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pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of asp2151, a helicase-primase inhibitor, in a murine model of herpes simplex virus infection.asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase inhibitor against herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella zoster virus. here, to determine and analyze the correlation between the pharmacodynamic (pd) and pharmacokinetic (pk) parameters of asp2151, we examined the pd profile of asp2151 using in vitro plaque reduction assay and a murine model of hsv-1 infection. asp2151 inhibited the in vitro replication of hsv-1 with a mean 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of 14 ng/ml. in the cutaneou ...201223274658
enhancement of antiviral activity of human alpha-defensin 5 against herpes simplex virus 2 by arginine mutagenesis at adaptive evolution sites.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection is still one of the common causes of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. the prevalence of hsv strains resistant to traditional nucleoside antiviral agents has led to the development of novel antiviral drugs. human alpha-defensin 5 (hd5), a kind of endogenous antimicrobial peptide expressed in the epithelia of the small intestine and urogenital tract, displays natural antiviral activity. based on arginine-rich features and adaptive evolution characte ...201223269800
changes in the soluble mucosal immune environment during genital herpes outbreaks.genital tract secretions provide variable inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) ex vivo. we hypothesize that the anti-hsv activity may prevent the spread of virus from the more commonly affected sites, such as the external genitalia, to the upper genital tract.201222820806
bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male hiv-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among african couples.bacterial vaginosis (bv), a disruption of the normal vaginal flora, has been associated with a 60% increased risk of hiv-1 acquisition in women and higher concentration of hiv-1 rna in the genital tract of hiv-1-infected women. however, whether bv, which is present in up to half of african hiv-1-infected women, is associated with an increase in hiv-1 transmission to male partners has not been assessed in previous studies.201222745608
the effect of medical male circumcision on urogenital mycoplasma genitalium among men in kisumu, kenya.we determined the prevalence of urethral mycoplasma genitalium (mg) infection and whether infection was associated with circumcision status among men enrolled in the randomized trial of medical male circumcision to prevent hiv acquisition in kisumu, kenya.201222421693
lactoferricin but not lactoferrin inhibit herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in mice.we have evaluated the potential of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin for their ability to prevent and/or treat genital hsv-2 infection in mice. we confirm previous data showing that both lactoferrin and lactoferricin have antiviral properties in vitro and can inhibit hsv-2 infection of gmk cells in a dose-dependent manner. when tested in vivo, lactoferricin but not lactoferrin was also a potent inhibitor of hsv-2 infection. when admixed with virus prior to inoculation, lactoferricin inhibited ...201222269645
foxp3(+) regulatory t cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection.the immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. this relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory cd4(+) t (treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. although these beneficial roles ...201222211994
the relationship between age of coital debut and hiv seroprevalence among women in durban, south africa: a cohort study.objectives to investigate the impact of early sexual debut on hiv seroprevalence and incidence rates among a cohort of women. design prospective study. setting kwazulu-natal, south africa. participants a total of 3492 sexually active women who consented to screen a hiv prevention trial during september 2002 to september 2005; a total of 1485 of them were followed for approximately 24 months. primary and secondary outcome measures hiv seroprevalence among those who were screened for the trial ...201222223838
herpes simplex virus 2 infection impacts stress granule accumulation.interference with stress granule (sg) accumulation is gaining increased appreciation as a common strategy used by diverse viruses to facilitate their replication and to cope with translational arrest. here, we examined the impact of infection by herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) on sg accumulation by monitoring the localization of the sg components t cell internal antigen 1 (tia-1), ras-gtpase-activating sh3-domain-binding protein (g3bp), and poly(a)-binding protein (pabp). our results indicate tha ...201222623775
tlr3 deficiency renders astrocytes permissive to herpes simplex virus infection and facilitates establishment of cns infection in mice.herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) are highly prevalent neurotropic viruses. while they can replicate lytically in cells of the epithelial lineage, causing lesions on mucocutaneous surfaces, hsvs also establish latent infections in neurons, which act as reservoirs of virus for subsequent reactivation events. immunological control of hsv involves activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptors such as tlr3, which detects double-stranded rna and induces type i ifn expression. humans with defe ...201222426207
poly (i:c), an agonist of toll-like receptor-3, inhibits replication of the chikungunya virus in beas-2b cells.double-stranded rna (dsrna) and its mimic, polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid [poly (i:c)], are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and induce interferon (ifn)-β in many cell types. poly (i:c) is the most potent ifn inducer. in in vivo mouse studies, intraperitoneal injection of poly (i:c) elicited ifn-α/β production and natural killer (nk) cells activation. the tlr3 pathway is suggested to contribute to innate immune responses against many viruses, including influenza virus, respirator ...201222698190
association of age and gender with alphaherpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host.background: the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) can cause severe infections of the central nervous system (cns). objectives: to analyze whether age and gender of immunocompetent individuals are associated with the incidence of herpesvirus cns diseases. study design: a total of 241 patients with virologically confirmed hsv-1, hsv-2 or vzv-infection of the cns (excluding neonatal infection and varicella), diagnosed at the ...201222265826
Structures and anti-HSV-2 activities of neutral polysaccharides from an edible plant, Basella rubra L.Four neutral polysaccharides (BRN-1, BRN-2, BRN-3 and BRN-4) were isolated from the hot water extract of the aerial part of Basella rubra L. They were found to consist of a large amount of d-galactose (81.0-92.4%) and small amounts of l-arabinose (5.4-7.8%), d-glucose (2.2-11.0%) and mannose (~2.9%). Linkage analysis revealed that all these neutral polysaccharides might be arabinogalactan type I polysaccharides in different molecular weight and chain length. Among them, only BRN-3 showed antivir ...201222085753
MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71).The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ...201222101247
Successful treatment of aciclovir and foscarnet resistant Herpes simplex virus lesions with topical imiquimod in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Aciclovir (ACV)-resistant Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections are observed commonly in patients also infected with HIV-1. The use of foscarnet (FOS) in these patients may also lead to resistance. This situation can become a difficult therapeutic challenge. Four cases of patients infected with HIV and with mucocutaneous HSV-2 resistant to ACV and FOS are reported. These patients were treated successfully with topical 5% imiquimod. Imiquimod treatment also appeared to delay the time to ...201222170537
herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital mucosa: insights into the mucosal host response and vaccine development.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 is the predominant cause of genital herpes and has been implicated in hiv infection and transmission. thus far, vaccines developed against hsv-2 have been clinically ineffective in preventing infection. this review aims to summarize the innate and adaptive immune responses against hsv-2 and examines the current status of vaccine development.201222143115
immunology in the clinic review series; focus on host responses: t cell responses to herpes simplex viruses.herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. this review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically ...201222132884
zinc acetate/carrageenan gels exhibit potent activity in vivo against high-dose herpes simplex virus 2 vaginal and rectal challenge.topical microbicides that block the sexual transmission of hiv and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) are desperately needed to reduce the incidence of hiv infections worldwide. previously we completed phase 3 testing of the carrageenan-based gel carraguard. although the trial did not show that carraguard is effective in preventing hiv transmission during vaginal sex, it did show that carraguard is safe when used weekly for up to 2 years. moreover, carraguard has in vitro activity against human papi ...201222064530
hiv incidence among men who have sex with men in beijing: a prospective cohort study.(1) to assess the hiv incidence rate among men who have sex with men (msm) in a large cohort study in beijing, china and (2) to identify sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors of hiv seroconversion among msm in beijing, china.201223166133
prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in peru: a national population-based survey.we assessed prevalences of seven sexually transmitted infections (stis) in peru, stratified by risk behaviours, to help to define care and prevention priorities.201222878023
hiv and associated risk factors among male clients of female sex workers in a chinese border region.male clients of female sex workers (fsws) serve as a potential bridge of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to the general population. little is known about the characteristics and risk factors for hiv infection among male clients patronizing fsws in hekou county, yunnan province in southern china bordering with vietnam.201223007705
prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections and factors associated with syphilis among female sex workers in panama.biological and behavioural surveillance of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among populations at highest risk have been used to monitor trends in prevalence and in risk behaviours. sex work in panama is regulated through registration with the social hygiene programme, ministry of health. we estimated prevalence of hiv and stis, and factors associated with active syphilis among female sex workers (fsws).201223002191
dynamics of the hiv epidemic in southern china: sexual and drug-using behaviours among female sex workers and male clients in yunnan.to examine the hiv/sexually transmitted infection (sti)-related risk behaviours among community-based female sex workers (fsws) and their clients in yunnan province, china, we performed a cross-sectional study of 705 fsws and 100 male clients. we found that hiv seroprevalence among fsws was 13.0% and the most prevalent sti was herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) (71.1%), followed by chlamydia trachomatis (18.1%) and syphilis (8.8%). the 20% of fsws who reported injection drug use also reported n ...201223033525
a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for sexual transmission of hiv in india.approximately 2.4 million people are living with hiv in india. this large disease burden, and potential for epidemic spread in some areas, demands a full understanding of transmission in that country. we wished to quantify the effects of key sexual risk factors for hiv infection for each gender and among high- and low-hiv risk populations in india.201222937158
hiv and sti prevalence and determinants among male migrant workers in india.our objective was to estimate for the first time the prevalence and determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and sexually transmitted infections (stis) among male migrants in india.201222952708
cross-sectional assessment of prevalence and correlates of blood-borne and sexually-transmitted infections among afghan national army recruits.few data are available in afghanistan to shape national military force health practices, particularly with regard to sexually-transmitted infections (stis). we measured prevalence and correlates of hiv, syphilis, herpes simplex 2 virus (hsv-2), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) among afghan national army (ana) recruits.201222909128
highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress hiv in semen of sexually active hiv-infected men who have sex with men.although haart can suppress genital shedding and sexual transmission of hiv, men who have sex with men (msm) have experienced a resurgent hiv epidemic in the haart era. many hiv-infected msm continue to engage in unsafe sex, and sexually transmitted infections (stis) or other factors may promote genital hiv shedding and transmission in this population despite haart. in this study, we determined the prevalence of seminal hiv shedding in hiv-infected msm on stable haart, and its relationship with ...201222441253
circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and hiv infection.we assessed the protective effect of medical male circumcision (mmc) against hiv, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and genital ulcer disease (gud) incidence.201222382150
incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural tanzania.the authors evaluated the use of conditional cash transfers as an hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention strategy to incentivise safe sex.201222318666
determinants of per-coital-act hiv-1 infectivity among african hiv-1-serodiscordant couples.knowledge of factors that affect per-act infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for designing hiv-1 prevention interventions and for the mathematical modeling of the spread of hiv-1.201222241800
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and persistent viral infection: lack of association in a controlled study using a quantitative assay.it remains unclear whether idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) might ensue as the consequence of viral myocarditis, due to viral persistence in cardiomyocytes. to address this issue, we quantified the levels of enterovirus, epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2), adenovirus and parvovirus b19 genomes in endomyocardial biopsies (embs) from patients with dcm, active myocarditis and controls.201222901461
acute retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in children: reactivation of an undiagnosed latent neonatal herpes infection.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is known to cause acute retinal necrosis (arn). the availability of hsv-2-specific polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnostic analysis has greatly increased our ability to discriminate arn caused by hsv-2 from arn caused by either herpes simplex virus type 1 or varicella zoster virus (vzv). of great interest, hsv-2 appears to be the most common cause of viral arn in children and adolescents. although a few children with arn are known to have had neonatally ...201222889540
dermal hypersensitivity reaction: a pcr-confirmed pattern of herpetic dermatitis.herpetic dermatitis due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) can present with similar clinical and histopathologic features. further confounding matters, viral cytopathic changes are not always observed in biopsy specimens. therefore, use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis can play an integral role in the definitive diagnosis of herpetic dermatitis and in the distinction of hsv-1/hsv-2 from vzv.201222882129
type-specific identification of anogenital herpes simplex virus infections by use of a commercially available nucleic acid amplification test.herpes infections are among the most common sexually transmitted infections (sti), but diagnostic methods for genital herpes have not kept pace with the movement toward molecular testing. here, we describe an fda-approved molecular assay that identifies and types herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections for use in routine clinical settings. paired samples from anogenital lesions were tested using the bd probetec hsv q(x) (hsvq(x)) system, hsv culture and, a laboratory-developed pcr assay. family pl ...201222875892
hsv igg antibody inhibits virus detection in csf.before pcr testing of cerebrospinal fluid (csf), laboratory diagnosis of herpes encephalitis (hse) was based on virus isolation from brain biopsy. viral isolation from csf has limited clinical value due to low virus recovery; the cause for which has not been demonstrated.201222841844
herpes simplex virus is equipped with rna- and protein-based mechanisms to repress expression of atrx, an effector of intrinsic immunity.intrinsic immunity is a first-line intracellular defense against virus infection, and viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract it. during herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, nuclear domain 10 (nd10) components localize adjacent to incoming viral genomes and generate a repressive environment for viral gene expression. here, we found that the nd10 component, alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome x-linked (atrx) protein, is predicted to be a target of hsv-1 mir-h1 and hsv-2 mir-h6. t ...201222787211
incidence of alpha-herpes virus induced ocular disease in suriname.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of the corneal stroma is the most prominent cause of scar formation impairing visual acuity and hsv keratitis is the leading cause of corneal opacity throughout the world. suriname lacked test systems for microbial causes of ocular disease, therefore a polymerase chain reaction-based herpes virus assay was introduced, enabling prompt recognition, and timely treatment, preventing progressive eye damage. the incidence and epidemiology of herpes simplex virus ty ...201223080500
relationship between cervical disease and infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2.persistent infection with high-risk hpv, particularly type hpv 16 and 18, is necessary in the development of cervical cancer, but apart from hpv infection, other causative factors of most cervical cancers remain unknown. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hpv 16 and hpv 18 and hsv 1 and hsv 2 in cervical samples, and to assess the role of hsvs in cervical carcinogenesis. two hundred thirty-three healthy controls and 567 cases (333 of cervicitis, 210 of cervical intraepithel ...201223080497
epidemiological impact of a genital herpes type 2 vaccine for young females.genital herpes, which is caused by herpes simplex virus-1 or -2 (hsv-1, -2, predominantly hsv-2) is a sexually transmitted infection (sti) that causes a chronic latent infection with outbreak episodes linked to transmission. antiviral therapies are effective in reducing viral shedding during these episodes, but are ineffective as a whole since many outbreaks are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. thus, the development of a vaccine for genital herpes is needed to control this disease. the questi ...201223071536
serum hsv-1 and 2 igm in sexually transmitted diseases - more for screening less for diagnosis: an evaluation of clinical manifestation.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is the cause of most genital herpes. now, hsv-1 has become an important cause and represents even about 30% of genital herpes in some countries. so, study related to genital herpes should consider both hsv-1 and hsv-2.201223055654
impact of novel mutations of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 thymidine kinases on acyclovir phosphorylation activity.the acyclic analogue of guanosine acyclovir (acv) constitutes the first-line drug for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections. acv activation requires primophosphorylation by virus-encoded hsv thymidine kinase (tk). in 95% of cases, hsv resistance to acv is associated with mutations located in tk. the aim of this work was to address the question of the potential involvement of novel hsv-1 and hsv-2 tk mutations in reduced susceptibility to acv using a novel nonradioactive method, ...201223041200
adjunctive hpv in-situ hybridization (ish) assay as an aid in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in cervical tissue specimens: an analytical and functional characterization.the purpose of this study was to develop and analytically and functionally validate a new human papillomavirus (hpv) in-situ hybridization (ish) assay and to determine whether the use of this assay combined with hemotoxylin and eosin (h&e) staining could potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy of interpreting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) in human cervical tissue specimens. an automated hpv ish assay was developed using probes that targeted the broad spectrum of hpv genotypes most ...201223018222
herpes genitalis without frontiers: from clinical aspects to viral identification.genital herpes simplex virus infection is a recurrent, lifelong disease with no cure. the strongest predictor for infection is a person's number of lifetime sex partners. hsv-2 is the commonest responsible, although infections caused by hsv-1 are rapidly increasing, particularly in adolescents, women and men who have sex with men. the natural history includes first-episode of mucocutaneous infection, establishment of latency in the dorsal root ganglion, and subsequent reactivation. most infectio ...201223007253
poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) is an entry inhibitor against both hiv-1 and hsv infections - potential as a dual functional microbicide.genital herpes is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (std) caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2). hsv is considered as a major risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection and rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). here, we reported the finding of a polymer of styrenesulfonic acid and maleic acid (psm) which exhibited antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity. psm exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity ag ...201222940611
detection of human herpes viruses in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis and relationship between viruses and clinical parameters.recent microbiological researches have revealed the possible role of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), epstein barr virus (ebv), and herpes simplex virus (hsv-1 and hsv-2) in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. the present pilot study has been undertaken to detect the presence of these viruses in chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and healthy individuals and to determine the relationship between these viruses and the clinical parameters.201222923891
structure based molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation of α-pyrone analogs as anti-hsv agent.several options for treating herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 are available. however, non-specific inhibition and drug resistance warrants the discovery of new anti-herpetic compounds with better therapeutic profile or different mode of action. the non-nucleoside inhibitors of hsv dna polymerase target the site that is less important for the binding of a natural nucleoside or nucleoside inhibitors. in the present study, we have explored the possibility to find a new lead molecule based on ...201222921079
geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 replication both in vitro and in vivo.previously, we discovered geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, effectively inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in vitro and in vivo (mouse encephalitis model). in this study, we demonstrate that geldanamycin has very strong activities against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro and in vivo (mouse vagina model). in mouse vagina model, administration of geldanamycin suspension to vagina after virus infection protected the infected mice from death and increased the averag ...201222909975
2-[4,5-difluoro-2-(2-fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid, an antiviral compound with activity against acyclovir-resistant isolates of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are responsible for lifelong latent infections in humans, with periods of viral reactivation associated with recurring ulcerations in the orofacial and genital tracts. in immunosuppressed patients and neonates, hsv infections are associated with severe morbidity and, in some cases, even mortality. today, acyclovir is the standard therapy for the management of hsv infections. however, the need for novel antiviral agents is apparent, since hsv isola ...201222908173
the challenge of developing a herpes simplex virus 2 vaccine.hsv infections are prevalent worldwide. a vaccine to prevent genital herpes would have a significant impact on this disease. several vaccines have shown promise in animal models; however, so far these have not been successful in human clinical studies. prophylactic hsv vaccines to prevent hsv infection or disease have focused primarily on eliciting antibody responses. potent antibody responses are needed to result in sufficiently high levels of virus-specific antibody in the genital tract. thera ...201223252387
[the genotyping and molecular evolution of varicella-zoster virus].varicella-zoster virus (vzv, human herpesvirus 3) is a member of the family herpesviridae, and is classified as alpha-subfamily along with hsv-1 and hsv-2. vzv is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) mostly in children, after which it establishes latency in the sensory ganglia with the potential to reactivate at a later time to cause shingles (zoster). increasing molecular epidemiological studies in recent years have been performed to monitor the mutations in vzv genome, discriminate v ...201223233938
herpesvirus entry mediator is a serotype specific determinant of pathogenesis in ocular herpes.infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 is initiated by viral glycoprotein d (gd) binding to a receptor on the host cell. two receptors, herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem) and nectin-1, mediate entry in murine models of hsv-1 and hsv-2. hvem is dispensable for hsv-2 infection of the vagina and brain, but is required for wt pathogenesis of hsv-1 infection of the cornea. by challenging wt and hvem ko mice with multiple strains of hsv-1 and hsv-2, we demonstrate that without hve ...201223184983
the mirnas of herpes simplex virus (hsv).herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a group of common human pathogens with two serotypes hsv-1 and hsv-2. the prevalence of hsv is worldwide. it primarily infects humans through epithelial cells, when it introduces a latent infection into the nervous system. during viral latency, only a region known as the latency-associated transcript (lat) is expressed. the discovery of hsv mirnas helps to draw a larger picture of the infection and pathogenesis of the virus. this review summarizes mirnas found in hs ...201223180288
[incidence of human herpes virus 1-4 type in saliva of 245 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients].to determine the incidence of human herpes virus (hhv) 1-4 type including herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus(ebv) in the saliva of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) -infected patients.201223173318
seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in northern iran.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2 are common infectious agents worldwide. data on prevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection are limited in asia, especially in iran. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hsv type 1 and 2 based on age, gender, marital status, education, living area, job, symptoms and history of disease variables.201223113228
anti-herpes simplex virus efficacies of 2-aminobenzamide derivatives as novel hsp90 inhibitors.after the widespread use of the acyclic purine nucleoside analogues for therapy of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection since the 1980s, new antiviral strategies are urgently needed to counter the emergence of drug-resistant clinical isolates. in this report, we define the anti-hsv efficacies of three optimized 2-aminobenzamide derivatives in vitro and in vivo. the synthetic analogues snx-25a, snx-2112 and snx-7081, which selectively bind to the n-terminal atp pocket of heat shock protein 90 (hs ...201222704890
future of an "asymptomatic" t-cell epitope-based therapeutic herpes simplex vaccine.considering the limited success of the recent herpes clinical vaccine trial [1], new vaccine strategies are needed. infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 & hsv-2) in the majority of men and women are usually asymptomatic and results in lifelong viral latency in neurons of sensory ganglia (sg). however, in a minority of men and women hsv spontaneous reactivation can cause recurrent disease (i.e., symptomatic individuals). our recent findings show that t cells from symptoma ...201222701511
evaluation of antibodies against glycoprotein d (gd) and glycoprotein g (gg) in hsv-1 infected individuals' serum samples.glycoproteins d (gd) and g (gg) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) are virus envelope glycoproteins that are able to induce hsv-1 antibody production in infected persons. therefore, those proteins could be in interest to develop the serodiagnostic test(s) for hsv antibody detection. the aim of present study was the comparison of anti-gd and anti-gg antibodies in hsv-1 infected individuals' serum samples.201222696877
a prospective cohort study of partner testing for herpes simplex virus and sexual behavior during pregnancy.we investigated whether serotesting sexual partners of pregnant women for herpes simplex virus (hsv) improves adherence to safer-sex practices.201222693233
herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, the house guests who never leave.human alphaherpesviruses including herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1, hsv-2) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) establish persistent latent infection in sensory neurons for the life of the host. all three viruses have the potential to reactivate causing recurrent disease. regardless of the homology between the different virus strains, the three viruses are characterized by varying pathologies. this review will highlight the differences in infection pattern, immune response, and pathogenesis associated ...201222691604
characterization of virus strains resistant to the herpes virus helicase-primase inhibitor asp2151 (amenamevir).asp2151 is an antiherpes agent targeting the helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1, hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv). we characterized the asp2151-resistant hsv-1 and hsv-2 variants or mutants based on findings from sequencing analysis, growth, pathogenicity, and susceptibility testing, identifying several single base-pair substitutions resulting in amino acid changes in the helicase and primase subunit of asp2151-resistant mutants. amino acid alterations in the helicas ...201222687623
neonatal herpes simplex virus infection following jewish ritual circumcisions that included direct orogenital suction - new york city, 2000-2011.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection commonly causes "cold sores" (hsv type 1 [hsv-1]) and genital herpes (hsv-1 or hsv type 2 [hsv-2]); hsv infection in newborns can result in death or permanent disability. during november 2000-december 2011, a total of 11 newborn males had laboratory-confirmed hsv infection in the weeks following out-of-hospital jewish ritual circumcision, investigators from the new york city department of health and mental hygiene (dohmh) learned. ten of the 11 newborns were ...201222672975
anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of mallotus peltatus: an ethnomedicine from andaman islands.viral infections, particularly the infections caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv), represent one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of their devastating impact. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic crude extract of an ethnomedicine mallotus peltatus, its active fraction and pure compound, against hsv-1 f and hsv-2 g.201222624581
entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) into the distal axons of trigeminal neurons favors the onset of nonproductive, silent infection.following productive, lytic infection in epithelia, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons that is interrupted by episodes of reactivation. in order to better understand what triggers this lytic/latent decision in neurons, we set up an organotypic model based on chicken embryonic trigeminal ganglia explants (tges) in a double chamber system. adding hsv-1 to the ganglion compartment (gc) resulted in a productive infection in the explants. by ...201222589716
inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by oligomeric stilbenoids through ros generation.stilbenoids including resveratrol contain the basic structural unit of 1,2-diphenylethylene. naturally occurring stilbenoids have broad structural features due to oligomerization and modifications and some have demonstrated potent biological activities. in an effort to identify bioactive stilbenoids, we screened a group of dimeric and oligomeric stilbenoids against hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection. several trimeric and tetrameric derivatives showed anti-herpetic activity at single digit micromolar conc ...201222584350
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel antiherpetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, and its synergistic actions with acyclovir.the development of therapeutic agents for preventing herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections has become urgently necessary because of the increasing incidence of this virus and its role as a cofactor in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection. we have evaluated the antiviral activities of a series of natural and synthetic flavonoids and found that a synthetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, showed the highest activity against acyclovir (acv)-sensitive and acv-resistant strains of h ...201222580497
[anti alpha-herpesvirus drugs].therapy for infectious diseases resulting from alpha-herpesvirus infections has been dramatically improved by the development of acyclovir (acv). acv is highly specific against herpes simplex virus type 1(hsv-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) as acv is specifically phosphorylated by the thymidine kinases (tks) of these viruses. these viral tks are important enzymes for viral replication in vivo; therefore, the growth of tk-deficient mutants is impaired. acv ...201222568134
immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, hf10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2.genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 (hsv-2), and is a major concern in public health. a previous infection with hsv type 1 (hsv-1) enhances protection against primary hsv-2 infection to some extent. in this study, we evaluated the ability of hf10, a naturally occurring replication-competent hsv-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by hsv-2. subcutaneous inoculation of hf10-immunized mice against lethal infection by ...201222557998
glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus 2 as a novel vaccine antigen for immunity to genital and neurological disease.the envelope glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, with the exception of glycoprotein g, elicit cross-reactive b- and t-cell responses. human vaccine trials, using the cross-reactive glycoproteins b and d, have shown no protection against genital hsv-2 infection or disease. in this study, the mature form of glycoprotein g (mgg-2) of hsv-2 was used for immunization of mice, either alone or in combination with adjuvant cpg, followed by an intravaginal challenge with a lethal d ...201222553328
polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 3 confer natural resistance to human herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.lack of toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) functional activity predisposes children to human herpesvirus 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis. in this study, we have investigated whether there is any link between tlr3 and adult hsv-2 infection by studying genetic variations in tlr3. the frequency of four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the tlr3 gene in 239 patients with genital hsv-2 infection and 162 healthy controls, as well as the impact of these variants on tlr3 gene-expression levels, were compared. t ...201222552940
clinical impact of hsv-1 detection in the lower respiratory tract from hospitalized adult patients.the occurrence and clinical impact of herpes simplex virus (hsv) were evaluated in 342 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from 237 patients. hsv-1 and hsv-2 were detected in 32.1% and <1% of patients, respectively. a significant difference of hsv-1 prevalence and load was found in relation to admission to intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and mortality within 28 days; in particular, a viral load ≥10(5) copies/ml bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly associated with critical feat ...201222548647
towards a rational design of an asymptomatic clinical herpes vaccine: the old, the new, and the unknown.the best hope of controlling the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) pandemic is the development of an effective vaccine. however, in spite of several clinical trials, starting as early as 1920s, no vaccine has been proven sufficiently safe and efficient to warrant commercial development. in recent years, great strides in cellular and molecular immunology have stimulated creative efforts in controlling herpes infection and disease. however, before moving towards new vaccine ...201222548113
detection of type-specific antibodies to hsv-1 and hsv-2: comparative analysis of a chemiluminescence immunoassay with a conventional elisa.type-specific serologic tests for human herpes simplex virus (hsv) are critically important for sexually transmitted disease evaluation. we compared the liaison® hsv-1 and hsv-2 type specific assays relative to an established commercial elisa. the overall agreement of the chemiluminescence immunoassay versus the elisa assay was 99.6% (hsv-1) and 100% (hsv-2). the liaison® methodology has several advantages.201222534561
comparison of the host immune response to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 at two different mucosal sites.a study was undertaken to compare the host immune responses to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 infection by the ocular or genital route in mice. titers of hsv-2 from tissue samples were elevated regardless of the route of infection. the elevation in titers of hsv-2, including cell infiltration and cytokine/chemokine levels in the central nervous system relative to those found following hsv-1 infection, was correlative with inflammation. these results underscore a dichotomy between the h ...201222532684
susceptibility of herpes simplex virus isolated from genital herpes lesions to asp2151, a novel helicase-primase inhibitor.asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase inhibitor against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus. to evaluate the anti-hsv activity of asp2151, susceptibility testing was performed on viruses isolated from patients participating in a placebo- and valacyclovir-controlled proof-of-concept phase ii study for recurrent genital herpes. a total of 156 hsv strains were isolated prior to the dosing of patients, and no preexisting variants with less susceptibility to as ...201222526302
aptamer that binds to the gd protein of herpes simplex virus 1 and efficiently inhibits viral entry.the ectodomain of the gd protein of herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) plays an important role in viral entry by binding to specific cellular coreceptors and mediating viral entry to the host cells. in the present study, we isolated rna aptamers (aptamer-1 and aptamer-5) that specifically bind to the gd protein of hsv-1 with high affinity and are able to discriminate the gd protein of a different virus, hsv-2. aptamer-1 efficiently interfered with the interaction between the gd protein and the hsv-1 ...201222514343
clinical burden of herpes simplex virus disease in people with human immunodeficiency virus.serologic studies indicate that herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 infections are highly prevalent among people infected with hiv. as an ulcerative genital disease, hsv may be important to hiv transmission and hiv-comorbidity. routine clinical care of hsv in this population has not been described.201222504602
characterization of the viral o-glycopeptidome: a novel tool of relevance for vaccine design and serodiagnosis.viral envelope proteins mediate interactions with host cells, leading to internalization and intracellular propagation. envelope proteins are glycosylated and are known to serve important functions in masking host immunity to viral glycoproteins. however, the viral infectious cycle in cells may also lead to aberrant glycosylation that may elicit immunity. our knowledge of immunity to aberrant viral glycans and glycoproteins is limited, potentially due to technical limitations in identifying immu ...201222491453
exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 and cognitive impairments in individuals with schizophrenia.latent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, type 1 (hsv1), has been generally considered benign in most immunocompetent individuals except for rare cases of encephalitis. however, several recent studies have shown impaired cognitive functions among individuals with schizophrenia exposed to hsv1 compared with schizophrenia patients not exposed to hsv1. such impairments are robust and are prominently observed in working memory, verbal memory, and executive funct ...201222490995
efficacy of bidens pilosa extract against herpes simplex virus infection in vitro and in vivo.the development of strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv) resistant to drugs has been reported among the immunocompromised patients. thus, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents for hsv infections. we evaluated the anti-hsv activity of bidens pilosa (b. pilosa), a tropical weed, in tissue culture cells and a mouse model. b. pilosa extract showed potent virucidal activity. it inhibited plaque formation and suppressed virus yield in vero and raw 264.7 cells infected with hsv-1 and hsv-2. ...201222474501
herpes simplex virus antigens directly activate nk cells via tlr2, thus facilitating their presentation to cd4 t lymphocytes.nk cells infiltrate human herpetic lesions, but their role has been underexplored. hsv can stimulate innate immune responses via surface tlr2, which is expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) and nk cells. in this study, uv-inactivated hsv1/2 and immunodominant hsv2 glycoprotein d peptides conjugated to the tlr2 agonist dipalmitoyl-s-glyceryl cysteine stimulated cd4 t lymphocyte ifn-γ responses within pbmcs or in coculture with monocyte-derived dcs. nk cells contributed markedly to t ...201222467654
neonatal herpes simplex fulminant hepatitis successfully treated with acyclovir.disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is characterized by progressive multiple organ failure and high mortality rates up to 85% for untreated neonates. it can result from infection with either hsv-1 or hsv-2. we report the first known case of disseminated neonatal herpes associated with fulminant liver failure caused by hsv-2 who survived without liver transplant.201224027697
a miniaturized and integrated gel post platform for multiparameter pcr detection of herpes simplex viruses from raw genital swabs.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is one of the most prevalent viruses, with acute and recurrent infections in humans. the current gold standard for the diagnosis of hsv is viral culture which takes 2-14 days and has low sensitivity. in contrast, dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) can be performed within 1-2 h. we here describe a multiparameter pcr assay to simultaneously detect hsv-1 and hsv-2 dna templates, together with integrated positive and negative controls, with product detect ...201222426784
herpes simplex virus type 1 is the main cause of genital herpes in women of natal, brazil.the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in sexually active women who participated in the cervical cancer screening program in natal, brazil.201222424592
apple pomace, a by-product from the asturian cider industry, inhibits herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in vitro replication: study of its mechanisms of action.the anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 and anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 effects of apple pomace, a by-product from the cider-processing industry, were investigated. the mechanisms of antiviral action were assessed using a battery of experiments targeting sequential steps in the viral replication cycle. the anti-herpetic mechanisms of apple pomaces included the inhibition of virus attachment to the cell surface and the arrest of virus entry and uncoating. quercitrin and procyanidin b2 were foun ...201222424460
national estimates of seroincidence and seroprevalence for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among us military adults aged 18 to 29 years.while population-based seroprevalence studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) are widespread, seroincidence studies are largely limited to select or high-risk populations. the us military offers a potential population to derive national seroincidence rate estimates for young adults (ages 18-29).201222421688
herpes simplex virus type 2 triggers reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency and collaborates with hiv-1 tat.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection was necessary but not sufficient for kaposi's sarcoma (ks) development without other cofactors. previously, we identified that both human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) tat and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) were important cofactors reactivating kshv from latency. here, we further investigated the potential of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) to influence kshv replication and examined the role of tat in this procedure. we demonstrated that ...201222347501
enhancement of chemokine function as an immunomodulatory strategy employed by human herpesviruses.herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 are highly prevalent human neurotropic pathogens that cause a variety of diseases, including lethal encephalitis. the relationship between hsv and the host immune system is one of the main determinants of the infection outcome. chemokines play relevant roles in antiviral response and immunopathology, but the modulation of chemokine function by hsv is not well understood. we have addressed the modulation of chemokine function mediated by hsv. by using surf ...201222319442
immunodominant "asymptomatic" herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 protein antigens identified by probing whole-orfome microarrays with serum antibodies from seropositive asymptomatic versus symptomatic individuals.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 are medically significant pathogens. the development of an effective hsv vaccine remains a global public health priority. hsv-1 and hsv-2 immunodominant "asymptomatic" antigens (id-a-ags), which are strongly recognized by b and t cells from seropositive healthy asymptomatic individuals, may be critical to be included in an effective immunotherapeutic hsv vaccine. in contrast, immunodominant "symptomatic" antigens (id-s-ags) may exacerbate herpetic disease ...201222318137
a novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantification of hpv16/18 and hsv1/2 in cervical cancer screening.infection with human papillomavirus (hpv), particularly hpv16 and hpv18, is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, although other factors such as herpes simplex virus (hsv) may act in conjunction with hpv in this context. to explore the possibility of developing a system for rapid diagnosis and clinical screening of cervical cancer, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay that can simultaneously detect and quantify hpv16/18 and hsv1/2. to evaluate its possibilities and practical uses, ...201222293505
resistance to hsv-1 infection in the epithelium resides with the novel innate sensor, ifi-16.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. we report that tlr signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (myd88(-/-), trif(-/-) and myd88(-/-) trif(-/-) double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. to identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the dna s ...201222236996
efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine.two previous studies of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) subunit vaccine containing glycoprotein d in hsv-discordant couples revealed 73% and 74% efficacy against genital disease in women who were negative for both hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 antibodies. efficacy was not observed in men or hsv-1 seropositive women.201222216840
[relationship of cytomegalovirus, chlamydia pneumoniae and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections with preeclampsia].to explore the potential relationship of cytomegalovirus (cmv), chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in inflammation and preeclampsia.201222883201
herpes simplex virus type 2 risks in female sex workers in the china-vietnam border county of hekou.to survey the prevalence and risk factors of hsv-2 among chinese and vietnamese female sex workers (fsw) in the border county of hekou, yunnan province, china.201223228841
prevalence and associations of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens in men presenting with genital ulcer syndrome to primary health care clinics in south africa.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens, as well as their association with clinical features, in men with genital ulcer disease (gud) enrolled in a clinical trial.201223064538
[epidemiology and risk factors of the cervical squamous cell carcinoma].neoplasm of the cervix, especially squamous cell cancer, is one of the most common malignancy of female genital organs. it etiology is complex; however, human papilloma virus (mostly hpv type 18, 16 and 45) infection seems to be the most important one. other risk factors include: early sexual initiation, multiple pregnancies and labors, concomitant infections (chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhea, hsv2 - herpes simplex virus) of the genital tract, aids, immunosuppressive therapy, smoking a ...201223009008
looking for an asymptomatic infection: usefulness of screening for chlamydia trachomatis and genital herpes.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) genital infections are among the more frequent sexually transmissible infections with different prevalence by age, populations and geographical areas. both are widespread, have an asymptomatic latent stage detectable only by laboratory and can have serious consequences such as tubal infertility and neonatal herpes. the direct isolation of ct in cervical or urethral discharge through nucleic acid amplification test (naats) allows ...201223007249
etiologic pattern of genital ulcers in lusaka, zambia: has chancroid been eliminated?genital ulcers are a public health problem in developing countries. the world health organization recommends the use of syndromic guidelines for sexually transmitted infection treatment in resource-constrained countries. monitoring local etiologies provides information that may aid policy for sexually transmitted infection treatment. we investigated the etiology of genital ulcer disease among outpatients in lusaka, zambia.201223001266
sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviour among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers in dhaka, bangladesh.a cross-sectional study was conducted among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers (ychbfsws) in nine randomly selected hotels in bangladesh to examine sexual-risk behaviour, condom use and determinants of condom use in last sex, knowledge of hiv, sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevalence and sti care-seeking behaviour. a prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical information; urine specimens (before sex) and blood were collected for di ...201222930291
sperm-mediated host-derived dna transfer as a new mechanism for immune system evasion of sexually transmitted genital tract pathogens.over one century of extensive efforts directed towards investigating the immune response and the immuno-protection associated with sexually transmitted infections have failed to produce any effective vaccines against most of the major pathogens, among them neisseria gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus type 2, and chlamydia trachomatis. attempts to design and develop protective vaccines against them have also yielded disappointing results. it has long been felt that there might be another yet undisco ...201222795612
hiv and sexually transmitted infections at the borderlands: situational analysis of sexual health in the brazilian amazon.the borderlands are considered areas of increased vulnerability to hiv and sexually transmitted infections (sti). the study aimed to determine the sti/hiv prevalence and risk factors in the triple-border area of the brazilian amazon.201222317841
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