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a new class of acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogues: phosphonate isosteres of acyclovir and ganciclovir monophosphates as antiviral agents.novel phosphonate isosteres of acyclovir (acv) and ganciclovir (dhpg) monophosphates were found to be potent and selective antiherpesvirus agents. in the series of phosphonate analogues of acv monophosphate, only the guanine analogue 20 exhibited activity against herpesviruses, similar to the structure-activity relationship observed for base modification of acv analogues. the phosphonate isostere of acv monophosphate (20) was more effective than acv in the hsv-1 infected mouse model. the 3'-carb ...19911648622
strong donor mononuclear cell reactivity for herpes simplex virus (hsv) antigen in hsv immune donors combined with recipient seropositivity for hsv is associated with acute graft-versus-host disease.prior to bone marrow transplantation (bmt) titres of igg antibodies for cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) were analysed in 51 donors and recipients of allogeneic bone marrow. donor mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow cells were stimulated with antigen prepared from cmv, hsv and vzv. high igg titres for hsv in the recipient were associated with grade ii-iii acute graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) (p = 0.05). furthermore, the comb ...19911648786
herpes and human ribonucleotide reductases. inhibition by 2-acetylpyridine 5-[(2-chloroanilino)-thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone (348u87).the mode of inactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and human ribonucleotide reductases by 2-acetylpyridine 5-[(2-chloroanilino)-thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone++ + (348u87) was determined and compared to that described previously [porter et al. biochem pharmacol 39: 639-646, 1990] for 2-acetylpyridine 5-[(dimethylamino)thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone (a1110u). 348u87 inactivated herpes ribonucleotide reductase faster than did a1110u. moreover, iron-complexed 348u87 was a considerably ...19911648925
volume of varicella-zoster immune globulin. 19911649433
transcriptional analysis of the ul1 gene of equine herpesvirus 1: a gene conserved in the genome of defective interfering particles.defective interfering particles (dips) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) are biologically active, in that they mediate the coestablishment of oncogenic transformation and persistent infection in permissive, primary hamster embryo fibroblasts. the dip genome is composed of ehv-1 sequences originating from the l-terminus (mapping units (m.u.) 0.00-0.023), the junction of the unique long (ul) region and the internal inverted repeat (ir) (m.u. 0.78-0.79 and 0.99-1.00), and the central portion of ...19911649513
antibody response determined with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc), neutralizing antibody, and varicella skin test in children with natural varicella and after varicella immunization.humoral and cellular immune responses were examined in 115 children with varicella and in 21 children who had been immunized with live varicella vaccine. antibody determined with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc) was detected earlier than neutralizing antibody (nt) in both groups. while humoral and cellular immunity were detected simultaneously in the natural varicella group, cellular immunity was detected earlier than humoral immunity in the immunized group. this suggests tha ...19911649540
6-methoxypurine arabinoside as a selective and potent inhibitor of varicella-zoster virus.seven 6-alkoxypurine arabinosides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activity against varicella-zoster virus (vzv). the simplest of the series, 6-methoxypurine arabinoside (ara-m), was the most potent, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3 microm against eight strains of vzv. this activity was selective. the ability of ara-m to inhibit the growth of a variety of human cell lines was at least 30-fold less (50% effective concentration, greater than 100 microm) than its ...19911649571
viral pneumonitis.viral pneumonitis can affect all age groups and normal as well as compromised hosts. this article discusses salient features of pneumonitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza a and b viruses, and cytomegalovirus. the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention for each agent are discussed.19911649731
high level expression of dna polymerases from herpesviruses.the dna polymerase genes of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) were inserted separately into the polyhedrin gene of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) by cotransfection of spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells with baculovirus transfer vectors carrying the genes and acnpv infectious dna. infection of sf9 cells with the recombinant viruses resulted in expression from the polyhedrin promoter of proteins of the expected mrs. these proteins possessed dna ...19911649906
fatal varicella-zoster virus meningoradiculitis without skin involvement.a 77-year-old man with t-cell lymphoma developed an acute fatal meningoradiculitis of cranial nerve roots and cauda equina, pathologically and virologically confirmed to be caused by varicella-zoster virus. this is the first report of fatal varicella-zoster virus-induced neurological disease in the absence of skin lesions. varicella-zoster virus should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute radiculoneuropathy in the immunocompromised patient, particularly because antiviral treatment ...19911650163
synergistic topical therapy by acyclovir and a1110u for herpes simplex virus induced zosteriform rash in mice.combination therapy with a1110u, an inactivator of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) and the varicella zoster virus ribonucleotide reductase, and acyclovir (acv) was evaluated for treatment of cutaneous herpetic disease in athymic mice infected on the dorsum. in this model, infection with hsv produces a 'zosteriform-like' rash that is first visible on day 3 or 4 post-infection (p.i.) and eventually extends from the anterior mid-line to the dorsal mid-line of the affected flank. in untreated mice, t ...19911650166
susceptibility of normal human joint tissue to viruses.a model system has been developed to investigate the comparative ability of different viruses to replicate and persist intraarticularly. the viruses chosen for study were rubella, mumps, coxsackie b4, adenovirus and varicella zoster, a selection of viruses with different degrees of association with joint symptoms in clinical studies. our results showed that these viruses demonstrated a range of abilities to infect and persist in human joint tissue cultured in vitro. the most arthritogenic viruse ...19911650840
varicella-zoster virus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.we examined five patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who developed a rapidly progressive necrotizing retinitis characterized by early patchy choroidal and deep retinal lesions and late diffuse thickening of the retina. in all but one case, the retinitis began in the posterior pole with little or no clinical evidence of vasculitis. all five patients had relentless progression of disease and were left with atrophic and necrotic retinae, pale optic-nerve heads, and narrowed vasc ...19911651054
analysis of local antibody production in the vitreous humor of patients with severe uveitis.we analyzed the local antibody production in vitreous humor samples collected during vitrectomy in patients with severe vision-threatening uveitis. in 24 patients, paired serum and undiluted vitreous humor samples were collected and tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and toxocara canis. total igg and the goldmann-witmer coefficient were determined. the initial diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis could ...19911651055
reactivity against herpes simplex virus in patients with head and neck cancer.the relation between herpes simplex virus (hsv) and head and neck cancer was examined. a total of ninety patients were analyzed for igg antibodies against hsv. antibody titers were established with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and antibodies against specific hsv-antigens were analyzed by western blot. these patients' seroreactivity was compared to that of an age-matched control group of patients with arteriosclerotic disease in their lower limbs, a disease also closely related to heavy t ...19911651906
synthesis and antiviral activity of 3-substituted derivatives of 3,9-dihydro-9-oxo-5h-imidazo[1,2-a]purines, tricyclic analogues of acyclovir and ganciclovir.9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir, 1a) and 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine (dhpg, ganciclovir, 1b) were transformed to their respective tricyclic derivatives, 3-substituted 3,9-dihydro-9-oxo-5h-imidazo[1,2-a]purines 2b, 3a, and 3b. the 6-methyl-substituted compound 2b was obtained following reaction of 1b with bromoacetone. a two-step approach via 1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl) intermediates 4a,b was the most effective for the preparation of the derivatives unsubstituted in the app ...19911652016
5-(5-bromothien-2-yl)-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-(5-chlorothien-2-yl)-2'-deoxyuridine are equipotent to (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine in the inhibition of herpes simplex virus type i replication.2'-deoxyuridines with a five-membered heterocyclic substituent in the 5-position were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine with the activated heteroaromatics. further modification of the compound with the 5-thien-2-yl substituent gave 5-(5-bromothien-2-yl)-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-(5-chlorothienyl-2-yl)-2'-deoxyuridine. both compounds show potent and selective activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus.19911652017
vaccine challenges, in addition to delivery, include new formulations, better administration. 19911652648
intrathecal antibody production against viruses of the herpesvirus family in acute retinal necrosis syndrome.viruses of the herpesvirus family cause acute retinal necrosis syndrome, a devastating necrotic retinitis in immunocompetent individuals. direct proof of the viral origin of this disease may be obtained by demonstration of the virus, viral antigens, or viral dna in biopsy specimens of retinas. in search of alternative diagnostic methods, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid and serum with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for virus-specific antibody activity. intrathecally produced viral antibodies ...19911652896
[advances in varicella immunization]. 19911653179
detection of varicella-zoster virus dna by polymerase chain reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from neurological complications associated with chicken pox or herpes zoster.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect varicella-zoster virus (vzv) dna in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with vzv infection associated with neurological symptoms. positive results were obtained in three of five children with post-chicken pox cerebellitis and in seven of seven herpes zoster patients with neurological symptoms. the pcr thus provides a useful tool for the early diagnosis of vzv-associated neurological disease.19911653267
measurement of antibodies to varicella-zoster virus by using a latex agglutination test.we evaluated a rapid, simple-to-perform assay for detecting antibodies to varicella-zoster virus by latex agglutination (la); dilutions of test sera were added to latex particles coated with varicella-zoster virus antigen. we tested 878 serum specimens by la and with fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen; of these, 227 were also tested by a commercially marketed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). la was almost as sensitive as the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test and more ...19911653268
inhibition of dna synthesis in varicella-zoster virus-infected cells by bv-arau.the inhibitory effect of bv-arau on dna synthesis in human embryonic lung cells infected with varicella-zoster virus (vzv) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) was compared with that of acyclovir. cellular uptake of [3h]thymidine and its incorporation into dna was markedly stimulated by the infection with vzv or hsv-1, suggesting that the incorporation was mainly due to viral dna synthesis. dna synthesis in vzv-infected cells was dose-dependently suppressed by bv-arau and acyclovir, although c ...19911653394
a detailed analysis of transcripts mapping to varicella zoster virus gene 14 (glycoprotein v).we have characterized in detail those transcripts mapping to the varicella zoster virus (vzv) glycoprotein v (gpv) open reading frame (orf). the analyses revealed that a major 1.95-kb and a minor 2.5-kb transcript map to these sequences for vzv strain scott, with 1.8- and 2.3-kb transcripts in a vaccine oka strain, consistent with intragenic repeat (r2) copy number differences. the transcripts for each strain are 5' coterminal, are polyadenylated, and do not seem to be spliced. upstream of the c ...19911653492
effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on replication of varicella-zoster virus.replication of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and expression of vzv nuclear antigen are inhibited in human embryonic lung fibroblast (hel) cells pretreated with recombinant tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha for 24 h. this antiviral activity is completely blocked by the addition of monoclonal antibodies against tnf. tnf acts synergistically with interferons alpha and gamma. when tnf is added to hel cells after vzv adsorption, virus replication is still inhibited. when vzv-infected hel cells are co- ...19911653555
the mechanism of action of the anti-herpes virus compound 2,3-dimethyl-6(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-6h-indolo-(2,3-b)quinoxaline.the compound 2,3-dimethyl-6(2-dimethylaminoethyl)6h-indolo-(2,3-b)quinoxaline (b-220) has been shown to exhibit potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). the mechanism of antiviral action of b-220 against hsv-1 has been studied; from the results it appears that b-220 binds by intercalation into the dna helix and then disturbs steps that are vital for viral uncoating.19911653556
prevalence of antibodies to human herpesviruses and hepatitis b virus in patients at different stages of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.the results of antibody assays for viruses of the herpes group (hsv, ebv, vzv and cmv) and for hepatitis b virus (hbv) were retrospectively evaluated in 439 hiv-seropositive patients classified into different stages of hiv infection. the prevalence of specific igg, igm and iga antibodies in these groups was compared with that of a control group of hiv-negative unselected hospital patients. antibodies to herpes viruses and hbv were more prevalent amongst hiv-seropositives, especially las and aids ...19911653770
a human monoclonal antibody against varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein iii.hybridomas producing human monoclonal antibodies (hmabs) against varicella-zoster virus (vzv) were generated by fusing murine myeloma cells with human lymphocytes immunized in vitro. an assay system was developed to select anti-glycoprotein (gp)iii hmabs from the pool of anti-vzv hmabs. a murine anti-gpiii mab, 4b7, did not react with a vzv-infected cell homogenate, but did react with a vzv-infected cell monolayer, whereas anti-gpi and anti-gpii mabs reacted with both antigens. hybridomas were s ...19911654371
cloning of the latency gene and the early protein 0 gene of pseudorabies virus.a collection of overlapping cdna clones encoding the latency transcript of pseudorabies virus and the dna nucleotide sequence of the latency gene has been obtained. the transcript is spliced with 4.6 kb of intervening sequences. this mrna, designated the large latency transcript, is 8.5 kb. it is polyadenylated and contains a large open reading frame capable of coding for a 200-kda polypeptide. the direction of transcription is antiparallel to that of the immediate-early gene ie180 and a newly i ...19911654441
characterization of a potent varicella-zoster virus-encoded trans-repressor.using a transient expression assay in vero cells, we have shown that the protein product from gene 61 of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) can repress the function of the vzv encoded trans-activators on putative viral immediate-early, early, and late gene promoters. the repression is exerted at the transcriptional level and requires functional gene 61 protein. this trans-repressor is the herpes simplex type 1 icp0 (a trans-activator) homolog, as defined by gene location, the sharing of a cysteine-ric ...19911654442
neutralizing antibodies induced by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing varicella-zoster virus gpiv.monoclonal antibodies generated against varicella-zoster virus (vzv) glycoprotein i (gpi) also recognize vzv gpiv (a. vafai, z. wroblewska, r. mahalingam, g. cabirac, m. wellish, m. cisco, and d. gilden, j. virol. 62:2544-2551, 1988). to determine whether the virus-neutralizing activity of these antibodies belongs to gpi, gpiv, or both, the open reading frame encoding gpiv was inserted into the vaccinia virus genome. immunoprecipitation of recombinant vaccinia virus-infected cells with anti-gpiv ...19911654454
identification of the human herpesvirus 6 glycoprotein h and putative large tegument protein genes.determination of the nucleotide sequences of two molecular clones of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) (strain gs) and comparison with those of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) has allowed the identification of the genes for the glycoprotein h (gh) and the putative large tegument protein of hhv-6. two molecular clones of fragments of hhv-6, the bamhi-g fragment (7,981 bp) of the clone termed pzvb43 and a hindiii fragment (8,717 bp) of the clone termed pzvh14, represent approximately 10% of the hhv-6 genom ...19911654455
retroviral-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an innovative approach for cancer therapy.an approach involving retroviral-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of neoplastic disease is described. this therapeutic approach is called "virus-directed enzyme/prodrug therapy" (vdept). the vdept approach exploits the transcriptional differences between normal and neoplastic cells to achieve selective killing of neoplastic cells. we now describe development of the vdept approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. replication-defective, amphotrophic retroviruses were construct ...19911654555
[herpes zoster in connective tissue diseases: i. association with systemic lupus erythematosus and its immunological abnormalities].we determined the incidence of herpes zoster (hz) in 119 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). hz occurred in 56 patients (47%), and 9 patients had had hz even before sle developed. after diagnosis of sle, an incidence of zoster was high, 5.45 cases per 100 person-years. it was found that the susceptibility to hz was not related to the presence of renal disorder or maximum dose of corticosteroids. the patients with sle who had had hz showed significantly higher antibody titers than t ...19911655920
diagnosis and therapy of herpes zoster ophthalmicus.studies in the basic and clinical sciences have yielded new information about the biology, infection, latency, and recurrence of the varicella-zoster virus. contrast is made with the herpes simplex virus. the host-viral relationship is an extremely dynamic one with clinical disease being determined primarily by the host cellular immune system. the complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus are related to multiple mechanisms including viral growth, vascular and neural damage, and the host-immune ...19911656354
identification of two protein binding sites within the varicella-zoster virus major immediate early gene promoter.binding sites for cellular proteins in the promoter of the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) major immediate early (ie) gene were investigated. protein binding was detected at sequence motifs possessing homology to the ccaat element and an atf/ap-1-like binding site, and recognition of the atf/ap-1 site was apparently facilitated by occupation of the ccaat site. gene expression directed by the vzv major ie promoter was stimulated by the adenovirus 5, 289 amino acid eia gene product. the implications ...19911656624
location of open reading frames coding for equine herpesvirus type-1 glycoproteins with homology to ge and gi of herpes simplex virus.the dna fragments representing the entire short unique region and part of the repeat sequences of the equine herpesvirus type-1 genome were cloned into plasmid vectors. the approximate positions of the junctions between the short unique region and the inverted repeats were then located by restriction endonuclease mapping. two open reading frames coding for potential glycoproteins have been identified within the short unique region, using dna sequence analysis. the predicted amino acid sequences ...19911656822
6-n-substituted derivatives of adenine arabinoside as selective inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus.a series of 6-alkylaminopurine arabinosides were synthesized and found to inhibit varicella-zoster virus (vzv). the antiviral activities of these nucleosides were limited to vzv. none of the other viruses tested in the herpesvirus family were affected. the in vitro antiviral potencies of the 18 arabinosides correlated with their efficiencies as substrates of the vzv-encoded thymidine kinase in all but one case. the arabinosides of 6-methylaminopurine and 6-dimethylaminopurine were the most poten ...19911656862
antiviral activity of oxetanocins against varicella-zoster virus.several new nucleosides with an oxetanosyl-n-glycoside group, named oxetanocins, were evaluated for their antiviral activities against varicella-zoster virus (vzv) in human embryo lung cells. 9-(2-deoxy-2-hydroxy-methyl-beta-d-erythro-oxetanosyl)guanine (oxt-g) and 9-(2-deoxy-2-hydroxymethyl-beta-d-erythro-oxetanosyl)-2- aminoadenine were effective against not only thymidine kinase-positive (tk+) vzv (ys strain) but also thymidine kinase-negative (tk-) vzv (ysr strain), whereas carbocyclic oxt-g ...19911656865
[nosocomial varicella: study of an epidemic outbreak among immunosuppressed patients].we describe the guidelines used and the clinical and epidemiological data of a varicella outbreak seen in our service. the index case was a male drug addict, seropositive for hiv, with disseminated varicella. a total of 40 health care workers were in contact with the patient. of them, 37 were considered not to be susceptible of having the disease. the remaining three health care workers developed varicella, and one had been also in contact with other hospitalized patients during the exposure per ...19911657207
the glycoproteins of the human herpesviruses.the herpesvirus family contains several important human pathogens. human herpesviruses include herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus and human t-cell lymphotropic virus. the general property of herpesviruses is their ability to establish latency and to be periodically reactivated. all human herpesviruses contain a subset of genes encoding viral glycoproteins that are clearly homologous, and their similarity is significantly greater a ...19911657514
mutant varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase: correlation of clinical resistance and enzyme impairment.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) encodes a thymidine kinase (ec 2.7.2.21) which phosphorylates several antiviral nucleoside analogs, including acyclovir (acv). a mutation in the vzv thymidine kinase coding sequence, resulting in an arginine-to-glutamine substitution at amino acid residue 130 (r130q), is associated with clinical resistance to acv. we have expressed the wild-type and the mutant enzymes in bacteria and have studied the kinetic characteristics of the purified enzymes. the arginine-to-gl ...19911658351
the incidence of zoster after immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine. a study in children with leukemia. varicella vaccine collaborative study group.the oka strain of live attenuated varicella vaccine is immunogenic and highly protective, but there has been concern about the risk of zoster after immunization.19911658650
chickenpox--examining our options. 19911658651
reactivation of varicella-zoster virus during acute malaria. 19911658946
oka/merck varicella vaccine in healthy children: final report of a 2-year efficacy study and 7-year follow-up studies.a large double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of live attenuated oka/merck varicella vaccine was conducted among healthy children, 1-14 years of age. during the first varicella season, the efficacy of the vaccine among susceptible children was 100%1. during the second varicella season, 22 children were diagnosed with varicella; 21 cases in placebo recipients and one in a vaccine recipient. the overall efficacy of the vaccine through two varicella seasons was 98%. after the code for ...19911659052
drug testing for activity against varicella-zoster virus in hairless guinea pigs.inoculation of congenitally hairless guinea pigs with varicella-zoster virus (vzv) (oka strain) results in a self-limited exanthematous infection analogous to varicella in children. administration of acyclovir or 6-methoxypurine arabinoside modified the course of infection. this model should facilitate pre-clinical testing of putative anti-vzv agents.19911659314
possibilities of vaccine manufacture in human diploid cell strains with a serum replacement factor.cell lines mdck (canine kidney), bgm (buffalo green monkey kidney) and human embryonic lung fibroblast will support viral growth efficiently in medium without serum. both mrc-5 and wi-38 cell strains have been approved by the food and drug administration for manufacturing viral vaccines against cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster virus. in this study we examine these two cell lines and viruses for their ability to grow in medium containing a serum replacement. the serum substitute used is lpsr- ...19911659430
viral pneumonia.viral pneumonias are common in infants and young children but rare in adults. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and para-influenza viruses are the most frequent viral pathogens in infants and children. influenza virus types a and b account for over one half of viral pneumonias in adults. immunocompromised hosts are susceptible to pneumonias caused by cytomegalovirus (cmv) and other herpesviruses, as well as rubeola and adenovirus. diagnosis of viral pneumonia depends on appropriate viral culture ...19911659594
restriction endonuclease analysis of varicella-zoster virus dnas.the dnas of 14 strains of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) isolated from epidemiologically unrelated individuals were analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage and agarose gel electrophoresis. small but distinct differences in restriction patterns between the isolates were observed when the dnas were digested with each of four enzymes examined (ecori, sali, psti, and hindiii). six out of 14 isolates (43%) were lacking the psti cleavage site between k and n fragments; one isolate was lacking the ...19911660090
varicella-zoster virus immune status in capd and chronic hemodialysis patients.patients on chronic dialysis who are supposed to disclose an impairment of the immune potential, seldom show clinical viral illnesses. since severe varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infection develops in immunocompromised patients, we have examined the proliferative activity to vzv in the blood lymphocytes of 16 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) and compared it to healthy matched controls. the cellular in vitro response of these patients to specific vzv antigens was essenti ...19911660222
varicella-zoster virus latency. 19911660255
improved detection of hsv by electron microscopy in clinical specimens using ultracentrifugation and colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy: comparison with viral culture and cytodiagnosis.three tests were compared to diagnose herpes virus infection: electron microscopy (em), viral culture (vc) and cytodiagnosis (tzanck smear). the study comprised 67 patients with skin or mucous membrane lesions suggestive of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection. the sensitivity of em increased 25% after virus concentration by ultracentrifugation. herpes virus infection was confirmed in 55 of the 67 cases by em or vc or both. em detected 53 herpes virus-positive lesion samples of which 14 were not ...19911660490
evaluation of live attenuated varicella vaccine (oka-rit strain) and combined varicella and mmr vaccination in 13-17-month-old children.the oka-rit strain of live attenuated varicella vaccine at dose levels 5300 pfu (high titre) and 2000 pfu (low titre) was tested in 13-17-month-old children; 50% of the children received the varicella vaccine alone, and the other 50% received it together with a measles-mumps-rubella (mmr) vaccine. the high titre and low titre varicella vaccines induced 96% and 92% seroconversion rates, respectively. following combined vaccination with mmr, the corresponding seroconversion rates for varicella wer ...19911661057
in utero diagnosis of congenital varicella zoster virus infection by chorionic villus sampling and polymerase chain reaction.varicella zoster virus infection acquired in pregnancy is reported to cause fetal damage in 5% to 10% of cases. we used polymerase chain reaction to attempt molecular diagnosis of fetoplacental varicella zoster virus infection in two patients. tissue obtained by chorionic villus sampling in the second trimester was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction with a varicella zoster virus-specific primer, orf-63, and was found to be positive in both patients. viral cultures were negative. one patient e ...19911661069
anabolic pathway of 6-methoxypurine arabinoside in cells infected with varicella-zoster virus.6-methoxypurine arabinoside (ara-m) exhibits potent activity against varicella-zoster virus (vzv) as a result of ara-m's anabolism to the triphosphate of adenine arabinoside (ara-atp) in vzv-infected cells. the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (ehna) enhanced the formation of ara-atp by inhibiting ara-m demethoxylation. in contrast, deoxycoformycin and coformycin, inhibitors of both adenosine deaminase and amp deaminase, blocked the formation of ara-atp and reve ...19911662024
viral serology after bone marrow transplantation.bone marrow transplantation (bmt) may change the recipient's pretransplant serostatus for herpes group viruses. we reviewed 68 patient records (1 year's transplants) to determine how frequently this occurs. only 7 had data on serostatus before as well as at days 20 to 35 and greater than 100 after bmt. serostatus was assessed by complement fixation and elisa. all patients received a variety of blood-product support after bmt. one patient converted from anti-varicella zoster virus (vzv) positive ...19911662045
diagnosis of acute and latent varicella-zoster virus infections using the polymerase chain reaction.a simplified assay for the diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infections based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is described. omitting the procedures for extraction and purification of dna, the crude vesicle fluid materials were used for pcr. moreover, hybridization was not necessary for detection of the amplification products because they were already visible after ethidium bromide staining of the electrophoresis gel. results could therefore be obtained within one day. in compariso ...19911662705
varicella arthritis diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction. 19911662797
evaluation of infrequent dosing regimens with (s)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]-cytosine (s-hpmpc) on simian varicella infection in monkeys.(s)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]cytosine (s-hpmpc) was able to prevent simian varicella infection in african green monkeys inoculated intratracheally with virus. a dose of 50 mg/s-hpmpc/kg administered intravenously was shown to prevent the development of rash, reduce viremia and protect the monkeys from death. the 50 mg/kg dose was effective when treatments initiated on day 2 post-infection (p.i.) was given as ten daily doses of 5 mg/kg, as 10 mg/kg administered on five days on an ...19911663727
in vitro antiviral activity of polyoxotungstate (pm-19) and other polyoxometalates against herpes simplex virus.polyoxotungstates with keggin-type structure were found to demonstrate marked antiherpetic activity. k7[tiw10po40].6h2o (pm-19) caused a decrease in plaque formation by several strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1, including acyclovir-resistant (thymidine kinase-negative) strains, at concentrations which were not toxic to the host cells. the 50% plaque-inhibiting concentration (ec50) for the different strains was between 20 and 50 micrograms/ml. single-cycle hsv growth was also inhibited ...19911663733
evidence for selective evolution in codon usage in conserved amino acid segments of human alphaherpesvirus proteins.the genomes of human viruses herpes simplex 1 (hsv1) and varicella zoster (vzv), although similar in biology, largely concordant in gene order, and identical in many amino acid segments, differ widely in their genomic g + c (abbreviated s) content, which is high in hsv1 (68%) and low in vzv (46%). this paper analyzes several striking codon usage contrasts. the s difference in coding regions is dramatically large in codon site 3, s3, about 42%. the large difference in s3 is maintained at the same ...19911663999
human immune responses to live attenuated varicella vaccine.experiences with the use of the live attenuated varicella vaccine for the immunization of varicella-susceptible adults and healthy and leukemic children are described. healthy children, for whom a greater than 90% rate of seroconversion and protective efficacy was noted, showed the best response. leukemic children experienced a 40%-50% rate of vaccine-associated rash; protective efficacy approached 90%. for adults, a 10% rate of vaccine-associated rash and a protective efficacy of 70% were noted ...19911664134
glycoproteins of varicella-zoster virus and their herpes simplex virus homologs.this report describes the glycoproteins of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and their role as immunogens and discusses the relevance of studies of vzv to the selection of a glycoprotein subunit herpes simplex virus (hsv) vaccine. hsv types 1 and 2 and vzv are alpha-herpesviruses, which are characterized by common biologic features such as a relatively short replication cycle and a latent state, often in neurologic tissues. the three viruses also conserve several glycoprotein genes, including gb, gc, ...19911664135
are recurrent oral aphthous ulcers of viral etiology?the etiology of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers (rau) remains unsolved. the present article relates previous immunopathologic findings in rau to a possible viral etiopathogenesis with special reference to the herpes virus family. it is concluded that rau might be of viral etiology, and it is furthermore speculated that the aphthous ulcers may be the clinical manifestation of 'latent' varicella-zoster virus reactivation (reinfection).19911664908
[diagnosis of fetal virus infections by in situ hybridization].non-radioactive in situ hybridization of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded placental and foetal tissue, using virus-specific dna or rna probes, may be helpful for the diagnosis of foetal virus infection causing foetal hydrops, granulomatous placentitis and abortion. we present four cases of intrauterine cmv-, parvo-b19- and varicella-zoster virus infection, in which this diagnostic method established detection of the virus.19911665465
chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to varicella-zoster virus antigens.chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) to various varicella-zoster virus (vzv) antigens was studied using a membrane filter method. chemotactic activity of pmns was detected in the presence of sonicated vzv antigen and soluble vzv skin test antigen. this activity was reduced when sonicated vzv antigen was treated with human seropositive serum or murine monoclonal antibodies which reacted with glycoprotein (gp) i or gp ii of vzv. however, chemotaxis of pmns was not reduced when sonicat ...19911665536
chickenpox-associated acute retinal necrosis syndrome.acute retinal necrosis (arn) syndrome usually occurs as the result of secondary reactivation of latent, previously acquired, varicella-zoster or herpes simplex virus. the authors report four patients who developed a mild form of arn within 1 month (5 to 28 days) after the onset of chickenpox. in contrast to typical cases of arn, these cases were less severe, with retinitis limited to two quadrants or less (three patients), no retinal detachment (four patients), minimal vitreitis (four patients), ...19911666176
oral manifestations of viral infections in immunocompromised patients.viral infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. it is clear that diseases or medical treatments that have cytostatic or cytotoxic effects on lymphocytes and disrupt cytokine production or activity increase the risk of viral infections. while the rate of viral infection varies with the nature and degree of immunosuppression, it is clear that reactivation of latent virus is the most important determinant of the types of viral infections most freque ...19911666308
infection control in dentistry.the risk of transmission of infection within the dental workplace is low, but recent data have indicated that human immunodeficiency virus transmission between dentist and patient can occur, and that while nosocomial transmission of hepatitis b virus is now less likely, a small but significant number of staff may be at risk of hepatitis c virus and varicella zoster virus infection during dental treatment. despite these continued risks, shortcomings remain in cross-infection control in the dental ...19911666310
virological and clinical characteristics of human herpesvirus 6.six distinct human herpesviruses have been identified. they include herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus and the recently described human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6). with the exception of hsv-2, the members of the family are ubiquitous and infect most of the human population in the first decade of life. hhv-6 possesses morphological and structural features characteristic of members from the herpesvirus family ...19911666441
herpesvirus infection: an overview of the clinical manifestations.herpesviruses include seven human viruses and numerous animal viruses. the human herpesviruses, in addition to their trivial names, are named from 1 to 7. the two most recently discovered herpesviruses thus being human herpesvirus 6 and 7. human herpesvirus 6 is the aetiologic agent causing exanthema subitum. human herpesvirus 7 has, as yet, not been associated with any disease. a characteristic feature of the herpesviruses is the persistence in a latent form after primary infection which may la ...19911666443
one year acyclovir suppression of frequently recurring genital herpes: a study of efficacy, safety, virus sensitivity and antibody response.the efficacy of oral acyclovir 400 mg twice daily in suppressing frequently relapsing genital herpes simplex was evaluated in an open multicenter study. seventy-one patients were treated for 12 months. during treatment, 73% of the patients were completely free of symptoms when taking the tablets continuously, and another 14% had mild symptoms such as erythema and/or itching at single occasions. an accidental treatment interruption for 2-4 days led to mild but definite herpes episodes within a fe ...19911666444
varicella-zoster virus infections in the immunocompromised host. natural history and treatment.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) causes significant morbidity and even mortality in immunocompromised patients. varicella has more serious consequences than herpes zoster, although zoster is more common. this paper reviews the natural history of varicella-zoster infections, as well as strategies for prevention and treatment. although initial studies supported the use of either vidarabine or acyclovir for treatment of varicella in immunocompromised children, subsequent data have shown acyclovir to be ...19911666447
suppression of ocular herpes recurrences by a thymidine kinase inhibitor in squirrel monkeys.5'-ethynylthymidine, an inhibitor of viral thymidine kinase (tk), was given intraperitoneally to squirrel monkeys previously infected by the ocular route with rodanus strain herpes simplex virus. spontaneous ocular recurrences were reduced during therapy, compared to saline-treated controls. this is the first in vivo demonstration that a viral tk inhibitor can reduce recurrences of hsv-1. similar benefit would be expected for hsv-2 and perhaps vzv (varicella zoster virus).19911666825
[aseptic meningitis caused by varicella-zoster virus. isolation of the virus from csf]. 19911666842
sequence characteristics of a gene in equine herpesvirus 1 homologous to glycoprotein h of herpes simplex virus.a gene in equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1, equine abortion virus) homologous to the glycoprotein h gene of herpes simplex virus (hsv) was identified and characterised by its nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence. the ehv-1 gh gene is located at 0.47-0.49 map units and contains an open reading frame capable of specifying a polypeptide of 848 amino acids, including n- and c-terminal hydrophobic domains consistent with signal and membrane anchor regions respectively, and 11 potential sites for n-g ...19911666854
administration of live attenuated varicella vaccine to children with cancer before starting chemotherapy.from july 1985 to february 1987, of 46 consecutive children with cancer (26 male, 20 female; median age, 4 years) with no prior history of chickenpox, the initial 30 patients were randomized either to receive or not to receive live attenuated varicella vaccine (lavv) before chemotherapy was started and the remaining 16 patients were all immunized without randomization. before immunization, varicella zoster (vz) antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence and elisa in 11 (34%) of 32 vaccinated ...19911667345
study of tolerance and effectiveness of a varicella vaccine in leukemic children.chickenpox could be a severe disease in immunocompromised patients. live attenuated vaccine is now available. we conducted a trial in 37 leukemic children with oka varicella vaccine. full immunization was observed in all 20 seronegative patients. few side effects and no generalized vaccinal infection were observed. further studies are warranted to assess the benefit of vaccination in leukemic patients considering the effectiveness of varicella zoster immuno-globulins and aciclovir.19911667953
seroepidemiological study of herpes viruses in nepal.the antibody positive rates among nepalese, in a community, to herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) were studied. immune adherence hemagglutination test (for vzv) and complement fixation test (for hsv and cmv) were used to measure the antibodies. an 80% positive rate of anti-hsv antibodies was found in early childhood (1-4 years) that further increased with age (96.1% positive in greater than 15 years age). only 25% of children 1-4 years old showed a ...19911667956
[serologic follow-up of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infections in kidney transplant recipients].in the present paper the characteristics of cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infections were serologically investigated in renal transplant recipients. at transplantation cmv-seropositivity was 88.2%. at the end of the study, the frequency of primary cmv-infections was 58.3% and the frequency of recurrent infections (reinfections or reactivations) was 84.4%. the 57.1% of primary infections and the 64.5% of recurrent infections occurred between th ...19911668971
neurotropic herpesviruses, neural mechanisms and arteritis.cumulative evidence suggests that varicella-zoster virus (vzv) can infect walls of cns arteries, causing stroke in man. we review observations relating infection with this neurotropic virus to the development of arteritis in the cns and note evidence supporting the hypothesis that vzv spreads from ganglionic reactivation sites to the arterial wall by neural pathways. problems relating to the pathogenesis of arteritis and experimental approaches to their solution are suggested.19901669695
equivalent recognition of a varicella-zoster virus immediate early protein (ie62) and glycoprotein i by cytotoxic t lymphocytes of either cd4+ or cd8+ phenotype.immunity to varicella-zoster virus (vzv), a member of the alpha-herpes virus family, exemplifies the host response to an ubiquitous human viral pathogen. in this investigation of the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response to vzv, the depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes made it possible to demonstrate cd8(+)-mediated cytotoxic function against autologous vzv-infected lymphoblastoid cells targets. ctl recognition of two major vzv proteins, the immediate early protein (ie62) and gp i, was demonstrated i ...19911670603
differentiation of oka varicella vaccine strain from wild varicella-zoster virus strains isolated from vaccinees and household contact.the oka varicella vaccine strain can be differentiated from wild-type strains by its unique restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (refp: hpai-k and ecori-p) pattern of the gpv-coding region of the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) genome. vzv-dnas from patients with complicated clinical courses related to vaccination were examined to determine whether they were vaccine-derived or wild-type. a virus was isolated from a one year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia (all) who developed typical vari ...19911675658
treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.herpes zoster results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. it is most common in elderly patients and immunosuppressed patients, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. zoster is often the earliest indicator of hiv infection. the acute course of herpes zoster is generally benign, but systemic complications may be fatal. postherpetic neuralgia is the major chronic complication and is a difficult management problem. high-dose acyclovir (800 mg orally five ...19911676237
natural history and treatment of varicella-zoster in high-risk populations.rigorous clinical trials have established that both acyclovir and vidarabine favourably alter the clinical course of herpes zoster and chicken-pox in immunocompromised patients. in one comparative study, acyclovir was shown to be superior to vidarabine for zoster in bone marrow transplant recipients. these data, plus the fact that acyclovir is easier to administer than vidarabine, and perhaps less toxic, have made intravenous acyclovir the recognized drug of choice for treatment of herpes zoster ...19911679798
treatment of ocular herpes zoster. 19911682651
inhibition of antibody formation in intrauterine varicella virus infection.serological and clinical follow-up of 35 pregnancies complicated with varicella-zoster virus (vzv) infection showed insufficient antibody response in 2 children with undetectable igg levels in elisa and indirect haemagglutination (iha) test. secondary infection with vzv at the age of 4 1/2 years of the first child and inapparent infection at the age of 4 years and 3 months in the second child born with congenital varicella lead to seroconversion against vzv. none of the children in question deve ...19911683137
characterization of the gene and an antigenic determinant of equine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein 14 with homology to gb-equivalent glycoproteins of other herpesviruses.the gene encoding glycoprotein 14 (gp14) of equine herpesvirus type 1 was sequenced. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a complete transcription unit composed of a cat box, a tata box, a ribosome-binding sequence, a polyadenylation signal and an open reading frame (orf) of 2940 bp transcribed from left to right. the amino acid (aa) sequence deduced from this orf corresponded to that of a protein with 979 aa and had the characteristic features of membrane gp including a 20-aa signal sequence a ...19901692002
selective virus inhibitors.our recent efforts have been directed at the development of selective inhibitors of different classes of viruses, including adeno, pox, and herpesviruses [herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster (vzv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv)], (+/-)rna viruses (reo- and rotavirus), (-)rna viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, measles, respiratory syncytial, vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus) and retroviruses [i.e. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the ...19901693749
in-vitro synthesis of functional varicella zoster and herpes simplex viral thymidine kinase.the varicella zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) thymidine kinase (tk) genes were cloned into the transcription vector pgem4. in-vitro translation (ivt) of rna transcribed from these genes showed prominent expression of functional tk proteins with the expected molecular weights of 36 kd for vzv and 43, 39, and 38 kd for hsv-1. the tk proteins were recognized by rabbit anti-vzv and anti-hsv-1 antibodies, respectively. analysis of the ivt products by thin-layer chromatograp ...19901698324
g-csf enhanced granulocyte production in a child with severe neutropenia in the setting of fatal virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome.a 14-year-old boy with fatal varicella zoster virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (vahs) was treated with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) based on the finding that the patient had severe neutropenia and possible bacterial superinfection. support for the g-csf therapy in vahs is provided by the recent reports that g-csf is relatively specific for the granulocyte lineage; it would not activate mature monocyte/macrophage/histiocyte lineage in vahs, where the mos ...19901700601
epitopes functional in neutralization of varicella-zoster virus.by competition neutralization assay using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to varicella-zoster virus (vzv) glycoproteins (gps), we attempted to determine the topographical relationship of epitopes which are functional in vzv neutralization. mabs against gpi interfered moderately to strongly with neutralization of mabs against gpiii, and one antigenic domain with two distinct epitopes was identified on gpiii. competition neutralization assays performed with mabs to gpi revealed at least three distinc ...19901701445
nucleotide sequence and transcriptional mapping of the major capsid protein gene of pseudorabies virus.the gene encoding the 142-kda major capsid protein (mcp142) of pseudorabies virus (prv) was isolated and sequenced. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the mcp142 gene has a single open reading frame of 3993 nucleotides (nt) encoding 1330 amino acids. the 4400-nt major rna from the mcp142 gene was detected in prv-infected cells. the 5' end of the transcript was located 60 nt upstream of the initiation codon. the 3' end of the transcript was located 18 nt downstream of a putative poly(a) s ...19911718089
selective anabolism of 6-methoxypurine arabinoside in varicella-zoster virus-infected cells.6-methoxypurine arabinoside (ara-m) is a highly selective inhibitor of varicella-zoster virus (vzv). it belongs to a class of purine arabinosides whose anti-vzv activity in vitro correlates with substrate utilization by the vzv-encoded thymidine kinase (tk) (d. r. averett, g. w. koszalka, j. a. fyfe, g. b. roberts, d. j. m. purifoy, and t. a. krenitsky, antimicrob agents chemother. 35:851-857, 1991). in this study, the mechanism of action of ara-m was explored. vzv-infected human fibroblasts sel ...19911722079
[study on fluctuation of several parameters in varicella].specific immunological responses (varicella-specific igg and igm) and various parameters (interferon, c3, c4, platelet count, erythrocyte count, erythrocyte cr1) in varicella infection were determined over the course of the disease (days) and their relationships to severity and immunological significance evaluated. defining the day varicella appeared as disease day 0, igg appeared on the disease day 4 and igg on day 5. the preceding disease days were dominated by non-specific immunological mecha ...19911722233
human t cells recognize multiple epitopes of an immediate early/tegument protein (ie62) and glycoprotein i of varicella zoster virus.infection with varicella zoster virus (vzv) elicits persistent cell-mediated immunity directed against the immediate early (ie62) protein and the glycoprotein i (gp i) in most healthy subjects. in these experiments, synthetic peptides corresponding to residues of the ie62 protein and gp i were used to identify linear amino acid sequences of these immunogenic vzv proteins that were recognized by peripheral blood t lymphocytes from vzv-immune individuals of known major histocompatibility complex ( ...19911725699
di- and triester prodrugs of the varicella-zoster antiviral agent 6-methoxypurine arabinoside.6-methoxypurine arabinoside (9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-6-methoxy-9h-purine, 1) has potent and selective activity against varicella-zoster virus in vitro. an unfavourable metabolic profile observed with oral dosing in the rat led to the preparation of a variety of 2',3',5'-triesters (2a-n) and several 2',3'-, 2',5'-, and 3',5'-diesters of this arabinoside (3a-n, 4a-f, and 5a-j, respectively). the compounds were evaluated as prodrugs by measuring the urinary levels of 1 in rat urine after oral dos ...19921732533
chronic varicella zoster in a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review of the literature.chronic zoster represents an infrequent presentation of varicella zoster virus infection. it is observed with increased frequency in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, especially when their lymphocyte counts are depressed. we report a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus who showed a long-standing cutaneous zoster lesion and was treated for a prolonged period of time with acyclovir. the occurrence of resistance to acyclovir by varicella zoster virus was suspected ba ...19921733656
clinical features of vascular thrombosis following varicella.to define the clinical characteristics, neuroimaging features, and outcome of five patients with post-primary varicella zoster virus infection hemiparesis and to offer a hypothesis to explain the predilection for the involvement of the cerebral vasculature in this condition.19921736633
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