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herpesviruses and the microbiome.the focus of this article will be to examine the role of common herpesviruses as a component of the microbiome of atopic patients and to review clinical observations suggesting that atopic patients might be predisposed to more severe and atypical herpes-related illness because their immune response is biased toward a th2 cytokine profile. human populations are infected with 8 herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus hsv1 and hsv2 (also termed hhv1 and hhv2), varicella zoster virus (vzv or h ...201323611298
alphaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae glycoprotein l and cmv ul130 originate from chemokines.herpesviridae is a large family of dna viruses divided into three subfamilies: alpha-, beta- and gammaherpesvirinae. the process of herpesvirus transmission is mediated by a range of proteins, one of which is glycoprotein l (gl). based on our analysis of the solved structures of hsv2 and ebv gh/gl complexes, we propose that alphaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae glycoprotein l and betaherpesvirinae ul130 originate from chemokines. herpes simplex virus type 2 gl and human cytomegalovirus homol ...201323279912
viral infections of the central nervous system in spain: a prospective study.the aim of the study was to determine the incidence of viruses causing aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and encephalitis in spain. this was a prospective study, in collaboration with 17 spanish hospitals, including 581 cases (csf from all and sera from 280): meningitis (340), meningoencephalitis (91), encephalitis (76), febrile syndrome (7), other neurological disorders (32), and 35 cases without clinical information. csf were assayed by pcr for enterovirus (ev), herpesvirus (herpes simp ...201323239485
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 replication, and its activity may be mediated through dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc) is widely used as an antioxidant or an nf-κb inhibitor. it has been reported to inhibit the replication of human rhinoviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and influenza virus. in this paper, we report that pdtc could inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pdtc suppressed the expression of hsv-1 and hsv-2 viral immediate early (ie) and late (membrane protein gd) genes and the production of viral progeny. this antiviral propert ...201323740985
broad-range pcr-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for detection and typing of adenovirus and other opportunistic viruses in stem cell transplant patients.hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are highly susceptible to viral infections. follow-up after transplantation includes weekly screening using single, virus-specific real-time pcr tests, mainly for viruses in the families herpesviridae and adenoviridae that contribute to a high morbidity, especially in pediatric populations. the abbott plex-id platform combines broad-range pcr with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to enable the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens in a ...201324108617
seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in a cross-sectional study in mexico.we estimated the seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus (vzv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) in this cross-sectional database study. serum samples collected during the national health and nutrition survey (ensanut 2006) were obtained from subjects aged 1-70 years between january and october 2010. serological assays for the determination of antibodies against vzv, hsv and cmv were performed. the overall seroprevalences of vzv, hsv-1, hsv-2 and cmv were 85.8%, 80.9%, 9.9% ...201324021305
laboratory diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in patients with pemphigus vulgaris lesions.pemphigus vulgaris (pv) is an autoimmune disorder that has an etiology impacted by genetic and exogenous factors. viral infections, in particular herpesvirus infections, have been identified as possible pv triggers which in addition cause serious complications in these patients. this study investigates the frequency of herpesvirus infections in patients with pv lesions.201323735576
frequent detection of cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in cervical secretions from healthy young women.to investigate asymptomatic shedding from the uterine cervix of five human herpes viruses: cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv), in young women.201323550605
individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis c infection among rural appalachian injection drug users.we determined the factors associated with hepatitis c (hcv) infection among rural appalachian drug users.201323153148
safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age: results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.the investigational as04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d (gd2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('hsv vaccine'; glaxosmithkline vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. the primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (saes) over 12 months between hsv vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen ...201323850416
the estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the united states, 2008.millions of cases of sexually transmitted infections (stis) occur in the united states each year, resulting in substantial medical costs to the nation. previous estimates of the total direct cost of stis are quite dated. we present updated direct medical cost estimates of stis in the united states.201323403600
utilization and cost of diagnostic methods for sexually transmitted infection screening among insured american youth, 2008.private sector utilization and cost information on testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in the united states is limited.201323588123
evaluation of antiviral activities of four local malaysian phyllanthus species against herpes simplex viruses and possible antiviral target.nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir are effective antiviral drugs against herpes simplex virus infections since its introduction. however, with the emergence of acyclovir-resistant hsv strains particularly in immunocompromised patients, there is a need to develop an alternative antiherpetic drug and plants could be the potential lead. in this study, the antiviral activity of the aqueous extract of four phyllanthus species were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in ...201324324358
prevalence and characteristics of herpes simplex virus type-2 coinfection in veterans with hepatitis c.epidemiologic links between herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) exist but are poorly characterized. seroprevalence studies of hsv-2 in veteran populations with chronic hcv infection are lacking.201222395713
tin oxide nanowires suppress herpes simplex virus-1 entry and cell-to-cell membrane fusion.the advent of nanotechnology has ushered in the use of modified nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents against diseases such as herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1) (hsv-2), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), monkeypox virus, and hepatitis b virus. here we describe the application of tin oxide (sno(2)) nanowires as an effective treatment against hsv-1 infection. sno(2) nanowires work as a carrier of negatively charged structures that compete with hsv-1 attachment to cell bound heparan sulf ...201223110193
no association between antibodies to sexually transmitted infections and colorectal hyperplastic polyps in men: minnesota cancer prevention research unit polyp study.oncogenic human papillomaviruses (hpv) are sexually transmitted and linked to several epithelial malignancies, but an association between hpv and colorectal neoplasia is not established. previously, we reported a three-fold increase in the odds of colorectal hyperplastic polyps associated with oncogenic hpv seropositivity in men but detected no hpv dna in colorectal tissues from these same men.201222736792
targeting the genital tract mucosa with a lipopeptide/recombinant adenovirus prime/boost vaccine induces potent and long-lasting cd8+ t cell immunity against herpes: importance of myd88.targeting of the mucosal immune system of the genital tract with subunit vaccines has failed to induce potent and durable local cd8(+) t cell immunity, which is crucial for protection against many sexually transmitted viral pathogens, including hsv type 2 (hsv-2), which causes genital herpes. in this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of a novel lipopeptide/adenovirus type 5 (lipo/radv5) prime/boost mucosal vaccine for induction of cd8(+) t cell immunity to protect the female genital t ...201223018456
absence of viruses in amniotic fluid of women with pprom: a case series.preterm premature rupture of membranes (pprom) and preterm birth are strongly linked to intrauterine inflammation. bacterial infection is often not identified as the cause. the objective was to examine the amniotic fluid of women with pprom for viral genomic content, and to correlate with the presence of bacterial infection and markers of intrauterine inflammation. a case series of 13 women with pprom is presented. amniocentesis was performed in each of these women. dna/rna isolated from amnioti ...201223021256
herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) as a coronary atherosclerosis risk factor in hiv-infected men: multicenter aids cohort study.we assessed associations of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in 291 hiv-infected men in the multicenter aids cohort study. coronary artery calcium (cac) was measured by non-contrast coronary ct imaging. markers for herpesviruses infection were measured in frozen specimens collected 10-12 years prior to case identification. multivariable logistic regression models and ordin ...201222472456
herpesviruses enhance fibrin clot lysis.the incorporation of virus- and host-derived procoagulant factors initiates clotting directly on the surface of herpesviruses, which is an explanation for their correlation to vascular disease. the virus exploits the resulting thrombin to enhance infection by modulating the host cell through protease activated receptor (par) 1 signalling. prior reports demonstrated that at least one herpesvirus expresses surface annexin a2 (a2), a cofactor for tissue plasminogen activator (tpa)-dependent activat ...201222318336
[the sexual behavior characteristics and std infection status of women who have sex with women in beijing].to study sexual behavioral characteristics, infection status of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stds) among women who have sex with women (wsw) in beijing.201222943919
maternal antibodies to infectious agents and risk for non-affective psychoses in the offspring--a matched case-control study.an increasing number of studies suggest that certain maternal infections are associated with non-affective psychoses in the offspring. here we investigated if maternal exposure to toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2) prior to delivery was associated with future diagnosis of schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses in the offspring.201222819777
discovery of potential diagnostic and vaccine antigens in herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 by proteome-wide antibody profiling.routine serodiagnosis of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections is currently performed using recombinant glycoprotein g (gg) antigens from herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2. this is a single-antigen test and has only one diagnostic application. relatively little is known about hsv antigenicity at the proteome-wide level, and the full potential of mining the antibody repertoire to identify antigens with other useful diagnostic properties and candidate vaccine antigens is yet to be realized. ...201222318154
peripheral blood cd4 t-cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pdc) reactivity to herpes simplex virus 2 and pdc number do not correlate with the clinical or virologic severity of recurrent genital herpes.leukocytes participate in the immune control of herpes simplex virus (hsv). data from hiv coinfections, germ line mutations, and case reports suggest involvement of cd4 t cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). we investigated the relationships between these cells and recurrent genital herpes disease severity in the general population. circulating cd4 t-cell responses to hsv-2 were measured in specimens from 67 immunocompetent individuals with measured genital lesion and hsv shedding rates ...201222761381
a lentiviral vector-based, herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b vaccine affords cross-protection against hsv-1 and hsv-2 genital infections.genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, and its incidence is constantly increasing in the human population. regardless of the clinical manifestation, hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections are highly transmissible to sexual partners and enhance susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections. an effective vaccine is not yet available. here, hsv-1 glycoprotein b (gb1) was delivered by a feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) vector and tested against hsv-1 and hsv-2 vaginal ...201222491465
infectious causes of posterior uveitis and panuveitis in thailand.to determine the infectious causes of posterior uveitis (pu) and panuveitis (panu) in thailand.201222539102
synthesis and antiviral activity of 6-deoxycyclopropavir, a new prodrug of cyclopropavir.synthesis of 6-deoxycyclopropavir (10), a prodrug of cyclopropavir (1) and its in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity is described. 2-amino-6-chloropurine methylenecyclopropane 13 was transformed to its 6-iodo derivative 14 which was reduced to prodrug 10. it is converted to cyclopropavir (1) by the action of xanthine oxidase and this reaction can also occur in vivo. compound 10 lacked significant in vitro activity against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpes virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv- ...201222417649
[relationship of cytomegalovirus, chlamydia pneumoniae and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections with preeclampsia].to explore the potential relationship of cytomegalovirus (cmv), chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in inflammation and preeclampsia.201222883201
poly (i:c), an agonist of toll-like receptor-3, inhibits replication of the chikungunya virus in beas-2b cells.double-stranded rna (dsrna) and its mimic, polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid [poly (i:c)], are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and induce interferon (ifn)-β in many cell types. poly (i:c) is the most potent ifn inducer. in in vivo mouse studies, intraperitoneal injection of poly (i:c) elicited ifn-α/β production and natural killer (nk) cells activation. the tlr3 pathway is suggested to contribute to innate immune responses against many viruses, including influenza virus, respirator ...201222698190
herpes simplex virus type 2 risks in female sex workers in the china-vietnam border county of hekou.to survey the prevalence and risk factors of hsv-2 among chinese and vietnamese female sex workers (fsw) in the border county of hekou, yunnan province, china.201223228841
prevalence and associations of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens in men presenting with genital ulcer syndrome to primary health care clinics in south africa.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens, as well as their association with clinical features, in men with genital ulcer disease (gud) enrolled in a clinical trial.201223064538
herpes simplex virus 2 infection impacts stress granule accumulation.interference with stress granule (sg) accumulation is gaining increased appreciation as a common strategy used by diverse viruses to facilitate their replication and to cope with translational arrest. here, we examined the impact of infection by herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) on sg accumulation by monitoring the localization of the sg components t cell internal antigen 1 (tia-1), ras-gtpase-activating sh3-domain-binding protein (g3bp), and poly(a)-binding protein (pabp). our results indicate tha ...201222623775
tlr3 deficiency renders astrocytes permissive to herpes simplex virus infection and facilitates establishment of cns infection in mice.herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) are highly prevalent neurotropic viruses. while they can replicate lytically in cells of the epithelial lineage, causing lesions on mucocutaneous surfaces, hsvs also establish latent infections in neurons, which act as reservoirs of virus for subsequent reactivation events. immunological control of hsv involves activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptors such as tlr3, which detects double-stranded rna and induces type i ifn expression. humans with defe ...201222426207
[epidemiology and risk factors of the cervical squamous cell carcinoma].neoplasm of the cervix, especially squamous cell cancer, is one of the most common malignancy of female genital organs. it etiology is complex; however, human papilloma virus (mostly hpv type 18, 16 and 45) infection seems to be the most important one. other risk factors include: early sexual initiation, multiple pregnancies and labors, concomitant infections (chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhea, hsv2 - herpes simplex virus) of the genital tract, aids, immunosuppressive therapy, smoking a ...201223009008
looking for an asymptomatic infection: usefulness of screening for chlamydia trachomatis and genital herpes.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) genital infections are among the more frequent sexually transmissible infections with different prevalence by age, populations and geographical areas. both are widespread, have an asymptomatic latent stage detectable only by laboratory and can have serious consequences such as tubal infertility and neonatal herpes. the direct isolation of ct in cervical or urethral discharge through nucleic acid amplification test (naats) allows ...201223007249
etiologic pattern of genital ulcers in lusaka, zambia: has chancroid been eliminated?genital ulcers are a public health problem in developing countries. the world health organization recommends the use of syndromic guidelines for sexually transmitted infection treatment in resource-constrained countries. monitoring local etiologies provides information that may aid policy for sexually transmitted infection treatment. we investigated the etiology of genital ulcer disease among outpatients in lusaka, zambia.201223001266
sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviour among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers in dhaka, bangladesh.a cross-sectional study was conducted among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers (ychbfsws) in nine randomly selected hotels in bangladesh to examine sexual-risk behaviour, condom use and determinants of condom use in last sex, knowledge of hiv, sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevalence and sti care-seeking behaviour. a prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical information; urine specimens (before sex) and blood were collected for di ...201222930291
sperm-mediated host-derived dna transfer as a new mechanism for immune system evasion of sexually transmitted genital tract pathogens.over one century of extensive efforts directed towards investigating the immune response and the immuno-protection associated with sexually transmitted infections have failed to produce any effective vaccines against most of the major pathogens, among them neisseria gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus type 2, and chlamydia trachomatis. attempts to design and develop protective vaccines against them have also yielded disappointing results. it has long been felt that there might be another yet undisco ...201222795612
hiv and sexually transmitted infections at the borderlands: situational analysis of sexual health in the brazilian amazon.the borderlands are considered areas of increased vulnerability to hiv and sexually transmitted infections (sti). the study aimed to determine the sti/hiv prevalence and risk factors in the triple-border area of the brazilian amazon.201222317841
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among females in enugu, enugu state.herpes simplex virus type 2 infecion is life long with manifestation in a small proportion of those infected. it has presented public health concern because of its progressively increasing prevalence which some authorities say is of epidemic proportion in developing countries. herpes simplex virus type 2 has recently been found to have synergistic effect with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and co-infection of the two presents more severe burden to the immunity of the victim. this leads to mu ...201223304946
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (hiv, hepatitis b, herpes simplex type 2 and syphilis) among asymptomatic pregnant women.to determine the current prevalence of four major sexually transmitted infections (stis: hiv, hepatitis b, herpes simplex virus 2, and syphilis) in asymptomatic pregnant women.201223542821
lat region factors mediating differential neuronal tropism of hsv-1 and hsv-2 do not act in trans.after hsv infection, some trigeminal ganglion neurons support productive cycle gene expression, while in other neurons the virus establishes a latent infection. we previously demonstrated that hsv-1 and hsv-2 preferentially establish latent infection in a5+ and kh10+ sensory neurons, respectively, and that exchanging the latency-associated transcript (lat) between hsv-1 and hsv-2 also exchanges the neuronal preference. since many viral genes besides the lat are functionally interchangeable betwe ...201223300908
[necrotizing herpes folliculitis. report of one case].herpes folliculitis is a rare manifestation of herpes virus infection. it usually represents a diagnostic challenge, due to the absence of characteristic skin manifestations such as vesicles or pustules. the reported cases are mainly associated with varicella zoster virus (vzv) and less commonly with herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1 y hsv-2). we report a 51-year-old male with a relapsing non-hodgkin lymphoma under chemotherapy, with history of extensive follicular lesions lasting one month. the pat ...201223677233
asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility.in more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in semen from asymptomatic infertile male patients, and its association with altered semen parameters. a total of 70 semen samples were collected from infertile men who attended the research and clinical center for infertility in yazd, iran. ...201223554795
bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male hiv-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among african couples.bacterial vaginosis (bv), a disruption of the normal vaginal flora, has been associated with a 60% increased risk of hiv-1 acquisition in women and higher concentration of hiv-1 rna in the genital tract of hiv-1-infected women. however, whether bv, which is present in up to half of african hiv-1-infected women, is associated with an increase in hiv-1 transmission to male partners has not been assessed in previous studies.201222745608
the effect of medical male circumcision on urogenital mycoplasma genitalium among men in kisumu, kenya.we determined the prevalence of urethral mycoplasma genitalium (mg) infection and whether infection was associated with circumcision status among men enrolled in the randomized trial of medical male circumcision to prevent hiv acquisition in kisumu, kenya.201222421693
mucosal herpes immunity and immunopathology to ocular and genital herpes simplex virus infections.herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are amongst the most common human infectious viral pathogens capable of causing serious clinical diseases at every stage of life, from fatal disseminated disease in newborns to cold sores genital ulcerations and blinding eye disease. primary mucocutaneous infection with hsv-1 & hsv-2 is followed by a lifelong viral latency in the sensory ganglia. in the majority of cases, herpes infections are clinically asymptomatic. however, in symptom ...201223320014
the relationship between age of coital debut and hiv seroprevalence among women in durban, south africa: a cohort study.objectives to investigate the impact of early sexual debut on hiv seroprevalence and incidence rates among a cohort of women. design prospective study. setting kwazulu-natal, south africa. participants a total of 3492 sexually active women who consented to screen a hiv prevention trial during september 2002 to september 2005; a total of 1485 of them were followed for approximately 24 months. primary and secondary outcome measures hiv seroprevalence among those who were screened for the trial ...201222223838
lactoferricin but not lactoferrin inhibit herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in mice.we have evaluated the potential of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin for their ability to prevent and/or treat genital hsv-2 infection in mice. we confirm previous data showing that both lactoferrin and lactoferricin have antiviral properties in vitro and can inhibit hsv-2 infection of gmk cells in a dose-dependent manner. when tested in vivo, lactoferricin but not lactoferrin was also a potent inhibitor of hsv-2 infection. when admixed with virus prior to inoculation, lactoferricin inhibited ...201222269645
association of age and gender with alphaherpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host.background: the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) can cause severe infections of the central nervous system (cns). objectives: to analyze whether age and gender of immunocompetent individuals are associated with the incidence of herpesvirus cns diseases. study design: a total of 241 patients with virologically confirmed hsv-1, hsv-2 or vzv-infection of the cns (excluding neonatal infection and varicella), diagnosed at the ...201222265826
incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural tanzania.the authors evaluated the use of conditional cash transfers as an hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention strategy to incentivise safe sex.201222318666
determinants of per-coital-act hiv-1 infectivity among african hiv-1-serodiscordant couples.knowledge of factors that affect per-act infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for designing hiv-1 prevention interventions and for the mathematical modeling of the spread of hiv-1.201222241800
enhancement of antiviral activity of human alpha-defensin 5 against herpes simplex virus 2 by arginine mutagenesis at adaptive evolution sites.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection is still one of the common causes of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. the prevalence of hsv strains resistant to traditional nucleoside antiviral agents has led to the development of novel antiviral drugs. human alpha-defensin 5 (hd5), a kind of endogenous antimicrobial peptide expressed in the epithelia of the small intestine and urogenital tract, displays natural antiviral activity. based on arginine-rich features and adaptive evolution characte ...201223269800
circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and hiv infection.we assessed the protective effect of medical male circumcision (mmc) against hiv, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and genital ulcer disease (gud) incidence.201222382150
hiv incidence among men who have sex with men in beijing: a prospective cohort study.(1) to assess the hiv incidence rate among men who have sex with men (msm) in a large cohort study in beijing, china and (2) to identify sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors of hiv seroconversion among msm in beijing, china.201223166133
dynamics of the hiv epidemic in southern china: sexual and drug-using behaviours among female sex workers and male clients in yunnan.to examine the hiv/sexually transmitted infection (sti)-related risk behaviours among community-based female sex workers (fsws) and their clients in yunnan province, china, we performed a cross-sectional study of 705 fsws and 100 male clients. we found that hiv seroprevalence among fsws was 13.0% and the most prevalent sti was herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) (71.1%), followed by chlamydia trachomatis (18.1%) and syphilis (8.8%). the 20% of fsws who reported injection drug use also reported n ...201223033525
highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress hiv in semen of sexually active hiv-infected men who have sex with men.although haart can suppress genital shedding and sexual transmission of hiv, men who have sex with men (msm) have experienced a resurgent hiv epidemic in the haart era. many hiv-infected msm continue to engage in unsafe sex, and sexually transmitted infections (stis) or other factors may promote genital hiv shedding and transmission in this population despite haart. in this study, we determined the prevalence of seminal hiv shedding in hiv-infected msm on stable haart, and its relationship with ...201222441253
foxp3(+) regulatory t cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection.the immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. this relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory cd4(+) t (treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. although these beneficial roles ...201222211994
changes in the soluble mucosal immune environment during genital herpes outbreaks.genital tract secretions provide variable inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) ex vivo. we hypothesize that the anti-hsv activity may prevent the spread of virus from the more commonly affected sites, such as the external genitalia, to the upper genital tract.201222820806
Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder.Enteroviruses (EVs) and human herpesviruses (HHVs) are involved frequently in acute neurological disorders of viral etiology. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourgu ...201222170549
zinc acetate/carrageenan gels exhibit potent activity in vivo against high-dose herpes simplex virus 2 vaginal and rectal challenge.topical microbicides that block the sexual transmission of hiv and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) are desperately needed to reduce the incidence of hiv infections worldwide. previously we completed phase 3 testing of the carrageenan-based gel carraguard. although the trial did not show that carraguard is effective in preventing hiv transmission during vaginal sex, it did show that carraguard is safe when used weekly for up to 2 years. moreover, carraguard has in vitro activity against human papi ...201222064530
Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence.Topical tenofovir gel and oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir [FTC/tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (TDF)] have been demonstrated to have efficacy in preventing HIV-1 in some populations. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials and future directions are summarized.201222156901
clinical and virologic response to episodic acyclovir for genital ulcers among hiv-1 seronegative, herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive african women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.in a randomized trial among african women with recurrent genital herpes, episodic acyclovir therapy resulted in modestly greater likelihood of lesion healing (hazard ratio [hr] = 1.48, p = 0.098; mean, 5.1 vs. 6.0 days) and cessation of herpes simplex virus shedding (hr = 1.88, p = 0.008; mean, 3.0 vs. 5.0 days) compared with placebo, similar to results of studies in high-income countries (clinicaltrials.gov registration nct00808405).201222183840
herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital mucosa: insights into the mucosal host response and vaccine development.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 is the predominant cause of genital herpes and has been implicated in hiv infection and transmission. thus far, vaccines developed against hsv-2 have been clinically ineffective in preventing infection. this review aims to summarize the innate and adaptive immune responses against hsv-2 and examines the current status of vaccine development.201222143115
genotypic characterization of herpes simplex virus dna polymerase ul42 processivity factor.the herpes simplex virus (hsv) dna polymerase is composed of the ul30 catalytic subunit and the ul42 processivity factor. the ul42 subunit increases the processivity of the polymerase along the dna template during replication. the molecular mechanisms of hsv resistance to drugs interfering with viral dna synthesis reported so far mainly rely on modifications of the viral thymidine kinase and dna polymerase. we aimed to extensively describe the genetic variations of hsv ul42 processivity factor a ...201222061617
immunology in the clinic review series; focus on host responses: t cell responses to herpes simplex viruses.herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. this review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically ...201222132884
Successful treatment of aciclovir and foscarnet resistant Herpes simplex virus lesions with topical imiquimod in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Aciclovir (ACV)-resistant Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections are observed commonly in patients also infected with HIV-1. The use of foscarnet (FOS) in these patients may also lead to resistance. This situation can become a difficult therapeutic challenge. Four cases of patients infected with HIV and with mucocutaneous HSV-2 resistant to ACV and FOS are reported. These patients were treated successfully with topical 5% imiquimod. Imiquimod treatment also appeared to delay the time to ...201222170537
[detection of human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 2 in cervical sample].to detect the presence of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) dna in cervical samples from women assisted in a primary health care clinic in the city of coari, amazonas, brazil.201223288260
prevalence of serum antibodies to torch infection in and around varanasi, northern india.the acute infections which are caused by toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (cmv) and the herpes simplex virus (hsv-2) during pregnancy are often associated with adverse foetal outcomes and reproductive failures. in the indian context, the exact seroprevalence of these infections is not known due to unavailability of baseline data.201223285435
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of asp2151, a helicase-primase inhibitor, in a murine model of herpes simplex virus infection.asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase inhibitor against herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella zoster virus. here, to determine and analyze the correlation between the pharmacodynamic (pd) and pharmacokinetic (pk) parameters of asp2151, we examined the pd profile of asp2151 using in vitro plaque reduction assay and a murine model of hsv-1 infection. asp2151 inhibited the in vitro replication of hsv-1 with a mean 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of 14 ng/ml. in the cutaneou ...201223274658
MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71).The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ...201222101247
prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in peru: a national population-based survey.we assessed prevalences of seven sexually transmitted infections (stis) in peru, stratified by risk behaviours, to help to define care and prevention priorities.201222878023
hiv and associated risk factors among male clients of female sex workers in a chinese border region.male clients of female sex workers (fsws) serve as a potential bridge of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to the general population. little is known about the characteristics and risk factors for hiv infection among male clients patronizing fsws in hekou county, yunnan province in southern china bordering with vietnam.201223007705
prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections and factors associated with syphilis among female sex workers in panama.biological and behavioural surveillance of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among populations at highest risk have been used to monitor trends in prevalence and in risk behaviours. sex work in panama is regulated through registration with the social hygiene programme, ministry of health. we estimated prevalence of hiv and stis, and factors associated with active syphilis among female sex workers (fsws).201223002191
Structures and anti-HSV-2 activities of neutral polysaccharides from an edible plant, Basella rubra L.Four neutral polysaccharides (BRN-1, BRN-2, BRN-3 and BRN-4) were isolated from the hot water extract of the aerial part of Basella rubra L. They were found to consist of a large amount of d-galactose (81.0-92.4%) and small amounts of l-arabinose (5.4-7.8%), d-glucose (2.2-11.0%) and mannose (~2.9%). Linkage analysis revealed that all these neutral polysaccharides might be arabinogalactan type I polysaccharides in different molecular weight and chain length. Among them, only BRN-3 showed antivir ...201222085753
a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for sexual transmission of hiv in india.approximately 2.4 million people are living with hiv in india. this large disease burden, and potential for epidemic spread in some areas, demands a full understanding of transmission in that country. we wished to quantify the effects of key sexual risk factors for hiv infection for each gender and among high- and low-hiv risk populations in india.201222937158
hiv and sti prevalence and determinants among male migrant workers in india.our objective was to estimate for the first time the prevalence and determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among male migrants in india.201222952708
cross-sectional assessment of prevalence and correlates of blood-borne and sexually-transmitted infections among afghan national army recruits.few data are available in afghanistan to shape national military force health practices, particularly with regard to sexually-transmitted infections (stis). we measured prevalence and correlates of hiv, syphilis, herpes simplex 2 virus (hsv-2), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) among afghan national army (ana) recruits.201222909128
quantifying ongoing hiv-1 exposure in hiv-1-serodiscordant couples to identify individuals with potential host resistance to hiv-1.immunogenetic correlates of resistance to hiv-1 in hiv-1-exposed seronegative (hesn) individuals with consistently high exposure may inform hiv-1 prevention strategies. we developed a novel approach for quantifying hiv-1 exposure to identify individuals remaining hiv-1 uninfected despite persistent high exposure.201222926009
cervical screening within hiv care: findings from an hiv-positive cohort in ukraine.hiv-positive women have an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer but cytologic screening is effective in reducing incidence. little is known about cervical screening coverage or the prevalence of abnormal cytology among hiv-positive women in ukraine, which has the most severe hiv epidemic in europe.201222545087
hiv-associated hypertrophic herpes simplex genitalis with concomitant early invasive squamous cell carcinoma mimicking advanced genital cancer: case report and literature review.hypertrophic herpes simplex genitalis (hhsg) is an uncommon anogenital manifestation of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection in immunocompromised patients. to date, 24 cases of hhsg have been reported; 23 of them were affected human immune deficiency virus (hiv) type 1-positive patients. we describe the case of a 44-year-old african hiv-1-positive woman who presented with painful ulcerated nodular lesions of the vulva and perianal area measuring up to 7 cm in diameter. macroscopically, the lesio ...201222498948
recreational drug use: an emerging concern among venue-based male sex workers in china.a 2009 survey of 418 venue-based male commercial sex workers in shenzhen, china revealed that 19.9% used recreational drugs. consistent condom use by drug users was lower than that by nonusers. hiv, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus 2 prevalences were higher among drug users. prevention programs need to address drug use among male commercial sex workers in china.201222421689
reactive benign follicular mucinosis: a report of 2 cases.we report 2 cases of adolescents who developed follicular mucinosis following cutaneous infections. a 17-year-old adolescent boy was evaluated for a 2-week history of erythematous papules and plaques on his face and neck. one month prior to presentation a culture was taken that was positive for methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus-associated impetigo. biopsies from 2 representative lesions demonstrated follicular mucinosis without evidence of folliculotropism or t cell gene rearrangements ...201222838088
serum apoptosis markers in hiv-infected patients with human herpesvirus type 8 and herpes simplex virus type 2 co-infection.this study aimed to examine the influence of human herpesvirus type 8 (hhv-8) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) co-infections on apoptosis serum markers in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. sera from 110 hiv-infected and 59 hiv-uninfected individuals were analyzed for soluble fas (sfas), sfas ligand (sfasl), caspase-8, and bcl-2. the findings of hiv-infected patients with no co-infection (n = 37), hiv-infected patients with hhv-8 co-infection (n = 22), hiv-infected pati ...201222837067
disruption of the p53-p21 pathway inhibits efficiency of the lytic-replication cycle of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2).cellular p53 and its downstream mediator p21, the major cellular growth suppression and dna repair markers, have recently been implicated in viral amplification. here, we show that herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection of both hct116 p53(+/+)and nih3t3 cells resulted in sustained increases of p21. hsv-2 infection did not increase cellular p53 expression, but led to phosphorylation of this protein at ser20. this phosphorylation was accompanied by the increase of p21 protein levels. furthe ...201222820403
disseminated primary hsv-2 infection of the face.we report the case of a 44-year-old, heterosexual, man, who presented for lesions of the face that appeared 3 days earlier; the eruption was associated with a burning sensation. he had sexual intercourse 12 days prior to presentation with a new partner. on clinical examination, there were confluent vesicules and a few pustules localized on the cheeks, forehead, nose, mouth, and ears. a swab for immunofluorescence (if) came back as positive for hsv-2. the patient was treated with oral acyclovir. ...201222747939
stat4 regulates antiviral gamma interferon responses and recurrent disease during herpes simplex virus 2 infection.stat4 is an important transcription factor that contributes to the incidence and severity of different autoimmune diseases and is implicated in the antiviral immune responses in mice. in this study, we evaluated the role of stat4 in human and murine herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infections. we show that stat4 regulates antiviral gamma interferon (ifn-γ) responses and disease severity during chronic hsv-2 infections in humans and vaccine-induced ifn-γ-mediated protection against hsv-2 infection ...201222718836
association between herpes simplex virus type 2 and hiv-1 in a population of married couples from dakar, senegal.numerous studies suggest that herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) increases the risk of hiv-1 infection but recent clinical trials of hsv-2 suppressive therapy failed to show an effect. we assessed the putative association between hsv-2 and hiv-1 in a population of hiv-concordant-negative, hiv-1-discordant and hiv-1-concordant-positive married couples from dakar, senegal. in agreement with previous studies, we observed a strong overall association between hsv-2 and hiv-1 (odds ratio 4.61; p < 0. ...201223155102
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a biomarker for sexual debut among young people in sub-saharan africa: a literature review.biological markers are needed in order to provide objective measures to validate self-reported sexual behaviour and interpret prevention trial data. in this review, we evaluated herpes simplex type 2 virus (hsv-2), one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in sub-saharan africa as a biological marker of sexual debut. based on our findings, we do not recommend using hsv-2 as a biomarker for sexual debut due to its low transmission probabilities and the fact that hsv-2 prevalence i ...201223155093
h11/hspb8 and its herpes simplex virus type 2 homologue icp10pk share functions that regulate cell life/death decisions and human disease.small heat shock proteins (shsp) also known as hspb are a large family of widely expressed proteins that contain a 90 residues domain known as α-crystallin. here, we focus on the family member h11/hspb8 and its herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) homologue icp10pk, and discuss the possible impact of this relationship on human disease. h11/hspb8 and icp10pk are atypical protein kinases. they share multi-functional activity that encompasses signaling, unfolded protein response (upr) and the regula ...201223056924
cutaneous lumbosacral herpes simplex virus among patients hospitalized for an advanced disease.cutaneous herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections are regularly observed in lumbosacral areas, and many are refractory to appropriate initial diagnosis and management.201221545541
antiviral and immunological effects of tenofovir microbicide in vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 infection.the anti-hiv microbicide, tenofovir (tfv) gel, has been shown to decrease hiv-1 acquisition by 39% and reduce herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) transmission by 51%. we evaluated the effect of a 1% tfv gel on genital hsv-2 infection in a mouse vaginal challenge model. in vitro plaque assays and luminex multiplex bead analysis were used, respectively, to measure postinfection vaginal viral shedding (day 1) and cytokine secretion (day 2). to further investigate the anti-hsv-2 properties, we evaluated ...201222867119
hiv delays ifn-α production from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and is associated with syk phosphorylation.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are the major producers of type i interferons (ifns) in humans and rapidly produce ifn-α in response to virus exposure. although hiv infection is associated with pdc activation, it is unclear why the innate immune response is unable to effectively control viral replication. we systematically compared the effect of hiv, influenza, sendai, and hsv-2 at similar target cell multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) on human pdc function. we found that influenza, sendai, h ...201222693567
nasal and skin delivery of ic31(®)-adjuvanted recombinant hsv-2 gd protein confers protection against genital herpes.genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) remains the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide. given the disappointing results of the recent genital herpes vaccine trials in humans, development of novel vaccine strategies capable of eliciting protective mucosal and systemic immune responses to hsv-2 is urgently required. here we tested the ability of the adjuvant ic31(®) in combination with hsv-2 glycoprotein d (gd) used through intranasal (i.n.), intradermal (i.d.), or subc ...201222682292
herpes simplex virus-2 glycoprotein interaction with hvem influences virus-specific recall cellular responses at the mucosa.infection of susceptible cells by herpes simplex virus (hsv) requires the interaction of the hsv gd glycoprotein with one of two principal entry receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) or nectins. hvem naturally functions in immune signaling, and the gd-hvem interaction alters innate signaling early after mucosal infection. we investigated whether the gd-hvem interaction during priming changes lymphocyte recall responses in the murine intravaginal model. mice were primed with attenuated hs ...201222666282
prediction and identification of potential immunodominant epitopes in glycoproteins b, c, e, g, and i of herpes simplex virus type 2.twenty b candidate epitopes of glycoproteins b (gb2), c (gc2), e (ge2), g (gg2), and i (gi2) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) were predicted using dnastar, biosun, and antheprot methods combined with the polynomial method. subsequently, the biological functions of the peptides were tested via experiments in vitro. among the 20 epitope peptides, 17 could react with the antisera to the corresponding parent proteins in the eia tests. in particular, five peptides, namely, gb2(466-473) (eqdrkpr ...201222649465
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of human epithelial cells induces cxcl9 expression and cd4+ t cell migration via activation of p38-ccaat/enhancer-binding protein-β pathway.recruitment of cd4(+) t cells to infection areas after hsv-2 infection may be one of the mechanisms that account for increased hiv-1 sexual transmission. lymphocytes recruited by chemokine cxcl9 are known to be important in control of hsv-2 infection in mice, although the underlying mechanism remains to be addressed. based on our observation that cxcl9 expression is augmented in the cervical mucus of hsv-2-positive women, in this study we demonstrate that hsv-2 infection directly induces cxcl9 e ...201222586042
a 3-o-sulfated heparan sulfate binding peptide preferentially targets herpes simplex virus 2-infected cells.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is the primary cause of genital herpes, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections worldwide and a major cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. the lack of an effective vaccine or treatment and the emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the need for developing new antivirals for hsv-2. here, we demonstrate that a low-molecular-weight peptide isolated against 3-o-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-os hs) can efficiently block ...201222491462
herpes simplex virus type 2 of the palm as an aids-defining complex.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hhv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. in the immunocompromised host, including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), herpes simplex virus is at high risk for reactivation. we present a woman with hiv and a large ulcer of the palm determined to be hhv-2. not only was the location of her ulcer unusual, but her cd4 lymphocyte count continued to drop despite improvement of the palmar ulceration with treatment. as a resul ...201222474730
intravaginal ring delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of hiv and herpes simplex virus infection.a safe and effective topical prevention strategy will likely require sustained delivery of potent antiviral drugs and a delivery system that simultaneously maximizes drug distribution and overcomes the behavioural challenges related to adherence. activity against hiv and herpes simplex virus (hsv) would be advantageous, given the epidemiological link between the two pathogens. we hypothesize that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir df), a prodrug of tenofovir, may be more potent than tenofo ...201222467632
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