genetic complexity. ...1979513189
african swine fever: pathogenicity and immunogenicity of two non-haemadsorbing viruses.the virulence of 2 non-haemadsorbing african swine fever virus isolates were compared with 2 haemodsorbing viruses. while 3 of these isolates usually produced acute death in pigs, 1 non-haemadsorbing virus caused either a fatal infection with an extended course, or few or no obvious signs of infection. pigs that survived infection with the latter virus were resistant to the lethal effects of the other 3 strains as well as to a pool of 7 isolates made from ornithodorus porcinus porcinus (senus wa ...1979551362
replication of african swine fever virus in cell cultures.infection-specific, nonstructural, african swine fever virus antigens, as visualized by the immunofluorescence technique, appeared as fine stipplings, evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of vero cells and in monocytes by postinoculation hour (pih) 3. cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ib) appeared at pih 4 and continued to increase in size up to pih 8. the viral dna was solely synthesized within the ib of infected monocytes, as evidenced by an autoradiographic chase experiment; maximum sy ...19807004279
dna-dependent rna polymerase in african swine fever virus. 19807355576
a microtechnique for the titration for african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus isolates were titrated in swine monocyte cultures established in microtitre trays. although technically simpler and less laborious than conventional tube assays the microtitration assay was less sensitive, but for routine and comparative titrations offers distinct advantages.19807377975
experimental transmission of african swine fever virus by ornithodoros coriaceus, an argasid tick indigenous to the united states.three ticks, indigenous to the united states, were assessed for their ability to maintain and transmit african swine fever virus (asfv). amblyomma americanum and a cajennense adults and nymphs maintained virus for 4 to 7 days after engorging on infected swine blood; however, virus was not carried through the subsequent molt of nymphs and it was not transmitted vertically to the eggs and larvae of the infected females. on refeeding of the ticks, infection was not transmitted to healthy swine. orn ...19807406278
lymphocyte responses to african swine fever virus infection.the immunological response of pigs infected with african swine fever virus was related to both quantitative and qualitative changes in the lymphocyte population. the cytolytic effect of the virus on lymphocytes caused a proportionally greater drop in b cell than in t cell numbers. a blastogenic test was developed to measure the appearance of specifically sensitised lymphocytes in the circulation. these appeared about 10 days after infection in animals infected with attenuated virus; pigs infecte ...19807414064
proteins specified by african swine fever virus. i. analysis of viral structural proteins and antigenic properties.at least 28 polypeptides have been identified in intracellular virus, with molecular weights ranging from 11,500 to 243,000 daltons. by treatment with nonidet p-40 and 2-mercaptoethanol it is possible to obtain subviral particles that have lost some proteins and have a density in cscl of 1.31 g/cm3 which is higher than that of the complete virus (1.23 g/cm3). after addition of nacl the virus loses its major protein vp73 which indicates that it is localized in the viral envelope. cores obtained a ...19807436740
experimental infection of warthos (phacochoerus aethiopicus) with african swine fever virus.although there were no obvious signs of illness following experimental infection of young warthog with african swine fever virus, the animals developed viraemias between 10(2,4) and 10(3,6) hd50/ml within the first week of infection, and virus concentrations in a number of lymphatic tissues attained high levels (greater than or equal to 10(6) hd50/g). unlike in blood, and to some extent in the spleen, virus titres in lymph nodes did not decline appreciable during the 33-day observation period, s ...19807454231
a simplified method for detection of african swine fever antibodies by immunoelectroosmophoresis. 19807459509
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