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internal controls as performance monitors and quantitative standards in the detection by polymerase chain reaction of herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in clinical specimens.internal controls (ic) were produced and characterized for an hsv and a cmv pcr assay which serve both as test performance monitors and as quantitative standards. in each of the pcr assays the ic and native targets were amplified with equal efficiency and were detected with the same sensitivity, i.e. < 10 target copies. an algorithm was developed for the use of ic as a quantitative standard which entailed coamplifying a test specimen with four two-fold dilutions of the respective ic target (63-5 ...19958569776
characterization of the us8.5 protein of herpes simplex virus.in a previous study a novel gene designated as us8.5 was identified in the unique short component of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) genome. epitope tagging experiments suggested the existence of a protein encoded by this gene in hsv1 infected cells. to further analyze the us8.5 gene product and function, a rabbit polyclonal antiserum was raised against a recombinant beta-galactosidase-us8.5 fusion protein expressed in e. coli. this antiserum reacted specifically with a 19 kda protein in ...19958572943
monoclonal antibody blocking tests for the detection of hsv-1- and hsv-2-specific humoral responses: comparison with western blot assay.monoclonal antibody blocking radioimmunoassays (mab block rias) which detect specific humoral responses to each of the two human herpes simplex virus (hsv) types are described. rias were compared with western blot assay (wba) in a blind study of 64 sera obtained from clinically well-documented cases of genital herpes. wba and mab block ria each detected hsv-1 antibodies in 16/17 (94%) sera from confirmed hsv-1 genital infections (first episodes and recurrent infections). detection of hsv-2 antib ...19958576306
analysis of the relationship between cellular thymidine kinase activity and virulence of thymidine kinase-negative herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.the virulence of thymidine kinase-negative herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1; vrtk- strain) and type 2 (hsv-2; uwtk- strain) was studied in comparison with that of their parental strains (vr-3 and uw-268, respectively) in an encephalitis model of adult (4-week-old) and newborn (3-day-old) mice. viral thymidine kinase (tk) activity was essential for the maximum expression of virulence of hsv-1, because the 50% lethal dose (ld50) of vrtk- was 60 times higher than that of vr-3 in the brains of new ...19958577269
specific secretory immune responses in the female genital tract following intranasal immunization with a recombinant adenovirus expressing glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus.previously, we demonstrated that intranasal (i.n.) but not intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization with a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing glycoprotein b (gb) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) induced mucosal immune responses and conveyed long-term protection to mice against an i.n. challenge with heterologous hsv-2. we now show that i.n. immunization of female mice with this same vector, adgb8, provides secretory and serum-derived humoral immune responses in the genital tract. intranas ...19958578847
herpes simplex virus type 2 infections presenting as brainstem encephalitis and recurrent myelitis.we describe here 3 patients with central nervous system infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2); one patient with brainstem encephalitis and two with recurrent transverse thoracic myelitis. all three patients showed increased igg antibodies to hsv in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). hsv-2 dna was demonstrated in the csf by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification. upon treatment with acyclovir, one patient with myelitis partially recovered and the others completely recovered. ...19958580553
[characteristics related to std/hiv in men working in mexico city bars where female prostitution takes place].this research work intended to describe the characteristics and the seroprevalence of some sexually transmitted diseases (std), in men working in bars where female commercial sex takes place.19958600553
decline of herpes simplex virus type 2 and chlamydia trachomatis infections from 1970 to 1993 indicated by a similar change in antibody pattern.antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) were determined in sera from pregnant women from 1970 and at intervals up to 1993. the trends for hsv-2 and ct infections were deduced from the observed antibody rates in different age groups during the observation period. total antibody rates for hsv-2 tended to decline toward the end of the period when age-matched groups were compared, while the ct antibody rates peaked in 1979 and then declined gradually. age-spe ...19958539540
the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (e)-2'-fluoromethylene-2'-deoxycytidine (mdl 101,731): a potential topical therapy for herpes simplex virus infection.the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor mdl 101,731 was examined for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) in vitro and in combination with acyclovir in the murine zosteriform model of hsv-1 infection. the in vitro antiviral activity (ic50) for both serotypes of hsv was similar and in the range 23-98 nm for vero cells. comparable activities were obtained against acyclovir-resistant viruses. in the zosteriform model, topical combination therapy of mdl 10 ...19958540753
famciclovir. a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections.famciclovir, a synthetic acyclic guanine derivative, is a prodrug which, after oral administration, is rapidly metabolised to the highly bioavailable antiviral compound penciclovir. penciclovir is active in vitro against the herpesviruses herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1, hsv-2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv). famciclovir is an effective treatment of immunocompetent patients with acute herpes zoster (shingles) caused by vzv. comparative studies have demonstrated that famciclovir has therapeutic eff ...19958521764
differences in the role of glycoprotein c of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in viral binding may contribute to serotype differences in cell tropism.heparan sulfate serves as a receptor for several herpesviruses. for herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus 1, glycoprotein c homologues have been shown to mediate the binding to cell-surface heparan sulfate. it has been assumed that glycoprotein c of hsv-2 (gc-2) plays a similar role in hsv-2 entry, but this has not been established experimentally. we first determined, using heparin-affinity chromatography, that gc-2 is a heparin-binding glycoprotein. to exami ...19958525631
immunotherapy with low-dose interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in a murine tumor model.the aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of locally administered low-dose interleukin-2 (il-2) alone or together with interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) in a herpes simplex virus type 2-transformed murine (h238) fibrosarcoma model. in vitro incubation showed that il-2, but not ifn-gamma, had a significant inhibitory effect on dna synthesis in h238 cells. in vivo experiments were performed with balb/c mice to determine the optimal time of treatment with each cytokine after subcuta ...19958746782
escherichia coli expressed herpes simplex virus gg1 and gg2 proteins in elisa and immunoblotting assays.the type 1 and type 2 glycoprotein g (gg1 and gg2) of herpes simplex virus (hsv) were expressed in escherichia coli as fusion proteins with the maltose binding protein (mbp) using the pmal-c2 expression vector. the mbp-gg1 fusion protein contains all but the four amino acids from the amino-terminus of gg1, whereas the mbp-gg2 fusion protein was missing the first 30 amino acids that comprise the signal peptide of the protein. the diagnostic value of these antigens was examined by two methods: (1) ...19958880385
a facile synthesis of 4'-thio-arabinonucleosides as potential antiviral agents from d-glucose.as potential antiviral agents, 4'-thio-arabinonucleosides were synthesized. methyl 3-o-benzyl-xylo-furanoside, readily obtained from d-glucose, was converted to 1,4-anhydro-4-deoxy-4-thio-arabinitol. the protection of hydroxyl groups and the pummerer rearrangement, followed by lewis acid induced glycosylation afforded 4'-thio-arabinonucleosides. the compounds showed anti hsv-1 activity.19958841532
synthesis of carbocyclic oxetanocin analogs bearing fluorine and their antiviral activities.a new procedure to introduce the fluorine into the carbocycle of carbocyclic oxetanocin in a (c.oxt-a) was developed. the cyclobutanols 5 and 10, obtainable from the 2,3-di-o-benzoate 3, were condensed with 6-chloropurine using mitzunobu reaction to give the cyclobutyl nucleosides 6 and 11, respectively. addition of iodine fluoride to compound 6 afforded [(1r*,2s*,3r*)-isomer 7 as a sole addition product, which was converted to 1. this compound (1) exhibited a broad spectrum of antiviral activit ...19958841601
multicentre clinical trial with herpes simplex virus vaccine in recurrent herpes infection.the aim of this work was to confirm our preliminary clinical and immunological evaluation of the protective effects of a herpes simplex virus (hsv) vaccine derived from killed virus in the treatment of relapsing facial or genital herpes simplex infection. a total of 142 patients were treated with the hsv vaccine and a control group of 50 were treated with intermittent oral acyclovir (acv). the vaccine reduced annual active disease days in vaccinees to 11.59 (+/- 15.3) after treatment (65.11 +/- ...19958845402
the cell-coded polypeptide u90 increased by herpes simplex virus type 2 infection induces fos and dna synthesis.lytic infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) induces synthesis of a cell-coded protein of molecular mass 90 kda, termed u90. u90, whose expression is specific in tumour cells is, in addition, excreted from he cell. to determine if the function of u90 could be advantageous for the virus the protein was purified from the medium of hsv-2 infected cells, shown to be similar to the internalized form and its effect on cell growth studied. addition of u90 to quiescent fibroblast cells stimu ...19958847520
sexually transmitted diseases in australia: a decade of change. epidemiology and surveillance.survival data in the last decade for sexually transmitted diseases (stds) other than human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are uneven across the states/territories. the incidence of gonorrhoea decreased by more than 80%, but at different times in different patient groups, different states, and different anatomical sites. there was a resurgence of rectal gonorrhoea in homosexual men in 1989-1991. resistance to penicillin steadily increased, and partial resistance to quinolones has emerged. there was ...19958849191
[polymerase chain reaction assay of hsv in the rapid diagnosis of encephalitis]. 19958654268
prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, epstein-barr virus and cytomegalovirus in teenage girls.seropositivity to herpes virus type 1 (hsv-1), herpes virus type 2 (hsv-2), cytomegalovirus (cmv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) was estimated in a group of 98 16-year-old swedish girls. antibodies to hsv-1 were seen in 41% of the girls and to hsv-2 in 1%, and antibodies to cmv in 45 and to ebv in 82%. in girls with coitus experience, there was significantly higher prevalence of hsv-1 and ebv antibodies, compared with girls with no sexual contact. the age of coitarche or number of coitus partners ...19958658062
immunomodulatory effects of hsv2 glycoprotein d in hsv1 infected mice: implications for immunotherapy of recurrent hsv infection.immunological analyses in this laboratory and others have suggested that a nonrecurrent hsv seropositive immune status is more closely correlated with a type 1 t helper cell (th1) response characterized by elevated levels of interferon-gamma and il2 rather than high titers of virus-specific antibodies. effective intervention with an immunotherapeutic vaccine may require modulation of the regulatory network of t helper cells such that there is selective restimulation and expansion of the th1 resp ...19958719523
nucleotide sequence of the herpes simplex virus type 2 gene encoding the protease and capsid protein icp35.the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the protease and icp35 capsid protein of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 strain g has been determined. the gene consisits of a 1908 bp open reading frame capable of encoding 636 amino acids. comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene with published hsv-1 sequences revealed that the hsv-2 nucleic acid segment most likely encodes two distinct proteins. the first protein is the hsv-2 protease, which is required for the assembly of th ...19959049360
single amino acid substitutions in the glycoprotein b carboxy terminus influence the fusion from without property of herpes simplex virus type 1.syncytial mutations of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) strains ang, ang path, hfem, tsb5 and hszp cause extensive cell fusion and were mapped to the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein b (gb), within the syn 3 locus. these strains are so far the only ones which show the phenotype 'fusion from without' (ffwo): 60 min after infection with high m.o.i., cells in a tissue culture are fused without transcription and translation of the viral genome. in this report we detected, using the recombinants ...19959049391
testing of some pharmacological characteristics of the autochthonous product acyclovir.in the present work, the preliminary results of a study regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of the autochthonous synthetic drug acyclovir are shown. the in vitro and in vivo toxicologic test demonstrates a low toxicity of this product, the drug being well tolerated both by the laboratory animal and by the fibroblasts of the human embryo. the specific antiviral action of the product on the multiplication in vitro of the herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, appreciated by the lowering capacity ...19959106397
an evaluation of a hemagglutination-inhibition test for the detection of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1.we have recently demonstrated the ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) to agglutinate mouse red blood cells, and identified glycoprotein c (gc-1) as a major virus hemagglutinin. based on this a classical hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assay was developed.199515566801
rapid detection of hsv with an enzyme-linked virus inducible system (elvis) employing a genetically modified cell line.infections with herpes simplex viruses (hsv) are common and may cause severe disease in immunocompromised hosts and in neonates. isolation of infectious hsv in tissue culture is the most sensitive method of detection, but is not the most rapid. recently, however, an enzyme-linked virus inducible system (elvis) for rapid detection of hsv in culture has been developed. the system employs genetically engineered baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells (elvis cells) whose dna bears and hsv inducible promoter ...199515566838
the hsv-2 la-1 oncoprotein is a member of a novel family of serine threonine receptor kinases.the large subunit of the herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (rr) (icp10) is a chimera consisting of a serine/threonine (ser/thr) protein kinase (pk) domain preceded by a transmembrane (tm) segment at the amino terminus (la-i oncoprotein) and the rr domain at the carboxy terminus. human cells transformed by the la-i oncogene constitutively express the oncoprotein on the cell surface and internalize it by the endocytic pathway as determined by immunogold staining and electron mic ...199521552868
novel human herpesviruses (human herpesviruses 6, 7 and 8).the number of members in the family herpesviridae has increased in the last 10 years due to the description of three novel human herpesviruses: human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) in 1986, human herpesvirus 7 (hhv-7) in 1990, and human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), also known as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), in 1994. hhv-6 and hhv-7 were first isolated from blood lymphocyte cultures, while hhv-8 was identified following a specific molecular biology approach in the search for the etiologic age ...199611866839
rapid identification and differentiation of baboon alphaherpesvirus sa8 from closely related hsv-1 and hsv-2 in xenograft transplant recipients.background: rapid differential diagnosis of sa8 infection in humans following xenograft transplantation is an essential part of organ cell donor recipients. methods and results: we have developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test using synthetic oligonucleotide primers and probe to detect sa8 dna in clinical samples. after assessing the specificity of the pcr for detection of laboratory sa8 isolates, the method was used in the investigation of human and baboon specimens and compared t ...199610462569
[synthesis of optically active (r)- and (s)-tai-ding-an(tda) and their anti-hsv activity evaluation].tai-ding-an (3-phthalimido-2-oxo-n-butyraldehyde bisthiosemicarbazone, tda) is an antiviral drug first synthesized in this institute. in order to clarify the difference between the two enantiomeric isomers of tda, (r)- and (s)-tda were synthesized from (r)- and (s)-alanine, respectively, via the following steps: fusing with phthalic anhydride gave 2-phthalimido alanine(2a or 2b). the resulting acid was reacted with thionyl chloride to offer the corresponding acid chloride(3a or 3b), which was tr ...19969863253
[synthesis of adenine derivatives and their activities against herpes virus in vitro].a series of 9-(n4-substituted acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) adenines were synthesized and evaluated for antiherpes virus activity. compounds 4a-l were prepared by condensation of 9-(acetaldehyde) adenine(6) and the corresponding n4-substituted thiosemicarbazides (10). the antiviral effects of all compounds 4a-l were tested in vitro in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and varicella-herpes zoster virus (vzv), and in primary human embryo cell c ...19969863254
efficacy of cafon gel on cutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 and acyclovir-resistant hsv in mice.caffeine is known to inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and the therapeutic efficacy of caffeine (cafon) gel has been shown in a mouse model cutaneously infected with hsv-1. in this study we examined the inhibitory effect of caffeine on infection with hsv-2 and acyclovir-resistant hsv-1 strains, thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient and phosphonoacetic acid (paa)-resistant hsv-1 in vitro and in vivo. caffeine inhibited plaque formation of hsv-2 and acyclovir-resistant hsv-1 strains an ...19969023706
placental examination in intrauterine coinfection with herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus.intrauterine coinfections have rarely been reported. however, pregnancies exposed to multiple sexually transmitted infectious agents and drugs are likely to occur with increasing frequency and lead to complex pathology in the newborn. often it will be difficult to establish a diagnosis, above all when this has to be done retrospectively. a premature (34 weeks) newborn presented with a complex clinical picture after exposure to multiple infectious and noninfectious teratogens during gestation. im ...19969025891
analysis of resistance mutants of viral polymerases. 19969026659
antigenic differences between hsv-1 and hsv-2 glycoproteins and their importance for type-specific serology.the ability to discriminate between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) infections by serological means is of increasing importance for clinical virological diagnostics. hsv type-specific serology has a number of applications, e.g. to guide duration and dosage of antiviral therapy, to allow for stringent epidemiological analyses, to evaluate efficacy of hsv vaccine candidates, and to help the clinician during counseling of couples where one has genital herpes. the genomes of the ...19969058170
herpes simplex virus and pregnancy.although herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections are common in pregnant women, they are rarely serious. the complication, however, is viral transmission to the infant and morbidity and mortality in neonatal herpes remains considerable, in spite of the availability of antiviral therapy. early recognition and treatment of the infected child is of the utmost importance to inhibit viral replication and thus limit the severity of the disease. moreover, prevention is the ultimate challenge. unfortunatel ...19969163018
herpes simplex encephalitis.herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) is a life-threatening condition with high mortality as well as significant morbidity in survivors. in most cases herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is responsible for the diseases, however, the type 2 virus (hsv-2) is involved in 4-6% of cases. primary hsv infection is identified in only one-third of patients with hse. the majority of cases are recorded in adults with recurrent hsv infection who are already seropositive for hsv at the onset of symptoms, but onl ...19969163027
herpesvirus infections of the vulva. 19968723819
detection of viral antigen in the endolymphatic sac.a study was devised to determine whether or not any immune defense mechanism is present when a virus invades the human endolymphatic sac (es). the es was removed from 14 fresh autopsy cases having no known pre-mortem diseases in the middle and inner ears. specimens were then examined for viral antigens including herpes simplex (hsv) type 1 and 2, mumps and cytomegalovirus using immunohistochemical methods. dna examination by in situ hybridization was also performed for hsv. hsv antigen and dna w ...19968737782
recurrent meningitis and encephalitis associated with herpes simplex type 2: demonstration by polymerase chain reaction. 19968738952
famciclovir: review of clinical efficacy and safety.famciclovir is the well-absorbed oral form of penciclovir, an antiviral agent with potent activity against varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2). after oral administration, famciclovir is rapidly converted to penciclovir with a bioavailability of 77%. penciclovir is efficiently phosphorylated to the active metabolite, penciclovir-triphosphate, and has a prolonged intracellular half-life of approximately 9-10 h in vzv-infected cells, and 10 and 20 h in cells ...19968739594
[a case of neonatal herpes infection which proved to be a mixed infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2].we encountered a case which proved to be a mixed infection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 in retrospective terms by in situ hybridization (ish) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the case was a male. the gestational age was 39 weeks and 2 days. the birth body weight was 3024 g. a fever developed from the age of 6 days and he was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the age of eight days. ast was 1042 iu/l, and alt 206 iu/l. in spite of treatment, the patient died at ...19968741714
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--associated herpes simplex virus retinitis. clinical description and use of a polymerase chain reaction--based assay as a diagnostic tool.to describe 2 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who experienced a rapidly progressive, bilateral retinitis due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) (1 case due to hsv type 1 [hsv-1] and 1 case due to hsv type 2 [hsv-2] and to present a novel diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay.19968660167
variability of herpes simplex virus 1 gl and anti-gl antibodies that inhibit cell fusion but not viral infectivity.herpes simplex virus type 1 gl lacks a transmembrane domain but stably associates with membranes through its oligomerization with the integral membrane glycoprotein designated gh. the gh-gl oligomers are essential for virion infectivity and virus-induced cell fusion. monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were raised against hsv-1(kos) gl as probes for antigenic structure and functional protein domains. antigenic determinants recognized by these antibodies were found to be present on gl expressed ...19968661409
atp and sh3 binding sites in the protein kinase of the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 of ribonucleotide reductase (icp10).the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (icp10) is a multifunctional protein. it consists of a ribonucleotide reductase and a serine/threonine protein kinase (pk) domain, which has three proline-rich motifs consistent with sh3-binding sites at positions 140, 149, and 396. we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify amino acids required for kinase activity and interaction with signaling proteins. mutation of lys176 or lys259 reduced pk activity (5-8-fold) and b ...19968663276
infection and immunity. 19968990752
orally administered hsv-specific transfer factor (tf) prevents genital or labial herpes relapses.forty-four patients suffering from genital (22) and labial (22) herpes were orally treated with hsv-1/2-specific transfer factor (tf). tf was obtained by in vitro replication of a hsv-1/2-specific bovine dialysable lymphocyte extract. treatment was administered bi-weekly the first 2 weeks, and then weekly for 6 months, most patients received 2-3 courses. the total observation period for all patients before treatment was 26,660 days, with 544 relapses, and a relapse index of 61.2, whereas the cum ...19968993760
use of transfer factor for the treatment of recurrent non-bacterial female cystitis (nbrc): a preliminary report.results of conventional treatment of female non-bacterial recurrent cystitis (nbrc) are discouraging. most patients show an unexpected high incidence of vaginal candidiasis, while their cell mediated immunity to herpes simplex viruses (hsv) and candida antigens seems impaired, and it is known that the persistence of mucocutaneous chronic candidiasis is mainly due to a selective defect of cmi to candida antigens. twenty nine women suffering of nbrc, and in whom previous treatment with antibiotics ...19968993771
synthesis and antiviral activity of 6-chloropurine arabinoside and its 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro derivative.6-chloropurine arabinoside (3a) was obtained by treatment of the 2'-o-acetylated congener (2) with ammonia in methanol. the 3',5'-di-o-tritylated riboside (6) was allowed to react with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (dast) in the presence of pyridine to give the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinoside (7), from which 6-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl)purine (3b) was obtained. the antiviral effects of 3a and 3b were assayed against several dna and rna viruses. only 3a displayed potent ac ...19968996865
[efficacy of herpetic vaccine, larifan, myelopid and their combinations during herpesvirus infection in irradiated animals].killed vaccine against herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2, interferon inducer larifane, immunostimulant myelopide, and their combinations were sufficiently effective in immunocompromized mice inoculated intraperitoneally with hsv-1 and hsv-2 three days after a single radiation exposure. combinations of the vaccine with myelopide or larifane had a higher protective effect than that of each of these agents alone. all of these drugs and their combinations more rapidly reduced the concentrations of ...19968999686
[genital herpes].herpes is the first cause of genital ulcers, recurrences are unpredictable and asymptomatic viral excretion is frequent. herpes simplex virus 2 is responsible for genital infection in 80% of cases, but the incidence of herpes simplex virus 1 is rising. new diagnostics methods are developing, batcellular viral culture remains gold standard. oral aciclovir is the standard treatment, and directions for use are strictly codified. in pregnant women a new preventing project is proposed, it does not pr ...19969005519
comparison of effects of famciclovir and valaciclovir on pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 2 in a murine infection model.the effects of famciclovir (fcv) and valaciclovir (vacv) were compared in a cutaneous infection model for herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). the compounds were administered orally from day 1 to day 5 postinfection. both compounds reduced local inflammation and virus replication in the skin. fcv markedly reduced mortality and virus replication in the nervous system. on the cessation of therapy after 5 days, when the levels of infectious virus in the tissues were reduced to below the level of de ...19968849238
synthesis and antiviral activity of 5-substituted (2's)-2'-deoxy-2'-c-methylcytidines and -uridines.synthesis of several 5-substituted (2's)-2'-deoxy-2'-c-methylcytidines (8) and -uridines (6, 11) has been accomplished using radical deoxygenation of the 2'-tert-alcohols via their methyl oxalyl esters as a key reaction. anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 and -2, and anti-varicella-zoster virus activities of the newly synthesized nucleosides were evaluated. among them, the 5-iodouracil derivative 6e showed the most potent activity against herpes simplex virus type-1, with an ec50 of 0.14 microgram ...19968851469
administration of oral acyclovir suppressive therapy after neonatal herpes simplex virus disease limited to the skin, eyes and mouth: results of a phase i/ii trial.neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections limited to the skin, eyes and mouth (sem) can result in neurologic impairment. a direct correlation exists between the development of neurologic deficits and the frequency of cutaneous hsv recurrences. thus, the national institutes of allergy and infectious diseases collaborative antiviral study group conducted a phase i/ii trial of oral acyclovir therapy for the suppression of cutaneous recurrences after sem disease in 26 neonates.19968852914
polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in hiv-infected patients.to assess the diagnostic reliability of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on cerebrospinal fluid (csf) for virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system (cns) in hiv-infected patients.19968853727
genital herpes simplex virus infection in females in ibadan nigeria.in a study of female patients attending the sexually transmitted diseases clinic of the university college hospital ibadan, nigeria, herpes simplex virus was isolated from the cervix of 5 of 117 patients, a prevalence rate of 4.3%. two (1.7%) of these patients had hsv in the vagina. the viruses were identified by culture in hep-2 cell line, chloroform sensitivity test, complement fixation test and indirect immuno-fluorescent antibody technique. only one (20%) of the five patients has hsv-1 in th ...19968855674
cause of oral ulcers in hiv-infected patients: a study of 19 cases.to study the cause and clinical aspects of oral ulcers in hiv-infected patients.19968863306
inhibition of three alphaherpesviruses (herpes simplex 1 and 2 and pseudorabies virus) by heparin, heparan and other sulfated polyelectrolytes.the first step of the herpes virus infection is the attachment to heparan sulfate molecules on the cellular membrane. in order to improve the characterization of this phenomenon, we compared the inhibitory effect of six sulfated polyelectrolytes (pe): heparin, heparan, low molecular weight heparin, chondroitin, dextran and protamine on plaque formation by pseudorabies virus (prv) were compared. the pe with the highest antiherpetic effect was heparin, followed by dextran sulfate. heparan sulfate, ...19968867366
herpes simplex virus blocks intracellular transport of hla-g in placentally derived human cells.spontaneous fetal loss is associated with herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection as deduced from epidemiologic data. to date, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, but an immune component is suspected. hla-g is a class i mhc molecule selectively expressed on extravillous cytotrophoblast; this cell type does not express conventional hla-a or -b, whereas expression of novel hla-c-like products has been reported. while its function remains unclear, a role for hla-g in silencing nk cells ...19968871634
induction of a protective immune response by mucosal vaccination with a disc hsv-1 vaccine.the vaccine potential of a genetically disabled herpes simplex virus type 1 virus (disc hsv-1) was investigated in the guinea pig model of intravaginal (i.vag.) hsv-2 infection. three mucosal vaccination routes, i.vag., intranasal (i.n.) and oral, were compared for their ability to protect guinea pigs from challenge with wild-type hsv-2. each was effective, particularly the i.n. route, which almost completely abolished primary disease. this was accompanied by significantly lower challenge virus ...19968873393
effects of the estrous cycle on local humoral immune responses and protection of intranasally immunized female mice against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the genital tract.this study demonstrates that the levels of gb-specific igg and iga in vaginal washes of mice immunized intranasally (i.n.) with a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing herpes simplex virus (hsv) glycoprotein b (adgb8) vary inversely with each other and are dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle. anti-gb iga titers in vaginal washes were significantly higher during estrus than diestrus or proestrus, whereas specific igg titers were significantly higher during diestrus than estrus. this wa ...19968874509
immunization with dna vaccines encoding glycoprotein d or glycoprotein b, alone or in combination, induces protective immunity in animal models of herpes simplex virus-2 disease.dna vaccines expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) full-length glycoprotein d (gd), or a truncated form of hsv-2 glycoprotein b (gb) were evaluated for protective efficacy in two experimental models of hsv-2 infection. intramuscular (i.m.) injection of mice showed that each construction induced neutralizing serum antibodies and protected the mice from lethal hsv-2 infection. dose-titration studies showed that low doses (< or = 1 microgram) of either dna construction induced protective i ...19968876149
evaluation of a new general primer pair for rapid detection and differentiation of hsv-1, hsv-2, and vzv by polymerase chain reaction.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) enables rapid and sensitive detection of vzv and hsv dna and its efficiency depends mainly on the choice of the primers. primers should hybridize to conserved dna sequences within the viral genomes in order to avoid unreliable amplification due to dna sequence variation between different strains. the aim of the study was to design and to evaluate a general primer pair which permits fast and reliable detection of hsv and vzv. the genes ul 15 of hsv and ul 42 of ...19968877759
enhancement of hsv-dna infectivity, in vero and rs cells, by a modified calcium-phosphate transfection technique.infectivity of herpes simplex virus (hsv) dna was assessed by employing the calcium-phosphate transfection technique described by chen and okayama, originally applied to increase the efficiency of plasmid transfection by n, n-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid (bes). the experimental conditions and efficiency of this transfection procedure were evaluated comparing the viral progeny titers obtained by the chen and okayama transfection method using dna from wild-type strains of hsv-1 ...19968879137
viral serologies in patients with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome.chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs) is an illness characterized by disabling fatigue associated with complaints of fevers, sore throat, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, sleep disturbances, neurocognitive difficulties, and depression. a striking feature of cfs is its sudden onset following an acute, presumably viral, illness and the subsequent recurrent "flu-like" symptoms. it has been speculated that both cfs and debilitating chronic fatigue (cf) that does not meet strict criteria for cfs may be the direct ...19968890037
suitability and clinical application of a multiplex nested pcr assay for the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections.a novel multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was designed and evaluated for routine diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in patients with either putative hsv infection of the central nervous system or suspected hsv keratitis. single-tube amplification of hsv type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2) dna extracted from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) or from keratectomy specimens was followed by differentiation of the virus type-specific pcr products either by agarose gel analysi ...19968890044
the role of laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: a consensus report. the eu concerted action on virus meningitis and encephalitis.as effective therapies for the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) have become available, the virology laboratory has acquired a role of primary importance in the early diagnosis and clinical management of this condition. several studies have shown that the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of csf for the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2) dna provides a reliable method for determining an aetiological diagnosis of hse. the use of pcr in combination with t ...19968890768
coinfection of the central nervous system by cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 in aids patients: autopsy study on 82 cases by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction.we evaluated the frequency and histopathological features of concomitant infections of the central nervous system (cns) with cytomegalovirus (cmv) and herpes simplex viruses type 1 or 2 (hsv1/2) in a large series of patients who had died from aids. eighty-two autopsy cases with a histological diagnosis of cmv necrotizing encephalitis were examined retrospectively. cmv and hsv1/2 were detected by immunohistochemistry (ihc) with poly- and monoclonal antibodies and by nested polymerase chain reacti ...19968891073
relationship of sexual mixing across age and ethnic groups to herpes simplex virus-2 among unmarried heterosexual adults with multiple sexual partners.sexual mixing is important to understanding how sexually transmitted diseases (stds) spread in the general population, and, identifying people who mix across social groups aids hiv-std prevention. the authors examined (a) the extent to which people have sexual partners from other sexual networks (disassortative mixing) in a probability sample of unmarried heterosexual adults reporting multiple sexual partners (n = 545) and (b) the relationship between mixing and herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2). a ...19968891715
induction of fos protein expression in spinal cord neurons by herpes simplex virus infections in the mouse.after the inoculation of a highly attenuated strain of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 into the mouse hind-paw planter skin, a few neurons and glial cells were viral antigen-positive in the dorsal root ganglia (drgs) and anterior horn of l4 and l5 segments of the lumbar spinal cord. fos-containing nuclei, however, were not found in the drgs or the lumbar cord segments. after the inoculation of a highly neuroinvasive strain of hsv type 2, many virus-positive neurons and glial cells were detecte ...19968892392
disulfide bonds of herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein gb.glycoprotein b (gb) is the most highly conserved envelope glycoprotein of herpesviruses. the gb protein is required for virus infectivity and cell penetration. recombinant forms of gb being used for the development of subunit vaccines are able to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies and protective efficacy in animal models. to gain structural information about the protein, we have determined the location of the disulfide bonds of a 696-amino-acid residue truncated, recombinant form of herpes sim ...19968892856
high frequency of cd8+ cytotoxic t-lymphocyte precursors specific for herpes simplex viruses in persons with genital herpes.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) have rarely been detected in humans, presumably because of virus-induced mechanisms that downregulate major histocompatibility complex class i expression. we have developed a method that has allowed us to consistently demonstrate hsv-specific cd8+ precursor ctl (pctl) from hsv type 1- and 2-seropositive persons. major histocompatibility complex-restricted hsv-specific cd8+ pctl were found in 10 consecutively tested hsv type 1 ...19968892947
chronic meningitis due to herpes simplex virus in an immunocompetent host.herpes simplex virus (hsv) typically causes mucocutaneous disease, encephalitis, and acute men ingitis. there have been no previous reports of chronic meningitis due to this virus. a case of chronic meningitis due to herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in a previously healthy 35-year-old woman whose predominant symptoms were headache and meningism without fever is described. analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) revealed a lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, and hypoglycorrhachia. the dia ...19968894573
t cell recognition and cytokine production elicited by common and type-specific glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2.t cell recognition of common and type-specific herpes simplex virus (hsv) glycoproteins was measured in 72 subjects. t cells were stimulated with whole hsv-2 antigen and glycoproteins gb2, gd2, and gg2. t cell proliferation in response to hsv-2 antigen and gg2 was significantly higher in subjects with hsv-2 infection than in those with hsv-1 infection only; responses to gb2 and gd2 were the same. t helper (th) type 1 and th2 cytokine production in response to whole hsv-2 antigen, gb2, and gd2 wa ...19968896488
ex vivo protocol for testing virus survival on human skin: experiments with herpesvirus 2.we report an ex vivo method, which uses pieces of human skin excised during routine plastic surgery, for testing survival of hazardous pathogens. using this procedure, we compared the survival of human herpesvirus 2 on human skin and on metal disks. at the physiological skin temperature of 32 degrees c, the half-life of the virus on skin was 1.44 h while on metal disks it was 0.36 h. even at ambient temperature (22 degrees c), the virus lost infectivity faster (half-life = 0.96 h) on metal disks ...19968900020
clinicopathologic correlations in acute retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2.the acute retinal necrosis syndrome is a rapidly progressive and potentially devastating disease. a case of acute retinal necrosis developed in an immunocompetent man, presumably due to the stress, trauma, or immunomodulation related to a craniotomy for a parasellar craniopharyngioma. vitrectomy and endoretinal biopsy were performed. polymerase chain reaction studies of the vitreous revealed herpes simplex virus type 2 as the cause, which has not been previously well documented. results of cereb ...19968906037
detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 by an in situ polymerase chain reaction technique.the purpose of our study was to develop a method for detecting herpes simplex virus (hsv) dna that combined the high sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with the precise anatomical localization provided by in situ hybridization (ish). we used in situ pcr (ispcr), ish, and standard pcr methods to determine the proportion of vero cells carrying hsv-1-specific dna before and after 1, 2, and 4 h of infection with hsv-1 or with hsv-2. uninfected vero cells and vero cells infected with ...19968907381
herpes simplex virus type 2 in brazil: seroepidemiologic survey.the incidence of genital herpes is increasing worldwide. herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is the most common cause of genital ulcerations among the sexually transmitted diseases (stds). in order to investigate the sexual transmission of genital herpes infection in brazil, the prevalence of specific antibodies to hsv-2, in populations of high and low risk for stds was evaluated.19968915732
patient recognition of recrudescent herpes labialis: a clinical and virological assessment.the purpose of this study was to ascertain how accurate the general public was at diagnosing the condition of recrudescent herpes labialis.19968916645
topically applied human recombinant monoclonal igg1 antibody and its fab and f(ab')2 fragments protect mice from vaginal transmission of hsv-2.a recombinant human anti-herpes simplex virus monoclonal igg1, antibody and the corresponding fab and f(ab')2 fragments were tested for efficacy in preventing vaginal transmission of hsv-2 infection in a well-established mouse model for genital herpes. igg1, fab, and f(ab')2 were approximately equally protective; vaginal delivery of 1-5 ng provided approximately 50% protection, and vaginal delivery of 400 ng completely protected mice from genital herpes infection (p < 0.001). these results sugge ...19968918548
seroprevalence of and risk factors for antibodies to herpes simplex viruses, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c among southwestern hispanic and non-hispanic white women.few published data describe the seroprevalence of antibodies to herpes viruses and hepatitis viruses among southwestern minority women.19968919741
replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in the medulla of the adrenal gland after vaginal infection of mice.after vaginal infections of mice with neuroinvasive strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) virus replicates in the epithelium of the vagina, in the paravaginal ganglia, in the spinal cord and finally in the brain and in the adrenal glands. however, viral antigens could be demonstrated only in the medulla of the adrenal glands but not in the cortex, as assessed by immunohistochemistry (ihc). hsv could not be isolated from liver, spleen, uterus, and ovaries. this contrasts to ...19968920831
long-lived cytotoxic t lymphocyte memory in mucosal tissues after mucosal but not systemic immunization.the induction and maintenance of long-term ctl memory at mucosal surfaces may be a critical component of protection against mucosal pathogens and is one goal towards development of effective mucosal vaccines. in these studies we have functionally evaluated short and long-term ctl memory in systemic and respiratory or genital-associated lymphoid tissues following mucosal or systemic routes of immunization. our results indicate that shortly after immunizing mice with a recombinant adenovirus vecto ...19968920875
[the effect of opisthorchis on the manifestations of herpesvirus type 2 in an experiment and their possible participation in the mechanism of the occurrence of primary liver cancer].the impact of opisthorchiasis on the manifestations of herpes simplex viruses type 2 (hsv-2) was studied. the parasites were established to tend to cause the body's hypersensitivity to hsv-2, particularly after repeated invasions and in summer, the process being characterized by urogenital and bile duct lesions coupled with high proliferation rate in their epithelium. opisthorchiasis became a reservoir and an additional source of viral infection. there were also a definite damage to their reprod ...19968926929
[retrospective study of cervical papillomavirus lesions: early herpes simplex virus proteins as markers of risk for progression].specific types of human papillomavirus (hpv) are currently implicated as etiologic agent of benign and malignant lesions of the genital tract. previous studies highlighted the presence of early proteins (icsp 11/12) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) mainly in hpv infected lesions of the cervix. this paper reports a retrospective study on the clinical course of benign cervical alterations in a 70 women population followed-up for 24 months. hpv and hsv-2 (late and early) antigens were detecte ...19968927276
herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.herpes simplex (hsv) infection of the central nervous system is uncommon in aids and usually has an atypical topography. this review is centred around the case of a 49-year-old homosexual patient with aids who died from diffuse encephalopathy. neuropathological examination revealed necrotic and haemorrhagic changes involving both temporal lobes, insulae and cingulate gyri. cowdry type a intranuclear inclusion bodies were abundant but inflammation was minimal. electron microscopy confirmed charac ...19968930949
neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in the british isles.this study was set up to estimate the incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection in the british isles, and to document the outcome of neonatal infection. paediatricians reported cases of neonatal hsv through the active reporting scheme of the british paediatric association surveillance unit. over a 5 1/2 year period (1986-91) 76 infants with neonatal hsv infection were reported, an incidence of recognised infection in the british isles of 1.65/100000 livebirths. twenty-five infan ...19968931058
influence of mercuric chloride on resistance to generalized infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice.the effect of mercuric chloride on resistance to generalized infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in mice was studied. the severity of the infection was evaluated by the amount of infectious virus in the liver. mercury at a single dose of 20 micrograms aggravated the infection, and neither increasing the single dose to 80 micrograms nor giving repeated doses of 20 micrograms further intensified the infection. examination of the course of infection after mercury exposure revealed an ...19968931761
viral etiology of acute childhood encephalitis in beijing diagnosed by analysis of single samples.to understand the viral etiology of acute childhood encephalitis in beijing.19968933552
seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies in new zealand sexual health clinic patients.to determine the prevalence of hsv-2 antibodies in std clinic patients in auckland and christchurch between august 1991 and august 1992.19968937391
prevalence of herpesviridae and hepatitis b virus dna in the liver of patients with non-a, non-b fulminant hepatic failure.members of the herpes virus family and hepatitis b virus (hbv) have been implicated as etiologic agents in non-a, non-b (nanb) fulminant hepatic failure (fhf), but the frequency of infection with these agents has not been established using appropriate controls. to examine this issue, we studied 50 nanb fhf patients and 104 liver transplant recipients from north america and europe. hepatic dna was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for evidence of epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegaloviru ...19968938162
production of the r2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from herpes simplex virus with prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems: higher activity of r2 produced by eukaryotic cells related to higher iron-binding capacity.the r2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from herpes simplex virus type 2 was overproduced with prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. the recombinant r2 purified by a two-step procedure exhibited a 3-fold higher activity when produced in eukaryotic cells. precise quantification of the r2 concentration at each step of the purification indicated that the activity was not altered during the purification procedure. moreover, we have observed that the level of r2 expression, in eukaryotic ...19968947477
transgenic expression of ifn-gamma in the eye as a model for studying ocular inflammatory diseaseto study the effects of ifn-gamma on intraocular inflammation we used mice with transgenic expression of ifn-gamma in the retina of the eye. these transgenic mice (rhogamma) were challenged intraocularly with soluble and cellular antigens and then studied for development of uveitis and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction after a second intracutaneous challenge with the same antigen. further experiments tested the influence of ifn-gamma on infection with herpes simplex (hsv) by intraocular vir ...19968954851
twenty years' delay of fellow eye involvement in herpes simplex virus type 2-associated bilateral acute retinal necrosis syndrome.to describe a case of acute retinal necrosis with concurrent encephalitis and determine the causative virus. the patient had a history of presumed acute retinal necrosis in the left eye at the age of 8 years and recurrent genital herpes.19968956648
co-therapy with suboptimal doses of interleukin-12 and interferon-alpha promotes synergistic protection against herpes virus infection. 19968958953
dna immunization confers protective immunity on mice challenged intravaginally with herpes simplex virus type 2.the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a nucleic acid vaccine encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) gene under the control of the cmv immediate early gene promoter was examined. mice immunized three times by intramuscular injection with the vaccine developed an hsv specific igg but not iga antibody response detectable in both serum and vaginal secretions. in addition, antigen-specific cellular immune responses were detected in splenic lymphocytes isolated fr ...19968961510
expression and function of the equine herpesvirus 1 virion-associated host shutoff homolog.the ability of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively) to repress host cell protein synthesis early in infection has been studied extensively and found to involve the activities of the ul41 gene product, the virion-associated host shutoff (vhs) protein. to date, ul41 homologs have been identified in the genomes of three other alphaherpesviruses: equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), varicella-zoster virus, and pseudorabies virus, but very little is known about the putative pro ...19968970998
herpes simplex virus type 2 inhibition of fas ligand expression.herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are common human pathogens. in this report we demonstrate the capacity of hsv-2, but not hsv-1, to inhibit the activity and cell surface expression of fas ligand, an important molecule involved in t-cell apoptosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. cells infected with hsv-2 retained fas ligand intracellularly instead of expressing it on the cell surface. addition of anti-fas antibodies markedly inhibited hsv-2 viral production, suggesting that th ...19968971002
herpes simplex virus infections. 19968973122
relationship of the strain and the intraocular amount of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in the induction of anterior-chamber-associated immune deviation.we investigated the induction of anterior-chamber-associated immune deviation (acaid) by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2). two strains of hsv-1 (vr-3 and f) and four strains of hsv-2 (uw-268, 186, sl, and ms) were inactivated with ultraviolet light, and the anterior chamber of balb/c mice was inoculated with a viral strain. immunization against delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) was done subcutaneously on day 7 after anterior chamber inoculation. on day 10 after dth immuni ...19968979277
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