Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| development and characterization of a live attenuated influenza b virus vaccine candidate. | a human influenza b/lee/40 virus was cold-adapted by serial passages in embryonated chicken eggs, at progressively lower temperatures, for possible use as a future influenza b vaccine donor strain. temperature sensitive and cold-adapted phenotypes were achieved as a consequence of the adaptation process. it was determined that the virus was attenuated in mice since the replication of the viral genome was significantly reduced in the lung. despite decreased viral replication, the attenuated infec ... | 2008 | 18207290 |
| a case of suspected contact dermatitis in a juvenile cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis). | a 2-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis) presented with vesicular dermatitis exhibiting freshly ruptured blisters, crusts, and papules on the extremities and face. | 2008 | 18269530 |
| lethargy, ulcers, bronchopneumonia and death in two aged female bonnet macaques presumed to be caused by cercopithicine herpes virus i. | over the course of 4 weeks, two female aged bonnet macaque (macaca radiata) group-housed females died after the dominant male was removed from the group and the newly dominant male persistently chased, caught and bred all females in the pen. the two aged affected females were observed exhibiting lethargy, dyspnea, with widespread necroulcerative lesions in and around the mouth, muzzle and bridge of their noses. extensive ulcerative glossitis, necrotic bronchopneumonia with intra-nuclear inclusio ... | 2008 | 18269531 |
| quantification of endogenous and exogenous feline leukemia virus sequences by real-time pcr assays. | endogenous retroviruses are integrated in the genome of most vertebrates. they represent footprints of ancient retroviral infection and are vertically transmitted from parents to their offspring. in the genome of all domestic cats, sequences closely related to exogenous felv known as endogenous feline leukemia virus (enfelv), are present. enfelv are incapable of giving rise to infectious virus particles. however, transcription and translation of enfelv have been demonstrated in tissues of health ... | 2008 | 18295344 |
| prevention of hepatitis b virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein. | 360 million people are chronically infected with the human hepatitis b virus (hbv) and are consequently prone to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. as approved therapeutic regimens-which modulate patients' antiviral defenses or inhibit the viral reverse transcriptase-are generally noncurative, strategies interfering with other hbv replication steps are required. expanding on our demonstration that acylated peptides derived from the large hbv envelope protein block virus entry ... | 2008 | 18297057 |
| prevalence of herpes b virus genome in the trigeminal ganglia of seropositive cynomolgus macaques. | herpes b virus infection is almost asymptomatic in macaques (macaca spp.), which are the natural hosts of this pathogen, but is the cause of high mortality in humans. reactivation of the latent virus in the trigeminal ganglia (tg) results in the shedding of infectious particles into the oral mucosal membrane. saliva contaminated with the reactivated virus from the ganglia of the natural host is considered to be important for viral transmission to humans and other monkeys. in the present study, w ... | 2008 | 18348771 |
| hypermutation of hepatitis b virus genomes by apobec3g, apobec3c and apobec3h. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a dna virus that causes liver disease and replicates by reverse transcription of an rna template. previous studies have reported that hbv genomes bearing g-->a hypermutation are present at low frequency in human serum. these mutations are most likely due to the activity of apolipoprotein b mrna-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like (apobec) cytosine deaminases, cellular proteins known to confer innate immunity against retroviruses by generating lethal hypermutation ... | 2008 | 18420796 |
| aberrant lymphocyte activation precedes delayed virus-specific t-cell response after both primary infection and secondary exposure to hepadnavirus in the woodchuck model of hepatitis b virus infection. | the contribution of virus-specific t lymphocytes to the outcome of acute hepadnaviral hepatitis is well recognized, but a reason behind the consistent postponement of this response remains unknown. also, the characteristics of t-cell reactivity following reexposure to hepadnavirus are not thoroughly recognized. to investigate these issues, healthy woodchucks (marmota monax) were infected with liver-pathogenic doses of woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) and investigated unchallenged or after challen ... | 2008 | 18480439 |
| cross-reactive cellular immune responses in chickens vaccinated with live infectious bronchitis virus vaccine. | two-week-old chickens were vaccinated intra-nasally with a live infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine (h120). on days 4, 7, 11 and 14 post-vaccination (p.v.) spleen mononuclear cells (mnc) prepared from control and vaccinated chickens were stimulated in vitro with homologous (strain m41) and heterologous (strains 7 and 793/b) virus antigens. antigen-specific lymphoproliferation and interleukin-2 (il-2) and interferon-y (ifn) production were used to measure cross-reactive cell mediated immune ... | 1997 | 18483933 |
| repeated passage of wild-type woodchuck hepatitis virus in lymphoid cells does not generate cell type-specific variants or alter virus infectivity. | woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), which is closely related to human hepatitis b virus, infects the liver but also invariably establishes persistent infection in the lymphatic system. although the dose of invading virus appears to be the main factor in determining whether whv infection is restricted to the lymphatic system or also engages the liver, the nature of whv lymphotropism remains unclear and a role for a specific lymphotropic variant was not excluded. the availability of woodchuck lymphoc ... | 2008 | 18495768 |
| primary human hepatocytes are susceptible to infection by hepatitis delta virus assembled with envelope proteins of woodchuck hepatitis virus. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis delta virus (hdv) share the hbv envelope proteins. when woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) are superinfected with hdv, they produce hdv with a whv envelope, whdv. several lines of evidence are provided that whdv infects not only cultured primary woodchuck hepatocytes (pwh) but also primary human hepatocytes (phh). surprisingly, hbv-enveloped hdv (hhdv) and whdv infected phh with comparable efficiencies; however, hhdv did not ... | 2008 | 18495772 |
| immunogenicity in mice and rabbits of dna vaccines expressing woodchuck hepatitis virus antigens. | the licensed vaccine against hepatitis b virus (hbv) is an effective means to prevent infection, but is not an effective therapeutic strategy to treat established chronic infections when used alone. in an animal model of chronic hbv infection (the woodchuck experimentally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv)), the combination of conventional vaccine and potent antiviral drugs has shown promise as a potential therapeutic intervention. this approach might be improved further through the a ... | 2008 | 18556096 |
| antiviral resistance mutations potentiate hepatitis b virus immune evasion through disruption of its surface antigen a determinant. | the hepatitis b virus (hbv) pol gene overlaps the s gene encoding surface antigen (hbsag). it has been reported previously that drug-induced changes in hbsag alter its binding to sera from humans immunized against hbv. we investigate here the changes to specific epitopes in the a determinant (the major target of neutralizing antibody) caused by a number of drug-resistant mutations. | 2008 | 18572757 |
| antiviral effects of lamivudine, emtricitabine, adefovir dipivoxil, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered orally alone and in combination to woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. | adefovir dipivoxil (adv) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tdf) are nucleotide analogs that inhibit the replication of wild-type hepatitis b virus (hbv) and lamivudine (3tc)-resistant virus in hbv-infected patients, including those who are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. the combination of adv or tdf with other nucleoside analogs is a proposed strategy for managing antiviral drug resistance during the treatment of chronic hbv infection. the antiviral effect of oral adv or tdf, alo ... | 2008 | 18676881 |
| [human infection with simian herpes b virus in africa]. | simian herpes b virus or cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (cehv-1) is enzootic (80% to 100%) in asian monkeys of the genus macaca but is also present in other monkey species. this virus, discovered in 1933, is closely related to human herpesvirus 1 and human herpesvirus 2, responsible respectively for labial and genital herpes. cehv-1 infection is generally asymptomatic or mild in monkeys but in humans it may lead to fulminant encephalomyelitis that has an 80% lethality rate without treatment. infec ... | 2008 | 18684683 |
| elevated expression of the mir-17-92 polycistron and mir-21 in hepadnavirus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the malignant phenotype. | alterations in microrna (mirna) expression in both human and animal models have been linked to many forms of cancer. such mirnas, which act directly as repressors of gene expression, have been found to frequently reside in fragile sites and genomic regions associated with cancer. this study describes a mirna signature for human primary hepatitis b virus-positive human hepatocellular carcinoma. moreover, two known oncomirs--mirnas with known roles in cancer--the mir-17-92 polycistron and mir-21, ... | 2008 | 18688024 |
| pre-clinical evaluation of a novel nanoemulsion-based hepatitis b mucosal vaccine. | hepatitis b virus infection remains an important global health concern despite the availability of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines. limitations to these vaccines include requirement for refrigeration and three immunizations thereby restricting use in the developing world. a new nasal hepatitis b vaccine composed of recombinant hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in a novel nanoemulsion (ne) adjuvant (hbsag-ne) could be effective with fewer administrations. | 2008 | 18698426 |
| age related resistance to avian leukosis virus. iii. infectious virus, neutralising antibody and tumours in chickens inoculated at various ages. | viraemia and neutralising antibodies were determined in chickens of six age-groups following inoculation with leukosis virus of subgroups a and b at the age of 1 day, and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks respectively. the birds were kept in a filtered air positive pressure (fapp) house. a seventh age-group, accommodated in a separate fapp-house, was used as an untreated control. serum samples, received at biweekly intervals between 1-17 weeks post-inoculation, from birds of the groups inoculated at 4, 6, ... | 1982 | 18770194 |
| chimeric hepatitis b virus core particles carrying an epitope of anthrax protective antigen induce protective immunity against bacillus anthracis. | the major aim of present study is to develop and evaluate chimeric virus-like particles (vlps) displaying a neutralizing epitope of anthrax protective antigen (pa) as a potential vaccine against anthrax. the truncated hepatitis b virus core (hbc) protein (aa 1-144) was used as a carrier, and the 2beta2-2beta3 loop of the pa domain 2 (aa 302-325) which has been shown contains a dominant neutralizing epitope was inserted into the major immunodominant region (mir) of the hbc. the recombinant protei ... | 2008 | 18786589 |
| hepatitis b virus-induced hfgl2 transcription is dependent on c-ets-2 and mapk signal pathway. | fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2)/fibroleukin plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of experimental and human fulminant and chronic viral hepatitis. to define the transcription factor(s) and upstream signal transduction pathways involved in the transcription of human fgl2 (hfgl2) in response to hepatitis b (hb) virus, hepatitis b core (hbc), hepatitis b virus s protein (hbs), or hepatitis b virus x protein (hbx) protein, expression plasmids were cotransfected with an hfgl2 promoter luciferase ... | 2008 | 18801734 |
| molecular subtyping of feline immunodeficiency virus from cats in melbourne. | to determine the subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) present in the domestic cat population in melbourne. | 2008 | 18826508 |
| the history of tumor virology. | in the century since its inception, the field of tumor virology has provided groundbreaking insights into the causes of human cancer. peyton rous founded this scientific field in 1911 by discovering an avian virus that induced tumors in chickens; however, it took 40 years for the scientific community to comprehend the effect of this seminal finding. later identification of mammalian tumor viruses in the 1930s by richard shope and john bittner, and in the 1950s by ludwik gross, sparked the first ... | 2008 | 18829521 |
| the reversibility of the o-d type of influenza virus variation. | data are presented which enhance the idea that the influenza virus is an unstable agent. they indicate that the o-d type of variation is not a discontinuous mutation but rather is a reversible phenomenon. the o and the d forms of virus both appear to be inherent in the virus particle; the dominance of one or the other form seems to be subject to chance occurrences, but is influenced by the conditions under which the virus is propagated. the capacity of the o form of virus to agglutinate guinea p ... | 1948 | 18858643 |
| influenza virus infection in the hamster; a study of inapparent virus infection and virus adaptation. | a study of influenza virus infection in the hamster has yielded the following results: 1. two influenza a strains (ga. 47 and pr8) multiplied readily in the hamster lung, although no lung lesions were produced during six serial passages. on further passage both viruses abruptly acquired the capacity to produce pulmonary consolidation and death of the animals. 2. extracts of the lungs during the early passages contained complement-fixing antigen and infectious virus, as revealed by titration in m ... | 1948 | 18881492 |
| a novel approach of prophylaxis to hbv recurrence after liver transplantation. | liver transplantation (lt) in patients with hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is associated with a high rate of graft loss and poor survival, unless re-infection can be prevented. human hepatitis b immune globulin (hbig) and nucleoside analogues (na) have long been utilized to prevent re-infection. previously, we generated a human monoclonal antibody (mab), hb that recognizes the surface antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbv). we have constructed a secreted version of hb and cloned its genes into re ... | 2008 | 18945464 |
| characterization of interleukin 8 in woodchucks with chronic hepatitis b and hepatocellular carcinoma. | the eastern woodchuck, marmota monax, represents a useful animal model to study hepatitis b virus infection in humans. however, immunological studies in this model have been impeded by a lack of basic information about the components of the immune system such as cytokines and chemokines. to clarify the role(s) of interleukin 8 (il-8) in chronic hepatitis b and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) in the woodchuck model, we cloned and characterized the woodchuck il-8 cdna and genomic dna. sequence anal ... | 2009 | 18971938 |
| characteristics of arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of arbidol. | the antiviral drug arbidol (arb), which is licensed in russia for use against influenza, is known to inhibit early membrane fusion events in influenza a and b virus replication. to investigate in more detail the target and mechanism of arb action we generated and studied the characteristics of arb-resistant influenza virus mutants. observations of the arb susceptibility of reassortants between a/singapore/1/57(h2n2) and a/chicken/germany/27(h7n7, "weybridge" strain) and of mutants of the latter ... | 2009 | 19028526 |
| correlation of virus and host response markers with circulating immune complexes during acute and chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. | woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) is an established model for human hepatitis b virus. the kinetics of virus and host responses in serum and liver during acute, self-limited whv infection in adult woodchucks were studied. serum whv dna and surface antigen (whsag) were detected as early as 1 to 3 weeks following experimental infection and peaked between 1 and 5 weeks postinfection. thereafter, serum whsag levels declined rapidly and became undetectable, while whv dna levels became undetectable much ... | 2009 | 19052077 |
| inhibition of woodchuck hepatitis virus gene expression in primary hepatocytes by sirna enhances the cellular gene expression. | small interfering rna (sirna) has been shown to be active to inhibit the hepatitis b virus gene expression and replication in transient and stable transfection systems. here in primary hepatocytes prepared from naturally woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv)-infected woodchucks, four sirnas targeting the whv pres1, s, c, and x region led to a depletion of whv transcripts and replicative intermediates with different kinetics and a decreased production of viral particles. two sirnas targeting whv s and ... | 2009 | 19064272 |
| [the spread and biological properties of epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in the 2006-2007 season in russia]. | the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in the 2006-2007 season in russia was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza studied 259 epidemic strains; all the strains were isolated on mdck cell cultures. influenza a(h1n1) viruses (n = 101) were antigenic variants of the references a/new caledonia/20/99 and a/solomon islands/3/06. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n = 98) were antigenic variants of the references ... | 2008 | 19069788 |
| anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza a and b virus. | an anionic magnetic beads-based method was developed for the capture of human influenza a and b viruses from nasal aspirates, allantoic fluid and culture medium. a polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride) [poly(mve-ma)], was used to endow magnetic beads with a negative charge and bioadhesive properties. after incubation with samples containing human influenza virus, the beads were separated from supernatants by applying a magnetic field. the adsorption [corrected] of the virus by the b ... | 2009 | 19081256 |
| treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in woodchucks by prolonged intrahepatic expression of interleukin-12. | chronic hepatitis b is a major cause of liver-related death worldwide. interleukin-12 (il-12) induction accompanies viral clearance in chronic hepatitis b virus infection. here, we tested the therapeutic potential of il-12 gene therapy in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), an infection that closely resembles chronic hepatitis b. the woodchucks were treated by intrahepatic injection of a helper-dependent adenoviral vector encoding il-12 under the control of a li ... | 2009 | 19116251 |
| comparative immunogenicity evaluations of influenza a virus m2 peptide as recombinant virus like particle or conjugate vaccines in mice and monkeys. | immunization against m2 peptide, also called m2e, from influenza a virus is an innovative vaccine approach for induction of cross-strain protective immunity. two promising m2 vaccine compositions reported to date are m2 peptide chemically conjugated to carrier proteins or m2 peptide recombinantly expressed on the surface of virus like particles (vlps) of hepatitis b virus core antigen (hbvc). to conduct a head-to-head comparison of these approaches, we constructed two recombinant hbvc vlps expre ... | 2009 | 19146898 |
| vaccination against hepatitis b: the chinese experience. | to review the implementation of mass vaccination of hepatitis b vaccine and its critical role in prevention of hepatitis b virus infection in china. | 2009 | 19187625 |
| primary occult hepadnavirus infection induces virus-specific t-cell and aberrant cytokine responses in the absence of antiviral antibody reactivity in the woodchuck model of hepatitis b virus infection. | although the virological features of serologically silent hepadnaviral primary occult infection (poi) have been relatively well recognized in the woodchuck model of hepatitis b virus infection, the characteristics of accompanying immune responses remain unknown. in this study, the kinetics of woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv)-specific and generalized (mitogen-induced) t-cell proliferative responses and cytokine expression profiles in circulating lymphoid cells and the liver, along with whv-specifi ... | 2009 | 19193791 |
| posttranscriptional regulatory elements enhance antigen expression and dna vaccine efficacy. | in higher eukaryotes, introns are usually required for efficient pre-mrna processing. however, some viruses have alternative approaches involving posttranscriptional regulatory elements (pres) to enhance intronless heterologous gene expression through enabling stability and 3' end formation, and to facilitate the nucleocytoplasmic export of unspliced mrnas. in the current study, we compared the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) immediate/early (ie) introna, as well as virus-derived pres-the pre of he ... | 2009 | 19388846 |
| [recombinant adenovirus-mediated expression of 1.2-copy hepatitis b virus dna in three hepatocytes]. | to study hepatitis b virus (hbv) expression in 3 hepatocytes infected with recombinant adenovirus containing 1.2-copy hbv dna.a | 2009 | 19403410 |
| hepatitis b virus subgenotype c2 is the most prevalent subgenotype in northeast china. | the geographical distribution of hepatitis b virus (hbv) subgenotypes and their clinical implications in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis b in the heilung-kiang province of northeast china were investigated. nested pcr and multiplex pcr were performed with genotype-specific primers and with subgenotype-specific primers to identify genotypes and subgenotypes from serum samples of 412 hbv infections including 69 with acute self-limited hepatitis (ash) and 343 with chronic hepatitis (ch). ... | 2010 | 19456822 |
| detection of clonally expanded hepatocytes in chimpanzees with chronic hepatitis b virus infection. | during a hepadnavirus infection, viral dna integrates at a low rate into random sites in the host dna, producing unique virus-cell junctions detectable by inverse nested pcr (invpcr). these junctions serve as genetic markers of individual hepatocytes, providing a means to detect their subsequent proliferation into clones of two or more hepatocytes. a previous study suggested that the livers of 2.4-year-old woodchucks (marmota monax) chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus contained a ... | 2009 | 19535448 |
| protective anti-hepatitis b virus responses in rhesus monkeys primed with a vectored measles virus and boosted with a single dose of hepatitis b surface antigen. | the widely used hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccine is based on three doses of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) protein. we previously showed that vectored measles viruses (mv) expressing hbsag retain measles vaccine function in monkeys but do not induce a protective anti-hbs response in all animals. we show here that a single dose of hbsag protein following a three-dose vaccination regimen with an optimized hbsag-expressing mv elicits protective anti-hbs responses in all four vaccinated rhesus m ... | 2009 | 19535451 |
| profound antiviral effect of oral administration of miv-210 on chronic hepadnaviral infection in a woodchuck model of hepatitis b. | miv-210 is a prodrug of 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine with high oral bioavailability in humans and potent activity against hepatitis b virus (hbv). woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) represent an accurate model of hbv infection that is utilized for evaluation of the efficacy and safety of novel anti-hbv agents. oral administration of miv-210 at 20 or 60 mg/kg of body weight/day induced a rapid virological response in chronically infected woodchucks, reducing serum whv dn ... | 2009 | 19564357 |
| lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune responses in primary hepatocytes downregulates woodchuck hepatitis virus replication via interferon-independent pathways. | our previous studies have shown that toll-like receptor (tlr) ligands, poly i:c and lipopolysaccharide (lps), are able to activate non-parenchymal liver cells and trigger the production of interferon (ifn) to inhibit hepatitis b virus replication in vivo and in vitro. however, little is known about tlr-mediated cellular responses in primary hepatocytes. by the model of woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) infected primary woodchuck hepatocytes (pwhs), poly i:c and lps stimulation resulted in upregula ... | 2009 | 19573162 |
| rapid immunity to vaccination with woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen using cationic liposome-dna complexes as adjuvant. | complexes of cationic liposomes and non-coding dna (cldc) have shown promise as vaccine adjuvant. using the woodchuck animal model of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, the immunogenic effects of cldc were evaluated following vaccination with three doses of woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (whsag) adjuvanted with either cldc or conventional alum and administered intramuscularly (im) or subcutaneously (sc). im vaccination with whsag and cldc elicited antibodies earlier, in more woodchuck ... | 2009 | 19697409 |
| [long-term observation of hepatitis b virus (hbv) replication in new-born tree shrews inoculated with hbv]. | to observe the hepatitis b virus (hbv) replication in the tree shrews that were inoculated with hbv at neonatal period. | 2009 | 19719914 |
| prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis b virus among nonhuman primates in taiwan. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a public health problem worldwide, and apart from infecting humans, hbv has been found in nonhuman primates. this study investigated the prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis d virus (hdv) among nonhuman primates in taiwan, an area where human hbv remains endemic. serum samples from 286 captive nonhuman primates (i.e., 32 great apes [pan troglodytes and pongo pygmaeus], 42 gibbons [hylobates sp. and nomascus sp.], and 212 cercopi ... | 2009 | 19746868 |
| changes of the receptor-binding properties of influenza b virus b/victoria/504/2000 during adaptation in chicken eggs. | selection of high-growth virus variants of strain b/victoria/504/2000 by serial passage in eggs resulted in three amino acid substitutions, g141e, r162m, and d196y, in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket of viral hemagglutinin. virus variants containing the identified amino acid substitutions, individually or in various combinations, were constructed using reverse genetics and analyzed for their receptor-binding properties using glycan microarray platform. three different patterns of vir ... | 2009 | 19766280 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus among blood donors in nyala, south dar fur, sudan. | the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections and the possible risk factors among blood donors in nyala, south dar fur state of western sudan, which has never been studied before. a total of 400 male blood donors were tested for the detection of hbsag and anti-hcv antibodies, (6.25%) were found reactive for hbsag and (0.65%) were reactive for anti-hcv antibodies. the highest seroprevalence (30.8%) was found in th ... | 2009 | 19775459 |
| inhibition of b virus (macacine herpesvirus 1) by conventional and experimental antiviral compounds. | b virus infection of humans results in high morbidity and mortality in as many as 80% of identified cases. the main objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of conventional and experimental antiviral drug susceptibilities of b virus isolates from multiple macaque species and zoonotically infected humans. we used a plaque reduction assay to establish the effective inhibitory doses of acyclovir, ganciclovir, and vidarabine, as well as those of a group of experimental nucleosid ... | 2010 | 19858259 |
| acute ascending myelitis following a monkey bite, with the isolation of a virus capable of reproducing the disease. | a case of acute ascending myelitis which followed the bite of an apparently normal macacus rhesus monkey is described. the clinical course as well as the pathological changes has been studied and found to be suggestive of a virus cause for the disease. the absence of perivascular demyelinization removes the case from the realm of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and establishes it more or less definitely as a primary acute infectious myelitis. an extremely important feature of the pathologic ... | 1934 | 19870235 |
| studies on pseudorabies (infectious bulbar paralysis, mad itch : iii. the disease in the rhesus monkey, macaca mulatta. | in the monkey (m. mulatto) the virus of pseudorabies, pantropic in the rabbit, behaves as a strict neurotrope. infection, usually fatal, readily follows intracerebral and intracisternal inoculation of rabbit virus, and often intrasciatic inoculation; the symptomatology of the ensuing disease is described. in a limited number of experiments no infection resulted from intradermal, intramuscular or intravenous inoculation. nerve and glial cells are primarily attacked by the virus, but no cytologica ... | 1936 | 19870482 |
| adsorption of influenza hemagglutinins and virus by red blood cells. | a number of experiments were performed on the adsorption of influenza hemagglutinins on chicken red blood cells, from which the following conclusions were drawn:- 1. when chicken red blood cells and preparations of influenza viruses were mixed together, the influenza hemagglutinins present were rapidly adsorbed onto the cells. after varying lengths of time, dependent on the conditions of the experiment, the adsorbed hemagglutinins began to elute from the cells. with the lee strain at 23 degrees ... | 1942 | 19871229 |
| immunological relationships among central nervous system viruses. | from observations carried out with the viruses of russian spring-summer encephalitis, louping ill, w.e.e., and the japanese b, st. louis, and west nile types of encephalitis, the following facts and inferences have been derived. 1. russian encephalitis and louping ill viruses showed a close relationship by complement fixation, neutralization, and intraperitoneal cross-resistance tests. intracerebral cross-resistance tests, on the other hand, failed to reveal any connection between them. neither ... | 1944 | 19871375 |
| laboratory transmission of japanese b encephalitis virus by seven species (three genera) of north american mosquitoes. | in the present studies ten common species of western north american mosquitoes have been tested for their ability to act as vectors of japanese b encephalitis virus (see summary table xii). the strain of japanese b encephalitis virus which was used was adapted to direct mouse brain passage, probably a disadvantage, but no freshly isolated strain was available. of the ten species of mosquitoes tested, seven were demonstrated to be laboratory vectors. these seven species represent three genera (cu ... | 1946 | 19871524 |
| electrophoretic study of antiviral sera. | 1. sera of animals immunized against japanese b encephalitis, venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses were fractionated by electrophoresis. 2. electrophoretic patterns of rabbit sera before and after immunization against japanese b virus showed no consistent change traceable to antibody formation. 3. to determine the antibody content, the electrophoretic fractions of the respective sera were mixed in varying dilutions with infected mouse brain suspension ... | 1947 | 19871633 |
| studies on the mechanism of adaptation of influenza virus to mice. | 1. when strains of influenza a virus which have been isolated in chick embryos are introduced into the mouse lung, the virus multiplies readily and achieves initially a titer which is as high as is even obtained, even after repeated passage. the high initial titer of virus may be unaccompanied by any lethal or visible pathogenic effects; but with four or five mouse passages the agent becomes lethal in high titer and causes extensive pulmonary consolidation, though its capacity to multiply in the ... | 1947 | 19871683 |
| [the characteristics of epidemic influenza a and b virus strains circulating in russia during the 2007-2008 season]. | in 2007-2008 in russia, the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h1n1, a(h3n2), and b viruses. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza studied 334 epidemic strains. the results of a comparative study of the svirus specificity of commercial test systems (amplisens influenza virus a/b and amplisens influenza virus a/h5n1) for the polymerase chain reaction diagnosis and virological assays, including virus isolation, revealed their ... | 2009 | 19882900 |
| simian varicella virus in pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina): clinical, pathologic, and virologic features. | simian varicella virus (svv; cercopithecine herpesvirus 9) is a naturally occurring herpesvirus of nonhuman primates. here we present the clinical, pathologic, and virologic findings from 2 cases of svv in adult female pigtailed macaques (macaca nemestrina). the initial case presented with hyperthermia and a diffuse inguinal rash which spread centripetally, progressing to vesiculoulcerative dermatitis of the trunk, face, and extremities. at 96 h after presentation, the animal was anorexic and le ... | 2009 | 19887033 |
| seropositivity of hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus dual infection among blood donors in nyala teaching hospital. | the aim of this study was to determine the seropositivity of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) dual infection among blood donors in nyala teaching hospital, which is the biggest (400 beds) hospital in great dar fur of western sudan. 400 blood donors were tested serologically for the detection of hbsag and anti-hcv antibodies. only one (0.25%) out of the 400 examined blood donors was detected reactive for both hbsag and anti-hcv antibodies. the study concluded that the seroposit ... | 2009 | 20028507 |
| broad-spectrum antiviral effect of agrimonia pilosa extract on influenza viruses. | influenza virus continues to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for humans. here we tested various korean medicinal plant extracts for potential antiviral activity against influenza viruses. among them, an extract of agrimonia pilosa was shown to be highly effective against all three subtypes of human influenza viruses including h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a subtypes and influenza b virus. the ec(50) value against influenza a virus, as tested by the plaque reduction assay on mdck cells, was 14 ... | 2010 | 20055938 |
| single lysophosphatidylcholine components exhibit adjuvant activities in vitro and in vivo. | improving vaccine immunogenicity by developing new adjuvant formulations has long been a goal of vaccinologists. it has previously been shown that a natural mix of lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc) from chicken eggs promotes mature dendritic cell (dc) generation in vitro and primes antigen-specific immune responses in mice. in the present study, we dissected the adjuvant potentials of five individual lpc components found in the chicken egg mixture. in vitro analyses of the impact of the individual c ... | 2010 | 20071492 |
| ethnic-specific prevalence of hepatitis b/c virus infection in pin-jen, taiwan. | the study aimed to estimate prevalence rate of hepatitis b/c virus infection by three ethnic groups including hakka, minnan, and mainlander in taiwan where there was a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. | 2009 | 20073137 |
| initiation of duck hepatitis b virus infection requires cleavage by a furin-like protease. | the entry mechanism of hepatitis b virus (hbv) has not been defined, and this impedes development of antiviral therapies aimed at an early step in the viral life cycle. hbv infection has both host and tissue specificities. for the related duck hepatitis b virus (dhbv), duck carboxypeptidase d (dcpd) has been proposed as the species-specific docking receptor, while glycine decarboxylase (dgd) may serve as a tissue-specific cofactor or secondary receptor. dgd binds to several truncated versions of ... | 2010 | 20181690 |
| antiviral properties, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a novel azolo-1,2,4-triazine-derived inhibitor of influenza a and b virus replication. | influenza viruses of types a and b cause periodic pandemics in the human population. the antiviral drugs approved to combat influenza virus infections are currently limited. we have investigated an effective novel inhibitor of human influenza a and b viruses, triazavirine [2-methylthio-6-nitro-1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c]-1,2,4-triazine-7(4i)-one] (tzv). tzv suppressed the replication of influenza virus in cell culture and in chicken chorioallantoic membranes, and it protected mice from death caused by ... | 2010 | 20194696 |
| hbx protein is indispensable for development of viraemia in human hepatocyte chimeric mice. | the non-structural x protein, hbx, of hepatitis b virus (hbv) is assumed to play an important role in hbv replication. woodchuck hepatitis virus x protein is indispensable for virus replication, but the duck hepatitis b virus x protein is not. in this study, we investigated whether the hbx protein is indispensable for hbv replication in vivo using human hepatocyte chimeric mice. hbx-deficient (hbx-def) hbv was generated in hepg2 cells by transfection with an overlength hbv genome. human hepatocy ... | 2010 | 20219897 |
| hepatitis b virus replication in primary macaque hepatocytes: crossing the species barrier toward a new small primate model. | the development of new anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) therapies, especially immunotherapeutic approaches, has been limited by the lack of a primate model more accessible than chimpanzees. we have previously demonstrated that sylvanus and cynomolgus macaques are susceptible to in vivo hbv infection after intrahepatic hbv dna inoculation. in this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of primary macaque hepatocytes (pmhs) to hbv infection with a highly efficient hbv genome-mediated transfer system v ... | 2010 | 20301206 |
| detection of avian metapneumovirus subtypes in turkeys using rt-pcr. | this study investigated the prevalence of avian metapneumovirus (ampv) and the detection of molecular subtypes of field strains of the virus using rt-pcr in clinically healthy turkeys and those showing signs of respiratory disease. in the rt-pcr examination of 624 tracheal tissue samples collected from a local turkey abattoir, 2.9 per cent (18/624) of samples tested positive. in the examination of tracheal swab samples collected from flocks with respiratory problems, 18 of 20 samples tested posi ... | 2010 | 20305292 |
| cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 risk in a child bitten by a bonnet macaque monkey. | background: exotic animal importation and trade has the potential to expose the public to a variety of injuries and diseases not endemic to the united states. bonnet macaque monkeys are a fairly common primate illegally held in captivity. these monkeys become aggressive as they age past 2 years and are known to carry asymptomatic cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 infection. objective: this case is presented to illustrate the point that simple wound management alone may not only be insufficient but co ... | 2010 | 20347250 |
| six-month repeated dose toxicity of orally administered metacavir in rhesus monkeys. | to explore the toxicities of metacavir, a novel deoxyguanosine analog with an anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) potential, in a 6-month repeated dosing in rhesus monkeys. | 2011 | 20347583 |
| [impact of different adjuvants on immunogenicity of the hbv particle vaccine containing the s + pres1 fusion antigen in balb/c mice]. | we previous reported the development of novel hepatitis b virus(hbv) vaccine containing the surface antigen(s) plus pres1 fusion derived from chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells system. in this study, we analyzed the impact of different adjuvants on immunogenicity of the hbv particle vaccine in balb/c mice, including alum alone, cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg-odn) alone and cpg-odn in combination with alum adjuvant. we first detected the antigen specific humoral response in mice, including total i ... | 2010 | 20353095 |
| pre-acute hepadnaviral infection is associated with activation-induced apoptotic death of lymphocytes in the woodchuck (marmota monax) model of hepatitis b. | woodchucks (marmota monax) infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) represent a highly valuable immunopathogenic model of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection. both whv and hbv are noncytopathic hepadnaviruses which induce a strong but delayed virus-specific cellular immune response believed to be a cause of hepatitis. the reason behind this postponement is not well understood and its dissection in the woodchuck model has been hampered by the lack of appropriate research tools. in this study, ... | 2010 | 20451550 |
| detection and characterization of hepatitis b virus strains from wild-caught gorillas and chimpanzees in cameroon, central africa. | previous epidemiological studies have reported a high prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in chimpanzees in gabon and congo, central africa. there is no data for this species from cameroon. to date few cases of active hbv infection have been documented in gorillas and only one complete hbv sequence has been described from a wild-caught gorilla originating from cameroon and housed in germany. since gorillas are apes found in cameroon, we thus investigated the prevalence and genetic re ... | 2010 | 20471498 |
| establishment and characterization of a madin-darby canine kidney reporter cell line for influenza a virus assays. | influenza virus diagnosis has traditionally relied on virus isolation in chicken embryo or cell cultures. many laboratories have adopted rapid molecular methods for detection of influenza viruses and discontinued routine utilization of the relatively slow viral culture methods. we describe an influenza a virus reporter cell line that contributes to more efficient viral detection in cell culture. madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells were engineered to constitutively produce an influenza virus g ... | 2010 | 20504984 |
| establishment of specific pathogen-free macaque colonies in tsukuba primate research center of japan for aids research. | cynomolgus monkeys have been maintained in indoor facilities as closed colony monkeys in tsukuba primate research center in japan since 1978. several microorganisms, including bacteria, parasites and viruses, were eliminated from the cynomolgus monkeys in this colony of tprc. various kinds of viruses (b virus, measles virus, simian varicella virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, simian t cell leukemia virus, simian d type retrovirus, simian cytomegalovirus, simian epstein-barr virus, and simian ... | 2010 | 20510748 |
| clonal expansion of normal-appearing human hepatocytes during chronic hepatitis b virus infection. | chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections are associated with persistent immune killing of infected hepatocytes. hepatocytes constitute a largely self-renewing population. thus, immune killing may exert selective pressure on the population, leading it to evolve in order to survive. a gradual course of hepatocyte evolution toward an hbv-resistant state is suggested by the substantial decline in the fraction of infected hepatocytes that occurs during the course of chronic infections. consistent w ... | 2010 | 20519397 |
| detection and characterization of clade 7 high pathogenicity avian influenza h5n1 viruses in chickens seized at ports of entry and live poultry markets in vietnam. | high pathogenicity avian influenza h5n1 has become an endemic poultry disease in several asian countries, including vietnam. recently, dade 7 h5n1 viruses of the eurasian lineage were isolated from chickens seized at ports of entry in lang son province, vietnam. extensive nucleotide and amino acid divergence across the hemagglutinin (ha) protein gene of these isolates in comparison to previously described clade 7 viruses was identified. clade 7 viruses are antigenically distinct from contemporar ... | 2010 | 20521651 |
| proteomic analysis of primary duck hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis b virus. | abstract: | 2010 | 20529248 |
| apobec1 and apobec3 cytidine deaminases as restriction factors for hepadnaviral genomes in non-humans in vivo. | reverse transcription of the hepadnavirus rna pre-genome means that nascent cdna may be vulnerable to genetic editing by host cell apobec cytidine deaminases that have specificity single-stranded dna as substrate. hepatitis b virus (hbv) is particularly vulnerable to editing by apobec3g (ha3g) in late-stage disease where up to 35% of genomes can be edited. yet, the organization of the a3 locus varies considerably among mammals with a single gene for the mouse and seven genes for old and new worl ... | 2010 | 20546753 |
| experimental helicobacter marmotae infection in a/j mice causes enterohepatic disease. | helicobacter marmotae has been identified in the inflamed livers of eastern woodchucks (marmota monax) infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), as well as from the livers of whv-negative woodchucks. because the majority of whv-positive woodchucks with hepatic tumours were culture or pcr positive for this helicobacter, and whv-negative woodchucks with h. marmotae had hepatitis, the bacterium may have a role in tumour promotion related to chronic inflammation. in this study, the type strain ... | 2010 | 20616187 |
| the woodchuck: a model for therapeutic vaccination against hepadnaviral infection. | interferon-alpha and nucleoside analogues are available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection but do not lead to a satisfactory result. new findings about the immunological control of hbv during acute infection suggest the pivotal role of t-cell mediated immune responses. several preclinical and clinical trials were undertaken to explore the possibility of stimulating specific immune responses in chronically infected animals and patients by vaccination. however, vaccinat ... | 2010 | 20646874 |
| glucosidase inhibition enhances presentation of de-n-glycosylated hepatitis b virus epitopes by major histocompatibility complex class i in vitro and in woodchucks. | in this report, the possibility of pharmacologically altering the hepatitis b virus (hbv) epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex class i on infected cells is demonstrated. the hbv middle envelope glycoprotein (mhbs) maturation appears to require calnexin-mediated folding. this interaction is dependent on glucosidases in the endoplasmic reticulum. prevention of hbv envelope protein maturation in cultured cells through use of glucosidase inhibitors, such as 6-o-butanoyl castanosper ... | 2010 | 20658465 |
| identification of cd4+ and cd8+ t cell epitopes of woodchuck hepatitis virus core and surface antigens in balb/c mice. | a therapeutic vaccine against chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection requires the development of a strong and multispecific th1 cell immune response. woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) closely resemble hbv infection and represent the best animal model for this hepadnavirus-induced disease. using the bimas "hla peptide binding predictions" program, we have identified and further characterized novel h-2 d-restricted cd8+ epitopes within the whv core (peptid ... | 2010 | 20665977 |
| establishment of a cynomolgus macaque model of influenza b virus infection. | pathogenicity of influenza b virus was examined in cynomolgus macaques to establish a macaque model suitable for vaccine and antiviral drug development. we prepared influenza b viruses for inoculation with minimal passages after isolation from patients. macaques inoculated with influenza b virus showed higher body temperature than that before infection for 6 to 12 days. virus was detected in nasal, tracheal, and bronchial samples until 6 days after inoculation followed by an increase in neutrali ... | 2010 | 20822788 |
| screening of a high growth influenza b virus strain in vero cells. | due to the insufficient supply of embryonated chicken eggs, the preparation of large quantities of inactivated influenza vaccines will require an alternative virus culture system after the emergence or reemergence of a pandemic influenza virus. the vero cell is one of the ideal options since it was used for producing many kinds of human vaccines. however, most of the influenza viruses can not grow well in vero cells. to develop a new influenza vaccine with vero cells as a substrate, the virus ne ... | 2010 | 20960286 |
| the c-terminal region of the hepatitis b virus x protein is essential for its stability and function. | more than 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the human hepatitis b virus (hbv). chronic hbv infections are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. while the mechanism of hbv-associated carcinoma remains undefined, it is thought to involve a combination of a continuous inflammatory response to hbv-infected hepatocytes and activities of hbv proteins such as the hbv x protein (hbx). hbx stimulates hbv replication; however, the mechanism by which hbx stim ... | 2010 | 20969903 |
| the "original" hepatitis b virus of eastern chimpanzees (pan trogrodytes schweinfurthii). | little is known about hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections in chimpanzees. therefore, we investigated the prevalence of chimpanzee hbv (chhbv) infections in captive, wild born chimpanzees in the sanctuary on ngamba island, uganda and one sample from a wild free ranging chimpanzee. in one third of the plasma samples (32.4%; 12/37) we detected antibodies to hepatitis b (core) antigen. amongst those individuals hbv dna was detected in one captive wild born and the wild chimpanzee. in contrast to the ... | 2010 | 20970465 |
| establishing a new animal model for hepadnaviral infection: susceptibility of chinese marmota-species to woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. | hepatitis b virus infection (hbv) is a major medical problem in china. the lack of a suitable infection model in china is recognized as an obstacle for research on hbv in china. chinese marmota-species is phylogenetically closely related to marmota monax, thus, it might be suitable to serve as an animal model for hbv infection. therefore, we attempted to prove the claim about the existence of woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv)-like viruses in chinese marmota-species and to determine the susceptibil ... | 2010 | 21084496 |
| [study on the immuno-effects and influencing factors of chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell hepatitis b vaccine among adults, under different dosages.] | objective: to evaluate the immuno-effect and related influencing factors on 10 µg and 20 µg chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell hepatitis b vaccine, using the randomized double-blind controlled trials in adult population. methods: a total of 642 adults aged 18 - 45 years old, non-vaccinated against hepatitis b, and negative on five blood indicators for hepatitis b, were selected as the study objects from four districts in beijing. the study objects were randomly divided into two groups, and then ac ... | 2010 | 21162840 |
| evaluation of mitochondrial toxicity in marmota himalayana treated with metacavir, a novel 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine prodrug for treatment of hepatitis b virus. | metacavir (pna) is a novel synthetic nucleoside analogue for the treatment of hepatitis b virus (hbv). our recent studies showed that pna, a prodrug of 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (ddg), exhibited lower mitochondrial toxicity in long-term cultures of hepg2 cells. in the current study, we examined the long-term effects of pna on mitochondrial toxicity in marmota himalayana (himalayan marmot). himalayan marmots were treated daily with oral pna (50 or 100 mg/kg), ziduvidine (azt) (100 mg/kg), or water ( ... | 2011 | 21282436 |
| [sero-epidemiology of six viruses natural infection in tupaia belangeri chinensis]. | tupaia (tupaia belangeris chinensis, tree shrew) as a new experiment animal in medicine are non-rodent, small animals and close to primates in evolution. experimental animals infected with viruses will affect the animal's health, interference experiment, and even endanger the operator's safety. therefore, the viral infection in experimental animals has long been considered an important part of quality control. lack of clearer viral natural infection information on the t. belangeris limits its us ... | 2011 | 21341379 |
| [progress on establishment of tree shrew (tupaia) chronic infection with hbv in vivo]. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is one of the important health problems worldwide, especially in china. feasible and effective animal models of hbv infection in vivo are prerequisite for the hbv-related basic and clinical studies. located in the highly prevalent region of hbv and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), the laboratory of guangxi cancer institute has focused on the cause, pathogenesis and chemoprevention of hcc, and has started the work of establishing tree shrew (tupaia) models of hbv ... | 2011 | 21341392 |
| debilitating clinical disease in a wild-born captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) co-infected with varicella zoster virus (vzv) and simian t-lymphotropic virus (stlv). | a wild-born, 34-yr-old female western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was transferred between zoologic collections in the united kingdom. adjustment to its new environment was difficult and a series of health problems ensued. progressive severe illness of multiple etiologies, and a failure to respond to multiple therapies, led to its euthanasia 5 mo later. disease processes included severe thoracic and axillary cutaneous ulceration of t2-3 dermatome distribution, gastroenteritis, ulcer ... | 2010 | 21370655 |
| ulcerative cheilitis in a rhesus macaque. | a 2-year-old, female, simian immunodeficiency virus e543-infected rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) was presented for necropsy following euthanasia due to a history of diarrhea, weight loss, and a small, round ulcer along the left labial commissure. histopathologic examination of the ulcer revealed infiltration by large numbers of degenerate and nondegenerate neutrophils and macrophages admixed with syncytial epithelial cells. rare epithelial cells contained herpetic inclusion bodies. these cells ... | 2011 | 21383117 |
| electroporation enhances immunogenicity of a dna vaccine expressing woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen in woodchucks. | the development of therapeutic vaccines for chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection has been hampered by host immune tolerance and the generally low magnitude and inconsistent immune responses to conventional vaccines and proposed new delivery methods. electroporation (ep) for plasmid dna (pdna) vaccine delivery has demonstrated the enhanced immunogenicity of hbv antigens in various animal models. in the present study, the efficiency of the ep-based delivery of pdna expressing various reporter ... | 2011 | 21389124 |
| avian metapneumovirus subtypes circulating in brazilian vaccinated and nonvaccinated chicken and turkey farms. | avian metapneumovirus (ampv) causes turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens, which is usually accompanied by secondary infections that increase mortality. ampvs circulating in brazilian vaccinated and nonvaccinated commercial chicken and turkey farms were detected using a universal reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr assay that can detect the four recognized subtypes of ampv. the ampv status of 228 farms with respiratory and reproductive disturbances was invest ... | 2011 | 21500641 |
| detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings. | background: viral and bacterial pathogens may be present in the air after being released from infected individuals and animals. filters are installed in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (hvac) systems of buildings to protect ventilation equipment and maintain healthy indoor air quality. these filters process enormous volumes of air. this study was undertaken to determine the utility of sampling used ventilation filters to assess the types and concentrations of virus aerosols presen ... | 2011 | 21549446 |
| evaluation of a novel non-penetrating electrode for use in dna vaccination. | current progress in the development of vaccines has decreased the incidence of fatal and non-fatal infections and increased longevity. however, new technologies need to be developed to combat an emerging generation of infectious diseases. dna vaccination has been demonstrated to have great potential for use with a wide variety of diseases. alone, this technology does not generate a significant immune response for vaccination, but combined with delivery by electroporation (ep), can enhance plasmi ... | 2011 | 21559474 |
| suppression of hepatitis b virus replication in tupaia hepatocytes by tumor necrosis factor alpha of tupaia belangeri. | recently, tupaia belangeri was used to study the full replication cycle of hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the primary hepatocyte cultures. thus, the tupaia model represents a suitable model to study the effects of cytokines on hbv infection. here, tupaia tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-+¦) was molecularly cloned and expressed in mammalian cells. a test system for the biological activity of tupaia tnf-+¦ was established on the basis of its cytotoxic effect to the murine fibrosarcoma cell line l929. ... | 2011 | 21684599 |
| are endogenous feline leukemia viruses really endogenous? | full length endogenous feline leukemia virus (felv) proviruses exist within the genomes of many breeds of domestic cat raising the possibility that they may also exist in a transmissible exogenous form. such viruses would share receptor usage with the recombinant felv-b subgroup, a viral subgroup that arises in vivo by recombination between exogenous subgroup a virus (felv-a) and endogenous felv. accordingly, all isolates of felv-b made to date have contained a "helper" felv-a, consistent with t ... | 2011 | 21715022 |
| surface antibody and cytokine response to recombinant chinese hamster ovary cell (cho) hepatitis b vaccine. | to compare the immune responses of the 10++g and 20++g doses of cho hepatitis b vaccine on adults. | 2011 | 21722684 |
| dna immunization with fusion of ctla-4 to hepatitis b virus (hbv) core protein enhanced th2 type responses and cleared hbv with an accelerated kinetic. | typically, dna immunization via the intramuscular route induces specific, th1-dominant immune responses. however, plasmids expressing viral proteins fused to cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4 (ctla-4) primed th2-biased responses and were able to induced effective protection against viral challenge in the woodchuck model. thus, we addressed the question in the mouse model how the th1/th2 bias of primed immune responses by a dna vaccine influences hepatitis b virus (hbv) clearance. | 2011 | 21799884 |