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equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary.equine influenza in england and scotland, significant numbers of outbreaks of equine herpesvirus 1 neurological disease in the usa, summary of surveillance testing, april to june 2014. these are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by defra, the animal health trust and the british equine veterinary association.201425431382
equine herpesvirus type 1 pul56 modulates innate responses of airway epithelial cells.recently, the product of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) orf1, a homolog to hsv-1 pul56, was shown to modulate mhc-i expression and innate immunity. here, we investigated modulation of respiratory epithelial immunity by ehv-1 pul56 and compared responses to those of pbmcs, which are important target cells that allow cell-associated ehv-1 viremia. the salient observations are as follows: (i) ehv-1 significantly down-modulated mhc-i and mhc-ii expression in equine respiratory epithelial cells (e ...201425046270
a severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) abortion outbreak caused by a neuropathogenic strain at a breeding farm in northern germany.a particularly severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) abortion outbreak occurred at a breeding farm in northern germany. sixteen of 25 pregnant mares that had received regular vaccination using an inactivated vaccine aborted and two gave birth to weak non-viable foals in a span of three months, with 89% of cases occurring within 40 days after the initial abortion case. virological examinations revealed the presence of ehv-1 in all cases of abortion and serological follow-up in mares confirmed ...201425042527
ubiquitination and degradation of the orf34 gene product of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) at late times of infection.the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) open reading frame 34 (orf34) is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 161 amino acids. we show that an orf34 deletion mutant exhibited a significant growth defect in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken directly ex vivo during early but not late times of infection. orf34 protein (porf34)-specific antibodies specifically reacted with a 28-kda early polypeptide present in the cytosol of infected cells. from 10h post infection, multiple smaller porf3 ...201425010266
intracellular localization of equine herpesvirus type 1 tegument protein vp22.intracellular localization of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) tegument protein vp22 was examined by using a plasmid that expressed vp22 fused with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp). also a recombinant ehv-1 expressing vp22 fused with a red fluorescent protein (mcherry) was constructed to observe the localization of vp22 in infected cells. when egfp-fused vp22 was overexpressed in the cells, vp22 localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. live cell imaging suggested that the fluorescent ...201425192624
major histocompatibility complex class i downregulation induced by equine herpesvirus type 1 pul56 is through dynamin-dependent endocytosis.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) downregulates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) in infected cells. we have previously shown that pul56 encoded by the ehv-1 orf1 gene regulates the process (g. ma, s. feineis, n. osterrieder, and g. r. van de walle, j. virol. 86:3554-3563, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.06994-11). here, we report that cell surface mhc-i in ehv-1-infected cells is internalized and degraded in the lysosomal compartment in a pul56- ...201425165105
recombinant herpesvirus glycoprotein g improves the protective immune response to helicobacter pylori vaccination in a mouse model of disease.alphaherpesviruses, which have co-evolved with their hosts for more than 200 million years, evade and subvert host immune responses, in part, by expression of immuno-modulatory molecules. alphaherpesviruses express a single, broadly conserved chemokine decoy receptor, glycoprotein g (gg), which can bind multiple chemokine classes from multiple species, including human and mouse. previously, we demonstrated that infection of chickens with an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) mutant defici ...201424794215
production of equine herpesvirus 1 recombinant glycoprotein d and development of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for serological diagnosis.equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and 4) infect most of the world's horses, causing serious clinical illness. viral glycoproteins have been identified as the immunodominant antigens that generate the antiviral serological responses to ehv-1 and ehv-4 in infected horses. here, glycoprotein d of ehv-1 was expressed by a recombinant baculovirus, purified and evaluated by a simple agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid). compared with virus neutralization, serological analysis by agid showed good speci ...201424631347
development of a single-tube duplex evagreen real-time pcr for the detection and identification of ehv-1 and ehv-4.the objective of this study was to develop a novel evagreen (eg) based real-time pcr technique for the simultaneous detection of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) genomes from equine nasal swabs. viral genomes were identified based on their specific melting temperatures (t m), which are 88.0 and 84.4 °c for ehv-1 and ehv-4, respectively. the detection limitation of this method was 50 copies/μl or 0.15 pg/μl for ehv-1 and 5 copies/μl or 2.5 fg/μl for ehv-4. this assay ...201424615388
a review of equid herpesvirus 1 for the veterinary practitioner. part b: pathogenesis and epidemiology.equid herpesvirus (ehv) type 1 is a common pathogen of horses with worldwide distribution. infection with ehv-1 can be subclinical, or can result in sociologically and economically important outcomes such as abortion, neonatal death or neurological disease. the perceived recent increase in the reported cases of ehv-1 neurological disease in the united states of america and europe over the past decade has caused concerns amongst veterinarians and horse owners worldwide. this review provides an up ...201424597839
a review of equid herpesvirus 1 for the veterinary practitioner. part a: clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment.equid herpesvirus (ehv) type 1 is a common pathogen of horses with worldwide distribution. although severe tracheobronchitis has been described in some field outbreaks of ehv-1 respiratory disease, many ehv-1 infections occur asymptomatically or are accompanied only by signs of mild respiratory disease. however, ehv-1 infection can also result in outcomes other than respiratory disease such as abortion, neonatal death or neurological disease. this review provides an overview of the diagnosis, tr ...201424597778
innate immune responses of airway epithelial cells to infection with equine herpesvirus-1.equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) is the cause of respiratory disease, abortion and myelitis in horses worldwide. protection following infection or vaccination is typically incomplete and this lack of protective immunity is thought to be due to the immunomodulatory properties of ehv-1. ehv-1 immune modulation is likely initiated early in the infection cycle at the respiratory epithelium, but to date, immunity to ehv-1 at the epithelial cell barrier remains poorly characterized. thus, the purpose of t ...201424560592
zebra-borne equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection in non-african captive mammals.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) was detected in an indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis), which was euthanized because of severe neurological disease. encephalitis was suspected and ehv-1 dna was detected in brain, lung, and spleen tissues. the viral ir6 protein was detected in lung tissues by western blot analysis. phylogenetic analyses of ehv-1 sequences amplified from various tissues was nearly identical to one recently described that resulted in both non-fatal and fatal encephalitis in ...201424440374
equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) open reading frame 59 encodes an early protein that is localized to the cytosol and required for efficient virus growth.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) orf59 is predicted to encode a protein consisting of 180 amino acids. to determine whether orf59 in fact encodes a protein, sequences encoding an ha epitope (ypydvpdya) was inserted at the carboxyterminus of the orf59 protein in ehv-1 strain ab4. using anti-ha monoclonal antibodies, a 21-kda band was specifically detected by western blot analysis in lysates of cells infected with a recombinant ehv-1 from strain ab4 that carries the porf59-ha but not in cells inf ...201424418561
the ehv-1 ul4 protein that tempers viral gene expression interacts with cellular transcription factors.the ul4 gene is conserved within the genome of defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) that mediate persistent infection. here, we show that the ul4 protein inhibits ehv-1 reporter gene expression by decreasing the level of transcribed mrna. the ul4 protein did not bind any gene class of ehv-1 promoters in electromobility or chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, but directly interacted with the tata box-binding protein (tbp) and the carboxy-terminal domain of rna pol ...201424418534
comparing the genetic diversity of orf30 of australian isolates of 3 equid alphaherpesviruses.a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) has been previously associated with ehv-1 neurological disease in several countries around the world. this disease is very uncommon in australia and little information is available about the presence of this snp in australian ehv-1 isolates. the orf30 sequence of 66 australian ehv-1 isolates was determined and the genotype was compared to the disease manifestation of the case from which the virus was isolated. of the 66 isolates, 61 were from cases of abort ...201424418044
molecular cloning and characterization of the pseudorabies virus ul31 gene.we amplified a 816-bp sequence of the ul31 gene from the pseudorabies virus (prv) becker strain genome. evidence that this was the ul31 gene was confirmed by cloning and sequencing. the prv ul31 gene encodes a putative protein of 271-amino acid residues, which was designated the ul31 protein. bioinformatic analysis indicated that prv ul31 contains a conserved pha03328 domain, closely related with the herpes virus nuclear egress lamina protein ul31 family and highly conserved among counterparts e ...201424668671
serosurveillance of infectious agents in equines of the central valley of costa rica.blood samples from 181 equines from the central valley of costa rica were collected in the year 2012 to determine the presence of antibodies against selected infectious agents in horses and to determine the risk factors associated with these agents. the presence of antibodies against equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), equine herpes virus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), west nile virus (wnv), influenza a virus (iav), equine viral arteritis virus (evav), babesia caballi, theileria equi, neospora ca ...201426623349
animal herpesviruses and their zoonotic potential for cross-species infection.herpesviruses of humans and animals cause severe diseases that influence not only the health and epidemiological status but are also economically important in the context of food production. the members of herpesviridae are host specific agents that also share many properties that potentially make them capable of crossing the species barriers. the objective of presented review paper was to summarize the relationship between herpesviruses of animals and humans and their zoonotic potential. in hum ...201526094506
equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes outbreaks of abortion and neurological disease in horses. one of the main causes of these clinical syndromes is thrombosis in placental and spinal cord vessels, however the mechanism for thrombus formation is unknown. platelets form part of the thrombus and amplify and propagate thrombin generation. here, we tested the hypothesis that ehv-1 activates platelets. we found that two ehv-1 strains, racl11 and ab4 at 0.5 or higher plaque forming unit/cell, activ ...201525905776
equine herpes virus type 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern turkey.the herpesviruses infections in equides are caused by five different serotypes of viruses, belonging to family herpesviridae. the goal of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological investigation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) in horses and donkeys raised in two provinces and their villages in northeastern turkey. a total of 666 samples from 423 horses and 243 donkeys that were not immunized against these infections were tested with elisa. while 52.48% of tested hors ...201527175200
a review of traditional and contemporary assays for direct and indirect detection of equid herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is one of the most economically important equine viral pathogens. its clinical manifestations in horses vary from acute upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, or neonatal death, to neurological disease termed equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy, which may lead to paralysis and a fatal outcome. successful identification of ehv-1 infection in horses depends on a variety of factors such as suitable case selection with emphasis on timing of sample collection, selec ...201526472746
efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1.we investigated the influences of various reaction conditions on equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) disinfection by 5 commercial disinfectants (3 quaternary ammonium compounds [qacs] and 2 chlorine-based disinfectants) and 1 anionic surfactant. qacs at their highest recommended concentrations had no virucidal effect on ehv-1 with a 10-min reaction time at 0°c or a 1-min reaction time at room temperature. chlorine-based disinfectants achieved ehv-1 disinfection with a 10-min reaction time at -10°c ...201526074409
equine herpesvirus type 1 tegument protein vp22 is not essential for pathogenicity in a hamster model, but is required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells.vp22 is a major tegument protein of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) that is a conserved protein among alphaherpesviruses. however, the roles of vp22 differ among each virus, and the roles of ehv-1 vp22 are still unclear. here, we constructed an ehv-1 vp22 deletion mutant and a revertant virus to clarify the role of vp22. we found that ehv-1 vp22 was required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells, but not for virulence in a hamster model.201525948053
a retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in france (2008-2011).diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 associated myeloencephalopathy (ehm) can be troublesome, but early recognition and knowledge of risk factors are essential for prevention and control. the objectives for this study are to (1) describe ehm in france, (2) improve clinical recognition, (3) identify risk factors. through epidemiosurveillance of acute neurological cases (all considered to be potentially infectious cases) in france (2008-2011), 26 ehm cases were identified and 29 ehm negative control ...201526228835
respiratory and neurological disease in rabbits experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is an important pathogen of horses worldwide, associated with respiratory, reproductive and/or neurological disease. a mouse model for ehv-1 infection has been established but fails to reproduce some important aspects of the viral pathogenesis. then, we investigated the susceptibility of rabbits to ehv-1 aiming at proposing this species as an alternative model for ehv-1 infection. weanling rabbits inoculated intranasal with ehv-1 kentucky d (10(7) tcid50/animal) ...201526187161
[infection control and hygiene management in equine hospitals].with the rising importance of nosocomial infections in equine hospitals, increased efforts with regard to biosecurity and infection control are necessary. this even more since nosocomial infections are often associated with multi-drug resistant pathogens. consequently, the implementation of targeted prevention programs is essential. since nosocomial infections are usually multifactorial events, realization of only a single measure is rarely effective to overcome nosocomial spread in clinical pra ...201525872258
equid herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) isolates from zebras in ontario, canada, 1989 to 2007.the objective of this study was to identify and partially characterize 3 equid herpesviruses that were isolated postmortem from zebras in ontario, canada in 1989, 2002, and 2007. these 3 virus isolates were characterized by plaque morphology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of their genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (dna), real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, and sequence analyses of the full length of the glycoprotein g (gg) gene (orf70) and a portion of the dna polymera ...201525852233
comparative analysis of glycoprotein b (gb) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) in cellular tropism and cell-to-cell transmission.glycoprotein b (gb) plays an important role in alphaherpesvirus cellular entry and acts in concert with gd and the gh/gl complex. to evaluate whether functional differences exist between gb1 and gb4, the corresponding genes were exchanged between the two viruses. the gb4-containing-ehv-1 (ehv-1_gb4) recombinant virus was analyzed for growth in culture, cell tropism, and cell entry rivaling no significant differences when compared to parental virus. we also disrupted a potential integrin-binding ...201525654240
equine herpesvirus-1: dealing practically but effectively with an ever present threat. 201525644768
application of real-time pcr for evaluation of distribution of equine herpesvirus type 1 in tissues of aborted fetuses.a highly sensitive and specific real-time pcr assay was used for detection and quantitation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in the different internal organs of aborted fetuses. tissue samples from 23 aborted fetuses submitted to the department of virology of the national veterinary research institute in pulawy between 2012 and 2013 were used for testing. total dna was extracted using a phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol standard protocol. a real-time pcr with forward and reverse primers enco ...201526812827
functional characterization of the serine-rich tract of varicella-zoster virus ie62.the immediate early 62 protein (ie62) of varicella-zoster virus (vzv), a major viral trans-activator, initiates the virus life cycle and is a key component of pathogenesis. the ie62 possesses several domains essential for trans-activation, including an acidic trans-activation domain (tad), a serine-rich tract (srt), and binding domains for usf, tfiib, and tata box binding protein (tbp). transient-transfection assays showed that the vzv ie62 lacking the srt trans-activated the early vzv orf61 pro ...201526537679
binding of alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein h to surface α4β1-integrins activates calcium-signaling pathways and induces phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane.intracellular signaling connected to integrin activation is known to induce cytoplasmic ca(2+) release, which in turn mediates a number of downstream signals. the cellular entry pathways of two closely related alphaherpesviruses, equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), are differentially regulated with respect to the requirement of interaction of glycoprotein h (gh) with α4β1-integrins. we show here that binding of ehv-1, but not ehv-4, to target cells resulted in a rapid and significant ...201526489864
the common equine class i molecule eqca-1*00101 (ela-a3.1) is characterized by narrow peptide binding and t cell epitope repertoires.here we describe a detailed quantitative peptide-binding motif for the common equine leukocyte antigen (ela) class i allele eqca-1*00101, present in roughly 25 % of thoroughbred horses. we determined a preliminary binding motif by sequencing endogenously bound ligands. subsequently, a positional scanning combinatorial library (pscl) was used to further characterize binding specificity and derive a quantitative motif involving aspartic acid in position 2 and hydrophobic residues at the c-terminus ...201526399241
a longitudinal study of poor performance and subclinical respiratory viral activity in standardbred trotters.while clinical respiratory disease is considered a main cause of poor performance in horses, the role of subclinical respiratory virus infections is less clear and needs further investigation.201526392904
antibody and cellular immune responses of naïve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) continues to cause severe outbreaks of abortions or myeloencephalopathy in horses despite widely used vaccination. the aim of this work was to determine the effects of frequent vaccination with an inactivated ehv vaccine on immune development in horses. fifteen ehv-1 naïve mares were vaccinated a total of 5 times over a period of 8 months with intervals of 20, 60, 90 and 60 days between vaccine administrations. total antibody and antibody isotype responses were ...201526384446
comprehensive serology based on a peptide elisa to assess the prevalence of closely related equine herpesviruses in zoo and wild animals.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disorders and abortion in equids while ehv-1 regularly causes equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm), a stroke-like syndrome following endothelial cell infection in horses. both ehv-1 and ehv-9 infections of non-definitive hosts often result in neuronal infection and high case fatality rates. hence, ehv-1 and ehv-9 are somewhat unusual herpesviruses and lack strict host specificity, and the true extent of their host ranges have remained ...201526378452
role of gb and pus3 in equine herpesvirus 1 transfer between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endothelial cells: a dynamic in vitro model.infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) effectively transport equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), but not ehv-4, to endothelial cells (ec) lining the blood vessels of the pregnant uterus or central nervous system, a process that can result in abortion or myeloencephalopathy. we examined, using a dynamic in vitro model, the differences between ehv-1 and ehv-4 infection of pbmc and pbmc-ec interactions. in order to evaluate viral transfer between infected pbmc and ec, cocultivation assay ...201526378176
equine herpesvirus type 1 enhances viral replication in cd172a+ monocytic cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a main cause of respiratory disease, abortion, and encephalomyelopathy in horses. monocytic cells (cd172a(+)) are the main carrier cells of ehv-1 during primary infection and are proposed to serve as a "trojan horse" to facilitate the dissemination of ehv-1 to target organs. however, the mechanism by which ehv-1 is transferred from cd172a(+) cells to endothelial cells (ec) remains unclear. the aim of this study was to investigate ehv-1 transmission between th ...201526292328
equine herpesvirus 1 multiply inserted transmembrane protein pul43 cooperates with pul56 in downregulation of cell surface major histocompatibility complex class i.herpesviruses have evolved an array of strategies to counteract antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i). previously, we identified pul56 of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) as one major determinant of the downregulation of cell surface mhc-i (g. ma, s. feineis, n. osterrieder, and g. r. van de walle, j. virol. 86:3554-3563, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.06994-11; t. huang, m. j. lehmann, a. said, g. ma, and n. osterrieder, j. virol. 88:12802-12815, 2014, http:/ ...201525833055
virological and serological investigation of equid herpesvirus 1 infection in new zealand.infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) may be asymptomatic, or may result in respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death, or neurological disease. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ehv-1 infection, including differentiation between genotypes with aspartic acid (d) and asparagine (n) at position 752 of the dna polymerase sequence, within a selected population of new zealand horses. the second aim was to determine the predictive value of serology for detection of latent ...201525666453
equine herpesvirus type 1 replication is delayed in cd172a+ monocytic cells and controlled by histone deacetylases.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) replicates in the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and disseminates through the body via a cell-associated viraemia in monocytic cells, despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies. however, the mechanism by which ehv-1 hijacks immune cells and uses them as 'trojan horses' in order to disseminate inside its host is still unclear. here, we hypothesize that ehv-1 delays its replication in monocytic cells in order to avoid recognition by the immun ...201525239765
quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus-1 infection.data associating quantitative viral load with severity, clinical signs and survival in equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (ehm) have not been reported.201525212737
characterisation of immune responses in healthy foals when a multivalent vaccine protocol was initiated at age 90 or 180 days.protection from infectious disease requires antigen-specific immunity. in foals, most vaccine protocols are delayed until 6 months to avoid maternal antibody interference. susceptibility to disease may exist prior to administration of vaccination at age 4-6 months.201525205445
epidemiology and reproductive outcomes of ehv-1 abortion epizootics in unvaccinated thoroughbred mares in south africa.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is one of the most common causes of infectious abortion in mares. analysing the demography of outbreaks and detailing subsequent reproductive performance of affected mares will assist in the management of future (threatened) epizootics.201524617603
equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) infection of equine mesenchymal stem cells induces a pul56-dependent downregulation of select cell surface markers.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is an ubiquitous alphaherpesvirus that can cause respiratory disease, abortion and central nervous disorders. ehv1 is known to infect a variety of different cell types in vitro, but its tropism for cultured primary equine mesenchymal stem cells (msc) has never been explored. we report that equine msc were highly permissive for ehv1 and supported lytic replication of the virus in vitro. interestingly, we observed that an infection of msc with ehv1 resulted in a consiste ...201525582614
the haemagglutination activity of equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein c.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) has haemagglutination (ha) activity toward equine red blood cells (rbcs), but the identity of its haemagglutinin is unknown. to identify the haemagglutinin of ehv-1, the major glycoproteins of ehv-1 were expressed in 293t cells, and the cells or cell lysates were mixed with equine rbcs. the results showed that only ehv-1 glycoprotein c (gc)-producing cells adsorbed equine rbcs, and that the lysate of ehv-1 gc-expressing cells agglutinated equine rbcs. ehv-1 lack ...201525456403
equine herpesvirus-1 suppresses type-i interferon induction in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) is one of the most common and important respiratory viral pathogens of horses. ehv-1 in horses replicates initially in the respiratory epithelium and then spreads systematically to endothelial cells lining the small blood vessels in the uterus and spinal cord, and highly pathogenic virus strains can produce aborted fetuses or myeloencephalopathy. like other herpes viruses, ehv-1 employs a variety of mechanisms for immune evasion. some herpes viruses down-regulate the ...201526275803
molecular characterization of brazilian equid herpesvirus type 1 strains based on neuropathogenicity markers.partial nucleotide sequences of orf72 (glycoprotein d, gd), orf64 (infected cell protein 4, icp4) and orf30 (dna polymerase) genes were compared with corresponding sequences of ehv-1 reference strains to characterize the molecular variability of brazilian strains. virus isolation assays were applied to 74 samples including visceral tissue, total blood, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and nasal swabs of specimens from a total of 64 animals. only one csf sample (iso07/05 strain) was positive by virus is ...201526273275
similar regulation of two distinct ul24 promoters by regulatory proteins of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1).to characterise the pattern of the transcriptional regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) ul24 by regulatory proteins, we identified two distinct promoter regions and two transcription initiation (tci) sites located upstream of the ul24 open reading frame (orf). the orf proximal promoter exhibited higher cis-activity than that of the distal one. contrary to the former, the latter performed its function dependent on an initiator (inr) due to its lack of a tata box. our results showed tha ...201525937123
detection of the neuropathogenic variant of equine herpesvirus 1 associated with abortions in mares in poland.the incidence of reported cases of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) caused by infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) has markedly increased over the last decade in many western countries. the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the neuropathogenic (g2254) and non-neuropathogenic (a2254) variants of ehv-1 among isolates associated with abortions in polish stud farms.201525929692
equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) disrupts actin cytoskeleton during productive infection in equine leukocytes.equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a prevalent causative agent of equine diseases worldwide. after primary replication in the respiratory epithelium the virus disseminates systemically through a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc)-associated viraemia. ehv-1 is the only alphaherpes- virus known so far which is capable of establishing latent infection not only in neurons but also in immune system cells (mainly in lymphocytes and macrophages). since leukocytes are not the target cells for vir ...201525928917
seroprevalence and factors associated with seropositivity to equine arteritis virus in spanish purebred horses in spain.equine viral arteritis (eva), a disease caused by infection with the equine arteritis virus (eav), is present in many european countries. in spain, the last confirmed outbreak was reported in 1992 and there is a paucity of seroprevalence studies. the disease has a major impact on the equine breeding industry, which is mainly represented by spanish purebred (sp) horses in spain.201626278700
venereal shedding of equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) in naturally infected stallions.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a highly prevalent pathogen in horse populations worldwide. oronasal infection represents the classic route of disease transmission. venereal shedding of ehv-1 is not regarded relevant in terms of virus spreading, which is in contrast to the close relatives of ehv-1, bovine and suid alphaherpesvirus, for which artificial insemination is a well-documented and accepted means of virus spread.201622947047
case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak.a large multistate outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) occurred in may 2011 among horses that participated in a competitive event.201623398291
effect of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection of nasal mucosa epithelial cells on integrin alpha 6 and on different components of the basement membrane.the respiratory mucosa is the common port of entry of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and several other alphaherpesviruses. an important prerequisite for successful host invasion of the virus is to cross the epithelial cell layer and the underlying basement membrane barrier. in the present study, an analysis was performed to see if an ehv-1 infection of nasal mucosa epithelial cells leads to damage of the underlying extracellular matrix proteins. nasal mucosa explants were inoculated with ehv- ...201626497179
the neuropathogenic t953 strain of equine herpesvirus-1 inhibits type-i ifn mediated antiviral activity in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) infects equine endothelial cells (eecs) lining the small blood vessels in the central nervous system. however, the effect of type i ifn on ehv-1 replication in the eecs is not well studied. thus, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of type-i ifn on the replication of the neuropathogenic t953 strain of ehv-1 in vitro in eecs. the initial data showed that the ehv-1 was partly resistant to the biological effect of exogenously supplied recom ...201626790943
full trans-activation mediated by the immediate-early protein of equine herpesvirus 1 requires a consensus tata box, but not its cognate binding sequence.the immediate-early protein (iep) of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) has extensive homology to the iep of alphaherpesviruses and possesses domains essential for trans-activation, including an acidic trans-activation domain (tad) and binding domains for dna, tfiib, and tbp. our data showed that the iep directly interacted with transcription factor tfiia, which is known to stabilize the binding of tbp and tfiid to the tata box of core promoters. when the tata box of the eicp0 promoter was mutated to ...201626541315
equid herpesvirus 1 and rhodococcus equi coinfection in a foal with bronchointerstitial pneumonia.a 2-month-old foal with septic shock and severe respiratory distress was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital. due to poor prognosis, the foal was euthanized. histopathology showed lesions suggestive of rhodococcus equi infection associated with a diffuse interstitial infiltrate of foamy macrophages and syncytial cells presenting large acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, fibrin exudates and hyaline membranes. bacteriological examination from lung and respiratory exudates confirmed ...201627264610
equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary.multiple reports of equine herpesvirus type 1 in the ukfirst cases of dourine in botswana and equine infectious anaemia in greecesummary of uk surveillance testing, october to december 2015these are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by defra, the animal health trust and the british equine veterinary association.201627179087
dual infections of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine arteritis virus in equine respiratory mucosa explants.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine arteritis virus (eav) induce respiratory problems and abortion in horses and are considered as two serious threats to equine industry. both ehv-1 and eav misuse patrolling leukocytes in the upper respiratory tract to breach the basement membrane (bm) and to migrate to blood vessels. so far, the behavior and impact of a double infection in the respiratory mucosa of a horse are unknown. in the present study, the outcome of double infections with ehv-1 and th ...201627117322
equine herpesvirus-1 infection disrupts interferon regulatory factor-3 (irf-3) signaling pathways in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) is a major respiratory viral pathogen of horses, causing upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death, and neurological disease that may lead to paralysis and death. ehv-1 replicates initially in the respiratory epithelium and then spreads systemically to endothelial cells lining the small blood vessels in the uterus and spinal cord leading to abortion and ehm in horses. like other herpesviruses, ehv-1 employs a variety of mechanisms for immune evasion i ...201627090619
seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in spanish purebred horses in spain.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) have a worldwide distribution and cause respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. given the scarcity of serological ehv-1/ehv-4 data in spain, the objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence of ehv-1/ehv-4 and to identify potential horse-level and stud farm-level factors associated with ehv-1/ehv-4 in the breeding spanish purebred (sp) horse population in central ...201626984900
equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1) induces alterations in the immunophenotypic profile of equine monocyte-derived dendritic cells.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is an α-herpesvirus that can infect a variety of different cells in vitro and in vivo, including dendritic cells (dc) which are essential in the immune response against ehv1. infection of equine monocyte-derived dc (mddc) with ehv1 induced down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex i (mhci), cd83, cd86, cd206, cd29 and cd172a, but not of cd11a/cd18 and mhcii. this down-regulation was not mediated by the virion host-shutoff (vhs) protein or pul49.5. interestin ...201626920348
glycoprotein b of equine herpesvirus type 1 has two recognition sites for subtilisin-like proteases that are cleaved by furin.glycoprotein b (gb) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is predicted to be cleaved by furin in a fashion similar to that of related herpesviruses. to investigate the contribution of furin-mediated gb cleavage to ehv-1 growth, canonical furin cleavage sites were mutated. western blot analysis of mutated ehv-1 gb showed that it was cleaved at two positions, 518rrrr521 and 544rlhk547, and that the 28 aa between the two sites were removed after cleavage. treating infected cells with either converta ...201626843465
high-throughput detection of respiratory pathogens in animal specimens by nanoscale pcr.nanoliter scale real-time pcr uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. we designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. this manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic pcr workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focus ...201627929456
effects of various antiplatelet drugs on ex vivo platelet activation induced by equine herpesvirus type 1.objective to evaluate the effects of treatment of horses with standard platelet inhibitors on ex vivo inhibition of platelet activation by equine herpesvirus type i (ehv-i). animals ii healthy adult horses. procedures in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study, horses were treated orally for 5 days with theophylline (5 mg/kg, q 12 h), pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, q 12 h), clopidogrel bisulfate (4 mg/kg, q 24 h), acetylsalicylic acid (20 mg/kg, q 24 h), or placebo. horses received all t ...201627901390
zebra alphaherpesviruses (ehv-1 and ehv-9): genetic diversity, latency and co-infections.alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent in equine populations and co-infections with more than one of these viruses' strains frequently diagnosed. lytic replication and latency with subsequent reactivation, along with new episodes of disease, can be influenced by genetic diversity generated by spontaneous mutation and recombination. latency enhances virus survival by providing an epidemiological strategy for long-term maintenance of divergent strains in animal populations. the alphaherpesviruses ...201627657113
prevention of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy - is heparin a novel option? a case report.equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) is a severe manifestation of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) infection. prevention and treatment of ehm during ehv-1 outbreaks is critical, but no reliable and tested specific medication is available. due to the thromboischemic nature of ehm and due to the fact that ehv-1 entry in cells is blocked by heparin, it was hypothesized that this compound may be useful in reduction of ehm incidence and severity. therefore, during an acute ehv-1 outbreak with the ...201627652372
application of scanning cytometry and confocal-microscopy-based image analysis for investigation the role of cytoskeletal elements during equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection of primary murine neurons.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), a member of alphaherpesvirinae, has a broad host range in vitro, allowing for study of the mechanisms of productive viral infection, including intracellular transport in various cell cultures. in the current study, quantitative methods (scanning cytometry and real-time pcr) and confocal-microscopy-based image analysis were used to investigate the contribution of microtubules and neurofilaments in the transport of virus in primary murine neurons separately infec ...201627555479
equine herpesvirus type 1 modulates inflammatory host immune response genes in equine endothelial cells.equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm), a disease caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), is characterized by severe inflammation, thrombosis, and hypoxia in central nervous system (cns) endothelial cells, which can result in a spectrum of clinical signs including urinary incontinence, ataxia, and paralysis. strains of ehv-1 that contain a single point mutation within the viral dna polymerase (nucleotide a2254>g2254: amino acid n752→d752) are isolated from ehm afflicted horses at high ...201627527764
immunization with attenuated equine herpesvirus 1 strain kya induces innate immune responses that protect mice from lethal challenge.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a major pathogen affecting equines worldwide. the virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, and, in some cases, neurological disease. ehv-1 strain kya is attenuated in the mouse and equine, whereas wild-type strain racl11 induces severe inflammation of the lung, causing infected mice to succumb at 4 to 6 days postinfection. our previous results showed that kya immunization protected cba mice from pathogenic racl11 challenge at 2 and 4 weeks postimmunization and ...201627356904
how common is equine herpesvirus type 1 infection? 201626769811
replication characteristics of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 3: comparative analysis using ex vivo tissue cultures.replication kinetics and invasion characteristics of equine herpesvirus-1 and -3 (ehv-1/-3) in nasal and vaginal mucosae were compared using explants. the explants were cultured during 96 h with little change in viability. the tissues were inoculated with ehv-1 03p37 (neuropathogenic), 97p70 (abortigenic) and ehv-3 04p57, collected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post inoculation (pi) and stained for viral antigens. both ehv-1 and ehv-3 replicated in a plaquewise manner. the plaques were already observed ...201626768993
evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1.recombination in alphaherpesviruses allows evolution to occur in viruses that have an otherwise stable dna genome with a low rate of nucleotide substitution. high-throughput sequencing of complete viral genomes has recently allowed natural (field) recombination to be studied in a number of different alphaherpesviruses, however, such studies have not been applied to equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) or equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). these two equine alphaherpesviruses are genetically similar, but diffe ...201626691326
the role of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) us3-encoded protein kinase in actin reorganization and nuclear egress.the serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by us3 gene (pus3) of alphaherpesviruses was shown to modulate actin reorganization, cell-to-cell spread, and virus egress in a number of virus species. however, the role of the us3 orthologues of equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) has not yet been studied. here, we show that us3 is not essential for virus replication in vitro. however, growth rates and plaque diameters of a us3-deleted ehv-1 and a mutant in which the catalytic active si ...201627754319
the first reported outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in new zealand.on 9 january 2014 (day 0) a mare from a stud farm in the waikato region presented with urinary incontinence without pyrexia. over the following 33 days 15 mares were clinically affected with neurological signs. all but one mare had a foal at foot. the most commonly observed clinical signs were hind limb paresis and ataxia. in some cases recumbency occurred very early in the course of disease and seven mares were subject to euthanasia for humane reasons.201626414406
concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus - a practical approach.there is a lack of information concerning concurrent administration of vaccines against equine influenza virus (eiv) and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (ehv-1/4).201627169603
polarisation of equine pregnancy outcome associated with a maternal mhc class i allele: preliminary evidence.identification of risk factors which are associated with severe clinical signs can assist in the management of disease outbreaks and indicate future research areas. pregnancy loss during late gestation in the mare compromises welfare, reduces fecundity and has financial implications for horse owners. this retrospective study focussed on the identification of risk factors associated with pregnancy loss among 46 thoroughbred mares on a single british stud farm, with some but not all losses involvi ...201627139027
prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014.the objective of the present case-control study was to determine prevalence factors associated with the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) by quantitative pcr (qpcr) in horses presented to veterinarians with clinical signs related to an upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological disease from march 2008 to december 2014. nasal secretions and whole blood from 4228 equids with acute onset of fever, respiratory signs and/or neurological deficits were tested by q ...201626607427
entry of equid herpesvirus 1 into cd172a+ monocytic cells.equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. cells from the myeloid lineage (cd172a+) are one of the main target cells of ehv-1 during primary infection. recently, we showed that ehv-1 restricts and delays its replication in cd172a+ cells as part of an immune-evasive strategy to disseminate to target organs. here, we hypothesize that a low efficiency of ehv-1 binding to and entry in cd172a+ cells is responsible for this restriction. thus, ...201626684016
intranasal location and immunohistochemical characterization of the equine olfactory epithelium.the olfactory epithelium (oe) is the only body site where neurons contact directly the environment and are therefore exposed to a broad variation of substances and insults. it can serve as portal of entry for neurotropic viruses which spread via the olfactory pathway to the central nervous system. for horses, it has been proposed and concluded mainly from rodent studies that different viruses, e.g., borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, v ...201627790096
a serologic and polymerase chain reaction survey of equine herpesvirus in burchell's zebras (equus quagga), hartmann's mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae), and thomson's gazelles (eudorcas thomsonii) in a mixed species savannah exhibit.reports of equine herpesvirus (ehv) 1 and ehv-9 causing clinical disease in a wide range of species have been well documented in the literature. it is thought that zebras are the natural hosts of ehv-9 both in the wild and in captive collections. concerns about potential interspecies transmission of ehv-1 and ehv-9 in a mixed species savannah exhibit prompted serologic and polymerase chain reaction surveys. eighteen burchell's zebras ( equus quagga ), 11 hartmann's mountain zebras ( equus zebra ...201628080902
unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, ibmx and cilostazol, block ex vivo equid herpesvirus type-1-induced platelet activation.equid herpes virus type-1 (ehv-1) is a major pathogen of horses, causing abortion storms and outbreaks of herpes virus myeloencephalopathy. these clinical syndromes are partly attributed to ischemic injury from thrombosis in placental and spinal vessels. the mechanism of thrombosis in affected horses is unknown. we have previously shown that ehv-1 activates platelets through virus-associated tissue factor-initiated thrombin generation. activated platelets participate in thrombus formation by pro ...201627909693
multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses.the potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (iad) was previously investigated through either serology or pcr from nasopharyngeal swabs (ns). the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qpcr in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs.201627899161
equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary.of surveillance testing, april to june 2016continuing reports of abortion due to equine herpesvirus type 1 infectioninternational disease occurrence in the second quarter of 2016these are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by defra, the animal health trust and the british equine veterinary association.201627789862
replication kinetics of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) strains in primary murine neurons and ed cell line.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory infections, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single-point mutation in dna polymerase gene, resulting in an amino acid variation (n752/d752), is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of ehv-1 strains. the aim of the study was to elucidate if there are any differences between neuropathogenic (ehv-1 26) and non-neuropathogenic (jan-e and rac-h) ehv-1 strai ...201628092604
microvascular lesions and changes in cell proliferation and death, and cytokine expression in the placentas of mice experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1.this study describes the changes observed in the placentas of mice experimentally infected with an abortigenic strain of ehv-1 at mid-pregnancy and euthanized at days 3 and 4 post-infection. we analyzed microscopic vascular alterations, cell proliferation and death by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of ifn-γ, tnf-α and the il-10 by qpcr and flow cytometry. infected mice showed slight respiratory signs and ruffled fur during the first two days post-infection. virus isolation and dna dete ...201627892860
pathogens inactivated by low-energy-electron irradiation maintain antigenic properties and induce protective immune responses.inactivated vaccines are commonly produced by incubating pathogens with chemicals such as formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. this is a time-consuming process, the inactivation efficiency displays high variability and extensive downstream procedures are often required. moreover, application of chemicals alters the antigenic components of the viruses or bacteria, resulting in reduced antibody specificity and therefore stimulation of a less effective immune response. an alternative method for inactiv ...201627886076
anti-inflammatory drugs decrease infection of brain endothelial cells with ehv-1 in vitro.equine herpesvirus-associated myeloencephalopathy is the result of endothelial cell infection of the spinal cord vasculature with equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) during cell-associated viraemia. endothelial cell infection requires contact between infected peripheral blood mononuclear and endothelial cells. inflammation generated during viraemia likely upregulates adhesion molecule expression on both cell types increasing contact and facilitating endothelial cell infection.201627864898
amiata donkey milk chain: animal health evaluation and milk quality.this study presents an investigation of amiata donkey health and quality of milk for human consumption. thirty-one lactating dairy jennies were examined. the following samples were collected: faecal samples from the rectum of animals for parasitological examination; cervical swabs for the detection of bacteria causing reproductive disorders; and blood samples for serological diagnosis of main zoonotic (brucella spp., leptospira spp.) and donkey abortion agents (brucella spp., leptospira spp., sa ...201627853717
bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein k (gk) interacts with ul20 and is required for infectious virus production.we have previously shown that the hsv-1 gk and ul20 proteins interact and function in virion envelopment, membrane fusion, and neuronal entry. alignment of the predicted secondary structures of gks encoded by bohv-1, hsv-1, hsv-2, ehv-1 and vzv indicated a high degree of domain conservation. two bohv-1 gk-null mutant viruses were created by either gk gene deletion or stop codon insertion. in addition, a v5 epitope-tag was inserted at the carboxyl terminus of gk gene to detect gk. the engineered ...201627661734
serum iron parameters and acute experimental ehv-1 infection in horses.research in humans has demonstrated that high serum iron (sfe) concentration can predispose to infection, and many infections subsequently result in alterations of host sfe. a decrease in sfe concentration is an early and sensitive indicator of systemic inflammation caused by tissue necrosis, bacterial infections, or endotoxemia in horses. serum iron parameters in acute equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection have not been evaluated previously.201622748124
nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in western canada.there is little information on the duration of nasal shedding of ehv-1 from horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm).201622332764
epidemiology and molecular detection of equine herpesviruses in western algeria in 2011.an episode of acute equine respiratory infection was reported in western algeria (tiaret province) between february and march 2011, affecting a large population of horses. nasal swabs (n=100) were taken from horses aged between 1 and 27 years, presenting with cough and mucopurulent nasal discharge. the prevalence of equine respiratory virus infections was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). one, or more, of four equine respiratory viruses were detected in the nasal swab ...201728757025
viral genes and cellular markers associated with neurological complications during herpesvirus infections.despite the importance of neurological disorders associated with herpesviruses, the mechanism by which these viruses influence the central nervous system (cns) has not been definitively established. owing to the limitations of studying neuropathogenicity of human herpesviruses in their natural host, many aspects of their pathogenicity and immune response are studied in animal models. here, we present an important model system that enables studying neuropathogenicity of herpesviruses in the natur ...201728631601
equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in syrian hamsters.the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is an important cause of myeloencephalopathy and respiratory disease in horses. animal models for ehv-1 infection have been specially developed using mice and syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). however, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pathogenesis of ehv-1 infection in the central nervous system (cns) and respiratory system of hamsters. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of four brazilian ehv-1 strains within th ...201728619133
long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water.for viruses to utilize environmental vectors (hard surfaces, soil, water) for transmission, physical and chemical stability is a prerequisite. there are many factors including ph, salinity, temperature, and turbidity that are known to contribute to the ability of viruses to persist in water. equine herpesvirus type-1 (ehv-1) is a pathogenic alphaherpesvirus associated with domestic horses and wild equids. ehv-1 and recombinants of ehv-1 and ehv-9 are able to cause infections in non-equid animal ...201728429732
influence of long-term equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection on primary murine neurons-the possible effects of the multiple passages of ehv-1 on its neurovirulence.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), like other members of the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, is a neurotropic virus causing latent infections in the nervous system of the natural host. in the present study, we have investigated ehv-1 replication (wild-type jan-e strain and rac-h laboratory strain) during long-term infection and during the passages of the virus in cultured neurons. the studies were performed on primary murine neurons, which are an excellent in vitro model for studying neurotropism and n ...201728409422
intramuscular immunization of mice with the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 vaccine strain vc2 expressing equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein d generates anti-ehv-1 immune responses in mice.vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. herein, we report that the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) vc2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of ehv-1 glycoprotein d (gd) and that the intramuscular immun ...201728404844
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