| factor analysis of growth of california mule deer odocoileus hemionus californica. | | 1956 | 13366069 |
| total gonadotrophic potency of mule deer pituitaries. | | 1956 | 13285464 |
| some observations on corynebacterial infections: with particular reference to their occurence in mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, in british columbia. | | 1942 | 17647842 |
| use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores : ii. black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | the effectiveness of predator odors (fecal and urine) in suppressing feeding damage by black-tailed deer was investigated in pen bioassays at the university of british columbia research forest, maple ridge, british columbia, canada. a total of eight bioassay trials tested the effects of these odors on deer consumption of salal leaves and coniferous seedlings. cougar, coyote,and wolf feces as well as coyote, wolf, fox, wolverine, lynx, and bobcat urines provided the most effective suppression of ... | 1985 | 24310276 |
| the impact of rewilding, species introductions and climate change on the structure and function of the yukon boreal forest ecosystem. | community and ecosystem changes are happening in the pristine boreal forest ecosystem of the yukon for two reasons. first, climate change is affecting the abiotic environment (temperature, rainfall, growing season) and driving changes in plant productivity and predator-prey interactions. secondly, simultaneously change is occurring because of mammal species reintroductions and rewilding. the key ecological question is the impact these faunal changes will have on trophic dynamics. primary product ... | 2017 | 29168615 |
| molecular surveillance for bartonella, borrelia, and rickettsia species in ticks from desert bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis) and mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus) in southern california, usa. | : ticks (acari: ixodidae) were collected from 44 desert bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis) and 10 mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus) in southern california, us during health inspections in 2015-16. specimens were identified and screened by pcr analysis to determine the presence and prevalence of bartonella, borrelia, and rickettsia species in ticks associated with these wild ruminants. none of the 60 dermacentor hunteri and 15 dermacentor albipictus ticks tested yielded positive pcr results. additi ... | 2018 | 28977771 |
| experimental deerpox infection in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | the pathogenic potential of deerpox virus was investigated via an experimental study utilizing seven black-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) between june and august of 2007. successful transmission was achieved via intracutaneous and intravenous routes, and by commingling an uninoculated animal with experimentally infected fawns. one fawn became depressed and reluctant to eat but systemic clinical signs in the other fawns were confined to mild transient pyrexia. typical multifocal poxviral ... | 2010 | 20090016 |
| role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: reduction in dry matter digestion? | polyphenolic allelochemicals, such as tannins, are widely thought to reduce the digestibility of plants consumed by herbivores by binding to digestive enzymes and dietary proteins. while the apparent digestibility of protein and, therefore, cell solubles is reduced in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus) consuming tanniferous forages, digestion of the plant cell wall is not reduced beyond that predicted from its content of lignin, cutin, and silica. the lack of ... | 1987 | 29357186 |
| ante-mortem detection of chronic wasting disease in recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using real-time quaking-induced conversion (rt-quic) assay: a blinded collaborative study. | prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) characterized by fatal, progressive neurologic diseases with prolonged incubation periods and an accumulation of infectious misfolded prion proteins. antemortem diagnosis is often difficult due to a long asymptomatic incubation period, differences in the pathogenesis of different prions, and the presence of very low levels of infectious prion in easily accessible samples. chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a tse affecting both wil ... | 2017 | 29098931 |
| endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in wyoming. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and moose (alces alces shirasi) in north america. in southeastern wyoming average annual cwd prevalence in mule deer exceeds 20% and appears to contribute to regional population declines. we determined the effect of cwd on mule deer demography using age-specific, female-only, cwd transi ... | 2017 | 29049389 |
| the influence of periodic increases of human activity on crepuscular and nocturnal mammals: testing the weekend effect. | human recreation can negatively affect wildlife, particularly on weekends when human activity is highest (i.e., the weekend effect). much of what we understand about the weekend effect is based on research conducted on diurnal species, which have greater temporal overlap with humans. because nocturnal species generally avoid times when humans are active, they are likely less affected by anthropogenic activity on weekends. our objective was to test the weekend effect in relation to the degree of ... | 2018 | 29122640 |
| applying network theory to animal movements to identify properties of landscape space use. | network (graph) theory is a popular analytical framework to characterize the structure and dynamics among discrete objects, particularly effective at identifying critical hubs and patterns of connectivity. the identification of such attributes is a fundamental objective of animal movement research, yet network theory has rarely been applied directly to animal relocation data. we develop an approach that allows the analysis of movement data using network theory by defining occupied pixels as node ... | 2018 | 29420867 |
| seroprevalence of cache valley virus and related viruses in sheep and other livestock from saskatchewan, canada. | cache valley virus, an orthobunyavirus, is an important cause of ovine neonatal malformations. information on the seroprevalence of this virus in saskatchewan livestock populations is lacking. the objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of cache valley virus and closely related viruses in sheep, cattle, goats, horses, and mule deer in saskatchewan by performing a plaque-reduction neutralization test using cache valley virus. in total, sera from 130 sheep from 50 flocks were ... | 2018 | 29606729 |
| orf virus infection in alaskan mountain goats, dall's sheep, muskoxen, caribou and sitka black-tailed deer. | the zoonotic orf virus (orfv; genus parapoxvirus, poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmitted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. archived tissue samples from 16 alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (oreamnos americanus, n = 8), dall's sheep (ovis dalli dalli, n = 3), muskox (ovibos moschatus, n = 3), sitka black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis, n = 1) and caribou (rangifer tarandus granti, n = 1), were analyzed. | 2018 | 29467004 |
| an epizootic of adenovirus-induced hemorrhagic disease in captive black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus). | ten fawns and four adult black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus) in a captive herd died as a result of adenovirus-induced hemorrhagic disease. acute, systemic infections were characterized by hemorrhagic enteropathy, pulmonary edema, and occasional ulceration of the upper alimentary tract. localized infections were limited to the upper alimentary tract and included stomatitis, pharyngitis, mandibular osteomyelitis, and rumenitis. in deer with acute, systemic infections, a diagnosis was made by h ... | 2000 | 11237145 |
| distribution and expression in mammals of genes ralated to an endogenous type c rna virus of odocoileus hemionus. | an endogenous type c virus recently isolated from the columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus) was used as a molecular probe to study the distribution of virus-related nucleotide sequences in cellular dnas of mammalian species. by dna-dna hybridization, the most extensive homology was demonstrated between the viral complementary dna and cellular dna isolated from odocoileus species. dnas of representatives of other genera within the same family, cervidae, were partially related to the v ... | 1977 | 69718 |
| nonlethal experimental inoculation of columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with virus of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease. | intramuscular or intravenous inoculation of 5 columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with virus of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease (ehd) did not produce overt clinical disease. two white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) exposed identically died in 5 to 6 days. there were no significant lesions in 1 black-tailed deer euthanatized on postinoculation day 5. the ehd virus was not isolated from the spleen of that deer. seroconversion occurred in black-tailed deer, from ze ... | 1977 | 192112 |
| genetic and evolutionary considerations of the chronic wasting disease - human species barrier. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies can jump species barriers. in relatively few cases is the possible route of transmission thought to be known, mostly involving humans, cattle and sheep. it is thought that sheep might be the cause of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids, and that humans might have gotten prion disease (e.g., vcjd) from eating meat from bse+ cows. a looming societal question is whether humans will acquire a prion disease from ... | 2020 | 32731042 |
| geographic variation in the prnp gene and its promoter, and their relationship to chronic wasting disease in north american deer. | prnp genotypes, number of octarepeats (phgggwgq) and indels in the prnp promoter can influence the progression of prion disease in mammals. we found no relationship between presence of promoter indels in white-tailed deer and mule deer from nebraska and cwd presence. white-tailed deer with the 95 h allele and g20d mule deer were more likely to be cwd-free, but unlike other studies white-tailed deer with the 96s allele(s) were equally likely to be cwd-free. we provide the first information on prn ... | 2020 | 32715865 |
| wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. | animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. for example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called "green-wave surfing" [3-5]. yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. we tested an emerging theory that predic ... | 2020 | 32619482 |
| cellular distribution of the prion protein in palatine tonsils of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) that affects members of the cervidae family, including deer (odocoileus spp.), elk (cervus canadensis spp.), and moose (alces alces spp.). while cwd is a neurodegenerative disease, lymphoid accumulation of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein (prpsc) is detectable early in the course of infection. it has been shown that a large portion of the prpsc lymphoid accumulation in infected mule deer takes place on the ... | 2019 | 31548473 |
| cattle ( bos taurus) resist chronic wasting disease following oral inoculation challenge or ten years' natural exposure in contaminated environments. | we conducted a 10-yr study to establish whether chronic wasting disease (cwd) was readily transmissible to domestic cattle ( bos taurus) following oral inoculation or by cohousing cattle with captive cervids in outdoor research facilities where cwd was enzootic. calves ( n=12) were challenged orally on one occasion using brain homogenate derived from cwd-infected mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus). five uninoculated cattle served as unchallenged controls. two other groups of cattle ( n=10-11/group ... | 2018 | 29715064 |
| endogenous type c rna virus of odocoileus hemionus, a mammalian species of new world origin. | type c rna viruses have been isolated from several old world vertebrates, and an even larger number of old world species have been shown to contain endogenous viral genetic sequences. the present report describes the first isolation of type c virus endogenous to a species originating in the new world. this virus, isolated from cells of the columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus, is shown to possess genetic sequences in common with dna of its species of origin. while it shares biochemic ... | 1976 | 62621 |
| neospora caninum dna in coyote fecal samples collected in an urban environment. | definitive hosts of neospora caninum are species of canids, such as domestic dogs ( canis lupus familiaris), coyotes ( canis latrans) and foxes ( vulpes vulpes), whereas ruminants, such as cattle ( bos taurus), sheep ( ovis aries), and deer (cervidae) serve as intermediate hosts. we investigated the presence of n. caninum in feces of coyotes in calgary, alberta, canada. one hundred coyote fecal samples were collected from five city parks. following dna extraction, the presence of n. caninum dna ... | 2019 | 30096031 |
| spatial processes decouple management from objectives in a heterogeneous landscape: predator control as a case study. | predator control is often implemented with the intent of disrupting top-down regulation in sensitive prey populations. however, ambiguity surrounding the efficacy of predator management, as well as the strength of top-down effects of predators in general, is often exacerbated by the spatially implicit analytical approaches used in assessing data with explicit spatial structure. here, we highlight the importance of considering spatial context in the case of a predator control study in south-centr ... | 2018 | 29676861 |
| habitat use of sympatric prey suggests divergent anti-predator responses to recolonizing gray wolves. | the non-consumptive effects of predators on prey are now widely recognized, but the need remains for studies identifying the factors that determine how particular prey species respond behaviorally when threatened with predation. we took advantage of ongoing gray wolf (canis lupus) recolonization in eastern washington, usa, to contrast habitat use of two sympatric prey species-mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed (o. virginianus) deer-at sites with and without established wolf packs. under ... | 2019 | 30539299 |
| evidence for transmission of the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite babesia duncani by the tick dermacentor albipictus. | babesiosis is a potentially fatal tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by a species complex of blood parasites that can infect a variety of vertebrates, particularly dogs, cattle, and humans. in the united states, human babesiosis is caused by two distinct parasites, babesia microti and babesia duncani. the enzootic cycle of b. microti, endemic in the northeastern and upper midwestern regions, has been well characterised. in the western united states, however, the natural reservoir host and tick v ... | 2019 | 30367862 |
| competition for safe real estate, not food, drives density-dependent juvenile survival in a large herbivore. | density-dependent competition for food reduces vital rates, with juvenile survival often the first to decline. a clear prediction of food-based, density-dependent competition for large herbivores is decreasing juvenile survival with increasing density. however, competition for enemy-free space could also be a significant mechanism for density dependence in territorial species. how juvenile survival is predicted to change across density depends critically on the nature of predator-prey dynamics a ... | 2020 | 32607167 |
| climatically driven changes in primary production propagate through trophic levels. | climate and land-use change are the major drivers of global biodiversity loss. their effects are particularly acute for wide-ranging consumers, but little is known about how these factors interact to affect the abundance of large carnivores and their herbivore prey. we analyzed population densities of a primary and secondary consumer (mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, and mountain lion, puma concolor) across a climatic gradient in western north america by combining satellite-based maps of plant pr ... | 2018 | 30088318 |
| failure to detect prion infectivity in ticks following prion-infected blood meal. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an emerging and fatal contagious prion disease that affects cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, red deer reindeer, elk, and moose. cwd prions are widely distributed throughout the bodies of cwd-infected animals and are found in the nervous system, lymphoid tissues, muscle, blood, urine, feces, and antler velvet. the mechanism of cwd transmission in natural settings is unknown. potential mechanisms of transmission include horizontal ... | 2020 | 32878935 |
| marine fog inputs appear to increase methylmercury bioaccumulation in a coastal terrestrial food web. | coastal marine atmospheric fog has recently been implicated as a potential source of ocean-derived monomethylmercury (mmhg) to coastal terrestrial ecosystems through the process of sea-to-land advection of foggy air masses followed by wet deposition. this study examined whether pumas (puma concolor) in coastal central california, usa, and their associated food web, have elevated concentrations of mmhg, which could be indicative of their habitat being in a region that is regularly inundated with ... | 2019 | 31772229 |
| ecological effects of fear: how spatiotemporal heterogeneity in predation risk influences mule deer access to forage in a sky-island system. | forage availability and predation risk interact to affect habitat use of ungulates across many biomes. within sky-island habitats of the mojave desert, increased availability of diverse forage and cover may provide ungulates with unique opportunities to extend nutrient uptake and/or to mitigate predation risk. we addressed whether habitat use and foraging patterns of female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) responded to normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi), ndvi rate of change (green-up), ... | 2019 | 31380044 |
| deer slow down litter decomposition by reducing litter quality in a temperate forest. | litter decomposition is a key process that allows the recycling of nutrients within ecosystems. in temperate forests the role of large herbivores in litter decomposition remains a subject of debate. to address this question, we used two litterbag experiments in a quasi-experimental situation resulting from the introduction of sitka black-tailed deer odocoileus hemionus sitkensis on forested islands of haida gwaii (canada). we investigated the two main pathways by which deer could modify litter d ... | 2020 | 33098575 |
| long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival, and recruitment of dominant tree species. | throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. the situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exc ... | 2020 | 32884658 |
| granulomatous inflammation of the muzzle in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) associated with mannheimia granulomatis. | since 2002, reports of deer with swollen muzzles from throughout the united states have resulted in significant interest by wildlife biologists and wildlife enthusiasts. the condition was identified in 25 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and 2 mule deer (o. hemionus). microscopic lesions consisted of severe, granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation of the muzzle, nasal planum, and upper lip, as well as similar but less severe inflammation of the hard palate. lymphadenitis of regi ... | 2020 | 32812508 |
| lesions of mycobacterium avium spp. hominissuis infection resembling m. bovis lesions in a wild mule deer, canada1. | we used molecular analyses to confirm mycobacterium avium spp. hominissuis infection in lung granulomas and pyogranulomas in the tracheobronchial lymph node in a wild mule deer in banff, canada. these lesions are similar to those found in m. bovis-infected animals, emphasizing the critical need for disease surveillance in wildlife populations. | 2020 | 32568050 |
| drought reshuffles plant phenology and reduces the foraging benefit of green-wave surfing for a migratory ungulate. | to increase resource gain, many herbivores pace their migration with the flush of nutritious plant green-up that progresses across the landscape (termed "green-wave surfing"). despite concerns about the effects of climate change on migratory species and the critical role of plant phenology in mediating the ability of ungulates to surf, little is known about how drought shapes the green wave and influences the foraging benefits of migration. with a 19 year dataset on drought and plant phenology a ... | 2020 | 32524724 |
| rickettsia parkeri (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in the sky islands of west texas. | rickettsia parkeri, a tick-borne pathogen distributed throughout several countries of the americas, causes a mild to moderately severe, eschar-associated spotted fever rickettsiosis. although most u.s. cases of r. parkeri rickettsiosis are reported from southeastern states, some have been reported recently from remote regions of southern arizona. these cases are linked to r. parkeri-infected ticks of the amblyomma maculatum (acari: ixodidae) group found in several isolated mountain ranges of sou ... | 2020 | 32249319 |
| first report of adenoviral hemorrhagic disease in three mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in arizona. | this study presents the gross and histopathological findings of adenoviral hemorrhagic disease (ahd) in two yearling and one adult mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). these cases represent the first known outbreak of deer adenovirus (odocoileus adenovirus 1) in arizona. over the span of a month, three female captive mule deer were submitted to midwestern university's animal health institute for postmortem examination. all of these deer were from the same deer farm and historical findings were simil ... | 2020 | 32212569 |
| unique structural features of mule deer prion protein provide insights into chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a highly infectious prion disease of cervids. accumulation of prions, the disease-specific structural conformers of the cellular prion protein (prpc), in the central nervous system, is the key pathological event of the disorder. the analysis of cervid prpc sequences revealed the existence of polymorphism at position 226, in which deer prp contains glutamine (q), whereas elk prp contains glutamate (e). the effects of this polymorphism on cwd are still unknown. we ... | 2019 | 31788624 |
| evidence for adaptive introgression of exons across a hybrid swarm in deer. | secondary contact between closely related lineages can result in a variety of outcomes, including hybridization, depending upon the strength of reproductive barriers. by examining the extent to which different parts of the genome introgress, it is possible to infer the strength of selection and gain insight into the evolutionary trajectory of lineages. following secondary contact approximately 8000 years ago in the pacific northwest, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and black-tailed deer ... | 2019 | 31684869 |
| cellulose ether treatment in vivo generates chronic wasting disease prions with reduced protease resistance and delayed disease progression. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of free-ranging and farmed cervids that is highly contagious because of extensive prion shedding and prion persistence in the environment. previously, cellulose ether compounds (ces) have been shown to significantly extend the survival of mice inoculated with mouse-adapted prion strains. in this study, we used ces, tc-5rw, and 60sh-50, in vitro and in vivo to assess their efficacy to interfere with cwd prion propagation. in vitro, ces inhibited cw ... | 2020 | 31553058 |
| spatial memory shapes migration and its benefits: evidence from a large herbivore. | from fine-scale foraging to broad-scale migration, animal movement is shaped by the distribution of resources. there is mounting evidence, however, that learning and memory also guide movement. although migratory mammals commonly track resource waves, how resource tracking and memory guide long-distance migration has not been reconciled. we examined these hypotheses using movement data from four populations of migratory mule deer (n = 91). spatial memory had an extraordinary influence on migrati ... | 2019 | 31412429 |
| rapid acquisition of memory in a complex landscape by a mule deer. | | 2019 | 31351009 |
| foot-and-mouth disease in experimentally infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | the only known outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in wildlife in the us occurred in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california in 1924-25. there is little recorded information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease in deer in that outbreak. in this experimental study, we compared the susceptibility of mule deer to fmd virus (fmdv) serotype o to that of cattle (bos taurus). we also determined the potential for intra- and interspecies transmission of fmdv serotype o in mule d ... | 2020 | 31329525 |
| where to forage when afraid: does perceived risk impair use of the foodscape? | the availability and quality of forage on the landscape constitute the foodscape within which animals make behavioral decisions to acquire food. novel changes to the foodscape, such as human disturbance, can alter behavioral decisions that favor avoidance of perceived risk over food acquisition. although behavioral changes and population declines often coincide with the introduction of human disturbance, the link(s) between behavior and population trajectory are difficult to elucidate. to identi ... | 2019 | 31301178 |
| echinococcus canadensis g8 tapeworm infection in a sheep, china, 2018. | we report a sheep infected with echinococcus canadensis g8 tapeworm in china in 2018. this pathogen was previously detected in moose, elk, muskox, and mule deer in europe and north america; our findings suggest a wider host range and geographic distribution. surveillance for the g8 tapeworm should be conducted in china. | 2019 | 31211942 |
| insight into the epigenetic landscape of a currently endogenizing gammaretrovirus in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | endogenous retroviruses (ervs) constitute a significant part of vertebrate genomes. they originated from past retroviral infections and some of them retain transcriptional activity. the key mechanism avoiding uncontrolled erv transcription is dna methylation-mediated epigenetic silencing. despite numerous studies describing the involvement of erv activity in cellular processes, epigenetic regulation of ervs is still poorly understood. we previously described a cervid endogenous retrovirus (crerv ... | 2020 | 31175981 |
| nitrogen addition pulse has minimal effect in big sagebrush (artemisia tridentata) communities on the pinedale anticline, wyoming (usa). | nitrogen additions are known to elicit variable responses in semi-arid ecosystems, with responses increasing with precipitation. the response of semi-arid ecosystems to nitrogen are important to understand due to their large spatial extent worldwide and the global trend of increasingly available nitrogen. in this study, we evaluated the impact of a single nitrogen addition pulse on a semi-arid big sagebrush (artemisia tridentata) ecosystem in western wyoming. this is important given that sagebru ... | 2019 | 31150398 |
| reduced body size of insular black-tailed deer is caused by slowed development. | adult body size correlates strongly with fitness, but mean body sizes frequently differ among conspecific populations. ultimate, fitness-based explanations for these deviations in animals typically focus on community-level or physiological processes (e.g., competition, thermoregulation). however, proximate mechanisms underlying adaptive body size adjustments remain poorly understood. adjustments in adult body size may result from shifts in growth-related life-history traits, such as the length o ... | 2019 | 30805763 |
| native lagomorphs suppress grass establishment in a shrub-encroached, semiarid grassland. | shrub encroachment into arid grasslands has been associated with reduced grass abundance, increased soil erosion, and local declines in biodiversity. livestock overgrazing and the associated reduction of fine fuels has been a primary driver of shrub encroachment in the southwestern united states, but shrublands continue to persist despite livestock removal and grassland restoration efforts. we hypothesized that an herbivory feedback from native mammals may contribute to continued suppression of ... | 2019 | 30680115 |
| development of a novel mule deer genomic assembly and species-diagnostic snp panel for assessing introgression in mule deer, white-tailed deer, and their interspecific hybrids. | mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) are endemic to a wide variety of habitats in western north america, many of which are shared in sympatry with their closely related sister-species white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), whom they hybridize with in wild populations. although mule deer meet many ideal conditions for a molecular ecological research species, such as high abundance, ecological importance, and broad dispersal and gene flow, conservation genetic studies have been limited by a relati ... | 2019 | 30670611 |
| migratory plasticity is not ubiquitous among large herbivores. | the migratory movements of wild animals can promote abundance and support ecosystem functioning. for large herbivores, mounting evidence suggests that migratory behaviour is an individually variable trait, where individuals can easily switch between migrant and resident tactics. the degree of migratory plasticity, including whether and where to migrate, has important implications for the ecology and conservation of large herbivores in a changing world. mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) are an icon ... | 2019 | 30449042 |
| advancing the deer calcaneus model for bone adaptation studies: ex vivo strains obtained after transecting the tension members suggest an unrecognized important role for shear strains. | sheep and deer calcanei are finding increased use as models for studies of bone adaptation, including advancing understanding of how the strain (deformation) environment influences the ontogenetic emergence of biomechanically relevant structural and material variations in cortical and trabecular bone. these artiodactyl calcanei seem ideal for these analyses because they function like simply loaded short-cantilevered beams with net compression and tension strains on the dorsal and plantar cortice ... | 2019 | 30411344 |
| mule deer impede pando's recovery: implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest. | aspen ecosystems (upland populus-dominated forests) support diverse species assemblages in many parts of the northern hemisphere, yet are imperiled by common stressors. extended drought, fire suppression, human development, and chronic herbivory serve to limit the sustainability of this keystone species. here we assess conditions at a renowned quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) grove-purportedly the largest living organism on earth-with ramifications for aspen biogeography globally. the "pando" ... | 2018 | 30332420 |
| functional attributes of ungulate migration: landscape features facilitate movement and access to forage. | long-distance migration by terrestrial mammals is a phenomenon critical to the persistence of populations, but such migrations are declining globally because of over-harvest, habitat loss, and movement barriers. increasingly, there is a need to improve existing routes, mitigate route segments affected by anthropogenic disturbance, and in some instances, determine whether alternative routes are available. using a hypothesis-driven approach, we identified landscape features associated with the pri ... | 2018 | 30329189 |
| a cryptic species of onchocerca (nematoda: onchocercidae) in blackflies (simulium spp.) from southern california, usa. | entomological surveillance for pathogens based on molecular screening of putative arthropod vectors such as blackflies (diptera: simuliidae) is becoming increasingly important. surveillance provides a means to understand host and geographical patterns of underestimated biodiversity among north american species of onchocerca and a pathway to identify and track expanding emergence of the zoonotic onchocerca lupi. herein, we have screened two blackfly species, simulium tescorum and simulium vittatu ... | 2018 | 30326946 |
| genetic relatedness of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 from 2012 outbreak in the usa. | during summer and early fall of 2012, the us experienced the largest outbreak of hemorrhagic disease (hd) on record; deer (both odocoileus virginianus and odocoileus hemionus) in 35 states were affected, including many northern states where hd typically does not occur. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was the predominant virus isolated, with serotype 2 (ehdv-2) representing 66% (135/205) of all isolated viruses. viruses within the ehdv serogroup are genetically similar, but we hypothes ... | 2019 | 30284951 |
| integrating physiological stress into the movement ecology of migratory ungulates: a spatial analysis with mule deer. | rapid climate and human land-use change may limit the ability of long-distance migratory herbivores to optimally track or 'surf' high-quality forage during spring green-up. understanding how anthropogenic and environmental stressors influence migratory movements is of critical importance because of their potential to cause a mismatch between the timing of animal movements and the emergence of high-quality forage. we measured stress hormones (fecal glucocorticoid metabolites; fgms) to test hypoth ... | 2018 | 30279991 |
| effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape features on mule deer harvest in nebraska. | understanding the habitat use of wildlife species is important for effective management. nebraska has a variety of habitat types, with the majority being covered by rangeland and cropland. these habitat types likely influence the harvest of mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) in nebraska, but their specific effects are unknown, and moreover, harvest may also be influenced by the accessibility of deer habitats for hunters. we modeled which environmental and anthropogenic landscape features influe ... | 2018 | 30221086 |
| infectious keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer in wyoming: a retrospective study and identification of a novel alphaherpesvirus. | we describe the clinicopathologic findings, relative prevalence, and pathogens associated with infectious keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus) in wyoming. seventeen cases with ocular lesions were identified among 1,036 mule deer postmortem submissions (1.6%) in an ~16 y period. sixteen cases were observed in winter and most were in male (15 cases) and juvenile (13 cases) deer. blindness was the most commonly reported clinical sign (10 cases). a herpesvirus was detected only i ... | 2018 | 30032722 |
| comparative health assessment of urban and non-urban free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in southeastern british columbia, canada. | the provincial wildlife management agency, british columbia ministry of forests, lands, natural resource operations and rural development, performed a translocation to control the urban mule deer (odocoileus hemionus; umd) overpopulation and supplement the declining non-urban mule deer (numd) population in the kootenay region, british columbia, canada. the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the health of the urban and numd populations by comparing pathogen exposure, body c ... | 2018 | 29942678 |
| evaluation of a test and cull strategy for reducing prevalence of chronic wasting disease in mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus). | we evaluated a test and cull strategy for lowering chronic wasting disease (cwd) prevalence in a naturally-infected, free-ranging mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus) herd wintering in the town of estes park, colorado, us and in nearby rocky mountain national park. we tested 48-68% of the estimated number of adult (≥1 yr old) deer annually for 5 yr via tonsil biopsy immunohistochemistry (ihc), collecting 1,251 samples from >700 individuals and removing ihc-positive deer. among males, cwd prevalence ... | 2018 | 29667874 |
| a machine-learning approach for extending classical wildlife resource selection analyses. | resource selection functions (rsfs) are tremendously valuable for ecologists and resource managers because they quantify spatial patterns in resource utilization by wildlife, thereby facilitating identification of critical habitat areas and characterizing specific habitat features that are selected or avoided. rsfs discriminate between known-use resource units (e.g., telemetry locations) and available (or randomly selected) resource units based on an array of environmental features, and in their ... | 2018 | 29607046 |
| hunger makes apex predators do risky things. | in focus: blecha, k. a., boone, r. b., & alldredge, m. w. (2018). hunger mediates apex predator's risk avoidance response in wildland-urban interface. journal of animal ecology, 87, 609-622. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12801 puma (puma concolor), an apex predator, can live at the edge of cities where pockets of low-density human dwellings form residential patches in the wildland-urban interface. blecha, boone, and alldredge () tracked puma via global positioning system (gps) telemetry coll ... | 2018 | 29652091 |
| wild ruminants as reservoirs of domestic livestock gastrointestinal nematodes. | gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections in cattle cause appetite suppression which leads to poor feed conversion, reduced weight gain and reduced milk production. overuse and exclusive reliance on anthelmintic drugs has resulted in widespread resistance in many parasitic nematode species infecting livestock making control increasingly difficult. wild ruminants are competent hosts of a number of nematode species that typically infect and are best adapted for cattle, sheep, and goats. thus, the ... | 2020 | 32160579 |
| mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in wildlife species beyond subfamily caprinae. | elucidating the emergence of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae-associated respiratory disease in ruminants requires identification of the pathogen host range. this bacterium was thought to be host restricted to subfamily caprinae, but we describe its identification in healthy moose, caribou, and mule deer and diseased mule and white-tailed deer, all species in subfamily capreolinae. | 2018 | 30457547 |
| timing of precipitation in an arid environment: effects on population performance of a large herbivore. | climate models predict that shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns are likely to occur across the globe. changing climate will likely have strong effects on arid environments as a result of increased temperatures, increasing frequency and intensity of droughts, and less consistent pulses of rainfall. therefore, understanding the link between patterns of precipitation, temperature, and population performance of species occupying these environments will continue to increase in importance ... | 2018 | 29607030 |
| adenoviral hemorrhagic disease in california mule deer, 1990-2014. | we reviewed case records from the california animal health and food safety (cahfs) laboratory and the california department of fish and wildlife (cdfw) spanning 25 years (1990-2014) for all deer accessions submitted to cahfs for pathology and/or histopathology, with and without a diagnosis of adenoviral hemorrhagic disease (ahd), in order to determine the prevalence of ahd in california. we also examined spatial and temporal distribution, age, and mule deer subspecies in deer that died from ahd. ... | 2018 | 29582709 |
| influence of precipitation and crop germination on resource selection by mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in southwest colorado. | mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) populations in the western united states provide many benefits to local economies but can also cause considerable damage to agriculture, particularly damage to lucrative crops. limited information exists to understand resource selection of mule deer in response to annual variation in crop rotation and climatic conditions. we tested the hypothesis that mule deer select certain crops, and in particular sunflower, based on annual climatic variability. our objective w ... | 2017 | 29123212 |
| comparison of statistical population reconstruction using full and pooled adult age-class data. | age-at-harvest data are among the most commonly collected, yet neglected, demographic data gathered by wildlife agencies. statistical population construction techniques can use this information to estimate the abundance of wild populations over wide geographic areas and concurrently estimate recruitment, harvest, and natural survival rates. although current reconstruction techniques use full age-class data (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, … years), it is not always possible to determine an animal's age due ... | 2012 | 22470491 |
| testis and antler dysgenesis in sitka black-tailed deer on kodiak island, alaska: sequela of environmental endocrine disruption? | it had been observed that many male sitka black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) on kodiak island, alaska, had abnormal antlers, were cryptorchid, and presented no evidence of hypospadias. we sought to better understand the problem and investigated 171 male deer for phenotypic aberrations and 12 for detailed testicular histopathology. for the low-lying aliulik peninsula (ap), 61 of 94 deer were bilateral cryptorchids (bcos); 70% of these had abnormal antlers. elsewhere on the kodiak a ... | 2006 | 16818246 |
| winter fawn survival in black-tailed deer populations affected by hair loss syndrome. | overwinter fawn mortality associated with hair loss syndrome (hls) is anecdotally thought to be important in declines of columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) populations in washington and oregon (usa). we determined prevalence of hls in black-tailed deer, september and april fawn:doe ratios, and minimum overwinter survival rates of fawns for selected game management units (gmus) in western washington from 1999 to 2001. prevalence of hls ranged from 6% to 74% in fawns and ... | 2004 | 15465711 |
| linking deer browsing and terpene production among genetic identities in chamaecyparis nootkatensis and thuja plicata (cupressaceae). | to investigate whether differential herbivore browsing reflects genetic variation in plant defense expression, variation in needle terpenes and damage caused by black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus) was analyzed on yellow-cedar (chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and western redcedar (thuja plicata). in a 100-genet yellow-cedar population, three genets that were heavily browsed and had extremely low levels of monoterpenes (0-0.36% dry matter), sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes were compared to unbrowsed ... | 2019 | 12547927 |
| influence of herbivores on a perennial plant: variation with life history stage and herbivore species. | herbivores have diverse impacts on their host plants, potentially altering survival, growth, fecundity, and other aspects of plant performance. especially for longer-lived plant species, the effects of a single herbivore species can vary markedly throughout the life of the host plant. in addition, the effects of herbivory during any given life history stage of a host plant may also vary considerably with different types of herbivores. to investigate the effects of herbivory by black-tailed deer ... | 2002 | 28547283 |
| defensive adaptations of thuja plicata to ungulate browsing: a comparative study between mainland and island populations. | forests on the haida gwaii (hg) archipelago (british columbia, canada) evolved for about 10,000 years in the absence of large-mammal browsing. the introduction of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) from the mainland prior to 1901 provides an opportunity to evaluate changes in the adaptive defensive responses of plants to herbivory. we compared (1) food choice by deer and (2) chemical defence (terpene concentrations) between hg and mainland red cedars (thuja plicata) using (1) nurs ... | 2001 | 28547441 |
| evaluation for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in black-tailed deer. | to investigate a possible link of malignant hyperthermia to capture myopathy, between june 1990 and july 1993 we anesthetized four black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and challenged them with halothane and succinylcholine. halothane had no significant effect on oxygen consumption. succinylcholine significantly (p < 0.05) increased cardiac output (mean +/- sd), from 2.94 +/- 1.05 l/min to 5.26 +/- 1.79 l/min, and oxygen consumption, from 5.5 +/- 2.1 ml/kg/min to 10.1 +/- 2.9 ml/kg ... | 1996 | 9359070 |
| systemic neosporosis in a california black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | | 1994 | 7858040 |
| use of deer models to study larviposition by wild nasopharyngeal bot flies (diptera: oestridae). | deer models baited with co2 and with co2 plus 1-octen-3-ol and deer trail scent attracted and induced female cephenemyia apicata bennett & sabrosky and c. jellisoni townsend to larviposit on them. larvae were not deposited on unbaited models. females of both species were seen at baited models, and an insect trapping adhesive applied to the nostrials, muzzle, and lips of models revealed that all larvae were stuck to the lips and bottom part of the muzzle. the models also attracted and caught most ... | 1989 | 2724323 |
| effects of cephenemyia spp. (diptera: oestridae) on the nasopharynx of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | a study was conducted to determine gross and microscopic tissue changes in the nasopharynx of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) infected with nasal bot fly larvae (cephenemyia spp.). paired retropharyngeal recesses were the preferred sites for the growing second and third stage larvae of two species of cephenemyia (c. apicata and c. jellisoni). retropharyngeal recesses distended into "pouches" that harbored up to 30 larvae. pouches were oriented caudal-laterally toward the basi ... | 1987 | 3682085 |
| alert odor from skin gland in deer. | black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) discharge an odor from the metatarsal (mt) gland, located on the hindleg, when disturbed or alarmed. freely moving, captive deer were exposed to the mt odor by means of a remote-release apparatus. responses by males and females to mt odor from both sexes were recorded with a coding system and a video camera. when the odor was present, females became more alert and left the site more often than in the presence of control odors, odorless air, or ... | 1984 | 24318429 |
| urine fractions that release flehmen in black-tailed deer,odocoileus hemionus columbianus. | flehmen (or "lipcurl") is a response of male mammals primarily to female urine, performed primarily during the reproductive season. to elucidate the components of female urine that release the flehmen, urine of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) was fractionated, and the fractions were presented to captive male conspecifics during three rutting seasons. the active principle (one or more compounds) is watersoluble, of low volatility, not readily extractable with organic solvents, ... | 1984 | 24318490 |
| changes in gonadotrophin and ovarian hormone levels during the estrous cycle of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | daily blood samples over a fifteen day period were obtained from two adult female black-tailed deer and circulating levels of progesterone, estrogens, luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay. lh levels showed an apogee at the time when there was observed estrous behaviour. the length of the estrous cycle appeared to be 7 days. progesterone levels peaked just subsequent to the lh peak. high estrogen levels coincided with high pr ... | 1978 | 571734 |
| cytology of the anterior pituitary at different times of the year in normal and methallibure-treated male columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | | 1976 | 991020 |
| hormonal regulation of reproduction and the antler cycle in the male columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). part ii. the effects of methallibure and hormone treatment. | | 1976 | 974931 |
| hormonal regulation of reproduction and the antler cycle in the male columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). part i. seasonal changes in the histology of the reproductive organs, serum testosterone, sperm production, and the antler cycle. | | 1976 | 974930 |
| the pattern of reproduction in female columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus columbianus. | ovarian cycles and the pattern of reproduction in female black-tailed deer in british columbia were ascertained largely through examination of the ovaries from 444 females. cyclic development and degeneration of single follicles of ovulatory size occurred several weeks before first ovulation. as the breeding season approached, a second or third large follicle developed in each cycle but in 48% of adult females the follicles were at different stages of maturation. those failing to rupture at firs ... | 1975 | 1159666 |
| the behavior of nose bot flies (cephenemyia apicata and c. jellisoni) when attacking black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and the resulting reactions of the deer. | | 1975 | 1139473 |
| attainment of early puberty in female black-tailed deer. (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | | 1975 | 1165005 |
| pelage and molt in the black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque). | | 1972 | 5027190 |
| comparative growth in four races of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus). i. growth in body weight. | | 1970 | 5533911 |
| the feed intake and heat production of the young black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | | 1970 | 5415446 |
| parasites, diseases, injuries, and anomalies of the columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus columbianus (richardson), in british columbia. | | 1946 | 20990807 |
| detection of deer atadenovirus a dna in dam and offspring pairs of rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus canadensis nelsoni). | adenovirus hemorrhagic disease affects primarily mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), rocky mountain elk (cervus canadensis nelsoni), and moose (alces alces) in their first year of life. the method by which the causative virus, deer atadenovirus a, is maintained in the environment and transmitted to neonates is unknown. in this study, we investigated the potential transmission of the virus from dam to offspring in rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemio ... | 2021 | 33822152 |
| adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in moose (alces americanus gigas) in alaska, usa. | in 1993, an epizootic of adenovirus hemorrhagic disease (ahd) caused the death of at least 1,000 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california, us. since then, numerous cervid species throughout the us have had deaths confirmed to be caused by ahd. in 2015, the death of two captive moose (alces americanus gigas) calves marked the first recognized ahd-caused deaths in alaska, a state in which moose are important economically as well as for food security and cultural identity. both cases were char ... | 2021 | 33822159 |