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recombinant glycoprotein g analog for determination of specific immunoglobulins to herpes simplex virus type 2 by elisa.in order to the detection of type-specific igg to herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in human serum or plasma the recombinant analog of hsv-2 glycoprotein g (gg2) was created. to construct an expression vector the dna fragment with a sequence identical to immunodominant regions of hsv-2 gg2 was cloned into modified vector pet28a containing of the glutation-s-transferase sequence (pet28-gst). escherichia coli bl21 (de3) were transformed with the recombinant plasmid. the target protein was expres ...201323933396
herpes virus infection of the peripheral nervous system.among the human herpes viruses, three are neurotropic and capable of producing severe neurological abnormalities: herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv). both the acute, primary infection and the reactivation from the site of latent infection, the dorsal sensory ganglia, are associated with severe human morbidity and mortality. the peripheral nervous system is one of the major loci affected by these viruses. the present review details the virology an ...201323931801
hsv-2 regulates monocyte inflammatory response via the fas/fasl pathway.monocytic cells represent important cellular elements of the innate and adaptive immune responses in viral infections. we assessed the role of fas/fasl in promoting monocyte apoptosis during hsv-2 infection by using an in vitro model based on the murine raw 264.7 monocytic cell line and an in vivo murine model of hsv-2 infection applied to c57bl6, mrl-fas(lpr)/j (fas-/-) and c3-fasl(gld)/j (fasl-/-) mice. hsv-2 infection of the monocytic cell line led to early induction of apoptosis, with no pro ...201323922974
herpes genitalis - topical zinc sulfate: an alternative therapeutic and modality.herpes genitalis is one of the commonest sexually transmitted infections in the world caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2. all herpes viruses show latency. herpes genitalis caused by hsv-1 and hsv-2 is recurrent in 55 and 90% of case respectively.201323919052
mucosal hsv-2 specific cd8+ t-cells represent containment of prior viral shedding rather than a correlate of future protection.it is largely unknown why certain infected hosts shed herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) more frequently and have more severe disease manifestations than others. one idea is that different density or functional capacity of tissue resident effector memory cd8+ t-cells between infected persons may explain phenotypic variability. to generate hypotheses for contrasting shedding patterns in different infected hosts, a spatial mathematical model was employed to evaluate the effects of variability in tissu ...201323908652
daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) transmission from hsv-2/hiv-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial.daily suppressive therapy with valacyclovir reduces risk of sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in hsv-2-serodiscordant heterosexual couples by 48%. whether suppressive therapy reduces hsv-2 transmission from persons coinfected with hsv-2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is unknown.201323901094
medical male circumcision and herpes simplex virus 2 acquisition: posttrial surveillance in kisumu, kenya.we estimated the 72-month efficacy of medical male circumcision (mmc) against herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) incidence among men in the kisumu mmc randomized trial.201323901089
antibiotic-free production of a herpes simplex virus 2 dna vaccine in a high yield cgmp process.two dna vaccine plasmids encoding herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d, ntc8485-o2-gd2 and ntc8485-o2-ugd2tr, were produced at large scale under current good manufacturing practice (cgmp) for use in a phase i human clinical trial. these dna vaccines incorporate the regulatory agency compliant, minimal, antibiotic-free (af) ntc8485 mammalian expression vector. plasmid yields of>1 g/l were achieved using the hypergro™ fed-batch fermentation process, with successful scale up from 10 l ...201323899469
seropositivity and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female sex workers in guangxi, china.to determine seropositivity of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection and associated risk factors among female sex workers (fsws) in guangxi, china.201323894526
antiviral agents for herpes simplex virus.this review starts with a brief description of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), the clinical diseases they cause, and the continuing clinical need for antiviral chemotherapy. a historical overview describes the progress from the early, rather toxic antivirals to acyclovir (acv) which led the way for its prodrug, valacyclovir, to penciclovir and its prodrug, famciclovir (fcv). these compounds have been the mainstay of hsv therapy for two decades and have established a remarka ...201323885997
meningitis retention syndrome.a 50-year-old caucasian woman presented with signs and symptoms of meningitis preceded by a 3 day history of flu-like symptoms and progressive difficulty with urination. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis was consistent with aseptic meningitis. she was found to have a significant urinary retention secondary to atonic bladder. mri of the brain and spine were normal and csf-pcr (polymerase chain reaction) was positive for hsv-2. urinary retention in the context of meningitis and csf pleocytosis is ...201223882352
evaluation of the relationship between preeclampsia and seropositivity of infectious disease in maternal plasma.the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal infections and preeclampsia.201323868638
zinc ionophores pyrithione inhibits herpes simplex virus replication through interfering with proteasome function and nf-κb activation.pyrithione (pt), known as a zinc ionophore, is effective against several pathogens from the streptococcus and staphylococcus genera. the antiviral activity of pt was also reported against a number of rna viruses. in this paper, we showed that pt could effectively inhibit herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pt inhibited hsv late gene (glycoprotein d, gd) expression and the production of viral progeny, and this action was dependent on zn(2+). further studies showed that pt suppre ...201323867132
novel deletion in glycoprotein g forms a cluster and causes epidemiologic spread of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein g (gg-2) gene of 106 clinical isolates was analyzed and six isolates were identified with 63 nucleotides comprising 21 amino acids (aa) deleted in the immunodominant region. compared with strain hg52, variations in the gg-2 gene were found at 276 and 27 sites in nucleotide and aa sequences, respectively, in the 106 strains. significant variations in both nucleotides and aa were accumulated in the immunodominant region rather than in the other ...201323861013
acute liver failure caused by herpes simplex virus in a pregnant patient: is there a potential role for therapeutic plasma exchange?a young woman presented with a febrile illness in the third trimester of pregnancy. laboratory investigation revealed severe acute hepatitis with thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. liver injury progressed despite emergent caesarian section and delivery of a healthy infant. therefore, therapeutic plasma exchange (tpe) was performed on three consecutive days post-partum for a presumed diagnosis of acute liver failure (alf) associated with pregnancy due to hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low ...201323857723
safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age: results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.the investigational as04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d (gd2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('hsv vaccine'; glaxosmithkline vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. the primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (saes) over 12 months between hsv vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen ...201323850416
application of shrna-containing herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-based gene therapy for hsv-2-induced genital herpes.hsv-1-based vectors have been widely used to achieve targeted delivery of genes into the nervous system. in the current study, we aim to use shrna-containing hsv-1-based gene delivery system for the therapy of hsv-2 infection. guinea pigs were infected intravaginally with hsv-2 and scored daily for 100 days for the severity of vaginal disease. hsv-2 shrna-containing hsv-1 was applied intravaginally daily between 8 and 14 days after hsv-2 challenge. delivery of hsv-2 shrna-containing hsv-1 had no ...201323845900
incident hsv-2 infections are common among hiv-1-discordant couples.the synergy between herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is well known, but lack of knowledge about the epidemiology of hsv-2 acquisition in hiv-1-discordant couples hampers development of hsv-2 prevention interventions that could reduce hiv-1 transmission.201323840044
hsv-2 infection as a cause of female/male and racial/ethnic disparities in hiv infection.to examine the potential contribution of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection to female/male and racial/ethnic disparities in hiv among non-injecting heroin and cocaine drug users. hsv-2 infection increases susceptibility to hiv infection by a factor of two to three.201323825055
reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.the association between initiation of antiretroviral therapy (art) for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and possible herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding and genital ulcer disease (gud) has not been evaluated.201323812240
pcr for detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid: alternative acceptance criteria for diagnostic workup.the determination of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection using a pcr assay is one of the most commonly requested tests for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (csf), although only a very low proportion of results are positive. a previously reported study showed that selecting only those csf samples with >5 leukocytes/mm(3) or a protein level of >50 mg/dl was adequate for the diagnostic workup. the aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of alternative acceptance criteria based on ele ...201323804382
summary measures of adherence using pill counts in two hiv prevention trials: the need for standardisation in reporting.for trials of user-dependent hiv prevention products, accurate adherence measurements are essential to interpret and compare results across trials. we used pill count data from two recent hiv prevention trials of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) suppression, to show that estimates of adherence vary substantially depending on assumptions that are made in analysing pill count data. we associate calculated adherence with biological markers of anti-hsv-2 activity. in both trials, calculated adher ...201323801018
statistical genetic analysis of serological measures of common, chronic infections in alaska native participants in the gocadan study.this paper describes genetic investigations of seroreactivity to five common infectious pathogens in the genetics of coronary artery disease in alaska natives (gocadan) study. antibody titers and seroprevalence were available for 495 to 782 (depending on the phenotype) family members at two time points, approximately 15 years apart, for chlamydophila pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2). seroprevalence rates in ...201323798484
herpes simplex virus type 2 cross-sectional seroprevalence and the estimated rate of neonatal infections among a cohort of rural malawian female adolescents.to assess herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence among rural malawian adolescent women and estimate the number of neonatal herpes infections among infants of these adolescents.201323794069
the us2 gene product of herpes simplex virus 2 is a membrane-associated ubiquitin-interacting protein.the us2 gene encodes a tegument protein that is conserved in most members of the alphaherpesvirinae. previous studies on the pseudorabies virus (prv) us2 ortholog indicated that it is prenylated, associates with membranes, and spatially regulates the enzymatic activity of the map (mitogen-activated protein) kinase erk (extracellular signal-related kinase) through direct binding and sequestration of erk at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. here we present an analysis of the herpes simp ...201323785212
application and tolerability of herpotherm(®) in the treatment of genital herpes.genital herpes is the manifestation of a herpes simplex virus 2 infection. standard treatment uses both local and systemic approaches. here, we report on the results of a local therapy approach with 31 female patients at a gynecological practice. in the here-described approach, established genital herpes infection was treated with the medical device herpotherm(®), with or without virostatic drugs. herpotherm(®) is a certified medical device operating on the basis of local heat application. param ...201323776340
biological evaluation of endophytic fungus, chaetomium globosum jn711454, as potential candidate for improving drug discovery.the main objective of this research work focused on investigating the biological and chemical aspects of endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum, for pharmaceutical purposes to improve the drug discovery process. the endophytic c. globosum was isolated from healthy leaves of egyptian medicinal plant adiantum capillus-veneris collected from saint katherine protectorate, sinai, egypt. the identification of c. globosum was on the basis of classical and molecular taxonomy. gene encoding for 18s rrna w ...201423775636
recent issues in herpes simplex encephalitis.herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) remains the most important cause of fatal sporadic encephalitis in man. caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and more rarely by hsv-2, it can have devastating clinical consequences for the patient, especially when the instigation of acyclovir therapy has been delayed by more than 2 days or more. even with acyclovir treatment, nearly a third of patients may die or suffer significant morbidity. both host and viral factors may interact to affect the clini ...201323775137
an unusual presentation of herpes simplex in an immunocompromised patient.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a host-adapted human pathogen. hsv-i usually infects non-genital sites at a variety of locations. hsv-2 primarily involves genitalia. both types can cause genital and orofacial infections, which are clinically indistinguishable. initial hsv infection is usually asymptomatic or mild and self-limited, but instead of disappearing from the body during convalescence, the virus establishes a latent infection that persists for life. rarely, there is severe visceral dissemi ...201323767386
purification and characterization of a novel anti-hsv-2 protein with antiproliferative and peroxidase activities from stellaria media.a novel antiviral protein, designated as stellarmedin a, was purified from stellaria media (l.) vill. (caryophyllaceae) by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography system. gel electrophoresis analysis showed that stellarmedin a is a highly basic glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 35.1 kda and an isoelectric point of ∼8.7. the n-terminal 14-amino acid sequence, mgntgvltgerndr, is similar to those of other plant peroxidases. this protein inhibited herpes simplex vi ...201323761431
pan-hsv-2 igg antibody in vaccinated mice and guinea pigs correlates with protection against herpes simplex virus 2.we lack a correlate of immunity to herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) that may be used to differentiate whether a hsv-2 vaccine elicits robust or anemic protection against genital herpes. this gap in knowledge is often attributed to a failure to measure the correct component of the adaptive immune response to hsv-2. however, efforts to identify a correlate of immunity have focused on subunit vaccines that contain less than 3% of hsv-2's 40,000-amino-acid proteome. we were interested to determine if ...201323755244
a modified zinc acetate gel, a potential nonantiretroviral microbicide, is safe and effective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in vivo.we previously showed that a prototype gel comprising zinc acetate (za) in carrageenan (cg) protected mice against vaginal and rectal herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) challenge as well as macaques against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (shiv-rt) challenge. in this work, we modified buffers and cosolvents to obtain a stable, nearly iso-osmolal formulation and evaluated its safety and efficacy against shiv-rt and hsv-2. in vitro toxicity to lactobacilli and candida ...201323752515
the utility of a composite biological endpoint in hiv/sti prevention trials.a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as a biological endpoint in hiv prevention trials may not be feasible, so investigators have used surrogate biological outcomes. in a multisite trial, the epidemiology of stis may be different across sites and preclude using one sti as the outcome. this study explored using a composite sti outcome to address that problem. the combined biological endpoint was the incidence of any of six new stis (chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas (women only), syphilis, herpes ...201323748863
role of immediate early protein icp27 in the differential sensitivity of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 to leptomycin b.leptomycin b (lmb) is a highly specific inhibitor of crm1, a cellular karyopherin-β that transports nuclear export signal-containing proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. previous work has shown that lmb blocks herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) replication in vero cells and that certain mutations in viral immediate early protein icp27 can confer lmb resistance. however, little is known of the molecular mechanisms involved. here we report that hsv-2, a close relative of hsv-1, is naturally res ...201323740995
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 replication, and its activity may be mediated through dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc) is widely used as an antioxidant or an nf-κb inhibitor. it has been reported to inhibit the replication of human rhinoviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and influenza virus. in this paper, we report that pdtc could inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pdtc suppressed the expression of hsv-1 and hsv-2 viral immediate early (ie) and late (membrane protein gd) genes and the production of viral progeny. this antiviral propert ...201323740985
laboratory diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in patients with pemphigus vulgaris lesions.pemphigus vulgaris (pv) is an autoimmune disorder that has an etiology impacted by genetic and exogenous factors. viral infections, in particular herpesvirus infections, have been identified as possible pv triggers which in addition cause serious complications in these patients. this study investigates the frequency of herpesvirus infections in patients with pv lesions.201323735576
the lantibiotic peptide labyrinthopeptin a1 demonstrates broad anti-hiv and anti-hsv activity with potential for microbicidal applications.lantibiotics are peptides, produced by bacteria, that contain the noncanonical amino acid lanthionine and many of them exhibit antibacterial activities. the labyrinthopeptin a1 (labya1) is a prototype peptide of a novel class of carbacyclic lantibiotics. here, we extensively evaluated its broad-spectrum activity against hiv and hsv in vitro, studied its mechanism of action and evaluated potential microbicidal applications. labya1 exhibited a consistent and broad anti-hiv activity (ec50s: 0.70-3. ...201323724015
increased carotid intima-media thickness associated with antibody responses to varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus in hiv-infected patients.we investigated the relationship of the herpesviridiae with inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in hiv-infected patients.201323717597
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate and lactic acid combinations reduce herpes simplex virus infectivity.the present study examined the efficacy of using multiple mechanisms as part of a topical microbicide to inactivate herpes simplex virus (hsv) by combining theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf-3) and lactic acid (la) over the ph range of 4.0 to 5.7 to mimic conditions in the female reproductive tract. six clinical isolates of hsv-2 and two clinical isolates of hsv-1 were almost completely inactivated when tf-3 (100 μm) was present with la over the ph range of 4.5 to 5.7, whereas four additional hsv-1 c ...201323716050
isolation of herpes simplex viruses by chick embryo culture.the chick embryo is a versatile host system in diagnostic virology, especially for isolation of herpes simplex viruses. in this study, samples obtained from 57 clinically diagnosed patients with active herpetic lesions (35 genital & 22 non-genital) were cultured by chick embryo method for isolation of herpes simplex virus. after inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of 10-11 days old chick embryo, typical cam reactions (pocks) appeared in 23(40.3%) samples after 3 days. cam reactio ...201323715363
neonatal herpes simplex 2 infection presenting with supraglottitis.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a double stranded dna virus capable of causing primary and recurrent infection. we describe an unusual case of neonatal hsv-2 infection presenting with supraglottitis. despite a 2 month course of intravenous aciclovir followed by 2 months of oral valaciclovir, the infant subsequently developed hsv-2 encephalitis which responded to further antiviral treatment. the subsequent diagnosis of encephalitis highlights the importance of testing csf for hsv to establish the p ...201323709315
etiology of genital ulcer disease in a sexually transmitted infection reference center in manaus, brazilian amazon.to determine the etiology and factors associated with genital ulcer disease (gud) among patients presenting to a sexually transmitted infections clinic in manaus, brazil; and to compare a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) assay for the diagnosis of gud with standard methods.201323704961
association of chlamydia trachomatis infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus with genital human papillomavirus infection in men: the hpv in men study.studies in women indicate that some sexually transmitted infections promote human papillomavirus (hpv) persistence and carcinogenesis. little is known about this association in men; therefore, we assessed whether chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) serostatus are associated with genital hpv prevalence, an early event in hpv-related pathogenesis.201323680908
[necrotizing herpes folliculitis. report of one case].herpes folliculitis is a rare manifestation of herpes virus infection. it usually represents a diagnostic challenge, due to the absence of characteristic skin manifestations such as vesicles or pustules. the reported cases are mainly associated with varicella zoster virus (vzv) and less commonly with herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1 y hsv-2). we report a 51-year-old male with a relapsing non-hodgkin lymphoma under chemotherapy, with history of extensive follicular lesions lasting one month. the pat ...201223677233
a cross-sectional study of sexually transmitted pathogen prevalence and condom use with commercial and noncommercial sex partners among clients of female sex workers in southern india.clients of female sex workers (fsws) are an important bridging population for hiv and other sexually transmitted infections. however, the extent of risk to female noncommercial partners (ncps) of clients has not been explored.201323677022
t-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses.human alphaherpesviruses (αhhv) - herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) - infect mucosal epithelial cells, establish a lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons, and reactivate intermittingly to cause recrudescent disease. although chronic αhhv infections co-exist with brisk t-cell responses, t-cell immune suppression is associated with worsened recurrent infection. induction of αhhv-specific t-cell immunity is complex and results in poly-specific cd4 an ...201323664660
use of a comprehensive polymerase chain reaction system for diagnosis of ocular infectious diseases.to measure the genomic dna of ocular infectious pathogens in ocular fluids and to analyze the clinical relevance of these pathogens in uveitis and endophthalmitis.201323664179
immune surveillance by cd8αα+ skin-resident t cells in human herpes virus infection.most herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) reactivations in humans are subclinical and associated with rapid expansion and containment of virus. previous studies have shown that cd8(+) t cells persist in genital skin and mucosa at the dermal-epidermal junction (dej)--the portal of neuronal release of reactivating virus--for prolonged time periods after herpes lesions are cleared. the phenotype and function of this persistent cd8(+) t-cell population remain unknown. here, using cell-type-specific laser ...201323657257
public health strategies for prevention and control of hsv-2 in persons who use drugs in the united states.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) affects hiv acquisition, transmission, and disease progression. effective medications for genital herpes and for hiv/aids exist. parenteral transmission of hiv among persons who inject drugs is decreasing. reducing sexual transmission of hiv and hsv-2 among persons who use drugs (pwud; i.e., heroin, cocaine, "speedball", crack, methamphetamine through injection or non-injection) necessitates relevant services.201323647730
use of transcriptional profiling to delineate the initial response of mice to intravaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.intravaginal (ivag) infection of mice with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) causes genital tissue damage, quickly followed by development of fatal encephalopathy. to delineate initial host responses generated by hsv-2 infection, here oligonucleotide microarrays compared gene expression in vaginal tissue from uninfected mice and mice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days after ivag infection with 10(4) pfu hsv-2. while comparison of mrna expression in uninfected and hsv-infected vaginal tissue detected ...201323638732
antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes.serine protease inhibitor elafin (e) and its precursor, trappin-2 (tr), have been associated with mucosal resistance to hiv-1 infection. we recently showed that tr/e are among principal anti-hiv-1 molecules in cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) fluid, that e is ∼130 times more potent than tr against hiv-1, and that tr/e inhibited hiv-1 attachment and transcytosis across human genital epithelial cells (ecs). since herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is a major sexually transmitted infection and risk factor f ...201323637403
the identities and anti-herpes simplex virus activity of clinacanthus nutans and clinacanthus siamensis.to distinguish the difference among the clinacanthus nutans (burm. f.) lindau (c. nutans) and clinacanthus siamensis bremek (c. siamensis) by assessing pharmacognosy characteristics, molecular aspect and also to evaluate their anti-herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 activities.201323620852
herpesviruses and the microbiome.the focus of this article will be to examine the role of common herpesviruses as a component of the microbiome of atopic patients and to review clinical observations suggesting that atopic patients might be predisposed to more severe and atypical herpes-related illness because their immune response is biased toward a th2 cytokine profile. human populations are infected with 8 herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus hsv1 and hsv2 (also termed hhv1 and hhv2), varicella zoster virus (vzv or h ...201323611298
rapid localized spread and immunologic containment define herpes simplex virus-2 reactivation in the human genital tract.herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is shed episodically, leading to occasional genital ulcers and efficient transmission. the biology explaining highly variable shedding patterns, in an infected person over time, is poorly understood. we sampled the genital tract for hsv dna at several time intervals and concurrently at multiple sites, and derived a spatial mathematical model to characterize dynamics of hsv-2 reactivation. the model reproduced heterogeneity in shedding episode duration and viral pro ...201323606943
trends and associations of trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in johannesburg, south africa.to better understand the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between t vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in johannesburg, south africa.201323605850
optical coherence tomography for assessment of microbicide safety in a small animal model.sensitive imaging techniques for small animals are needed to assess drug toxicity in preclinical studies. optical coherence tomography (oct) provides a noninvasive tool for high-resolution, depth-resolved visualization of drug-induced changes in tissue morphology. in a mouse model, we utilize oct to assess vaginal tissue integrity following the application of topical microbicides (drugs used to prevent infection). mice are challenged with herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) to determine the correlati ...201323588808
utilization and cost of diagnostic methods for sexually transmitted infection screening among insured american youth, 2008.private sector utilization and cost information on testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in the united states is limited.201323588123
fatal herpes simplex virus type 2 hepatitis in a heart transplant recipient: a case report and review of the literature.herpes simplex virus (hsv) hepatitis is often unrecognized clinically with most untreated cases diagnosed postmortem. hsv hepatitis has been reported in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients, mostly in kidney and liver transplants, and rarely in heart transplant recipients. we describe a fatal case of community-acquired hsv-2 hepatitis in a 24-year-old heart transplant recipient occurring 3 years after transplant. we also review the literature summarizing hsv hepatitis and the potential role o ...201323578273
herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection does not accelerate cd4 count decline in untreated hiv infection.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reactivations are associated with increased hiv load, but whether hsv-2 coinfection accelerates hiv disease is unclear. we compared rates of cd4 count decline according to hsv-2 status in untreated hiv-infected adults.201323572481
overcoming drug-resistant herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection by a humanized antibody.despite the availability of antiviral chemotherapy, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) infections remain a severe global health problem. of particular concern is the growing incidence of drug resistance in immunocompromised patients, which stresses the urgency to develop new effective treatment alternatives. we have developed a humanized monoclonal antibody (mab hu2c) that completely abrogates viral cell-to-cell spread, a key mechanism by which hsv-1/2 escapes humoral immune ...201323569258
detection of a new variant of herpes simplex virus type 2 among hiv-1-infected individuals. 201323567026
current status of herpesvirus identification in the oral cavity of hiv-infected children.some viruses of the herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with hiv. the aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (hhv-6, hhv-7 and hhv-8) in the oral cavity of hiv-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors ...201323563819
hsv-2 specifically down regulates hla-c expression to render hsv-2-infected dcs susceptible to nk cell killing.both nk cells and ctls kill virus-infected and tumor cells. however, the ways by which these killer cells recognize the infected or the tumorigenic cells are different, in fact almost opposite. ctls are activated through the interaction of the tcr with mhc class i proteins. in contrast, nk cells are inhibited by mhc class i molecules. the inhibitory nk receptors recognize mainly mhc class i proteins and in this regard practically all of the hla-c proteins are recognized by inhibitory nk cell rec ...201323555244
asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility.in more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 in semen from asymptomatic infertile male patients, and its association with altered semen parameters. a total of 70 semen samples were collected from infertile men who attended the research and clinical center for infertility in yazd, iran. ...201223554795
frequent detection of cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in cervical secretions from healthy young women.to investigate asymptomatic shedding from the uterine cervix of five human herpes viruses: cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv), in young women.201323550605
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (hiv, hepatitis b, herpes simplex type 2 and syphilis) among asymptomatic pregnant women.to determine the current prevalence of four major sexually transmitted infections (stis: hiv, hepatitis b, herpes simplex virus 2, and syphilis) in asymptomatic pregnant women.201223542821
high-dose valacyclovir decreases plasma hiv-1 rna more than standard-dose acyclovir in persons coinfected with hiv-1 and hsv-2: a randomized crossover trial.standard doses of herpes simplex virus (hsv) suppressive therapy reduce plasma hiv-1 rna levels (0.25-0.53 log10 copies per milliliter) among hiv-1/hsv-2 coinfected persons. postulated mechanisms for this effect include direct inhibition of hiv-1 by acyclovir or indirect reduction by decreasing hsv-associated inflammation. we hypothesized that high-dose valacyclovir would further reduce plasma hiv-1 rna and that the effect would be mediated by greater suppression of hsv shedding.201323542637
griffithsin protects mice from genital herpes by preventing cell-to-cell spread.griffithsin, which binds n-linked glycans on gp120 to prevent hiv entry, has the most potent hiv-1 inhibitory activity described for any antiviral lectin and is being developed for topical preexposure prophylaxis. the current studies were designed to further assess its potential by exploring its activity against herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), a cofactor for hiv acquisition, in vitro and in a murine model. safety was evaluated by examining its impact on epithelial barrier integrity in polarized ...201323536670
mast cells play a key role in host defense against herpes simplex virus infection through tnf-α and il-6 production.the essential contribution of mast cells (mcs) to bacterial host defense has been well established; however, little is known about their role in viral infections in vivo. here, we found that intradermal injection with herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) into mc-deficient kit(w/wv) mice led to increased clinical severity and mortality with elevated virus titers in hsv-infected skins. ex vivo hsv-specific tetramer staining assay demonstrated that mc deficiency did not affect the frequency of hsv-specif ...201323528820
exhaustion, immuno-inflammation, and pathogen burden after cardiac surgery: an exploratory study.exhaustion, a consequence of prolonged stress characterized by unusual fatigue, is associated with increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. in patients recovering from coronary artery bypass (cabg), little is known about the relationship of 1) immune-mediated inflammation and resultant endothelial activation, and 2) cumulative exposure to infectious pathogens (pathogen burden (pb)) implicated in coronary atherosclerosis to exhaustion.201423524631
different mechanisms regulate productive herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 infections in adult trigeminal neurons.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 establish latency in different neuronal subtypes (a5+ and kh10+) in murine trigeminal ganglia, results which correlate with restricted productive infection in these neurons in vitro. hsv-2 latency-associated transcript (lat) contains a cis-acting regulatory element near the transcription start site that promotes productive infection in a5+ neurons and a second element in exon 1 that inhibits productive infection in kh10+ neurons. hsv-1 contains no such re ...201323514893
genome-wide prediction of vaccine targets for human herpes simplex viruses using vaxign reverse vaccinology.herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are the most common infectious agents of humans. no safe and effective hsv vaccines have been licensed. reverse vaccinology is an emerging and revolutionary vaccine development strategy that starts with the prediction of vaccine targets by informatics analysis of genome sequences. vaxign (http://www.violinet.org/vaxign) is the first web-based vaccine design program based on reverse vaccinology. in this study, we used vaxign to analyze 52 ...201323514126
effect of the potent antiviral 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin on cytokine production by murine macrophages stimulated with hsv-2.the limonoid 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (cdm) isolated from leaf extracts of melia azedarach l, has potent antiherpetic effect in epithelial cells. since meliacine, the partially purified extract source of cdm, has therapeutic effect on murine genital herpes, the potential use of cdm as microbicide against herpetic infections was studied here. to determine the cytotoxic effect of cdm, the mtt assay and acridine orange staining of living cells were performed. the antiherpetic action of ...201423512754
genome sequence of a chimpanzee herpesvirus and its relation to other primate alphaherpesviruses.this study reports the complete genome sequence of chimpanzee herpesvirus (chhv), an alphaherpesvirus isolated from a chimpanzee. although closely related to human herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv2), the level of sequence diversity confirms that chhv is sufficiently distinct to be considered a member of a different virus species rather than a variant strain of hsv2. phylogenetic comparison with other simplexviruses at several levels supports the hypothesis that hsv2 and chhv co-evolved with thei ...201323508549
in vivo anti-herpes simplex virus activity of a sulfated derivative of agaricus brasiliensis mycelial polysaccharide.agaricus brasiliensis (syn. a. subrufescens), a basidiomycete fungus native to the atlantic forest in brazil, contains cell walls rich in glucomannan polysaccharides. the β-(1 → 2)-gluco-β-(1 → 3)-mannan was isolated from a. brasiliensis mycelium, chemically modified by sulfation, and named mi-s. mi-s has multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibition of herpes simplex virus (hsv) attachment, entry, and cell-to-cell spread (f. t. g. s. cardozo, c. m. camelini, a. mascarello, m. j. rossi, r. ...201323507287
limited benefit of repeating a sensitive question in a cross-sectional sexual health study.sexual health research relies heavily on self-reported data. we explored whether repeating a key measure - number of lifetime sexual partners - improved the validity of this self-reported response.201323496958
herpes simplex virus 2 meningitis: a retrospective cohort study.herpes simplex virus 2 is a leading cause of viral meningitis and the most commonly recognized infectious cause of benign, recurrent meningitis. we report a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) meningitis, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). the terms "herpes simplex," "meningitis," or "encephalitis" were searched in the medical records system of the mayo clinic in rochester, minnesota (1995-2008 ...201323494382
the herpes simplex virus 2 ul21 protein is essential for virus propagation.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is an important human pathogen that is the major cause of genital herpes infections and a significant contributor to the epidemic spread of human immunodeficiency virus infections. the ul21 gene is conserved throughout the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and encodes a tegument protein that is dispensable for hsv-1 and pseudorabies virus replication in cultured cells; however, its precise functions have not been determined. to investigate the role of ul21 in the hsv-2 ...201323487471
herpes simplex virus 2 expresses a novel form of icp34.5, a major viral neurovirulence factor, through regulated alternative splicing.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, two closely related neurotropic human herpesviruses, achieve neurotropism through icp34.5, a major viral neurovirulence factor. in this report, in addition to the full-length 38-kda protein (icp34.5α), we identified a 28-kda novel form of icp34.5 (icp34.5β) in hsv-2-infected cells. icp34.5β is translated from unspliced icp34.5 mrna, with the retained intron introducing a premature stop codon. thus, icp34.5β lacks the c-terminal conserved gadd34 domain bu ...201323487469
binding of transmembrane mucins to galectin-3 limits herpesvirus 1 infection of human corneal keratinocytes.epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces impose multiple barriers to viral infection. at the ocular surface, the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 maintains barrier function by cross-linking transmembrane mucins on the apical glycocalyx. despite these defense mechanisms, many viruses have evolved to exploit fundamental cellular processes on host cells. here, we use affinity assays to show that herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), but not hsv-2, binds human galectin-3. knockdown of galectin ...201323487460
high-purity preparation of hsv-2 vaccine candidate acam529 is immunogenic and efficacious in vivo.genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (sti) caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) and to a lesser extent herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). infection by hsv-2 is life-long and is associated with significant cost to healthcare systems and social stigma despite the highly prevalent nature of the disease. for instance, the proportion of hsv-2 seropositive to seronegative adults is approximately 1 in 5 in the us and greater than 4 in 5 in some areas of sub-saharan africa. the replicatio ...201323468943
herpes simplex virus type 2 serological testing at a community court: predictors of test acceptance and seropositivity among female defendants.despite the high prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), testing for asymptomatic infections is uncommon. one population for whom targeted interventions may be prioritized include individuals involved with the correctional system. here we describe the acceptability of a novel hsv-2 screening program, implemented in a court setting, as a possible intervention for corrections-involved women. female defendants completed an interviewer administered survey assessing factors associated with ...201323467289
rapid host immune response and viral dynamics in herpes simplex virus-2 infection.herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is periodically shed throughout the human genital tract. although a high viral load correlates with the development of genital ulcers, shedding also commonly occurs even when ulcers are absent, allowing for silent transmission during coitus and contributing to high seroprevalence of hsv-2 worldwide. frequent viral reactivation occurs within ganglia despite diverse and complementary host and viral mechanisms that predispose toward latency, suggesting that viral repl ...201323467247
an improved system for the evaluation of antiviral compounds against herpes simplex virus type 2.infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) can result in lesions in reproductive organs, along with long-term latency. in this work, a non-lethal strain of hsv-2 which was isolated clinically was used to infect female mice intravaginally. body weight, vulval lesions, histological examination of vaginal tissue, and viral load were monitored and used as indices for evaluating antiviral drugs against hsv-2 infection. the results indicated that mice infected with hsv-2 exhibited significant ...201323454799
interferon-ε protects the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infection.the innate immune system senses pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) that signal to induce effector cytokines, such as type i interferons (ifns). we characterized ifn-ε as a type i ifn because it signaled via the ifnar1 and ifnar2 receptors to induce ifn-regulated genes. in contrast to other type i ifns, ifn-ε was not induced by known prr pathways; instead, ifn-ε was constitutively expressed by epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract (frt) and was hormonally regulated ...201323449591
regulation of herpes simplex virus gb-induced cell-cell fusion by mutant forms of gh/gl in the absence of gd and cellular receptors.herpesvirus entry requires the viral glycoprotein triad of gb and gh/gl to carry out fusion between the virion envelope and a cellular membrane in order to release the nucleocapsid into the target cell. herpes simplex virus (hsv) also requires glycoprotein gd to initiate the fusion cascade by binding a cell receptor such as nectin 1 or herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem). while the structure of gb is that of a class iii fusion protein, gh/gl has no features that resemble other viral fusion protein ...201323443004
[knowledge about herpes simplex virus type 2 and human papillomavirus, and risk perception to acquire infections among college students].herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus (hpv) are the most frequent sexually transmitted infections (sti) among college students 18-24 years old. educational interventions for sti prevention can help to decrease viral sti prevalence among students.201423435072
immunogenicity and safety of different formulations of an adjuvanted glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized trial.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 (hsv-2) is the main cause of genital and neonatal herpes and is highly prevalent worldwide. previous phase i and ii studies showed the immunogenicity and safety of the candidate prophylactic hsv-2 glycoprotein d-based subunit vaccine (gd2-as04), containing aluminum hydroxide and 3-o-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) as adjuvant (as04), in healthy adults. the primary objective of the study presented here was to compare the immunogenicity and safety of five ...201323434737
prevalence of viruses in stool of premature neonates at a neonatal intensive care unit.premature neonates represent a population highly vulnerable to infection. this study aims to profile viral colonisation of gut and the associated clinical manifestations among premature neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) in australia.201323432694
plantar leukocytoclastic vasculitis with detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 by pcr assay. 201323432087
dendrimers functionalized with membrane-interacting peptides for viral inhibition.this contribution reports the synthesis of a poly(amide)-based dendrimer functionalized at the termini with a membrane-interacting peptide derived from the herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 glycoprotein h, namely gh625-644. this peptide has been shown to interact with model membranes and to inhibit viral infectivity. the peptidodendrimer inhibits both hsv-1 and hsv-2 at a very early stage of the entry process, most likely through an interaction with the viral envelope glycoproteins; thus, preven ...201323429490
cyclic changes in hiv shedding from the female genital tract during the menstrual cycle.factors increasing genital human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) shedding may increase female-to-male hiv transmission risk. we examined hiv shedding in 67 women with hiv type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection, during 2 menstrual cycles. shedding occurred in 60%, 48%, and 54% of samples during the follicular, periovulatory, and luteal phases, respectively (p = .01). shedding declined after menses until ovulation, with a slope -0.054 log10 copies/swab/day (p < .001), corresponding to a c ...201323417658
the estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the united states, 2008.millions of cases of sexually transmitted infections (stis) occur in the united states each year, resulting in substantial medical costs to the nation. previous estimates of the total direct cost of stis are quite dated. we present updated direct medical cost estimates of stis in the united states.201323403600
prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in kisumu, western kenya, 1997 and 2008.in 1997, a survey in kisumu found a prevalence of hiv infection among female sex workers (fsw) of 75%. only 50% reported using a condom with the last client. in 2008, we conducted another survey to collect data to inform an intervention targeting fsw in kisumu.201323372801
an adjuvanted herpes simplex virus 2 subunit vaccine elicits a t cell response in mice and is an effective therapeutic vaccine in guinea pigs.immunotherapeutic herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) vaccine efficacy depends upon the promotion of antigen-specific immune responses that inhibit reactivation or reactivated virus, thus controlling both recurrent lesions and viral shedding. in the present study, a candidate subunit vaccine, gen-003/mm-2, was evaluated for its ability to induce a broad-spectrum immune response in mice and therapeutic efficacy in hsv-2-infected guinea pigs. gen-003 is comprised of hsv-2 glycoprotein d2 (gd2δtmr340-36 ...201323365421
immune regulation of human herpesviruses and its implications for human transplantation.human herpesviruses including cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, hhv6, hhv7, hhv8, herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 and varicella zoster virus (vzv) have developed an intricate relationship with the human immune system. this is characterized by the interplay between viral immune evasion mechanisms that promote the establishment of a lifelong persistent infection and the induction of a broad humoral and cellular immune response, which prevents the establishment of viral disease. understan ...201323347211
activity and mechanism of action of hdvd, a novel pyrimidine nucleoside derivative with high levels of selectivity and potency against gammaherpesviruses.a novel nucleoside analogue, 1-[(2s,4s-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]5-vinylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione, or hdvd, was evaluated against a wide variety of herpesviruses and was found to be a highly selective inhibitor of replication of the gammaherpesviruses kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv). hdvd had also a pronounced inhibitory activity against murine herpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). in contrast, replication of herpesvir ...201323345517
evaluation of antiherpetic activity of crude extract and fractions of avicenna marina, in vitro.this study was carried out to check antiherpetic substances of crude methanol leaf extract of avicenna marina and its column chromatographic fractions.201323333436
antimicrobial peptide ll-37 produced by hsv-2-infected keratinocytes enhances hiv infection of langerhans cells.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 shedding is associated with increased risk for sexually acquiring hiv. because langerhans cells (lcs), the mucosal epithelium resident dendritic cells, are suspected to be one of the initial target cell types infected by hiv following sexual exposure, we examined whether and how hsv-2 affects hiv infection of lcs. although relatively few hsv-2/hiv-coinfected lcs were detected, hsv-2 dramatically enhanced the hiv susceptibility of lcs within skin explants. hsv-2 stimu ...201323332157
hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.uganda has long been successful in controlling the hiv epidemic; however, there is evidence that hiv prevalence and incidence are increasing again. data on the hiv/sti epidemic among sex workers are so far lacking from uganda. this paper describes the baseline epidemiology of hiv/sti in a newly established cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.201123330152
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