Publications

summary of clinical studies with the oka live varicella vaccine produced by smith kline-rit.		1984	6100065
immunization of acute leukemic children with a live varicella vaccine (oka strain).	a total of 52 acute leukemic children have been safely and effectively vaccinated with live varicella (oka strain) vaccine given under close clinical and immunological observation. the incidence of zoster in the vaccinated children group was slightly less than that in the group that had experienced natural varicella.	1984	6100066
susceptibility to acyclovir of oka-strain varicella vaccine and vaccine-derived viruses isolated from immunocompromised patients.		1984	6088651
a simplified immunofluorescence technique for antibody to varicella-zoster membrane antigen (fama).	indirect fluorescent antibody to varicella-zoster membrane antigens (fama) was measured by a new technique. the procedure gives rapid, sensitive and accurate results and is suitable for use in diagnosis or screening of susceptibility to varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infection. the test procedure was simplified by using terasaki tissue culture plates for the reaction and for direct observation by fluorescence microscopy. preparations of vzv-infected vero cells stored in liquid nitrogen could be us ...	1984	6091617
the antiviral spectrum of (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine.	the antiviral activity spectrum of (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) is not restricted to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) but also encompasses several other herpesviruses such as suid herpesvirus type 1 (shv-1), bovid herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), simian varicella virus (svv), herpesvirus saimiri, herpesvirus platyrrhinae, and the baculovirus trichoplusia ni multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus. other herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus type 2, ...	1984	6092320
[recent vaccines. their current value in pediatrics].		1984	6087712
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to varicella zoster.	antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc) against varicella zoster (vz) infected fibroblasts is described. adcc requires antibody to vz and is greater with heavily infected targets. it is not dependent on the immune status of the effector cells. the effector cells responsible for adcc are present in sheep red cell (e) positive and e-fractions of peripheral blood, and in the g10 non-adherent population. the adcc activity is present in microexudate non-adherent cells and in the adherent ...	1984	6090042
the varicella-zoster virus: systemic and ocular features.	although the varicella-zoster virus infections are usually benign skin diseases, they can have serious systemic manifestations and complications. this article reviews the current concepts concerning the anatomy and physiology of the virus and the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, immunology, and laboratory diagnosis of these infections. the information gained in these areas has improved our knowledge of the disease, permitted the detection of susceptible patients, allowed the earlier use of ...	1984	6090512
varicella-zoster viral glycoproteins analyzed with monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies to varicella-zoster virus were used to study viral glycoproteins by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. based on the viral glycoproteins immunoprecipitated, the five monoclonal antibodies fell into three groups. two antibodies, 4b7 and 8g9 (group 1), immunoprecipitated a single glycoprotein of molecular weight (mw) 118,000 (118k glycoprotein) and had high neutralizing activity in the absence of complement. one antibody, 3c7 (gr ...	1984	6090710
isolation of varicella zoster virus from blood.		1984	6088748
ocular viral infections.	the ocular manifestations of viral infection vary greatly. involvement of the anterior segment is generally mild and self-limited, except in cases of congenital infection which are often associated with significant alteration of ocular structures or in cases of childhood infection with herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus, in which prolonged inflammation may lead to corneal thinning or perforation, glaucoma and cataract formation. involvement of the posterior structures is potentially ...	1984	6089128
comparative inhibition of dna polymerases from varicella zoster virus (tk+ and tk-) strains by (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate.	the inhibitory effect of (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) 5'-triphosphate on varicella zoster virus (vzv) dna polymerase was studied using the parent strain (tk+-vzv) and the mutant strain (tk--vzv). the mutant strain was deficient in thymidine kinase (tk)-inducing activity and resistant to bvdu. in the absence of bvdu, tk--vzv and tk+-vzv induced an equivalent level of viral dna polymerase activity in human embryo fibroblasts. in the presence of 5 microm bvdu, tk--vzv still induced v ...	1984	6090888
[virologico-serologic studies in patients with brain tumors].	the etiological role played by human pathogenic herpes viruses for diseases of the central nervous system has been verified (herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus) or is being discussed (cytomegalo virus, epstein-barr virus). in this study, the significance of herpes virus infections for surgically treated cerebral tumour patients is examined. in a total of 30 patients with various cerebral tumours, infectious virus from cerebral tumour tissue could be isolated in none of the cases. the m ...	1984	6091370
measurement of antibodies to varicella-zoster virus in a tropical population by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we used the recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to varicella-zoster virus to study the prevalence and titers of virus-specific antibody in a south indian population of 171 individuals 0 to 25 years old. the antibody prevalence rate was less than 15% in individuals under 5 years of age and gradually rose to a maximum of 72% in young adults 15 to 25 years of age. the median age of primary infection was 12.25 years. the geometric mean antibody titers were between 1:80 ...	1984	6092431
analysis of three late varicella-zoster virus proteins, a 125,000-molecular-weight protein and gp1 and gp3.	two monoclonal antibodies were prepared against varicella-zoster virus proteins. one of the monoclonal antibodies (10.2) reacted only with the nuclei of infected cells and immunoprecipitated one nonglycosylated late viral protein (125,000 molecular weight). the other monoclonal antibody (19.1) with neutralizing activity, reacted with membrane antigens of infected cells and with the varicella-zoster virus envelope and immunoprecipitated two late major viral glycoproteins (gp1 and gp3). synthesis ...	1984	6092723
increased serum levels of antibodies to epstein-barr virus in adults with history of atopic dermatitis.	serum antibodies to epstein-barr virus (ebv), varicella-zoster (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) were determined in 140 patients with active or healed atopic dermatitis (ad) and 48 control individuals. antibody titers against ebv were significantly higher in ad patients than in the controls irrespective of whether the ad was active or healed at the time of blood sampling. no difference in ebv antibody titers were observed between ad patients with asthma and/or hay fever and those without such ...	1984	6088400
dose-related effect of acetylsalicylic acid on replication of varicella zoster virus in vitro.	cultivation of human embryonic lung (hel) cells in media containing acetylsalicylic acid (asa) at 100 micrograms/ml and maintenance at this level after inoculation with either cell-free varicella zoster virus (vzv) or virus-infected cells resulted in a 2- to 4-fold increase in yields of cell-free virus released by sonication. the degree of enhancement was dependent upon multiplicity of infection and time of harvest. enhanced viral yields were not consistently accompanied by an increase in the nu ...	1984	6089187
serologic study by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the igm antibody response in the patas monkey following experimental simian varicella virus infection.	the time course of igm and igg antibody appearance in sera following experimental simian varicella virus infection in the patas monkey was studied. serum igm and igg antibody to delta herpes virus (dhv) were measured by a double indirect and indirect elisa test, respectively. igm antibody was detected 5-8 days postinfection (p.i.) and igg antibody was present 10-14 days p.i., which was 5-7 days after igm. viremia preceded detectable igm antibody by 2 days. sucrose gradient separation of serum ig ...	1984	6094088
influence of various experimental conditions on the inhibitory effects of (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine on varicella-zoster virus replication in cell culture.	inhibition of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) replication by (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) has been examined in vitro under various experimental conditions. the 50% inhibitory dose (id50) of bvdu for vzv replication in human embryonal fibroblast (hef) cultures was 0.016 micrograms/ml, if the assay was based on the reduction of visible foci. if the assay was based on the reduction of immunofluorescent foci, the id50 was 3 times higher. there was no significant difference in id50, wheth ...	1984	6093286
[effect of phytohemagglutinin on the plating efficiency of varicella-zoster virus in nonlymphoid cell].		1984	6089425
treatment of varicella-zoster pneumonia with transfer factor.	a 29-year-old woman with a long history of immunoreactive disease--thrombocytopenic purpura, bullous pemphigoid, nephropathy, and hemolytic anemia--contracted generalized herpes zoster and varicella pneumonia. respiratory failure requiring assisted respiration accompanied progressive chest findings. she recovered rapidly simultaneous with the administration of transfer factor from a healing herpes zoster patient. we believe that this therapy should be attempted in similar desperate circumstances ...	1984	6092003
herpes virus infections: clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategies in immunocompromised patients.	herpesvirus infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. bone marrow and organ transplant recipients are model patient populations for studying the natural history of herpesvirus infections because the infections occur predictably after transplantation. herpes simplex virus infections occur within the first month after transplantation and may cause severe mucocutaneous disease. cytomegalovirus infections occur one to three months after transplantation and ...	1984	6094062
live attenuated varicella vaccine.		1984	6093030
2'fluoro-5-iodo-arabinosyl-cytosine: a new agent for herpes infections in the immunosuppressed patient.	concurrent with our increased understanding of mechanisms of viral replication, new antiviral agents were developed with greater selectivity and sensitivity. acyclovir was the first of these. we now present the initial compound of a series of 2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleosides with potent antiviral activity. this agent demonstrates both potency and sensitivity in vitro and in vivo against herpes simplex virus types i and ii, and varicella zoster virus and is selective in vitro against cytomegalovi ...	1984	6094133
use of live varicella vaccine in children with acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma.	live varicella vaccine was given to 7 children with acute leukemia and 1 child with non-hodgkin's lymphoma. seroconversion without any clinical reactions was observed in 4 children in remission from acute leukemia without interruption of anticancer medication. these children have been free from varicella for 5 to 11 months after vaccination. mild to severe clinical reactions developed in 3 of 4 children who were receiving remission induction chemotherapy. it is concluded that live varicella vacc ...	1984	6100046
clinical observations on varicella-zoster vaccinees treated with immunosuppressants for a malignancy.	between 1974 and 1983, 60 persons have been immunized at kyushu university hospital with a live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine, oka strain. the recipients were classified into 3 groups: those with a malignancy, those with the nephrotic syndrome and those with diseases not related to immuno-hematologic dyscrasia. the only adverse clinical reactions to the vaccine were skin rash with 3-30 vesicles and a body temperature of 38 c, which were seen in 2/21 (9.5%), 4/16 (25%) and 3/23 (13%) ...	1984	6100047
a five-year immunological follow-up study of the institutionalized handicapped children vaccinated with live varicella vaccine or infected with natural varicella.	twenty-two institutionalized handicapped children who were susceptible to varicella were vaccinated with live varicella vaccine of the oka strain and their immune status was followed for 5 years under conditions without exposure to natural varicella. simultaneously, 7 children infected with natural varicella were followed. of the 22 vaccinees, 16 showed sero-positive conversion by the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (fama) test, the other 6 remaining seronegative during 5 years of obser ...	1984	6100048
persistence of protective immunity after inoculation with live varicella vaccine (strain oka).		1984	6100049
structure of the genome termini of varicella-zoster virus.	the dna molecule of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is represented structurally as l-s, where l is a unique sequence and s is a unique sequence flanked by an inverted repeat. s may be present in either orientation in virion dna molecules, but, to date, l has been found in only one orientation. dna sequences were determined at the l-s joint and genome termini, which were cloned using methods designed to conserve either the 3' or 5' terminal nucleotide. molecular hybridization experiments and analysi ...	1984	6094711
seroepidemiologic behavior of varicella zoster virus infection in a semiclosed community after introduction of vzv vaccine.	a survey of varicella and measles has been made in a semiclosed institution housing infants and children in osaka since 1950. live measles and varicella vaccines were introduced into the institution in 1974 and 1975, respectively. nine of 10 measles outbreaks occurred during the 24 years before use of measles vaccine, and only one occurred during the 9 years after introduction of measles vaccine. in contrast, the incidence of varicella outbreaks has not been reduced after introduction of varicel ...	1984	6094778
advances in antiviral therapy: acyclovir.	acyclovir [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine] is a newly licensed acyclic nucleoside analog that is active in vitro and in vivo against herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv). this agent is available in the united states in topical and intravenous forms, and the oral preparation is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. the precise therapeutic role for acyclovir in patients with herpesvirus infections is still evolving. this article reviews the current status of this e ...	1984	6095238
[vaccination of immunosuppressed children against varicella].		1984	6095484
incubation of varicella-zoster virus.		1984	6095647
skin test with varicella-zoster virus antigen for ophthalmic herpes zoster.		1984	6095668
investigation of varicella-zoster virus-infected cell proteins that elicit antibody production during primary varicella using the immune transfer method.	the varicella-zoster virus-infected cell proteins (vzv-icps) against which igg, igm and iga antibodies were made in the course of primary varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infection were analysed by the immune transfer method. igg antibodies were made against one or more of 18 vzv-icps by patients with varicella. igm antibodies were produced which reacted with 21 vzv-icps. the spectrum of igg antibody production during the first week after the onset of infection was limited to an average of three vzv ...	1984	6096492
immunogenicity of wild and attenuated varicella-zoster virus strains in rhesus monkeys.	thirty susceptible rhesus monkeys were inoculated with cell-free varicella-zoster virus strain oka or strain kmcc. both wild and attenuated strains were used. no clinical signs characteristic of human varicella were seen in any of the animals. virus was not isolated from throat swabs, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. antibodies were measured by an enhanced plaque neutralization test. the wild and attenuated oka strains produced comparable levels of antibodies for 3 months after inoculation. attenu ...	1984	6096500
kinetics of virus-specific igg and igm antibody response in patas monkeys experimentally infected with delta herpesvirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the kinetics of virus-specific igg and igm antibody response in patas monkeys experimentally infected with delta herpesvirus (dhv), was studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). an indirect elisa (ie) test was used for dhv igg determination, whereas a "double sandwich" (triple antibody layer) elisa (dse) test was found to be very sensitive for dhv igm detection. in dse test dhv igg appeared to interfere with igm determination only in sera containing dhv igg levels at least 100 tim ...	1984	6096678
an algorithm for chickenpox exposure.		1984	6096833
[manifest chickenpox reinfection in pregnancy with low varicella antibody titer?].	the report concerns a case of an obvious varicella reinfection during pregnancy and the course of varicella-igg and -igm titers, respectively. by means of early diagnosis with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immediate application of a high - titered commercial varicella-zoster immunoglobuline, an infection of the foetus was probably prevented.	1984	6097501
synthesis and antiviral properties of 5-vinylpyrimidine nucleoside analogs.	5-vinylpyrimidine nucleosides can be readily synthesized via organometallic intermediates from commercially available nucleosides. highly potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) are (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) and some related analogs such as (e)-5-(2-iodovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (ivdu), 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-(e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil (bvarau) and (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxycytidine (bvdc). the selective antivir ...	1984	6099893
[immunization and prevention of infectious diseases of children].		1984	6097523
herpes zoster encephalitis: isolation of virus from cerebrospinal fluid.	two elderly female patients developed symptoms and signs of encephalitis, coincident with a cutaneous zoster eruption ("shingles"). one recovered slowly with mild residual motor dysfunction, and the other died. varicella-zoster virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of the two patients. review of the literature revealed only eight previously described patients in whom herpes zoster virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid.	1984	6097567
detection of varicella-zoster antibody by immune adherence hemagglutination test.	the immune adherence hemagglutination (iaha) is a more sensitive and specific test for evaluation of humoral immunity to varicella-zoster virus (vzv) than a conventional complement fixation (cf) test. the equipment, reagents, procedure used in the iaha are basically the same as those employed in the cf test. after vz vaccination, seroconversions detected by iaha test were significantly greater than those by cf test (p less than 0.01, chi 2 test). moreover, the iaha titers were higher about 4 tim ...	1984	6098021
leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with cutaneous infection by herpesvirus.	two patients with leukocytoclastic vasculitis of dermal vessels and evidence of infection by herpesvirus in the overlying epidermis showed, by conventional microscopy, viral inclusions in endothelial cells and in dermal fibroblasts adjacent to them and, by electron microscopy, viral inclusions in endothelial cells and pericytes of involved vessels. it is speculative whether viral involvement of the latter structures was the result of direct spread of the virus along dermal nerves, from the overl ...	1984	6098188
trans activation of transcription by herpes virus products: requirement for two hsv-1 immediate-early polypeptides for maximum activity.	the transcriptional programme of the herpes viruses is organised into three principal phases. the immediate-early (ie) genes are the first to be transcribed, by the pre-existing host rna polymerase ii, and their promoters are strongly stimulated by a polypeptide component of the virus particle. the e and l gene promoters become active only after the appearance of ie gene products. genetic and biochemical evidence has shown that the hsv-1 ie polypeptide vmw175 (icp 4) is essential for the trans a ...	1984	6098466
evaluation of varicella vaccine in childhood leukemia. observation over 6 years.	since 1977, we have used a live attenuated varicella vaccine to immunize 10 children with acute leukemia. 8 patients had no adverse clinical reaction but 2 patients developed mild fever and papulovesicular rash after vaccination. all 9 tested children became seropositive after the vaccination. also in all 3 children who were observed for more than 4 years, persistence of neutralizing antibody was detected. most of the recipients were prevented from developing symptoms of varicella in spite of co ...	1984	6100045
testing for varicella-zoster virus antibody in immunosuppressed patients.		1984	6098619
inappropriate peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to herpes viruses in patients with behçet's syndrome.	specific antibody production and the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) to a variety of viruses, including herpes simplex virus-type-1 (hsv-1) and varicella zoster (vz), were studied in 7 patients with behçet's syndrome. none of the patients produced an antibody response against hsv-1 or vz. furthermore, none of the patients showed a proliferative response to vz, and three of them also failed to mount a response to hsv-1. these results suggest that the pbls of patients ...	1984	6098552
[prevention of varicella in immunocompromised children. clinical and serological evaluation of specific anti-varicella-zoster immunoglobulins].		1984	6099463
three major glycoprotein genes of varicella-zoster virus whose products have neutralization epitopes.	varicella-zoster virus (vzv) codes for approximately eight glycosylated polypeptides in infected cell cultures and in virions. to determine the number of serologically distinct glycoprotein gene products encoded by vzv, we have developed murine monoclonal antibodies to purified virions. of 10 monoclonal antibodies which can immunoprecipitate intracellular vzv antigens and virion glycoproteins, 1 (termed ga) reacted with gp105, 1 (termed gb) reacted with gp115 (intracellular only), gp62, and gp57 ...	1984	6207311
herpes zoster: epidemiology, clinical features, and management.	herpes zoster is a commonly encountered infectious disease primarily affecting the elderly and immunosuppressed. the natural history and complications of the disease and the principles of management are often not appreciated by clinicians in a variety of disciplines who may see the patient during the acute phase. recent literature has furthered our understanding of the virology of herpes zoster and the roles of corticosteroid and antiviral therapy. we review the clinical features, diagnostic pri ...	1984	6207596
isoprinosine in the treatment of herpes virus infections in children with leukaemia and malignant lymphoma.	isoprinosine was given to 15 children with lymphoblastic diseases and 3 adults during infections with herpes viruses - herpes simplex (hsv) and varicella-zoster viruses (vzv). the control group included 7 children who had previously suffered from infections with hsv and vzv without being treated with isoprinosine. the clinical observations showed a significant inhibitory effect of isoprinosine on viral infections, with the duration of the disease being shortened considerably. the authors think i ...	1984	6205962
analysis of proteins, helper dependence, and seroepidemiology of a new human parvovirus.	a new type of defective parvovirus, tentatively designated as adeno-associated virus type 5 (aav-5), is characterized as far as its proteins, its helper dependence, and its seroepidemiology are concerned. the protein analysis of aav-5 in polyacrylamide gels demonstrated the presence of three structural polypeptides, corresponding to vp 1, vp 2, and vp 3 of other aav types. the preparation of monoclonal antibodies against aav-5 permitted the analysis of viral structural antigen expression by usin ...	1984	6200995
symposium on infectious complications of neoplastic disease (part ii). immunoprophylaxis of varicella-zoster infections.	because it is possible to identify groups of persons with a high risk of varicella development and also because it is possible to anticipate when an attack may occur, immunoprophylaxis for varicella has met with great success. in contrast, the nature of zoster--its unpredictability and low attack rate--makes immunoprophylaxis much more difficult to implement. varicella may be modified by administration of varicella-zoster immune globulin within three days of a known exposure to the virus. althou ...	1984	6201068
prevention and treatment of varicella-zoster virus infection.		1984	6204323
varicella pneumonitis: immunodiagnosis with a monoclonal antibody.		1984	6205128
reproducibility of an indirect immunofluorescence test for varicella-zoster antibodies.	the need has arisen for a rapid test for detection of antibody production in the central nervous system (cns) in patients with varicella-zoster (vzv) encephalitis. we have developed an immunofluorescence test based on semiquantitative determination of antibody concentration. in this work we have systematically examined some of the most important errors that may influence the quantification of the system. in the reported experiments six samples with known antibody dilutions and one control sample ...	1984	6099527
antiviral therapy. varicella-zoster virus infections, herpes labialis and mucocutaneous herpes, and cytomegalovirus infections.		1984	6147701
varicella-zoster immune globulin for the prevention of chickenpox. recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee, centers for disease control.	this is the first statement by the immunization practices advisory committee on the use of varicella-zoster immune globulin ( vzig ). prior recommendations have been made by the manufacturer in cooperation with the centers for disease control and approved by the office of biologics, national center for drugs and biologics, u.s. food and drug administration. because of exceedingly limited supplies, vzig use has been restricted to proven high-risk individuals--for prophylaxis against chickenpox in ...	1984	6326634
latent herpesviruses of humans.	the herpesviruses that infect humans characteristically establish a latent infection that may be reactivated later. the consequences of reactivation range from asymptomatic shedding to severe disseminated infection. varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses are both highly neurotropic, establishing nonreplicating infections in sensory ganglia. latent herpes simplex virus is known to reside in neurons, and the virus-cell interactions involved have been defined to an extent. cytomegalovirus and ...	1984	6326635
antibody assays for varicella-zoster virus: comparison of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), competitive radioimmunoassay (ria), complement fixation, and indirect immunofluorescence assays.	the competitive elisa test was compared with competitive ria, complement fixation, and indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of antibody to varicella-zoster virus (vzv). elisa and ria were the most sensitive tests, being tenfold as sensitive as indirect immunofluorescence and 20 times as sensitive as complement fixation, which was surprisingly inadequate for detecting anti-vzv in sera from regular haemodialysis patients. the elisa test was found to be the most suitable assay, empl ...	1984	6330290
improving the varicella-zoster virus: igg radioimmunoassay procedure by the use of purified antigen.	the indirect radioimmunoassay (ria) for detecting and assaying igg class antibodies against varicella-zoster virus (vzv) can be improved by simple purification of the viral antigen. this is achieved by reducing binding to cellular components present in crude antigens. the purified antigen is particularly useful for testing sera that either bind excessively to normal control antigen or give equivocal results when crude antigens are used.	1984	6323503
enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to membrane associated antigen of varicella zoster virus.	an in situ enzyme immunoassay to viral membrane antigen was developed to enable the specific estimation of antibodies to varicella zoster (vz) virus. the technique was compared with a modified fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (fama) procedure and with the complement fixation (cf) test by parallel assay of 352 plasma samples. the enzyme immunoassay (eia) procedure showed very good correlation with the modified fama procedure, and both were far more specific than the cf test. this specific ...	1984	6323506
varicella vaccine trials in healthy children. a summary of comparative and follow-up studies.	beginning in 1979, oka and kmcc strains of varicella zoster virus (vzv) vaccine were administered to 369 healthy seronegative children in a sequence of ten comparative clinical trials. postimmunization clinical reactivity was minimal with the oka vaccines but was unacceptably high (32%) with the kmcc passage-40 vaccine. ninety-three percent to 100% immunogenicity was noted by fluorescent antibody assay and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation to vzv antigens. follow-up studies demonstrated persiste ...	1984	6324570
enhancement of varicella-zoster-specific immune responses in the elderly by boosting with varicella vaccine.		1984	6327839
molecular dissection of the humoral immune response to individual varicella-zoster viral proteins during chickenpox, quiescence, reinfection, and reactivation.	the sequence of antibody formation to molecularly defined varicella-zoster virus (vzv) proteins was examined during the course of chickenpox, quiescence, and subsequent vzv reactivation and reinfection. the first antibodies produced after primary vzv infection were to two virion envelope glycoproteins, gp66 and gp118 , and the nucleocapsid protein p155 . within one to two months, antibodies to a greater array of viral proteins and glycoproteins were observed. antibodies to the immunodominant vir ...	1984	6327848
absence of igg fc receptors on varicella-zoster virus-infected cells.	herpesvirus-infected cells usually express receptors for the fc portion of immunoglobulin g. varicella-zoster virus has so far been the sole exception in the family. both immunehemadsorption and immunofluorescence techniques failed to detect the expression of such receptors. this observation excludes the possibility of false-positive results in serological tests for antibodies to this virus. it is possible that the function of these receptors early in infection is not needed in the subsequent re ...	1984	6327901
herpesvirus infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	herpesvirus infections were studied in persons with or at risk for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). the infections diagnosed were as follows: patients with aids, cytomegalovirus (cmv) in 34 of 34, epstein-barr virus (ebv) in 33 of 34, herpes simplex viruses (hsv) in eight of 34, and varicella zoster virus in four of 34; patients with chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome, cmv in eight of nine and ebv in nine of nine; in healthy homosexual men, cmv in five of 13 and ebv in seven of eigh ...	1984	6328055
neonatal cytomegalovirus infections: the relative role of neonatal blood transfusion and maternal exposure.	a prospective study of premature infants admitted to an intensive care neonatal unit was undertaken to evaluate the relative role of blood transfusions and maternal exposure in infections caused by cytomegalovirus (cmv), varicella zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv). during the first year of life, 13.7%, 4.8% and 4% of the infants became infected with cmv, vzv and hsv, respectively, as determined by virus isolation or seroconversion. transfusion in the newborn period did not influe ...	1984	6327133
antiherpes drugs: promises and pitfalls.	in recent years several selective antiherpes drugs have been developed which all show great promise for the systemic and topical treatment of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections. these new antiherpes agents include acyclovir, bromovinyldeoxyuridine, fluoroiodoaracytosine and phosphonoformate. acyclovir has already been licensed for both topical and systemic use, and it is expected that other compounds will follow soon. although this new generation of antiherpes drugs suffe ...	1984	6327297
varicella zoster antibody titers after the administration of intravenous immune serum globulin or varicella zoster immune globulin.	varicella is a serious infection in the immunocompromised patient. prophylaxis with varicella zoster immune globulin is known to decrease the incidence of severe varicella infection. the titers of antibody to varicella zoster virus were compared in patients who received either varicella zoster immune globulin or intravenous immune globulin, 4 ml or 6 ml/kg per dose. the titers of antibody to varicella zoster virus were comparable in each group.	1984	6324585
"recurrent herpes zoster": an unproved entity?	physicians sometimes misdiagnose recurrent zosteriform herpes simplex virus (hsv) skin infections as "zoster" or "recurrent zoster." misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate therapy with potentially harmful consequences, particularly in patients with ophthalmitis or immunosuppression, in which early institution of the correct antiviral therapy may be crucial. we report three patients who were originally misdiagnosed to have recurrent herpes zoster skin infections before we cultured hsv from their ...	1984	6327783
biologic and immunologic characterization of the soluble skin-test antigen of varicella-zoster virus.	a sensitive method for assay of the potency of the skin-test antigen of varicella-zoster virus was established. potency was determined by a reverse passive hemagglutination test, and the results correlated well with the cutaneous reaction of sensitized guinea pigs and an immune human adult to the antigen. cutaneous reactivity was not induced by repeated inoculation of the antigen, but humoral neutralizing antibody was detected in most guinea pigs when a large amount of antigen was used. no cutan ...	1984	6327833
[acyclovir therapy in varicella/zoster diseases in immunocompromised children with cancer].	21 patients, aged 1 to 15 years, who developed manifest varicella/zoster-virus infection while on chemotherapy for malignant disease were treated with acyclovir. drug dosage was 10 mg/kg every eight hours for 5 days as a one hour infusion. the clinical course of the infection in all patients was mild. 1 to 4 (median 2,2) days after beginning of acyclovir therapy the formation of new lesions stopped. within 4 to 8 (median 5,9) days all vesicles were scabbed . in 13 patients with fever in the begi ...	1984	6328285
simian varicella virus dna shares homology with human varicella-zoster virus dna.	delta herpesvirus (dhv) and medical lake macaque (mlm) virus are cell-associated simian herpesviruses that cause varicella-like disease in nonhuman primates, and are antigenically related to human varicella-zoster virus (vzv). the results of studies designed to determine if homology exists between the dna of dhv and mlm and the dna of vzv are reported here. southern blot hybridizations conducted at tm-20 degrees did not detect dna homology between the vzv and simian varicella virus genomes. howe ...	1984	6330994
skin test with varicella-zoster virus antigen for ophthalmic herpes zoster.	we assessed delayed dermal hypersensitivity to varicella-zoster virus by a varicella skin test in 12 patients (nine women and three men ranging in age from 27 to 85 years) with ophthalmic herpes zoster during the acute stage and in a group of 27 healthy controls (15 women and 12 men ranging in age from 18 to 58 years). of the 27 healthy individuals, 25 had positive skin test reactions whereas only one of the 12 patients with ophthalmic herpes zoster had a positive skin test reaction within two w ...	1984	6331167
susceptibility of vaccine strains of varicella-zoster virus to antiviral compounds.	using a plaque reduction assay, we determined the 50% effective doses of six antiviral compounds against low- and high-passage viruses of the kmcc and oka strains of varicella-zoster virus vaccine. the potency, as indicated by the ranges of 50% effective doses (micrograms per milliliter) of the antiviral compounds, in decreasing order was as follows: (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 0.0007 to 0.0035; 1-(2'-flouro-2-deoxy-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine, 0.0063 to 0.0091; aphidicolin ...	1984	6329079
glycoprotein c of herpes simplex virus 1 acts as a receptor for the c3b complement component on infected cells.	receptors for the fc portion of immunoglobulins or for the third component of complement (c3) are present on a variety of circulating and fixed tissue cells including granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and glomerular epithelial cells. cells which lack fc receptors may express them after infection by herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1, hsv-2, cytomegalovirus or varicella zoster virus. we recently reported that infection by hsv-1 induces both fc and c3 receptors on human endothelial cells. glycoprotei ...	1984	6328323
synergistic antiviral effects of antiherpes compounds and human leukocyte interferon on varicella-zoster virus in vitro.	the four antiherpes compounds acyclovir, adenine arabinoside, bromovinyldeoxyuridine, and phosphonoformic acid showed an additive to synergistic effect with human leukocyte interferon in inhibiting focus formation by three different strains of varicella-zoster virus in human embryonic fibroblasts.	1984	6329083
strains of varicella-zoster virus resistant to 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-e-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil.	strains of varicella-zoster virus resistant to 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-e-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil (bv-arau) were isolated from varicella-zoster virus-infected vero cells which were pulse-treated with 5-iododeoxyuridine or 5-bromodeoxyuridine or both and then treated with bv-arau. these bv-arau-resistant strains (bv-araur) could not be isolated from varicella-zoster virus-infected cells treated with bv-arau alone and had reduced viral thymidine kinase activity. two of five bv-araur strains were a ...	1984	6331298
fatal central nervous system infection with varicella-zoster virus in renal transplant recipients.	three renal transplant patients with culture-positive central nervous system infections resulting from varicella-zoster virus died of the virus infection. no finding predicting a poor outcome in these patients could be identified. varicella-zoster infection in transplant recipients is a potentially fatal disease, and upon diagnosis should it be treated by (1) reduction in immunosuppression, and (2) initiation of either vidarabine or acyclovir as specific antiviral therapy.	1984	6369667
antibody class capture assays for varicella-zoster virus.	pooled monoclonal antibodies to varicella-zoster virus (vzv) were used as "detector" antibodies in a four-phase enzyme immunofluorescence assay for determination of immunoglobulin m (igm), iga, and igg antibodies to vzv. polyclonal antisera specific for heavy chains of human igm, iga, and igg were employed as "capture" antibodies on the solid phase. the antibody class capture assay (acca) for vzv igm antibody detected high titers of virus-specific igm in all patients with varicella and in 5 of 1 ...	1984	6330163
structural organization of human herpesvirus dna molecules.	the herpesviruses are among the largest and most complex of all dna viruses, and their genomes display an astonishing diversity in size, structure, and organization. in 1974, the features of large inverted repeats and structural isomerization were first discovered, and these proved to be characteristic properties of many herpesvirus genomes. since then, research using the powerful techniques of modern molecular biology has revealed a great deal of comparative structural information about the arr ...	1984	6330219
efficacy of bromovinyldeoxyuridine in the treatment of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus eye infections.	as has been established in rabbits, (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) is superior to 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idu) in the topical treatment of epithelial hsv-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1) keratitis, and superior to 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (tft) in the topical treatment of deep stromal hsv-1 keratitis and hsv-1 uveitis. bvdu 0.1% eye drops have also proven efficacious in the treatment of patients with dendritic corneal ulcers, geographic corneal ulcers and stromal keratitis, ...	1984	6335020
varicella-zoster virus-induced transformation of mammalian cells in vitro.	a mixture of varicella-zoster virus-infected human embryonic lung fibroblasts and hamster embryo cells produced foci of morphologically transformed cells after several weeks of incubation. these transformed cells exhibited virus-specific antigens by immunofluorescence and developed surface fc receptors. they induced aggressive fibrosarcomas when injected back into inbred hamsters. cells derived from hamster tumor tissue exhibited similar properties. the tumor-bearing hamsters develop antibodies ...	1984	6330228
immunologic evidence of reinfection with varicella-zoster virus.		1984	6330237
complete spectrum of the varicella congenital defects syndrome in 5-year-old child.	chickenpox in the pregnant woman occasionally leads to infection and teratogenesis of the early to midgestational embryo. we describe the developmental assessment and clinical management of a 5-year-old girl with classic varicella congenital defects syndrome. this patient is unique with respect to (1) a generally favorable outcome in spite of the severity of her anomalies involving the eyes, limbs and skin, (2) a completely normal evaluation of her immunologic status and (3) a serologically docu ...	1984	6328456
biologic and biophysical markers of a live varicella vaccine strain (oka): identification of clinical isolates from vaccine recipients.	possible biologic and biophysical markers of the oka vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) were explored. the ratio between the infectivity of the vaccine strain in guinea-pig embryo fibroblasts and that in human embryo fibroblasts was consistently higher than the corresponding ratios for wild-type strains; this result seemed to correlate with the passage history of the vaccine strain in guinea-pig embryo fibroblasts. according to profiles of cleavage of digested dna by various restrict ...	1984	6330239
live attenuated varicella vaccine. efficacy for children with leukemia in remission.	one hundred ninety-one varicella-susceptible children with leukemia in remission were immunized with live attenuated varicella vaccine. there was serological evidence of an immune response in approximately 80% after one dose and in more than 90% after two doses. the major side effect was mild to moderate rash, seen especially in children with maintenance chemotherapy suspended for one week before and one week after vaccination. children with rash had higher antibody titers than those without ras ...	1984	6330386
variation in the structure of varicella-zoster virus dna.	by analyzing the fine structure of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) dna, a naturally occurring heterogeneity was found on the right end of vzv dna, but no evidence of a true terminal repetition was uncovered. we were unable to confirm the report of straus and co-workers (1981) that there is a relatively high frequency of circular vzv dna in low-passage virus. on long-term cell passage, extensive heterogeneity appeared concomitant with the accumulation of apparently defective vzv dna.	1984	6321392
physical maps of varicella-zoster virus dna derived with 11 restriction enzymes.	varicella-zoster virus dna was digested with 11 restriction endonucleases, and the resulting fragments were separated on agarose gels. terminal fragments were identified by lambda exonuclease digestion. physical maps were then constructed using a combination of double restriction enzyme digestion and hybridization to cloned bamhi fragments to place the remaining fragments in order.	1984	6323760
[diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infections of bacterial, fungal and viral origin in immunocompromised patients].	infections in immunocompromised patients are mostly caused by potentially pathogenic bacteria, yeasts, fungi and viruses. the predominant agents of bacterial infections are enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci. several randomized studies have shown that the incidence of infections caused by these bacteria can significantly be reduced by means of antimicrobial decontamination. in case of suspected or proven bacterial infections immediate empirical antibiotic therapy is man ...	1984	6371640
adult-type systemic varicella in a female patient in course of treatment of her so-called reactive lymphocytic (t-cell) hyperplasia.	a 31-year-old woman was examined in this case. biopsy revealed an abnormal nontumorous proliferation of t-cells in the lymph node. clinically, the patient was treated by c-mopp and steroid under clinical suspicion of t-cell lymphoma. in the period of observation of the course of illness, the patient contracted varicella from her real child and died on the 8th day of illness. she was examined pathologically, electron microscopically, and by the fluorescent antibody technique. virus infections foc ...	1984	6328862
susceptibility of hospital personnel to varicella-zoster virus.		1984	6491384
herpes simplex and herpes zoster. nervous system involvement.	mainly discussed are neurologic complications of two neurotropic herpesviruses: herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. briefly discussed are cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus. treatment of immunosuppressed and nonimmunosuppressed patients is reviewed.	1984	6503937
[use of acyclovir in varicella-zoster virus infection with severe clinical course in a patient with glomerulonephritis treated with immunosuppressive drugs].		1984	6514628
the epidemiology of varicella in staff and students of a hospital in the tropics.	a five-year retrospective survey of the epidemiology of varicella in staff and students at our hospital revealed a high incidence of 0.72 cases per 100 per year. the incidence was highest among 17-24 year-olds, especially among student nurses (3.22 cases per 100 per year). most cases of varicella occurred in the cooler and more humid months of the year. among 102 candidate student nurses aged 17-20 years, only 29.7% had complement-fixing antibodies to varicella-zoster virus. thus our hospital pe ...	1984	6519892
the use of acyclovir in children.	acyclovir represents a significant advance in the treatment of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections and appears to be safe and well-tolerated. physicians now have several drugs to choose from in the treatment of these infections. hopefully there will be other antiviral chemotherapeutic agents that will be effective for therapy of cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus infections. coincident with the development of antivirals, continued progress in the area of rapid viral diagnosi ...	1984	6540867
live attenuated varicella virus vaccine. efficacy trial in healthy children.	we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial of the live attenuated oka/merck varicella vaccine among 956 children between the ages of 1 and 14 years, with a negative clinical history of varicella. of the 914 children who were serologically confirmed to be susceptible to varicella, 468 received vaccine and 446 received placebo. the vaccine produced few clinical reactions and was well tolerated. there was no clinical evidence of viral spread from vaccinated children to sibling c ...	1984	6325909
varicella vaccine: decisions a little nearer.		1984	6325911