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healed varicella pneumonia: a case of diffuse pulmonary microcalcifications.varicella pneumonia is a potentially fatal complication of the varicella-zoster virus (vzv), which causes the well-known chickenpox disease of childhood. identifying this type of pneumonia by characteristic features is important for radiologists and radiology residents. typical manifestations of active varicella pneumonia include diffuse pulmonary nodules, which may mimic other diseases. healed varicella pneumonia can present as diffuse, calcified pulmonary micronodules. we describe a case of he ...202134327107
rare complications of chicken pox in immunocompetent children: acute respiratory distress syndrome.chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella zoster virus. fever and papulovesicular rash are hallmarks of this disease. these manifestations are self-liming and complete recovery is seen in most cases. we report two cases of chickenpox infection where the rare and atypical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome with pleural effusion were seen.202134323629
intratracheal inoculation of human varicella zoster virus (vzv; mav strain) vaccine successfully induced vzv igg antibodies in rhesus monkeys.the objective of this study was to investigate whether the use of live attenuated varicella zoster virus (vzv) mav vaccination can efficiently induce vzv antibody production in naive rhesus monkeys as an approach to prevent simian varicella virus (svv) reactivation in animals immunosuppressed for transplantation studies.202134022964
culture media optimization for chinese hamster ovary cell growth and expression of recombinant varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein e.herpes zoster (hz) is caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) latent in the sensory ganglia and causes severe pain, often leading to postherpetic neuralgia (phn). two prophylactic vaccines against hz are currently licensed for human use, a live attenuated vaccine and a subunit vaccine containing recombinant vzv glycoprotein e (ge) as antigen. the latter has superior protective efficacy against hz and phn. during hz subunit vaccine development, we obtained chinese hamster ovary (ch ...202133897103
necrotizing stomatitis in varicella zoster infection.necrotizing periodontal disease are acute periodontal conditions which can present with simple gingivitis to more complex life threatening condition where it can perforate the skin of cheek. they are found in patients with severe illness, stress and reduced immunity. the prevalence of this whole group of disease is usually very low and is stated frequently as the first manifestation in hiv infection. herpes zoster, a common dermatological condition is a secondary infection due to re-activation o ...202133594035
successful oral treatment of third cranial nerve palsy and optic neuritis from neglected herpes zoster in an immunocompetent patient.herpes zoster (hz) is an acute viral eruption caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (vzv), a herpes virus causing chicken pox in children. we aimed to report a 3-month neglected case of acute herpes zoster-induced third nerve palsy and optic neuritis, followed by a late-onset keratouveitis in an immunocompetent young adult.202033294726
varicella-zoster virus: molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). although considered benign diseases, both varicella and zoster can cause complications. zoster is painful and can lead to post herpetic neuralgia. vzv has also been linked to stroke, related to giant cell arteritis in some cases. vaccines are available but the attenuated vaccine is not recommended in immunocompromised individuals and the efficacy of the glycoprotein e (ge) based subunit vaccine ...202033259590
the tegument protein pul47 of marek's disease virus is necessary for horizontal transmission and is important for expression of glycoprotein gc.viral tropism and transmission of herpesviruses are best studied in their natural host for maximal biological relevance. in the case of α-herpesviruses, few reports have focused on those aspects, primarily because of the few animal models available as natural hosts that are compatible with such studies. here, using marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly contagious and deadly alphaherpesvirus of chickens, we analyze the role of tegument proteins pul47 and pul48 in the whole life cycle of the virus ...202032999032
identification and characterization of cd4+ t cell epitopes after shingrix vaccination.infections with varicella zoster virus (vzv) are associated with a range of clinical manifestations. primary infection with vzv causes chicken pox. the virus remains latent in neurons and it can reactivate later in life causing herpes zoster (hz). two different vaccines have been developed to prevent hz, one based on a live attenuated vzv strain (zostavax) and the other on adjuvanted ge recombinant protein (shingrix). while zostavax efficacy wanes with age, shingrix protection retains its effica ...202032999027
elevated serum substance p during simian varicella virus infection in rhesus macaques: implications for chronic inflammation and adverse cerebrovascular events.varicella and zoster, produced by varicella-zoster virus (vzv), are associated with an increased risk of stroke that may be due to persistent inflammation and hypercoagulability. because substance p is associated with inflammation, hypercoagulability, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture that may contribute to increased stroke risk after vzv infection, we measured serum substance p in simian varicella virus-infected rhesus macaques. we found significantly increased and persistent serum substance p ...202032964407
a novel human skin tissue model to study varicella-zoster virus and human cytomegalovirus.the herpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) are endemic to humans. vzv causes varicella (chicken pox) and herpes zoster (shingles), while hcmv causes serious disease in immunocompromised patients and neonates. more effective, less toxic antivirals are needed, necessitating better models to study these viruses and evaluate antivirals. previously, vzv and hcmv models used fetal tissue; here, we developed an adult human skin model to study vzv and hcmv in culture ...202032878893
disseminated varicella-zoster virus infection complicated by encephalitis and ramsay hunt syndrome in an hiv patient.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is a human α-herpesvirus which cause primary varicella infection (chicken pox) or herpes zoster infection (shingles) after reactivation of the dormant virus. vzv infection is usually self-limited but disseminated infection can be seen in immunocompromised individuals. it can also get complicated by central nervous system (cns) involvement. we describe a case of a 51-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) who presented with altered mental status and def ...202032699727
persistence of varicella-zoster virus-specific plasma cells in adult human bone marrow following childhood vaccination.childhood immunization with the live-attenuated varicella-zoster virus (vzv) vaccine induces protective immune responses. routine vzv vaccination started only 2 decades ago, and thus, there are few studies examining the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity. here, we analyzed the quantity of vzv-specific plasma cells (pcs) and cd4 t cells in the bone marrow (bm) of healthy young adults (n = 15) following childhood vzv immunization. long-lived bm resident plasma cells constitutively secrete antib ...202032321817
herpes zoster and its prevention by vaccination.herpes zoster (hz; shingles) results from reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) after primary infection as varicella (chicken pox). it affects mainly older adults and people with immunocompromising diseases or treatments. the most common complication is postherpetic neuralgia (phn), which has significant adverse effects on quality of life and activities of daily living. since phn cannot be prevented once hz has occurred, and treatment is only modestly successful and is associated with sig ...202032305975
synthesis of organotin polyamine ethers containing acyclovir and their preliminary anticancer and antiviral activity.organotin polyamine ethers containing acyclovir in their backbone were synthesized in moderate to high yield employing the aqueous interfacial polycondensation system. the products are high molecular weight polymers. infrared spectroscopy of the products shows new bands characteristic of the formation of sn-n and sn-o bonds consistent with the proposed structure. maldi-tof ms below 2000 da shows the presence of organotin and acyclovir units containing these two moieties. the products show modera ...200632214932
rare case of post-varicella membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis presenting with massive proteinuria.chicken pox caused by varicella zoster virus is usually a self-limiting disease causing rare life-threatening complications. involvement of the kidneys is infrequent during the course of the illness. literature shows rare reports of acute glomerulonephritis following varicella infection. we report a case of 16-year-old boy presenting with anasarca with characteristic healed rashes of chicken pox. his urinalysis revealed a 'massive' nephrotic range proteinuria (16 g/24 hours), gross hematuria and ...202032169983
evaluation of glycoprotein e subunit and live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccines formulated with a single-strand rna-based adjuvant.varicella-zoster virus (vzv), a human alphaherpesvirus 3, elicits both chickenpox and shingles and/or postherpetic neuralgia. a live attenuated vaccine (lav) and glycoprotein e (ge) subunit vaccine were developed to prevent vzv-induced diseases. we recently reported that single-strand rna (ssrna) based on the intergenic region of the internal ribosome entry site of cricket paralysis virus (crpv) is an effective adjuvant for protein-based and virus-like particle-based vaccines. here, chinese hams ...202032167678
vaccination rate and immunity of children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease or autoimmune hepatitis in germany.immunosuppressed patients are at risk of severe infections with vaccination preventable diseases. we evaluated vaccination rate and immunity of children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and autoimmune hepatitis (aih).202031879123
persistence of a t cell infiltrate in human ganglia years after herpes zoster and during post-herpetic neuralgia.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is a human herpesvirus which causes varicella (chicken pox) during primary infection, establishes latency in sensory ganglia, and can reactivate from this site to cause herpes zoster (hz) (shingles). a major complication of hz is a severe and often debilitating pain called post-herpetic neuralgia (phn) which persists long after the resolution of the hz-associated rash. the underlying cause of phn is not known, although it has been postulated that it may be a conseque ...201931572325
budget impact analysis of multiple varicella vaccination strategies: a mexico perspective.a number of live-attenuated varicella vaccines are produced globally that provide protection against the varicella zoster virus. in mexico, varicella vaccination is not included in the national immunization program and is recommended for use only in high-risk subgroups. we developed a budget impact model to estimate the impact of universal childhood immunization against varicella on the national payer system in mexico. a scenario of no varicella vaccination was compared to scenarios with vaccina ...202031567045
uveitis sarcoidosis presumably initiated after administration of shingrix vaccine.uveitis is a form of intraocular inflammation that can occur as a result of infection, injury, vaccination, or as a systemic manifestation of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases including sarcoidosis. sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that involves the formation of abnormal granulomas in multiple organ systems. the hallmark of sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granuloma seen on biopsy. here, we present a case report of a healthy 56-year-old caucasian female who presented with uveitis sarcoidos ...201931423396
do varicella vaccination programs change the epidemiology of herpes zoster? a comprehensive review, with focus on the united states.introduction: policy-makers in many countries have been wary of introducing varicella vaccination programs because of concerns that reduced exposures to varicella-zoster virus could increase herpes zoster (hz) incidence. the u.s. introduced varicella vaccination in 1996 and has empiric evidence regarding this concern. areas covered: this comprehensive review provides background emphasizing the epidemiology of varicella and of hz in the u.s. before and after the introduction of their respective v ...201931318605
estradiol acts in lateral thalamic region to attenuate varicella zoster virus associated affective pain.varicella zoster virus (vzv) results in chicken pox and herpes zoster. female rats show a higher level of herpes zoster associated pain than males, consistent with human studies. in this study, we addressed the novel hypothesis that sex difference in herpes zoster associated pain is due, in part, to estradiol modulating activity in the thalamus. to test this hypothesis a high and low physiological dose of estradiol was administered to castrated and ovariectomized rats and the affective pain resp ...201931271831
current in vivo models of varicella-zoster virus neurotropism.varicella-zoster virus (vzv), an exclusively human herpesvirus, causes chickenpox and establishes a latent infection in ganglia, reactivating decades later to produce zoster and associated neurological complications. an understanding of vzv neurotropism in humans has long been hampered by the lack of an adequate animal model. for example, experimental inoculation of vzv in small animals including guinea pigs and cotton rats results in the infection of ganglia but not a rash. the severe combined ...201931159224
the impact of varicella vaccination on the incidence of varicella and herpes zoster in the united states: updated evidence from observational databases, 1991-2016.universal childhood vaccination against varicella began in the united states as a 1-dose schedule in 1996, changing to a 2-dose schedule in 2006. the exogenous boosting hypothesis, which postulates that reexposure to circulating wild-type varicella delays the onset of herpes zoster, predicts a transient increase in the incidence of herpes zoster, peaking in adults 15-35 years after the start of varicella vaccination.202031147680
simian varicella virus dna in saliva and buccal cells after experimental acute infection in rhesus macaques.simian varicella virus (svv) infection of non-human primates is the counterpart of varicella zoster virus (vzv) infection in humans. to develop non-invasive methods of assessing svv infection, we tested for the presence of svv dna in saliva, as has been documented in human vzv infection, and in buccal cells to determine whether epithelial cells might provide a more reliable source of material for analysis. five rhesus macaques intratracheally inoculated with svv all developed varicella with vire ...201931143167
honeysuckle-derived microrna2911 directly inhibits varicella-zoster virus replication by targeting ie62 gene.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) leads to chicken pox on primary infection and herpes zoster on reactivation. recent studies suggest that microrna2911 (mir2911), honeysuckle (hs)-encoded atypical microrna, has potential as a therapeutic agent against influenza and ev71 virus infections. here, we report that mir2911 directly inhibits vzv replication by targeting the ie62 gene. the luciferase reporter assay and bioinformatics prediction revealed that mir2911 could target the ie62 gene of vzv. the vzv- ...201931140131
recombinant glycoprotein e of varicella zoster virus contains glycan-peptide motifs that modulate b cell epitopes into discrete immunological signatures.a recombinant subunit vaccine (shingrix®) was recently licensed for use against herpes zoster. this vaccine is based on glycoprotein e (ge) of varicella zoster virus (vzv), the most abundantly expressed protein of vzv, harboring sites for n- and o-linked glycosylation. the subunit vaccine elicits stronger virus-specific cd4+ t cell response as well as antibody b cell response to ge, compared to the currently used live attenuated vaccine (zostavax®). this situation is at variance with the current ...201930813247
herpes virus reactivation in astronauts during spaceflight and its application on earth.latent herpes virus reactivation has been demonstrated in astronauts during shuttle (10-16 days) and international space station (≥180 days) flights. following reactivation, viruses are shed in the body fluids of astronauts. typically, shedding of viral dna is asymptomatic in astronauts regardless of mission duration; however, in some cases, live/infectious virus was recovered by tissue culture that was associated with atopic-dermatitis or skin lesions during and after spaceflight. hypothalamic- ...201930792698
current in vitro models to study varicella zoster virus latency and reactivation.varicella zoster virus (vzv) is a highly prevalent human pathogen that causes varicella (chicken pox) during primary infection and establishes latency in peripheral neurons. symptomatic reactivation often presents as zoster (shingles), but it has also been linked to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis, vasculopathy and meningitis. zoster may be followed by postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain lasting after resolution of the rash. the mechanisms of varicella zoster virus (vzv) late ...201930691086
induction of immune response and protective immunity by a local isolated varicella virus in animal model: a future candidates for vaccine production.preparation of the indigenous varicella zoster vaccine could significantly reduce the disease burden of varicella zoster virus especially in immunosuppressed children. to achieve this goal, the varicella zoster virus was isolated from an 8 years boy infected with chicken pox. the virus was cultivated in sensitive cell line and determined varicella zoster. the adaptation and attenuation of virus was carried out after several passages in mrc-5 cell culture, primary guinea pig embryo fibroblast cel ...201830644703
varicella virus-host interactions during latency and reactivation: lessons from simian varicella virus.varicella zoster virus (vzv) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus and the causative agent of varicella (chickenpox) in humans. following primary infection, vzv establishes latency in the sensory ganglia and can reactivate to cause herpes zoster, more commonly known as shingles, which causes significant morbidity, and on rare occasions mortality, in the elderly. because vzv infection is highly restricted to humans, the development of a reliable animal model has been challenging, and our understandin ...201830619226
reactivation of simian varicella virus in rhesus macaques after cd4 t cell depletion.rhesus macaques intrabronchially inoculated with simian varicella virus (svv), the counterpart of human varicella-zoster virus (vzv), developed primary infection with viremia and rash, which resolved upon clearance of viremia, followed by the establishment of latency. to assess the role of cd4 t cell immunity in reactivation, monkeys were treated with a single 50-mg/kg dose of a humanized monoclonal anti-cd4 antibody; within 1 week, circulating cd4 t cells were reduced from 40 to 60% to 5 to 30% ...201930404798
varicella-zoster virus and the enteric nervous system.varicella zoster virus (vzv) infects and becomes latent in sensory, enteric, and other autonomic neurons during the viremia of varicella. reactivation of vzv in neurons that project to the skin causes the rash of zoster; however, reactivation of vzv in enteric neurons can cause a painful gastrointestinal disorder ("enteric zoster") without cutaneous manifestations. detection of vzv dna in saliva of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms may suggest enteric zoster. this diagnosis is reinforced b ...201830247599
economic burden of varicella complications in two referral centers in mexico.varicella-zoster virus causes varicella (chicken-pox), mainly in young children. most cases are mild but serious complications can occur, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. the objective of this study was to estimate the cost burden of varicella hospitalizations in two pediatric reference hospitals in mexico. this retrospective observational study collected data on patients aged <18 years admitted to two third-level referral hospitals in mexico. cases were identified from hospital ...201830156953
complex interaction between mutant hnrnpa1 and ge of varicella zoster virus in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.multiple sclerosis (ms) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system causing axonal injury, neuronal loss, and atrophy of the central nervous system leading to permanent neurological and clinical disability. presence of mutations in m9 domain of hnrnpa1 and detection of autoantibodies against this domain in hnrnpa1 qualifies it as a strong candidate for causing ms. these two aspects indicate the presence of a facilitator in associating them. varicella zoster virus (vzv), known to cau ...201829996671
vzv orf63 protects human neuronal and keratinocyte cell lines from apoptosis and changes its localization upon apoptosis induction.there are many facets of varicella zoster virus (vzv) pathogenesis that are not fully understood, such as the mechanisms involved in the establishment of lifelong latency, reactivation and development of serious conditions such as post herpetic neuralgia (phn). virus-encoded modulation of apoptosis has been suggested to play an important role in these processes. vzv open reading frame (orf) 63 has been shown to modulate apoptosis in a cell type specific manner, but the impact of orf63 on cell de ...201829593042
varicella-zoster virus infection: natural history, clinical manifestations, immunity and current and future vaccination strategies.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is the etiologic agent of varicella (chicken pox), a childhood exanthematic disease that develops as a result of primary infection, and zoster (shingles), caused by reactivation of the virus persisting in a latent form in the dorsal sensory ganglia. although varicella is generally a mild self-limiting illness, in immunocompromised subjects and adults it can have a serious clinical course that can lead to permanent damage of the central nervous system. in these and in ...201829498740
guillain-barré syndrome following varicella-zoster virus infection.we describe the frequency, clinical features, and electrophysiological and immunological phenotypes of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) patients treated at a single institution in bangladesh who had preceding chicken pox (primary varicella-zoster virus [vzv] infection) within 4 weeks of gbs onset. a literature review of gbs cases preceding vzv infection is also provided. diagnosis of gbs was based on the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke criteria for gbs. serum anti-vzv igm an ...201829411189
postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia.postherpetic neuralgia (phn) is an unpredictable complication of varicella zoster virus- (vzv-) induced herpes zoster (hz) which often occurs in elderly and immunocompromised persons and which can induce psychosocial dysfunction and can negatively impact on quality of life. preventive options for phn include vaccination of high-risk persons against hz, early use of antiviral agents, and robust management of pain during the early stage of acute herpes zoster. if it does occur, phn may persist for ...201729359044
mri findings of postherpetic abdominal wall pseudohernia: a case report.herpes zoster is caused by the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus from dorsal root ganglia. although infrequent, simultaneous damage to the anterior horn cells or anterior nerve roots at the same level may result in motor neuropathy. when motor involvement is localized in the abdominal wall, a pseudohernia may be the clinical presentation. we report a case of abdominal wall post-herpetic pseudohernia, with clinical, ultrasound and mri correlation. mri demonstrated increased t2/stir si ...201829353714
epidemic varicella zoster virus among university students, india.we investigated a yearlong varicella zoster virus outbreak in a highly susceptible young adult population at a large university in india. outbreaks of varicella infection among adults are not well described in the literature. infection control measures and vaccination policy for this age group and setting are needed.201829350152
ramsay hunt syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathy in an human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) patient.background ramsay hunt syndrome is a rare otologic complication resulting from varicella zoster virus reactivation that can present with a myriad of clinical presentations. most common being triad of ear pain, vesicles at auricle, and ear canal with same side facial palsy. case report we report a case of a 29-year-old male with a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection who presented with left facial palsy, vesicles, pain in the left ear, dysphagia, dizziness, and headache resulting from mul ...201829343679
attenuation of simian varicella virus infection by enhanced green fluorescent protein in rhesus macaques.simian varicella virus (svv), the primate counterpart of varicella zoster virus, causes varicella (chickenpox), establishes latency in ganglia and reactivates to produce zoster. we previously demonstrated that a recombinant svv expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (rsvv.egfp) is slightly attenuated both in culture and infected monkeys. herein, we generated two additional recombinant svvs to visualize infected cells in vitro and in vivo one harbors egfp fused to the n-terminus of ope ...201829343566
mass-spectrometric profiling of cerebrospinal fluid reveals metabolite biomarkers for cns involvement in varicella zoster virus reactivation.varicella zoster virus (vzv) reactivation spans the spectrum from uncomplicated segmental herpes zoster to life-threatening disseminated cns infection. moreover, in the absence of a small animal model for this human pathogen, studies of pathogenesis at the organismal level depend on analysis of human biosamples. changes in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) metabolites may reflect critical aspects of host responses and end-organ damage in neuroinfection and neuroinflammation. we therefore applied a targe ...201829343258
utility of ultra-deep sequencing for detection of varicella-zoster virus antiviral resistance mutations.we report the first application of ultra-deep sequencing (uds) to varicella-zoster virus (vzv) genotypic antiviral testing in a case of acyclovir-resistant vzv infection initially detected by sanger sequencing within a deeply immunocompromised heart transplant recipient. as added-value compared to sanger analysis, uds revealed complex dynamics of viral population under antiviral pressure. varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus affecting populations worldwide. vzv is commo ...201829337163
ventricular fibrillation following varicella zoster myocarditis.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infection can rarely lead to serious cardiac complications and life-threatening arrhythmias. we present a case of a 46-year-old male patient who developed vzv myocarditis and presented with recurrent syncopal episodes followed by a cardiac arrest. he had a further collapse eight years later, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (mri) demonstrated mild mid-wall basal and inferolateral wall fibrosis. he was treated with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (icd) ...201729333299
mycoplasma pneumoniae infection presenting as stroke and meningoencephalitis with aortic and subclavian aneurysms without pulmonary involvement.a 39-year-old philipino man presented with acute onset fever and headache. neurological examination was normal except for neck stiffness. there was no history of chest pain, cough or breathlessness. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) showed a mild increase in protein with normal sugar and lymphocytic pleocytosis. csf pcr for herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus was negative. he developed acute right haemiplegia a week after hospitalisation. mri showed acute infarct in the left centrum semiovale. his ...201829326371
characteristics of patients with acute peripheral facial palsy showing varicella zoster virus dna in saliva.infection caused by varicella zoster virus (vzv) is a common etiology of acute peripheral facial palsy (apfp). we aimed to assess the clinical significance of detecting vzv dna from the saliva of patients with apfp. saliva collected from thirty-six patients with unilateral apfp at initial visit was analyzed to detect vzv dna by polymerase chain reaction. the house-brackmann (hb) scale was used to evaluate fp severity on admission day, at week 2, and at weeks 10-12 after start of treatment. among ...201829319192
opportunistic infections in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.to describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of opportunistic infection (oi) in a cohort of patients with inflammatory myopathies, and compare mortality rates between those with and without ois.201829314762
post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke in denmark 2010 to 2016.varicella, most often a benign disease of childhood, is associated with an increased risk of arterial ischemic stroke in children. the aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke in the danish child population and describe clinical characteristics of children admitted with post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke.201729307566
[abdominal wall paresis as a complication of herpes zoster].herpes zoster is an illness which is especially common amongst the elderly in the netherlands and which can express itself in various ways. besides affecting sensory nerves, which leads to postherpetic pain, the varicella zoster virus may also invade motor nerves.201829303097
candidate for a live vaccine?immune dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon in end-stage liver disease (esld). the pretransplant period offers a unique window for primary care physicians to optimize the transplant's vaccine protection before antirejection medications are initiated. live vaccinations are selected cautiously but the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) vaccine, zostavax, is recommended for pretransplant candidates. this case highlights an esld patient who developed disseminated cutaneous vzv within 30 days of vaccinat ...201829302565
zoster prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation using acyclovir/valacyclovir followed by vaccination.varicella zoster virus (vzv) disease (usually cutaneous zoster) occurs frequently after hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct), and postherpetic neuralgia (phn) results in poor quality of life. the optimal prophylaxis of vzv disease/phn has not been established. at our center, before 2008, vzv prophylaxis consisted of ∼1 year of post-hct acyclovir/valacyclovir ("old strategy"), whereas post-2008 prophylaxis consisted of 2 years of acyclovir/valacyclovir followed by immunization using varicella ...201629296807
sacral zoster with a primary complaint of difficulty voiding. 201729296638
identification of herpes zoster associated temporal arteritis among cases of giant cell arteritis.to examine whether herpes zoster antigen (also called varicella-zoster virus antigen) was detectable in temporal artery biopsies taken from individuals with giant cell arteritis (gca).201729294312
cost-effectiveness of varicella vaccination program in iran.varicella zoster virus is the etiologic agent of primary varicella (chickenpox) during childhood, and varicella vaccination has not been introduced in iran. the aim of this study is to estimate cost-effectiveness of one- and two-dose varicella vaccination program in iran.201729291045
herpesviridae infection: prevention, screening, and management.bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens add significant morbidity and even mortality to pregnancy-with adverse effects extending to both the gravida and the newborn. three herpesviruses deserve considerable attention given the effects of perinatal infection on obstetric outcomes, specifically maternal and neonatal morbidity. in the following review, we will provide a description of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus. for each viral pathogen, we will describe the ...201829283902
mycosis fungoides occurring at the site of previous herpes zoster eruption.numerous clinicopathological variants of mycosis fungoides have been described in the literature. dermatomal or zosteriform mycosis fungoides is one reported variant but a clear aetiology has never been documented. we report a case of mycosis fungoides proved by biopsy and immunohistochemistry that developed in a 55-year-old man at the site of previous herpes zoster eruption. we also present a review of the relevant literature to add to the understanding of rare variants of mycosis fungoides and ...201729280139
impact of vaccination history on serological testing in pregnant women.serological testing guidelines for vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in pregnant women are heterogeneous. it is unclear how vaccination history influences health care workers' (hcws) attitudes about testing. the aim of this study was to describe current practices in screening for rubella, hepatitis b, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) in pregnant women in the province of québec.201729276161
uk experience of herpes zoster vaccination can inform varicella zoster virus policies. 201729276016
chickenpox: an ageless disease.a 97-year-old woman presented with 4-day history of vesicular rash, initially at the feet but then spread up to the thighs bilaterally, abdomen and trunk. the initial differentials included bullous pemphigus and cellulitis by the emergency department. she was then managed as bullous pemphigus by the acute medical team and started on high-dose steroids, with no other differentials considered. when her care was taken over by the general medical team, varicella zoster virus (vzv) infection was susp ...201729275386
negative igg varicella zoster virus antibody status: immune responses pre and post re-immunization.varicella zoster virus (vzv) causes chicken pox and herpes zoster and is a self-limiting disease in healthy children. vaccination is recommended for children, adolescents, and adults. this study discusses a healthy pediatric patient with negative immunoglobulin (ig) g vzv antibody (ab) status after two doses of varicella vaccine and then subsequently re-immunized. since measurement of serum igg titers alone may not reflect vaccine protection, we further evaluated cell-mediated and humoral immune ...201729273977
intravenous thrombolysis for stroke and presumed stroke in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults: a retrospective, multicenter us study.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has been shown to increase both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risks, but there are limited data on the safety and outcomes of intravenous thrombolysis with tpa (tissue-type plasminogen activator) for acute ischemic stroke in hiv-infected patients.201829273597
emimycin and its nucleoside derivatives: synthesis and antiviral activity.the synthesis of emimycin, 5-substituted emimycin analogues and the corresponding ribo- and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside derivatives is described. emimycin, its 5-substituted congeners and the ribonucleoside derivatives are completely devoid of antiviral activity against rna viruses. in contrast, some of the 2'-deoxyribosyl emimycin derivatives are potent inhibitors of the replication of herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella-zoster virus, lacking cytotoxicity.201729268134
poor prognosis of elderly individuals >80 years of age with acute retinal necrosis.to report the clinical features and prognosis of acute retinal necrosis (arn) in elderly (>80 years of age) individuals.201729260091
atypical acute retinal necrosis accompanied by terson's syndrome: a case report.acute retinal necrosis (arn) has characterized by panuveitis, vitritis, severe vaso-occlusive vasculitis, and diffuse necrotizing retinitis. there are no case reports on atypical arn combined with terson's syndrome. herein, we report a case of arn with atypical clinical features combined with terson's syndrome that we successfully treated by intravitreal ganciclovir injection.201729258454
edema bullae mimicking disseminated herpes zoster.edema bullae typically forms at the site of skin swelling during acute states of volume overload, most commonly during renal or cardiac failure. herpes zoster is a reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus that typically presents as painful vesicles in a dermatomal distribution. in immunocompromised individuals, disseminated herpes zoster skin manifestations may occur with several lesions in multiple dermatomes or widespread individual lesions or both, even visceral organs can be involved. a ...201729255659
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing in a patient with varicella-zoster virus encephalomyelitis.short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing syndrome (sunct) is a type of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia. its etiology is generally idiopathic, though rarely it has been associated with viral infections. we describe the fourth case reported in the literature of sunct in association with viral meningoencephalitis.201729250449
vaccine-type mutations identified in varicella zoster virus passaged in cell culture.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is a causative agent for chickenpox and shingles. comparative genomic sequence analysis of clinical and vaccine strains suggested potential sites responsible for attenuation. in this study, low and high passages of two vzv clinical strains cultured in human fibroblast cells were compared for genomic dna sequences and growth characteristics. mutations were detected at 187 and 162 sites in the strain yc01 and yc02, respectively. more than 86% of mutations were found in ...201729242077
relationship between serum anti-varicella zoster virus antibody titer and time from onset of herpes zoster.herpes zoster is an internal reactivation of varicella zoster virus, and its onset depends on immunity against this virus. we have previously reported that antiviral antibody titers are inversely correlated with patient numbers. in this study, we hypothesized that patients with higher titers may be late visitors to the clinic, whose antibodies were already boosted at presentation because of the time lapse between onset of zoster and measurement of antibodies. we analyzed antibody titers of patie ...201729239011
vaccination practices in pediatric dialysis patients across europe. a european pediatric dialysis working group and european society for pediatric nephrology dialysis working group study.data on the immunization practices in pediatric chronic kidney disease (ckd) patients are scarce. the purpose of this study was to evaluate current vaccination practices for children on dialysis across european pediatric nephrology centers.201729232664
atypical disseminated herpes zoster: management guidelines in immunocompromised patients.reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) causes dermatomal herpes zoster (hz) and more rarely severe disseminated hz including diffuse rash, encephalitis, hepatitis, and pneumonitis. an atypical form of vzv infection, disseminated hz has been described primarily in immunocompromised hosts. we report 2 cases of atypical disseminated hz in immunocompromised patients presenting with diffuse, nondermatomal, vesicular eruptions. we also provide a review of the literature and summarize the cur ...201729232422
atypical herpes zoster presentation in a healthy vaccinated pediatric patient.we report the case of a 6-year-old girl with no notable medical history who presented to the dermatology clinic for evaluation of left leg pain with an overlying erythematous rash of 4 days' duration. clinical examination revealed pink patches and plaques in a unilateral l5 distribution with an isolated pinpoint vesicle. direct fluorescent antibody testing confirmed varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infection, establishing a diagnosis of herpes zoster (hz). the patient previously had received the vzv ...201729232420
localized herpes zoster infection: a rare cause of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality observed in clinical practice and syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (siadh) is diagnosed in nearly 40% of the hospitalized hyponatremic patients. we present a case report of herpes zoster infection causing a severe hyponatremia/hypokalemia. this rare association between siadh and varicella-zoster virus infection is described in only few case in the literature. in our case report, the associated hypokalemia was not ...201729230301
one or two doses of live varicella virus-containing vaccines: efficacy, persistence of immune responses, and safety six years after administration in healthy children during their second year of life.this phase iii b follow-up of an initial multicenter study (nct00226499) will evaluate the ten-year efficacy of two doses of the combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (mmrv) and one dose of the live attenuated varicella vaccine (v) versus a measles-mumps-rubella control group (mmr) for the prevention of clinical varicella disease. here we present efficacy results for six years post-vaccination.201829224964
a rare case of waterhouse- friderichsen syndrome during primary varicella zoster infection.primary varicella zoster virus infection in adults is associated with a higher risk of complications when compared with the benign disease course of primary infection during childhood. we present a rare complication of adult primary varicella zoster in the form of acute, irreversible adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal haemorrhage, which is also known as the waterhousefriderichsensyndrome.201729219830
nursing management of childhood chickenpox infection.chickenpox is an extremely contagious infectious disease caused by varicella zoster virus (vzv). it is a common childhood illness characterised by an itchy vesicular rash and fever, which usually resolves spontaneously without medical intervention. serious, and rarely fatal, complications can occur, including pneumonia, central nervous system infection, overwhelming secondary bacterial infections, especially with group a streptococcus, and necrotising fasciitis. therefore it is crucial that emer ...201729219259
the pul37 tegument protein guides alpha-herpesvirus retrograde axonal transport to promote neuroinvasion.a hallmark property of the neurotropic alpha-herpesvirinae is the dissemination of infection to sensory and autonomic ganglia of the peripheral nervous system following an initial exposure at mucosal surfaces. the peripheral ganglia serve as the latent virus reservoir and the source of recurrent infections such as cold sores (herpes simplex virus type i) and shingles (varicella zoster virus). however, the means by which these viruses routinely invade the nervous system is not fully understood. w ...201729216315
diagnostic approach to viral acute encephalitis syndrome (aes) in paediatric age group: a study from new delhi.acute encephalitis syndrome has heralded the emergence of multiple virulent pathogens, which may result in severe morbidity and mortality. in india, encephalitis is not notified and there has been a dearth of analysis for trends in encephalitis death rates and causation. a downward trend has been observed in encephalitis deaths, due to 'known' causes, which can be largely explained by improvement in diagnostic, treatment, and prevention methods. there is still a very high proportion of encephali ...201729207707
herpesvirus and autophagy: "all right, everybody be cool, this is a robbery!"autophagy is an essential vacuolar process of the cell, leading to lysosomal degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles, which is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis. multiple roles have been now associated with autophagy, in particular a pro-survival role in nutrient starvation or in stressful environments, a role in life span extension, in development, or in innate and adaptive immunity. this cellular process can also take over microorganisms or viral proteins inside autop ...201729207540
report of a myocarditis outbreak among pediatric patients: human herpesvirus 7 as a causative agent?the etiology of myocarditis in children has not yet been completely elucidated.201729206935
isolated cochlear neuritis from varicella reactivation mimicking a vestibular schwannoma.we present a case of a patient with progressive unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus with internal auditory canal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (mri) secondary to isolated cochlear neuritis from varicella reactivation. mri following antiviral treatment showed resolution of enhancement. varicella reactivation is commonly seen in the form of ramsay hunt syndrome, which is known to produce abnormal mri enhancement from facial and vestibulocochlear neuritis; however, its ch ...201629204564
haemorrhagic conversion of infectious myelitis in an immunocompromised patient.a 28-year-old man recently diagnosed with hiv (cd4 19 cells/mm3, viral load 3.6 million copies/ml, not on highly active antiretroviral therapy on initial diagnosis at outside hospital), disseminated histoplasmosis, shingles and syphilis presented with paraplegia developing over 3 days. spine mri demonstrated a longitudinally extensive cord lesion extending from c3 to the tip of the conus. brain mri was consistent with meningoencephalitis. cerebrospinal fluid findings were notable for positive va ...201729197841
radiotherapy-induced reactivation of neurotrophic human herpes viruses: overview and management.infection by human herpes viruses (hhv) types 1-3, are prevalent throughout the world. it is known that radiotherapy can reactivate hhvs, but it is unclear how and to what extent reactivations can interact with or affect radiotherapeutic efficacy, patient outcomes and mortality risk. herein, we aim to summarize what is known about herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1,2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv) pathophysiology as it relates to tumor biology, radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy, diagnosis and managem ...201829197712
increased herpes zoster risk associated with poor hla-a immediate early 62 protein (ie62) affinity.around 30% of individuals will develop herpes zoster (hz), caused by the varicella zoster virus (vzv), during their life. while several risk factors for hz, such as immunosuppressive therapy, are well known, the genetic and molecular components that determine the risk of otherwise healthy individuals to develop hz are still poorly understood. we created a computational model for the human leukocyte antigen (hla-a, -b, and -c) presentation capacity of peptides derived from the vzv immediate early ...201729196796
[a woman with skin rash and dyspnoea].we present a 36-year-old woman who was born and raised in hongkong but currently lived in the netherlands. she was admitted with a varicella-zoster virus (vzv) primo-infection complicated by pneumonia and hepatitis. the patient was successfully treated with aciclovir. adult vzv primo-infections are uncommon in dutch natives but occur more often in immigrants from countries with a temperate climate where less people are infected during childhood.201729192574
varicella zoster virus vaccination policies and surveillance strategies in europe.the incorporation of varicella zoster virus (zvv) vaccination in childhood immunisation schedules is becoming an increasingly common option in europe. the current study forms part of the european sero-epidemiology network 2 (esen2) organisational analysis for vzv and describes current passive immunisation policies, as well as current and proposed active immunisation strategies, and existing surveillance systems for diseases caused by the varicella zoster virus in esen countries.200529183476
[detection of herpes virus and human enterovirus in pathology samples using low-density arrays].despite the frequency of infections with herpesviridae family, only eight subtypes affect humans (herpex simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, epstein-barr virus, citomegalovirus and human herpes virus types 6, 7 and 8). amongst enteroviruses infections, the most important are poliovirus, coxackievirus and echovirus. symptoms can vary from mild to severe and early diagnosis is of upmost importance. nowadays, low-density arrays can detect different types of viruses in a single assa ...201729179969
dermatological complications after solid organ transplantation.organ transplant recipients (otrs) are a population at high risk for cutaneous adverse events. their early recognition and appropriate treatment is an important component of the clinical management of otrs and should be optimally dealt with by dermatologists working in the context of a transplant dermatology clinic. skin examination should be a standard procedure before performing organ transplantation to assess conditions which may be difficult to manage after the transplant procedure has been ...201729177692
immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of 2 doses of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine administered 2, 6 or 12 months apart in older adults: results of a phase iii, randomized, open-label, multicenter study.in phase iii trials, 2 doses of a herpes zoster (hz) subunit vaccine (hz/su; 50 µg varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein e [ge] and as01b adjuvant system) administered 2-months apart in older adults (≥50 and ≥70 years) demonstrated >90% efficacy in preventing hz and had a clinically acceptable safety profile. here we report immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety following administration of 2 hz/su doses at intervals longer than 2 months.201829174683
herpes zoster vaccine live: a 10 year review of post-marketing safety experience.zoster vaccine is a single dose live, attenuated vaccine (zvl) indicated for individuals ≥50 years-old for the prevention of herpes zoster (hz). safety data from clinical trials and post-licensure studies provided reassurance that zvl is generally safe and well tolerated. the objective of this review was to provide worldwide post-marketing safety information following 10 years of use and >34 million doses distributed.201729174682
varicella virus vaccination in the united states.varicella zoster virus (vzv) is the cause of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster), and was once responsible for over 4 million infections in the united states annually. the development of a live attenuated vzv vaccine was initially viewed with extreme skepticism. nonetheless, a vzv vaccine was developed in the 1970s by takahashi and his colleagues in japan and was eventually licensed in the us. it is now known to be one of the safest and most effective vaccines available and is administe ...201729173081
acute viral infections of the central nervous system, 2014-2016, greece.in order to investigate the viral etiology of acute infections of central nervous system (cns), multiplex and single pcrs combined with serology for arboviruses were applied on samples from 132 hospitalized patients in greece during may 2014-december 2016. a viral pathogen was detected in 52 of 132 (39.4%) cases with acute cns infection. enteroviruses predominated (15/52, 28.8%), followed by west nile virus (9/52, 17.3%). phleboviruses, varicella-zoster virus, and epstein-barr virus accounted fo ...201729168889
apparent seronegative maternal shingles with post-natal mother-to-baby transmission of varicella zoster virus.we present an unusual case of varicella zoster (vz) virus igg negative, yet clinically apparent, maternal shingles, which prompted the administration of vz immunoglobulin to the newborn. the mother had no previous vz vaccination. eleven days later the baby developed a primary vz infection, with only mild disease, likely as a result of the vz immunoglobulin. the variable sensitivity of vzv igg-specific assays is well-recognized. thus, the ability of this particular vzv igg assay to detect both ma ...201729168888
rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in uveitis.retinal detachment is more common among uveitis patients than in the general population. here, we aimed to assess the prevalence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (rrd) in a uveitis population.201729164419
varicella zoster virus-infected cerebrovascular cells produce a proinflammatory environment.to test whether varicella zoster virus (vzv) infection of human brain vascular cells and of lung fibroblasts directly increases proinflammatory cytokine levels, consistent with vzv as a causative agent in intracerebral vzv vasculopathy and giant-cell arteritis (gca).201729159203
a unique case of acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis secondary to primary varicella zoster virus infection.primary varicella zoster virus (vzv) infection, predominantly in the pediatric population, presents with pyrexia and a classic pruritic vesicular rash. in adults, although less common, it is more severe and linked to more complications. neurological complications, which account for less than 1% of all vzv complications, include meningitis, encephalitis, arterial vasculopathy, and venous thrombosis. we present a case of a 39-year-old male who developed extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis f ...201729159001
phylogenetic and recombination analysis of the herpesvirus genus varicellovirus.the varicelloviruses comprise a genus within the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, and infect both humans and other mammals. recently, next-generation sequencing has been used to generate genomic sequences of several members of the varicellovirus genus. here, currently available varicellovirus genomic sequences were used for phylogenetic, recombination, and genetic distance analysis.201729157201
enhancement of cutaneous immunity during ageing by blocking p38 mapkinase induced inflammation.immunity declines with age that leads to re-activation of varicella zoster virus (vzv). in humans, age associated immune changes are usually measured in blood leukocytes however this may not reflect alterations in tissue-specific immunity.201729155150
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