| innate and adaptive immunity associated with resolution of acute woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in adult woodchucks. | viral and/or host factors that are directly responsible for the acute versus chronic outcome of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection have not been identified yet. information on immune response during the early stages of hbv infection in humans is mainly derived from blood samples of patients with acute hepatitis b (ahb), which are usually obtained after the onset of clinical symptoms. features of intrahepatic immune response in these patients are less studied due to the difficulty of obtaining mul ... | 2019 | 31869393 |
| a fosmid-based system for the generation of recombinant cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 encoding reporter genes. | the transmission of macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (mchv-1) from macaques, the natural host, to humans causes encephalitis. in contrast, human infection with cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 (cehv-2), a closely related alphaherpesvirus from african vervet monkeys and baboons, has not been reported and it is believed that cehv-2 is apathogenic in humans. the reasons for the differential neurovirulence of mchv-1 and cehv-2 have not been explored on a molecular level, in part due to the absence of sy ... | 2019 | 31694178 |
| mucosal immunity against neuraminidase prevents influenza b virus transmission in guinea pigs. | despite efforts to control influenza virus infection and transmission, influenza viruses still cause significant morbidity and mortality in the global human population each year. most of the current vaccines target the immunodominant hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein of the virus. however, reduced severity of disease and viral shedding have also been linked to antibodies targeting the second viral surface glycoprotein, the neuraminidase. importantly, antineuraminidase immunity was shown to be r ... | 2019 | 31113896 |
| cross-protective efficacy of monovalent live influenza b vaccines against genetically different lineages of b/victoria and b/yamagata in ferrets. | currently, two genetic lineages of influenza b virus, b/victoria and b/yamagata, are cocirculating in humans in various countries. this situation has raised a question regarding the possibility of cross-protection between b components of live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) belonging to different lineages. this study aimed to assess in naïve ferrets the potential protective activity of monovalent b-laivs against challenge with homologous and heterologous wild-type (wt) influenza b viruses. | 2018 | 30246028 |
| a novel hepadnavirus identified in an immunocompromised domestic cat in australia. | high-throughput transcriptome sequencing allows for the unbiased detection of viruses in host tissues. the application of this technique to immunosuppressed animals facilitates the detection of viruses that might otherwise be excluded or contained in immunocompetent individuals. to identify potential viral pathogens infecting domestic cats we performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of tissues from cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv). a novel member of the hepadnavir ... | 2018 | 29772771 |
| insights into the genetic diversity, recombination, and systemic infections with evidence of intracellular maturation of hepadnavirus in cats. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a human pathogen of global concern, while a high diversity of viruses related to hbv have been discovered in other animals during the last decade. recently, the novel mammalian hepadnavirus, tentatively named domestic cat hepadnavirus (dch), was detected in an immunocompromised cat. herein, a collection of 209 cat sera and 15 hepato-diseased cats were screened for dch using pcr, resulting in 12.4% and 20% positivity in the tested sera and necropsied cats, respectively. ... | 2020 | 33095800 |
| a novel hepadnavirus is associated with chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in cats. | in 2015, over 850,000 people died from chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) caused by hepatitis b virus (hbv). a novel hepatitis b-like virus has recently been identified in domestic cats. the pathogenic potential of domestic cat hepadnavirus (dch), for which 6.5% to 10.8% of pet cats are viremic, is unknown. we evaluated stored formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies of diseased and normal feline liver for the presence of dch using pcr and in situ hybridization (ish). dch was ... | 2019 | 31640283 |
| identification of hepadnavirus in the sera of cats. | hepadnaviruses infect several animal species. the prototype species, human hepatitis b virus (hbv), increases the risk of liver diseases and may cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. recently a novel hepadnavirus, similar to hbv, has been identified through transcriptomics studies in a domestic cat with large cell lymphoma in australia. herewith, a collection of 390 feline serum samples was screened for hepadnavirus. overall, the virus was identified in 10.8% of the sera with a significa ... | 2019 | 31337847 |
| anti-influenza a viral butenolide from streptomyces sp. smu03 inhabiting the intestine of elephas maximus. | actinobacteria are a phylum of bacteria known for their potential in producing structurally diversified natural products that are always associated with a broad range of biological activities. in this paper, using an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system combined with a bioassay guided purification approach, an antiviral butanolide (1) was identified from the culture broth of streptomyces sp. smu03, a bacterium isolated from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. this co ... | 2018 | 29976861 |
| characterization of seasonal pharmacokinetic variability in woodchucks. | the eastern woodchuck (marmota monax) is a hibernating species extensively used as an in vivo efficacy model for chronic human hepatitis b virus infection. under laboratory conditions, woodchucks develop a pseudohibernation condition; thus, the pharmacokinetics (pk) of small-molecule therapeutics may be affected by the seasonal change. the seasonal pk of four probe compounds were characterized over 12 months in seven male and nine female laboratory-maintained woodchucks. these compounds were sel ... | 2020 | 32892154 |
| dynamics of hepatitis b virus capsid protein dimer regulate assembly through an allosteric network. | while there is an effective vaccine for human hepatitis b virus (hbv), 257 million people have chronic infections for which there is no cure. the assembly process for the viral capsid is a potential therapeutic target. in order to understand the capsid assembly process, we investigated the dimeric building blocks of the capsid. to understand what blocks assembly, we took advantage of an assembly incompetent mutant dimer, cp149-y132a, located in the interdimer interface. this mutation leads to ch ... | 2020 | 32662972 |
| efficacy of an inhibitor of hepatitis b virus expression in combination with entecavir and interferon-α in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. | rg7834 is a small-molecule inhibitor of hepatitis b virus (hbv) gene expression that significantly reduces the levels of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and hbv dna in a humanized liver hbv mouse model. in the current study, we evaluated the potency of rg7834 in the woodchuck model of chronic hbv infection, alone and in combination with entecavir (etv) and/or woodchuck interferon-α (wifn-α). rg7834 reduced woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) surface antigen (whsag) by a mean of 2.57 log10 from b ... | 2020 | 32490326 |
| nanoparticle uptake in a spontaneous and immunocompetent woodchuck liver cancer model. | there is a tremendous focus on the application of nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer. nonprimate models are conventionally used to assess the biomedical utility of nanomaterials. however, these animals often lack an intact immunological background, and the tumors in these animals do not develop spontaneously. we introduce a preclinical woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced liver cancer model as a platform for nanoparticle (np)-based in vivo experiments. liver cancer development in these out-b ... | 2020 | 32255624 |
| toll-like receptor 8 agonist gs-9688 induces sustained efficacy in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis b. | gs-9688 (selgantolimod) is an oral selective small molecule agonist of toll-like receptor 8 (tlr8) in clinical development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis b (chb). in this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of gs-9688 in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), a hepadnavirus closely related to hepatitis b virus (hbv). whv-infected woodchucks received eight weekly oral doses of vehicle, 1 mg/kg gs-9688 or 3 mg/kg gs-9688. vehicle and 1 mg/kg gs-9688 ha ... | 2020 | 32246499 |
| kinetics of dna damage repair response accompanying initial hepadnavirus-host genomic integration in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection of hepatocyte. | mechanism of initial hepatitis b virus (hbv) integrations and kinetics of dna repair immediately after infection remain essentially unknown impairing understanding of hepadnaviral oncogenesis. wcm260 hepatocytes susceptible to hbv-compatible woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) were examined from 15 min to 72 h post-infection (p.i.). whv strongly induced reactive oxygen species (ros), transiently inducible nitric oxide (inos) and dna damage from 15 min p.i. all initial whv-host fusions had the head-t ... | 2020 | 32062411 |
| designing a therapeutic hepatitis b vaccine to circumvent immune tolerance. | an effective prophylactic hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccine has long been available but is ineffective for chronic infection. the primary cause of chronic hepatitis b (chb) and greatest impediment for a therapeutic vaccine is the direct and indirect effects of immune tolerance to hbv antigens. the resulting defective cd4+/cd8+ t cell response, poor cytokine production, insufficient neutralizing antibody (nab) and poor response to hbsag vaccination characterize chb infection. the objective of this ... | 2020 | 31809638 |
| the genome sequence of the eastern woodchuck (marmota monax) - a preclinical animal model for chronic hepatitis b. | the eastern woodchuck (marmota monax) has been extensively used in research of chronic hepatitis b and liver cancer because its infection with the woodchuck hepatitis virus closely resembles a human hepatitis b virus infection. development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches requires genetic information on immune pathway genes in this animal model. the woodchuck genome was assembled with a combination of high-coverage whole-genome shotgun sequencing of illumina paired-end, mate-pair libraries ... | 2019 | 31645421 |
| liver-targeted toll-like receptor 7 agonist combined with entecavir promotes a functional cure in the woodchuck model of hepatitis b virus. | current therapeutics for chronic infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) rarely induce functional cure due to the immunotolerant status of patients. small molecule agonists targeting toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7) have been shown to elicit a functional cure in animal models of hbv but sometimes with poor tolerability due to immune-related toxicities. in an effort to increase the therapeutic window of tlr7 agonists to treat chronic hepatitis b (chb), we developed an oral tlr7 agonist, apr002, designe ... | 2019 | 31592075 |
| structural differences between the woodchuck hepatitis virus core protein in the dimer and capsid states are consistent with entropic and conformational regulation of assembly. | hepadnaviruses are hepatotropic enveloped dna viruses with an icosahedral capsid. hepatitis b virus (hbv) causes chronic infection in an estimated 240 million people; woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), an hbv homologue, has been an important model system for drug development. the dimeric capsid protein (cp) has multiple functions during the viral life cycle and thus has become an important target for a new generation of antivirals. purified hbv and whv cp spontaneously assemble into 120-dimer caps ... | 2019 | 31043524 |
| differential expression of woodchuck toll-like receptors 1-10 in distinct forms of infection and stages of hepatitis in experimental hepatitis b virus infection. | woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) represent a highly valuable model of human hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, chronic hepatitis (ch), and virus induced-primary liver cancer. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are important mediators of immune responses playing pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of viral diseases; however, their expression profiles in different forms of infection and stages of hepatitis, and in healthy animals remain essentially unknown. in this study, woodchuck t ... | 2018 | 30581424 |
| woodchuck vegf (wvegf) characteristics: model for angiogenesis and human hepatocellular carcinoma directed therapies. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) stimulates angiogenesis. human hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a vegf-driven tumor often associated with chronic hepatitis b or c virus infection. the woodchuck is a well-characterized model of hepatitis b virus related hcc and a valuable tool for translational studies of novel vegf targeted agents. we cloned the cdna encoding woodchuck vegf (wvegf), transiently expressed it in cos cells and functionally characterized the recombinant protein. the open ... | 2019 | 30439360 |
| in vitro anti-hepatitis b virus activity of 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine. | 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (dog) has been demonstrated to inhibit duck hepatitis b virus (dhbv) replication in vivo in a duck model of hbv infection. in the current study, the in vitro antiviral effects of dog on human and animal hepadnaviruses were investigated. our results showed that dog effectively inhibited hbv, dhbv, and woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) replication in hepatocyte-derived cells in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% effective concentrations (ec50) of 0.3 ± 0.05, 6.82 ± 0.25, and 23 ... | 2018 | 30421112 |
| chinese woodchucks with different susceptibility to whv infection differ in their genetic background exemplified by cytochrome b and mhc-drb molecules. | chinese woodchucks (m. himalayana) were recently found to be susceptible to woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) infection. in this study, we aimed to determine the susceptibility to whv infection of m. himalayana from different areas and their association with the animal genetic background exemplified by cytochrome b and mhc-drb molecules. | 2018 | 29914514 |
| efficacy of lenvervimab, a recombinant human immunoglobulin, in treatment of chronic hepatitis b virus infection. | the mechanism of action of hepatitis b immunoglobulin (hbig) for chronic hepatitis b (chb) treatment is not fully understood. a clinical trial in japan suggested that hbig therapy might benefit patients with chb.1 lenvervimab, a recombinant monoclonal hbig developed by gc pharma (yongin, south korea), has been screened from an anti-hb-enriched phage-display library cloned from hepatitis b vaccine-boosted human blood cells and was produced in chinese hamster ovary cells.2-4. | 2019 | 31589980 |
| immune persistence 17 to 20 years after primary vaccination with recombination hepatitis b vaccine (cho) and the effect of booster dose vaccination. | to assess the immune persistence conferred by a chinese hamster ovary (cho)-derived hepatitis b vaccine (hepb) 17 to 20 years after primary immunization during early life. | 2019 | 31146699 |
| suitable hepatitis b vaccine for adult immunization in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection remains an important public health problem in china, and adults need to be vaccinated. this systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the appropriate immunization of adults in china. only randomized controlled trials (rcts) were eligible, and seroprotection was defined as anti-hbs≥ 10 miu/ml; 18,308 participants in 27 studies were included. relative risk (rr) and random effects models were used. twenty micrograms of hbv vaccine resulted in a better response t ... | 2019 | 30089437 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a novel quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine in animal models. | background: compared with trivalent influenza vaccines, quadrivalent influenza vaccines are expected to provide wider protection against influenza b virus infections. we developed a novel quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine which was distinct from the influenza vaccines available on the market in production process. in this research, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine in animal models.methods: in toxicity assessment, 40 sd rats were random ... | 2020 | 32186950 |
| [swine-spread severe influenza-associated pneumonia: a case report and literature review]. | we report and analyze the clinical data of the first case of severe pneumonia caused by influenza b virus from swine. the patient, a 62 year-old male domestic pig breeder, was admitted to hospital because of fever and muscle pain for 5 days, and anhelation for 3 days. one week before the onset of disease, the patient kept close contact with pigs. ct scan of the chest showed diffuse infiltration in both lungs. influenza b virus antigen detection (colloidal gold method) was repeatedly positive. th ... | 2018 | 30643075 |
| discovery of a highly divergent hepadnavirus in shrews from china. | limited sampling means that relatively little is known about the diversity and evolutionary history of mammalian members of the hepadnaviridae (genus orthohepadnavirus). an important case in point are shrews, the fourth largest group of mammals, but for which there is limited knowledge on the role they play in viral evolution and emergence. here, we report the discovery of a novel shrew hepadnavirus. the newly discovered virus, denoted shrew hepatitis b virus (shbv), is divergent to be considere ... | 2019 | 30884426 |
| host biology and anthropogenic factors affect hepadnavirus infection in a neotropical bat. | the tent-making bat hepatitis b virus (tbhbv) is a hepadnavirus closely related to human hepatitis b virus. the ecology of tbhbv is unclear. we show that it is widespread and highly diversified in peters' tent-making bats (uroderma bilobatum) within panama, while local prevalence varied significantly between sample sites, ranging from 0 to 14.3%. females showed significantly higher prevalence than males, and pregnant females were more often acutely infected than non-reproductive ones. the distri ... | 2019 | 30564998 |
| cross-reactive and lineage-specific single domain antibodies against influenza b hemagglutinin. | influenza b virus (ibv) circulates in the human population and causes considerable disease burden worldwide, each year. current ibv vaccines can struggle to mount an effective cross-reactive immune response, as strains become mismatched, due to constant antigenic changes. additional strategies which use monoclonal antibodies, with broad reactivity, are of considerable interest, both, as diagnostics and as immunotherapeutics. alternatives to conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as single doma ... | 2019 | 31544820 |
| highly diversified shrew hepatitis b viruses corroborate ancient origins and divergent infection patterns of mammalian hepadnaviruses. | shrews, insectivorous small mammals, pertain to an ancient mammalian order. we screened 693 european and african shrews for hepatitis b virus (hbv) homologs to elucidate the enigmatic genealogy of hbv. shrews host hbvs at low prevalence (2.5%) across a broad geographic and host range. the phylogenetically divergent shrew hbvs comprise separate species termed crowned shrew hbv (cshbv) and musk shrew hbv (mshbv), each containing distinct genotypes. recombination events across host orders, evolutio ... | 2019 | 31371507 |
| relationship between environmental factors and the spatial distribution of spermophilus dauricus during 2000-2015 in china. | the spermophilus dauricus is a rodent species that feeds on the tender parts of plants and seeds. it is also a natural carrier of the hepatitis b virus and the main host of the plague bacillus yersinia pestis threatening human health and the cultivated ecosystems. based on ecological niche modeling (enm) for the maxent model and arcgis for the spatial analyst model, we quantified the potential risk zone and spatial pattern of the s. dauricus outbreak during 2000-2015. we analyze the temporal and ... | 2018 | 30019314 |
| long-term surveillance of langur alphaherpesvirus in a zoo population of silvered langurs ( trachypithecus cristatus). | langur alphaherpesvirus (hvl), a provisionally named alphaherpesvirus in the simplexvirus genus, was first identified in 1991 at the bronx zoo in wild-origin silvered langurs ( trachypithecus cristatus) and their descendants. hvl is closely related to b virus ( macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) based on serologic and genetic data, but its natural history and zoonotic potential remain unknown. a cohort study was undertaken to describe the epidemiology, clinical impact, and potential management implica ... | 2018 | 29900798 |
| experimental infection of racing pigeons (columba livia domestica) with highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4 sub-group b h5n8 avian influenza virus. | reported mass mortalities in wild pigeons and doves during the 2017/2018 clade 2.3.4.4 hpai h5n8 outbreaks in south africa necessitated an investigation of healthy racing pigeons for their susceptibility and ability to transmit a clade 2.3.4.4 sub-group b virus of south african origin. pigeons challenged with medium (104.5 eid50) and high doses (106 eid50) but not a low dose (103 eid50) of virus, shed virus in low levels of <103 eid50/ml from the oropharynx and cloaca for up to eight days, with ... | 2018 | 30473343 |
| selective usage of anp32 proteins by influenza b virus polymerase: implications in determination of host range. | the influenza b virus (ibv) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing proportion of influenza outbreaks. ibv mainly causes human infections and has not been found to spread in poultry. the replication mechanism and the determinants of interspecies transmission of ibv are largely unknown. in this study, we found that the host anp32 proteins are required for the function of the ibv polymerase. human anp32a/b strongly supports ibv replication, while anp32e has a limited role. un ... | 2020 | 33045004 |
| slowly folding surface extension in the prototypic avian hepatitis b virus capsid governs stability. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is an important but difficult to study human pathogen. most basics of the hepadnaviral life-cycle were unraveled using duck hbv (dhbv) as a model although dhbv has a capsid protein (cp) comprising ~260 rather than ~180 amino acids. here we present high-resolution structures of several dhbv capsid-like particles (clps) determined by electron cryo-microscopy. as for hbv, dhbv clps consist of a dimeric α-helical frame-work with protruding spikes at the dimer interface. a fun ... | 2020 | 32795390 |
| quadrivalent cell culture influenza virus vaccine. comparison to egg-derived vaccine. | influenza virus infections pose a serious public health problem and vaccination is the most effective public health intervention against them. the current manufacture of influenza vaccines in embryonated chicken eggs entails significant limitations. these limitations have been overcome by producing vaccines in cell culture, which allow a faster and more flexible response to potential pandemic threats. given the impact of influenza b virus on disease burden, the availability of quadrivalent vacci ... | 2020 | 32255723 |
| bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. | recent studies showed that patients with various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections might be at increased risk of parkinson's disease (pd). however, the risk of pd in patients with each specific infection varied. this meta-analysis estimated the association between various infections and pd risk. | 2020 | 32017453 |
| passaging of an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in a difluoro sialic acid inhibitor selects for a novel, but unfit i106m neuraminidase mutant. | an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 and an influenza b virus were passaged in 3-fluoro(eq)-4-guanidino difluoro sialic acid (3feq4gu dfsa), an inhibitor of the influenza neuraminidase (na) to determine whether resistant variants could be selected. 3feq4gu dfsa is a mechanism-based inhibitor, forming a covalent link to y406 in the na active site. given its similarity to the natural substrate, sialic acid, we predicted resistant variants would be difficult to select. yields of both viruses decreased with pa ... | 2019 | 31233807 |
| [monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin of influenza b viruses victoria evolutionary lineage.] | co-circulation of two evolutionary distinct lineages of influenza virus in one epidemic season has led to development specifc reagents for rapid identifcation and typing of new isolates. panel of mabs to hemagglutinin of influenza virus b/brisbane/46/15 belonging to victoria evolutionary lineage was developed. all mabs reacted in elisa with b/victoria-like strains only. there were no interactions with heterologous influenza viruses of b/yamagata lineage, seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza a ... | 2019 | 30641023 |
| infectivity of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus excreted in rabbit faecal pellets. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) is caused by a lagovirus affecting european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus). viral rna is detected in tissues or faeces of convalescent rabbits, suggesting persistent infections; however, this rna has not been shown to be related to infective viruses to date. in the present work, seven laboratory rabbits were challenged with the rhdv2/b virus variant. viral rna was individually detected by duplex qpcr in faeces collected for four weeks after infection, and the i ... | 2021 | 33930699 |
| direct antiviral agents in hepatitis c virus related liver disease: don't count the chickens before they're hatched. | since molecules with direct-acting antiviral (daa) became available, the landscape of the treatment of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection has completely changed. the new drugs are extremely effective in eradicating infection, and treatment is very well tolerated with a duration of 8-12 wk. this review aims to report the outstanding clinical benefits of daa and to highlight their critical disadvantages, identifying some clinically relevant hot topics. first, do the rates of virological response re ... | 2021 | 34135553 |
| a hepatitis b virus causes chronic infections in equids worldwide. | preclinical testing of novel therapeutics for chronic hepatitis b (chb) requires suitable animal models. equids host homologs of hepatitis c virus (hcv). because coinfections of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hcv occur in humans, we screened 2,917 specimens from equids from five continents for hbv. we discovered a distinct hbv species (equid hbv, eqhbv) in 3.2% of donkeys and zebras by pcr and antibodies against eqhbv in 5.4% of donkeys and zebras. molecular, histopathological, and biochemical anal ... | 2021 | 33723007 |
| glucose homeostasis is dysregulated in ducks infected with duck hepatitis b virus. | the association between hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and the development of diabetes remains controversial. this study examined the effect of hbv infection on glucose homeostasis using a duck hbv (dhbv) model. | 2021 | 34167117 |
| identification of potent epitopes on hexon capsid protein and their evaluation as vaccine candidates against infections caused by members of adenoviridae family. | adenoviruses cause economically important diseases in vertebrates. effective vaccines against adenoviral diseases are currently lacking. here, we report a highly conserved epitopic region on hexon proteins of adenoviruses that generate a strong immune response when used as a virus-like-particle (vlp) vaccine, produced by inserting the epitopic region into the core protein of hepatitis b virus. for evaluation of its protective efficacy, the epitopic region from a representative adenovirus, fowl a ... | 2021 | 34030897 |
| involvement of innate immune receptors in the resolution of acute hepatitis b in woodchucks. | the antiviral property of small agonist compounds activating pattern recognition receptors (prrs), including toll-like and rig-i receptors, have been preclinically evaluated and are currently tested in clinical trials against chronic hepatitis b (chb). the involvement of other prrs in modulating hepatitis b virus infection is less known. thus, woodchucks with resolving acute hepatitis b (ahb) after infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) were characterized as animals with normal or delaye ... | 2021 | 34367179 |
| application of the woodchuck animal model for the treatment of hepatitis b virus-induced liver cancer. | this review describes woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) as an animal model for hepatocarcinogenesis and treatment of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) induced by the hepatitis b virus (hbv). since laboratory animal models susceptible to hbv infection are limited, woodchucks experimentally infected with whv, a hepatitis virus closely related to hbv, are increasingly used to enhance our understanding of virus-host interactions, immune res ... | 2021 | 34163570 |
| imaging, pathology, and immune correlates in the woodchuck hepatic tumor model. | woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), which resembles human hepatitis b virus, develop spontaneous hepatic tumors and may be an important biological and immunological model for human hcc. nonetheless, this model requires further validation to fully realize its translational potential. | 2021 | 33728278 |
| characterization and application of precore/core-related antigens in animal models of hepatitis b virus infection. | the hepatitis b core-related antigen (hbcrag), a composite antigen of precore/core gene including classical hepatitis b core protein (hbc) and hbeag and, additionally, the precore-related antigen prec, retaining the n-terminal signal peptide, has emerged as a surrogate marker to monitor the intrahepatic hbv covalently closed circular dna (cccdna) and to define meaningful treatment endpoints. | 2021 | 33458844 |
| hepatitis b virus particles activate b cells through the tlr2-myd88-mtor axis. | host immune control plays a pivotal role in resolving primary hepatitis-b-virus (hbv) infections. the complex interaction between hbv and host immune cells, however, remains unclear. in this study, the transcriptional profiling of specimens from animals infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) indicated tlr2 mrna accumulation as most strongly impacted during whv infection resolution as compared to other mrnas. analysis of blood transcriptional modules demonstrated that monocytes and b-cells ... | 2021 | 33414473 |
| immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis b vaccination in patients with type 2 diabetes in china: an open-label randomized controlled trial. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection remains a global public health challenge. patients with diabetes are at greater risk of hbv infection than healthy people. the immunogenicity and safety of two major hepatitis b vaccines were evaluated in chinese patients with diabetes. | 2021 | 33992438 |
| diversification of mammalian deltaviruses by host shifting. | hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is an unusual rna agent that replicates using host machinery but exploits hepatitis b virus (hbv) to mobilize its spread within and between hosts. in doing so, hdv enhances the virulence of hbv. how this seemingly improbable hyperparasitic lifestyle emerged is unknown, but it underpins the likelihood that hdv and related deltaviruses may alter other host-virus interactions. here, we show that deltaviruses diversify by transmitting between mammalian species. among 96,6 ... | 2021 | 33397804 |
| a longitudinal observational study in two cats naturally-infected with hepadnavirus. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a major cause of liver disease in humans including chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. domestic cat hepadnavirus (dch), a novel hbv-like hepadnavirus, was identified in domestic cats in 2018. from 6.5 %-10.8 % of pet cats are viremic for dch and altered serological markers suggestive of liver damage have been identified in 50 % of dch-infected cats. dch dna has been detected in association with characteristic lesions of chronic hepatitis and with hepatocell ... | 2021 | 33524809 |
| molecular detection and characterisation of domestic cat hepadnavirus (dch) from blood and liver tissues of cats in malaysia. | a new domestic cat hepadnavirus (dch, family hepadnaviridae) was first reported from whole blood samples of domestic cats in australia in 2018, and from cat serum samples in italy in 2019. the pathogenesis of dch is unknown, but it was reported in cats with viraemia (6.5-10.8%), chronic hepatitis (43%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (28%). recent reports suggest that dch resembles the human hepatitis b virus (hbv) and its related hepatopathies. this study aims to detect and characterize dch among ... | 2021 | 33407487 |
| studies on the efficacy, potential cardiotoxicity and monkey pharmacokinetics of glp-26 as a potent hepatitis b virus capsid assembly modulator. | while treatment options are available for hepatitis b virus (hbv), there is currently no cure. anti-hbv nucleoside analogs and interferon-alpha 2b rarely clear hbv covalently closed circular dna (cccdna), requiring lifelong treatment. recently, we identified glp-26, a glyoxamide derivative which modulates hbv capsid assembly. the impact of glp-26 on viral replication and integrated dna was assessed in an hbv nude mouse model bearing hbv transfected ad38 xenografts. at day 45 post-infection, glp- ... | 2021 | 33467678 |
| analysis of codon usage of horseshoe bat hepatitis b virus and its host. | in the present analysis, codon usage strategies and base distribution of horseshoe bat hepatitis b virus (hbhbv) were analyzed and compared with its host rhinolophus sinicus, as no work was yet reported. the magnitude of synonymous codon usage bias (cub) in the virus and its host was low with higher proportion of the base c. notably, 21 more frequently used codons, 19 less frequently used codons and 3 underrepresented codons (tcg, acg and gcg) were found to be similar in both virus and its host ... | 2021 | 34171764 |
| a systematic study of tupaia as a model for human acute hepatitis b infection. | the molecular features of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, eradication, and pathogenesis are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of an adequate animal model that faithfully reproduces the course of infection. although tupaia belangeri were previously recognized as hbv-susceptible animals, the course of infection in adult tupaias remains obscure. herein, we performed a longitudinal study and demonstrated that adult tupaias were efficiently infected (90% infection rate) with 108 copies of ... | 2021 | 33952781 |
| preferential selection and contribution of non-structural protein 1 (ns1) to the efficient transmission of panzootic avian influenza h5n8 virus clades 2.3.4.4a and b in chickens and ducks. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 caused outbreaks in poultry at an unprecedented global scale. the virus was spread by wild birds in asia in two waves: clade 2.3.4.4a in 2014/2015 and clade 2.3.4.4b from 2016 up to today. both clades were highly virulent in chickens, but only clade b viruses exhibited high virulence in ducks. viral factors which contribute to virulence and transmission of these panzootic h5n8 2.3.4.4 viruses are largely unknown. the ns1 protein, typical ... | 2021 | 34160261 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility assessment of two strains of human influenza virus isolated in china in 2018. | influenza season occurs every year in china, but its presentation was unusual in the period from december 2017 to early 2018. during this period, influenza activity was increasing across the country and was much greater than during the same period in previous years, with great harm to people's health. | 2021 | 33472481 |