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the use of cytochrome b and ryanodine polymorphism to identify dna of animal and human origin.the aim of this study was to determine a match between dna recovered from evidence material, such as knocked down red deer, and from comparative material in form of two brown traces on the bonnet of a car driven by a person suspected of knocking down the animal. the spots coming from the car provided no dna profile, which questioned that they originated from a red deer and ruled out performance of a comparative dna analysis. for this reason, the material obtained from the blood smear was analyze ...201931703163
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli isolates from red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in poland.shiga toxin-producing escherichia (e.) coli (stec) pathogens are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus), bloody diarrhoea (bd) and diarrhoea (d), and they pose a significant public health concern. wild ruminants are an important environmental reservoir of foodborne pathogens that can cause serious illnesses in humans and contaminate fresh products. there is a general scarcity of published data about wildlife as a reservoir of food ...202031703865
a novel, rapid and simple method for detecting brucellosis based on rapid vertical flow technology.to prevent the spread of brucellosis, a simple and rapid vertical flow technology (rvft) for the detection of antibodies targeting brucellosis was developed.202031715073
habitat and host factors associated with liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) diagnoses in wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in the scottish highlands.red deer (cervus elaphus) are a common wild definitive host for liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) that have been the subject of limited diagnostic surveillance. this study aimed to explore the extent to which coprological diagnoses for f. hepatica in red deer in the scottish highlands, scotland, are associated with variability among hosts and habitats.201931718680
wolf diet and prey selection in the south-eastern carpathian mountains, romania.the romanian wolf population, one of the largest in europe, occupies a total home-range of 154500 km2 and is spread across a variety of landscapes-from anthropized hills and plateaus to remote, densely forested mountains. however, this population is markedly understudied, and even basic knowledge of the species' feeding habits is deficient. wolf diet was assessed based on 236 scat samples collected between november 2013 and october 2014, by following pre-established transects (total length = 774 ...201931751409
presence of roe deer affects the occurrence of anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in questing ixodes ricinus in different habitat types of central europe.the way in which european genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum circulate in their natural foci and which variants cause disease in humans or livestock remains thus far unclear. red deer and roe deer are suggested to be reservoirs for some european a. phagocytophilum strains, and ixodes ricinus is their principal vector. based on groel gene sequences, five a. phagocytophilum ecotypes have been identified. ecotype i is associated with the broadest host range, including strains that cause ...201931783486
vitamin b12 test volume data before and after the implementation of an educational province-wide intervention to reduce redundant testing in alberta.the data presented in this article is the provincial vitamin b12 test volume data for alberta, canada per month between april 1, 2015 and april 30, 2018. this data set was collected from the three different alberta public laboratories laboratory information systems: cerner millennium for calgary, sunquest for edmonton, and meditech for the remaining rural zones of alberta (bonnyville, grand prairie, camrose, red deer, and medicine hat). an educational province-wide intervention aimed at reducing ...201931788514
body composition and venison quality of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds reared on grass, papilionaceous or mixed pasture paddocks.red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds ( n=3×10 ) of identical initial body weight (bw, ca. 68 kg) were reared on a monocotyledonous grass (g group), on a grass-papilionaceous (gp group) or on pure papilionaceous pasture each of 2 ha (p group) for 219 d. at the end of the experiment carcass tissue composition was assessed by means of computer tomography, slaughter value and meat quality were characterized and tissue - longissimus thoracis et lumborum (ltl), thigh and liver - samples were taken for fatt ...201931807633
lc-ms determination of catecholamines and related metabolites in red deer urine and hair extracted using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) composite.a novel analytical methodology for the extraction and determination of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine) and their metabolites dl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol and dl-3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid by lc-ms is developed and validated for its application to human and animal urine and hair samples. the method is based on the preliminary extraction of the analytes by a magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) composite. this is followed by a <9 min chro ...202031812837
spatio-temporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in red deer and iberian ibex in a multi-host natural park.the reliance on multiple hosts to survive is what makes the management and control of multi-host infectious agents challenging. sarcoptes scabiei causes sarcoptic mange in a wide range of mammal species with ungulates being an important host. little is known about the role different ungulates play in sustaining endemic transmission of the disease and no study has yet to describe the long-term multi-host sarcoptic infestation dynamics in free-ranging wildlife. here, we explore 24 years of sarcopt ...202031837510
prevalence and subtypes of blastocystis sp. infection in zoo animals in three cities in china.blastocystis is a highly prevalent eukaryotic parasite of many animals and humans worldwide. it can compromise the gastrointestinal tract and cause gastrointestinal symptoms, constituting a serious threat to human health and animal growth. many animals are potential sources of blastocystis infection in humans. however, limited data are available regarding the prevalence and subtype distribution of blastocystis infection among zoo animals in china. therefore, the present study examined the preval ...202031845021
cervids as sentinel-species for tick-borne encephalitis virus in norway - a serological study.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe). tbev is one of the most important neurological pathogens transmitted by tick bites in europe. the objectives of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of tbe antibodies in cervids in norway and the possible emergence of new foci, and furthermore to evaluate if cervids can function as sentinel animals for the distribution of tbev in the country. serum samples from 286 moose, 148 roe deer, 140 ...201931855321
efficacy and animal welfare impacts of novel capture methods for two species of invasive wild mammals in new zealand.all capture methods impose animal welfare impacts, but these impacts are rarely quantified or reported. we present data from two wildlife capture studies that trialled new methods for capturing bennett's wallabies (notamacropus rufogriseus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. we used helicopter net-gunning for both species, and compared this method with ground-based netting for wallabies and helicopter darting for red deer, using, for the first time in new zealand, the fast-acting opio ...201931878314
investigation of anti-fatigue effect and simultaneous determination of eight nucleosides in different parts of velvet antler in red deer and sika deer.velvet antler (va) is crucial and precious nourishment in china and some countries in southeast asia and has excellent anti-fatigue effect. the incidence of fatigue syndrome has increased gradually. va can be a potential source of anti-fatigue products. therefore, we investigated the anti-fatigue activity of different sections (upper, middle, and basal section) of va from different species (red deer and sika deer) via loading swimming test in mice. furthermore, nucleosides are one kind of active ...202031900973
immune challenge of mating effort: steroid hormone profile, dark ventral patch and parasite burden in relation to intrasexual competition in male iberian red deer.testosterone secretion may regulate the reproductive effort and the development of sexual traits, but it may also involve costs at the immunological and metabolic levels. however, the evidence for this trade-off in wild populations is scarce. cortisol also plays an important role in mediating the reproductive and immune functions. in this study, we analyzed whether the endoparasite burden relates to hormonal levels (fecal testosterone and cortisol metabolites) and/or morphological sexual traits ...202031912636
cutaneous fibropapilloma in a red deer (cervus elaphus) associated with cervus elaphus papillomavirus in portugal.a pedunculated cauliflower-like mass was detected on the left posterior limb of a subadult male red deer (cervus elaphus) after a hunt in portugal. histologically the lesion was classified as cutaneous fibropapilloma. the identification of cervus elaphus papillomavirus (cepv-1 variant) was based on sequencing of the l1 gene. the l2 sequence revealed a nine-nucleotide deletion, as already reported in the italian and hungarian cepv-1, further supporting the theory that this is a distinctive genomi ...202031917637
identifying maintenance hosts for infection with dichelobacter nodosus in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland: a prevalence study.footrot is a worldwide economically important, painful, contagious bacterial foot disease of domestic and wild ungulates caused by dichelobacter nodosus. benign and virulent strains have been identified in sheep presenting with mild and severe lesions, respectively. however, in alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex), both strains have been associated with severe lesions. because the disease is widespread throughout sheep flocks in switzerland, a nationwide footrot control program for sheep focusing on vi ...202031917824
assessment of bovine tuberculosis surveillance effectiveness in french wildlife: an operational approach.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic, zoonotic, bacterial disease mostly caused by mycobacterium bovis, which can affect both domestic and wild species. france was officially declared btb-free in 2001 but faced since 2004 an increase of the prevalence in cattle. since 2001, btb has been detected in several wild species: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa) and badger (meles meles). infected wild species constitute a major threat, because they may co ...202031923750
a spatial ecology study in a high-diversity host community to understand blood-feeding behaviour in phlebotomus sandfly vectors of leishmania.molecular studies indicate that phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) blood feed on many vertebrate species, of which only a few are proven parasite reservoirs. investigating sandfly vector feeding preferences is therefore important and requires taking into account the availability and accessibility of host species. in terms of the latter, it is necessary to consider the metabolic cost to the insect of reaching the host and moving on to a suitable breeding site. the present study used st ...202031930740
infection with foamy virus in wild ruminants-evidence for a new virus reservoir?foamy viruses (fvs) are widely distributed and infect many animal species including non-human primates, horses, cattle, and cats. several reports also suggest that other species can be fv hosts. since most of such studies involved livestock or companion animals, we aimed to test blood samples from wild ruminants for the presence of fv-specific antibodies and, subsequently, genetic material. out of 269 serum samples tested by elisa with the bovine foamy virus (bfv) gag and bet antigens, 23 sera s ...202031947727
parenteral cu supplementation of late-gestating and lactating iberian red deer hinds fed a balanced diet reduces somatic cell count and modifies mineral profile of milk.: this study describes the effects that cu supplementation of late-gestating and lactating females (hinds) of iberian red deer fed a balanced diet have on milk production, composition, and somatic cell count (scc). experimental hinds (n = 9) were subcutaneously injected every 42 days with cu (0.83 mg cu/kg body weight) from day 202 of gestation until the end of lactation (week 18). control hinds (n = 8) were injected with a physiological saline solution with the same volume and at the same frequ ...202031947856
first molecular detection of onchocerca flexuosa (wedl, 1856) in red deer in slovakia.the present paper deals with the post-mortem diagnostics of onchocerciasis and the molecular detection of causative agents of this disease in wild ruminant ungulates (cervus elaphus, dama dama and capreolus capreolus). the animals were shot in hunting seasons 2017 and 2018, in two regions of the eastern slovakia. the total number of examined skins was fifty-eight. the presence of subcutaneous nodules was confirmed in 27.59% (95% ci 16-39) of animals. all positive skins belonged to red deer indiv ...202031953565
vaccination of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) with mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) results in positive tuberculin skin test results in a dose-dependent fashion.mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis in most mammalian species, most notably cattle and other members of the family bovidae; however, many species of the family cervidae are also susceptible. in north america, tuberculosis has been identified in both captive and free-ranging cervids. captive cervids are tested for tuberculosis following many of the same guidelines applied to cattle, including intradermal tuberculin testing using m. bovis purified protein derivative (ppd). both captiv ...202031954316
progesterone and cortisol levels in blood and hair of wild pregnant red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds.the red deer (cervus elaphus l., 1758) is one of the largest deer species in the world. females are seasonal polyestrous, with negative photoperiod: the increase of the night peak of melatonin determines the secretion of gnrh and, therefore, lh and fsh. to date there is little information regarding the hormonal control during pregnancy for this species; this could be due to the difficulty of sampling wild subjects, while farmed animals' hormonal concentrations may not reflect the physiology of t ...202031963117
rewilding with large herbivores: positive direct and delayed effects of carrion on plant and arthropod communities.carrion of large animals is an extremely nutrient rich, ephemeral resource that is essential for many species, but is scarce in the anthropogenic western-european landscape due to legislative restrictions. rewilding, a novel conservation strategy that aims at restoring natural processes with minimal human intervention, is increasing in popularity and could lead to increased carrion availability in the landscape. it is therefore important to understand the effects of carrion on biodiversity. we i ...202031967995
molecular identification of sarcocysts from tissue of fallow deer (dama dama) farmed in the open pasture system based on ssu rrna gene.sarcocystis spp. are protozoan parasites of livestock which also infect birds, lower vertebrates and mammals, including man. wild and domestic ruminants such as red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, cattle, sheep and goats may act as intermediate hosts for many sarcocystis species, some of which are significant pathogens causing sarcocystosis in livestock and humans. the purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of sarcocystis species in fallow deer farmed in an open pasture system ...202031981017
ericaceous species reduce methane emissions in sheep and red deer: respiration chamber measurements and predictions at the scale of european heathlands.despite the importance of atmospheric methane as a potent greenhouse gas and the significant contribution from ruminant enteric fermentation on methane emissions at a global scale, little effort has been made to consider the influence that different plant-based natural diets have on methane emissions in grazing systems. heathland is an ericaceous dwarf-shrub-dominated habitat widespread across the northern hemisphere, in europe, provides valuable ecosystem services in areas with poor soils, such ...202031982753
viability longevity and quality of epididymal sperm stored in the liquid state of european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).the aim of the study was to evaluate viability longevity and quality of liquid-stored epididymal sperm of european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). sperm samples were recovered from epididymides of 15 mature stags. samples were diluted to 100 × 106 sperm⁄ml in modified salomon's extender and stored at 5 °c for 25 days. sperm were analyzed to determine total motility (tmot), progressive motility (pmot) and motion variables [casa system], acrosomes with normal apical ridges (nar), viability and ...202031987322
adaptability, resilience and environmental buffering in european refugia during the late pleistocene: insights from la riera cave (asturias, cantabria, spain).the upper palaeolithic in europe was a time of extensive climatic changes that impacted on the survival and distribution of human populations. during the late glacial maximum (lgm), southern european peninsulas were refugia for flora, fauna, and human groups. one of these refugia, the cantabrian region (northern atlantic spain), was intensively occupied throughout the upper palaeolithic. characterising how climatic events were expressed in local environments is crucial to understand human and an ...202031988327
post-epidemic investigation of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in slovenia.schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a vector-borne virus belonging to the genus orthobunyavirus within the bunyaviridae family. sbv emerged in europe in 2011 and was characterized by epidemics of abortions, stillbirths and congenital malformations in domestic ruminants. the first evidence of sbv infection in slovenia was from an elisa-positive sample from a cow collected in august 2012; clinical manifestations of sbv disease in sheep and cattle were observed in 2013, with sbv rna detected in samples co ...202031991522
increased genetic marker density reveals high levels of admixture between red deer and introduced japanese sika in kintyre, scotland.hybridization is a natural process at species range boundaries, but increasing numbers of species are hybridizing due to direct or indirect human activities. in such cases of anthropogenic hybridization, subsequent introgression can threaten the survival of native species. to date, many such systems have been studied with too few genetic markers to assess the level of threat resulting from advanced backcrossing. here, we use 44,999 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and the admixture program ...202031993087
seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infection in wild cervids in poland.small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widespread amongst domesticated sheep and goats worldwide. infection of wild ruminants in close contact with affected domesticated small ruminants has been proposed as an actor in srlv epidemiology, but studies are limited. the aim of this study was to estimate the apparent (ap) and estimated prevalence (ep) of exposure to srlv infection in wild ruminants from poland. samples originating from 198 free-living cervids comprising 142 european red deer and 56 r ...202032004826
a genome-wide scan study identifies a single nucleotide substitution in the tyrosinase gene associated with white coat colour in a red deer (cervus elaphus) population.red deer with very pale coat colour are observed sporadically. in the red deer (cervus elaphus) population of reinhardswald in germany, about 5% of animals have a white coat colour that is not associated with albinism. in order to facilitate the conservation of the animals, it should be determined whether and to what extent brown animals carry the white gene. for this purpose, samples of one white hind and her brown calf were available for whole genome sequencing to identify the single nucleotid ...202032041521
onchocerca jakutensis ocular infection in poland: a new vector-borne human health risk?zoonotic onchocerciasis is a vector-borne disease, which involves many animal species, including large ungulates, boars, dogs, and sporadically, humans. so far, 39 cases of zoonotic onchocerciasis have been reported worldwide, 30 of which have been found in the last 20 years. onchocerca nematodes are transmitted to humans by blood-sucking vectors during a blood meal. the following species have been responsible for zoonotic infections: onchocerca cervicalis, o. dewittei japonica, o. gutturosa, o. ...202032051010
serological survey of wild cervids in england and wales for bovine viral diarrhoea virus.bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) is a production disease commonly found in british cattle herds. species other than cattle have been shown to be infected with the virus, thereby providing a potential source of infection for livestock. this study surveyed serum samples taken from 596 culled wild deer from england and wales, between 2009 and 2010, for the presence of bvd antibodies.202032054720
control and surveillance operations to prevent chronic wasting disease establishment in free-ranging white-tailed deer in québec, canada.chronic wasting disease (cwd), a degenerative and fatal prion disease affecting cervids, was detected for the first time in the province of québec, canada, in a red deer (cervus elaphus) farm in the laurentides region on 10 september 2018. to assess cwd prevalence and control the disease in the free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) population, a response plan including enhanced surveillance, population control, regulatory measures, and public outreach was deployed by the minist ...202032059390
dynamic network of interactions in the wildlife-livestock interface in mediterranean spain: an epidemiological point of view.the correct management of diseases that are transmitted between wildlife and livestock requires a reliable estimate of the pathogen transmission rate. the calculation of this parameter is a challenge for epidemiologists, since transmission can occur through multiple pathways. the social network analysis is a widely used tool in epidemiology due to its capacity to identify individuals and communities with relevant roles for pathogen transmission. in the present work, we studied the dynamic networ ...202032069995
novel strain of the chronic wasting disease agent isolated from experimentally inoculated elk with ll132 prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, progressive disease that affects cervid species, including rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). there are 2 allelic variants in the elk prion protein gene: l132 (leucine) and m132 (methionine). following experimental oral challenge with the cwd agent incubation periods are longest in ll132 elk, intermediate in ml132 elk, and shortest in mm132 elk. in order to ascertain whether such cwd-infected elk carry distinct prion strains, groups of tg12 mic ...202032081886
a molecular survey, whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of astroviruses from roe deer.although astroviruses (astv) have been detected in a variety of host species, there are only limited records of their occurrence in deer. one of the most important game species in europe, due to its meat and antlers, is roe deer. infected game animals can pose a threat to the health of other animals and of humans, so more attention needs to be focused on understanding the diversity of viruses in wildlife. the complete genome and organization of the roe deer astv genome have not so far been descr ...202032085761
no effect of inoculation site and injection device on the skin test response of red deer to the intradermal injection of mycobacterium avium-derived purified protein derivative (ppd).mycobacterial diseases are important health issues in farmed deer. the single intradermal tuberculin test is the standard test for tuberculosis testing in deer. we studied two factors which might influence the response of deer to skin testing: the inoculation site and the injection device. deer included in this study were 2.5 years old farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds (n = 80). two areas of 3 cm × 3 cm were shaved at the left side of the neck. site a (sa) was situated about 10 cm caudal to ...202032088530
a comparison of methods for estimating forage intake, digestibility, and fecal output in red deer (cervus elaphus).the objective of this experiment was to determine appropriate methods for estimating fecal output, digestibility, and intake in red deer (cervus elaphus). dry matter intake (dmi), digestibility, and fecal output were estimated using the dual-marker (titanium dioxide; tio2 and indigestible acid detergent fiber) technique, double n-alkane ratio technique (alk) and the pulse dose (yttrium; y) technique to determine a suitable method to estimate dmi, fecal output, and digestibility measurements. fou ...202032115639
protective effect of oral bcg and inactivated mycobacterium bovis vaccines in european badgers (meles meles) experimentally infected with m. bovis.in europe, badgers (meles meles) are recognized as major tuberculosis (tb) reservoir hosts with the potential to transmit infection to associated cattle herds. recent studies in spain have demonstrated that vaccination with a heat-inactivated mycobacterium bovis vaccine (himb) successfully protects captive wild boar and red deer against progressive disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral vaccines against tb in a badger model: the live-attenuated m. bovis bacillus ...202032118064
should i stay or should i go? determinants of immediate and delayed movement responses of female red deer (cervus elaphus) to drive hunts.hunting can be used as a tool for wildlife management, through limitation of population densities and dissuading game from using sensitive areas. the success of these approaches requires in depth knowledge of prey movement. indeed, movement decisions of game during hunting may affect the killing success of hunters as well as the subsequent location of surviving animals. we thus investigated red deer movement responses to drive hunts and their causal factors. we studied 34 hunting events in the n ...202032150545
infectious wildlife diseases in austria-a literature review from 1980 until 2017.this literature review examines infectious wildlife disease research in austria. we analyzed 226 research papers, published between 1980 and 2017. we determined that wildlife disease papers increased significantly from 0.8 ± 0.8 publications per year in the first decade (1980-1989) when compared to 2008-2017 with an average of 12.9 ± 4.1 publications per year. we illustrate information about the most investigated diseases and highlight the lack of research into certain wildlife pathogens. a spec ...202032154271
herbivory and climate as drivers of woody plant growth: do deer decrease the impacts of warming?vegetation at ecotone transitions between open and forested areas is often heavily affected by two key processes: climate change and management of large herbivore densities. these both drive woody plant state shifts, determining the location and the nature of the limit between open and tree or shrub-dominated landscapes. in order to adapt management to prevailing and future climate, we need to understand how browsing and climatic factors together affect the growth of plants at biome borders. to ...202032160360
the unique spatial ecology of human hunters.human hunters are described as 'superpredators' with a unique ecology. chronic wasting disease among cervids and african swine fever among wild boar are emerging wildlife diseases in europe, with huge economic and cultural repercussions. understanding hunter movements at broad scales has implications for how to control the spread of these diseases. here we show, based on analysis of the settlement patterns and movements of hunters of reindeer (n = 9,685), red deer (n = 47,845), moose (n = 60,365 ...202032203320
the biomolecular characterization of a finger ring contextually dated to the emergence of the early neolithic from syltholm, denmark.we present the analysis of an osseous finger ring from a predominantly early neolithic context in denmark. to characterize the artefact and identify the raw material used for its manufacture, we performed micro-computed tomography scanning, zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (zooms) peptide mass fingerprinting, as well as protein sequencing by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). we conclude that the ring was made from long bone or antler due to the presence of osteons (ha ...202032218948
comparison studies of the chemical, physical, technological, and microbiological characteristics of the european roe deer, boar, red deer, and beaver hunted wild game meat.the aim of this research was to perform comparison studies of the chemical, physical, technological, and microbiological characteristics, including biogenic amines (bas) and volatile compounds (vc), of the european roe deer (rdm), boar (bom), red deer (redm), and beaver (bm) hunted wild game meat (hwgm). the outcome of this study showed a significant effect (p < .05) of animal species on protein content, ph, drip loss, shear force, cooking loss, color coordinates, total count of enterobacteria, ...202032219928
what does the wolf eat? assessing the diet of the endangered iberian wolf (canis lupus signatus) in northeast portugal.the iberian wolf (canis lupus signatus) is a top predator that inhabits the iberian peninsula. in portugal, its numbers and distribution declined throughout the 20th century, due to human persecution, habitat degradation and prey decline, which have led to higher predation rates of livestock in the remaining packs. in montesinho natural park (northeast portugal), wild ungulate populations have been increasing in the last years, which may have led wolf to predate upon them. in order to assess ibe ...202032231379
[herbalogical study on cervi colla].cervi colla, deer's gelatin, had two kinds of original sources historically, including the skin and antler of deer, known as cervi corii colla(lupijiao, lpj) and cervi cornus colla(lujiaojiao, ljj) respectively.ljj is the mainstream of the market, while lpj is only used by common people in guizhou and jilin etc. this article sorted out the ancient and modern literature(since rites of the zhou in zhou dynasty) on cervi colla and conducted the herbalogical study. the results of the study include:① ...202032237464
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild boar and deer in brandenburg, germany.consumption of game in germany has increased during the past 10 years. wild boar (sus scrofa), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) are the most frequently hunted and consumed game animals in germany, yet information on the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in these animal species is scarce. to better estimate the public health risk emanating from handling and consumption of game, this study investigated seroprevalences of toxoplasma gondii in game hunted in the german fed ...202032291969
geographical restriction of hepatitis e virus circulation in wild boars (sus scrofa) in emilia-romagna region, northern italy.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a singlestrand rna virus that causes an acute viral hepatitis in humans. among its eight recognized genotypes, hev-3 and hev-4 are zoonotic, infecting humans, pigs and wild boars. recently, hev-3 has been also detected in red deer, which represents another reservoir of hev. consumption of raw pork products (mainly liver sausages), undercooked wild boar meat, raw wild boar liver and deer meat has been responsible for foodborne hev human worldwide. from november 2018 to ...202032300568
short communication: red deer (cervus elaphus) colostrum during its transition to milk.we studied changes in chemical composition, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin g (igg) and m (igm) content in red deer (cervus elaphus) colostrum during the transition to milk at different times after parturition (<5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 2 wk, and 4 wk). the production level was higher at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than during the first day after parturition, with intermediate values at 48 h postpartum. fat content did not vary during the study period. however, total protein and casein contents were ...202032307161
gelation of milks of different species (dairy cattle, goat, sheep, red deer, and water buffalo) using glucono-δ-lactone and pepsin.dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology was used to study the gelation properties of skim milk gels made at 37°c, using glucono-δ-lactone alone (acid gels) or a combination of glucono-δ-lactone and porcine pepsin ("combination gels"). the protein contents of the skim milks increased in the order goat milk < cattle milk < buffalo milk < sheep milk < deer milk, whereas the average casein micelle diameters increased in the order cattle milk < buffalo milk < goat milk < sheep milk ≃ deer milk. th ...202032331870
testosterone and the dark ventral patch of male red deer: the role of the social environment.the expression of male sexual traits, which is stimulated by testosterone, entails significant costs for individuals. consequently, natural selection is expected to favour the modulation of sexual trait development according to the balance between its costs and benefits. the proportion of rivals in a population may affect this balance by increasing or decreasing the reproductive benefits associated with the development of sex traits. here, we explore the relationship between testosterone level a ...202032333124
what do rates of deposition of dental cementum tell us? functional and evolutionary hypotheses in red deer.cementum is a bone connective tissue that provides a flexible attachment for the tooth to the alveolar bone in many mammalian species. it does not undergo continuous remodelling, unlike non-dental bone, which combined with its growth pattern of seasonal layering makes this tissue uniquely suitable as a proxy for tracking changes in body repair investment throughout an animal´s life. we tested functional and sexual selection hypotheses on the rate of cementum deposition related to the highly poly ...202032343718
beneficial effects of melatonin in the ovarian transport medium on in vitro embryo production of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).a major limiting factor for the development of in vitro embryo production (ivp) in wild species, such as iberian red deer, compared to livestock animals is the poor availability and limited access to biological material. thus, the use of post-mortem ovaries from slaughtered animals represent a source of oocytes for the large scale production of embryos needed for research and to improve the efficiency of ivp. however, these oocytes are not as developmentally competent as their in vivo counterpar ...202032349425
detection of porcine circovirus 3 in wildlife species in spain.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) is the third member of the family circoviridae, genus circovirus, able to infect swine. a high prevalence of viral dna has been recorded in wild boars. recently, pcv-3 dna was identified in italian wild ruminants. based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of pcv-3 dna detection in free-ranging ruminants and lagomorpha species in spain. in addition, the genetic characterization of the pcv-3 pcr-positive samples was performed. a total of 801 se ...202032369945
genomic analysis of a multidrug-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae st11 strain recovered from barbary deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) in akfadou forest, algeria.the emergence and worldwide spread of carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales (cpe) is a great public-health concern. this study aimed to screen for the presence of cpe isolates from barbary deer in akfadou forest, béjaïa (algeria).202032380242
generalized tuberculosis due to mycobacterium caprae in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) in austria.mycobacterium caprae subtype lechtal was detected in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) shot by a hunter in 2018 in the western part of austria, where, among wildlife, tuberculosis is known to occur in red deer (cervus elaphus). the red fox showed a generalized (disseminated) manifestation of the disease and a multibacillary distribution of mycobacteria in the inner organs.202032402235
epitheliotropic infections in wildlife ruminants from the central alps and stelvio national park.the mountain chain of the alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (capra ibex) at higher altitudes. previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families papillomaviridae and poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the stelvio national park, situated in the area. to deepen our knowledge on ...202032426384
prenatal histomorphological development of the reticulum in fallow deer (dama dama).the histomorphological changes occurring in the dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. twenty-five dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. by 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gesta ...202032441442
nutritional quality of wild iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) meat: effects of sex and hunting period.the proximate composition, energetic value, minerals, b-group vitamins and ph value of the loin (longissimus thoracis) of 71 wild iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), were evaluated in stags and hinds hunted in autumn and winter. in autumn, meat had a higher content of moisture, k, na, zn and thiamine when compared to winter, in which higher content of proteins and p were detected. meat from stags had a higher moisture, na, zn and folic acid content, while hinds provided optimal ph valu ...202032447187
the genetic architecture of maternal effects across ontogeny in the red deer.maternal effects, either environmental or genetic in origin, are an underappreciated source of phenotypic variance in natural populations. maternal genetic effects have the potential to constrain or enhance the evolution of offspring traits depending on their magnitude and their genetic correlation with direct genetic effects. we estimated the maternal effect variance and its genetic component for 12 traits expressed over the life history in a pedigreed population of wild red deer (morphology, s ...202032462712
[comparison on feeding habits of cervus wallichii and sympatric ungulates and domestic animals in green grass period].tibetan red deer (cervus wallichii) is an endemic species to china, which was once considered extinct in the wild. as there are several other wild ungulates and domestic animals with similar feeding habits within its habitat range, it's thus essential to study interspecific competition and co-existence between tibetan red deer and other cohabiting ungulates in the highly unique environment of qinghai-tibet plateau. using microscopic analysis on fresh fecal samples collected in sangri tibetan red ...202032476360
heat stress reduces growth rate of red deer calf: climate warming implications.climate models agree in predicting scenarios of global warming. in endothermic species heat stress takes place when they are upper their thermal neutral zone. any physiological or behavioural mechanism to mitigate heat stress is at the cost of diverting energy from other physiological functions, with negative repercussions for individual fitness. tolerance to heat stress differs between species, age classes and sexes, those with the highest metabolic rates being the most sensitive to stressing t ...202032480402
cardiovascular effects of intravenous vatinoxan (mk-467) in medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam anaesthetised red deer (cervus elaphus).to determine the effect of intravenous vatinoxan administration on bradycardia, hypertension and level of anaesthesia induced by medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in red deer (cervus elaphus).202032507716
the use of rnai technology to interfere with zfx gene increases the male rates of red deer (cervus elaphus) offspring.zinc finger protein x-linked (zfx) was regarded to be a sex determination factor and plays a critical role in spermatogenesis. rnai is an effective method of silencing zfx mrna expression. however, there has been little research on the use of rnai technology to control the sex of the offspring of red deer (cervus elaphus). the objective of this study was first to explore an efficient method to alter the red deer offspring sex-ratio by silencing the gene zfx during spermatogenesis. three recombin ...202032509876
social environment modulates investment in sex trait versus lifespan: red deer produce bigger antlers when facing more rivalry.theory predicts that the plastic expression of sex-traits should be modulated not only by their production costs but also by the benefits derived from the presence of rivals and mates, yet there is a paucity of evidence for an adaptive response of sex-trait expression to social environment. we studied antler size, a costly and plastic sex trait, and tooth wear, a trait related to food intake and longevity, in over 4,000 male iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from 56 wild populations c ...202032514059
long-term determinants of tuberculosis in the ungulate host community of doñana national park.animal tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in wild boar (sus scrofa), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and cattle in south and central spain. in order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied tb at the wildlife-livestock interface in doñana national park for 14 years (2006-2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). wild boar showed the highest prevalence ...202032516963
physiological stress reactions in red deer induced by hunting activities.hunting activity is usually seen as a factor capable of causing an intense stress response in wildlife that may lead to short but also long-term stress. in the lousã mountain, portugal, the population of red deer (cervuselaphus) is the target of intensive seasonal hunting. we collected and measured cortisol (and its metabolites) in three tissues types (blood, feces and hair) from red deer hunted during two hunting seasons to evaluate the stress levels at different time windows. we also assessed ...202032521768
serosurveillance of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in spain.schmallenberg disease (sbd) is an emerging vector-borne disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. a long-term serosurvey was conducted to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in all the wild ruminant species present in mainland spain. between 2010 and 2016, sera from 1,216 animals were tested for antibodies against sbv using a commercial blocking elisa. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 27.1% (95%ci: 24.7-29.7). statistically significant differences among species were obse ...202032530115
chromosome-level genome assembly of tarim red deer, cervus elaphus yarkandensis.tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) is the only subspecies of red deer (of 22 subspecies) from central asia. this species is a desert dweller of the tarim basin of southern xinjiang, china, and exhibits some unique adaptations to the dry and extreme hot climate. we report here the assembly of a tarim red deer genome employing a 10x genomics library, termed cey_v1. our genome consisted of 2.6 gb with contig n50 and scaffold n50 of 275.5 kb and 31.7 mb, respectively. around 96% of the ass ...202032561793
ecological niche modeling of babesia sp infection in wildlife experimentally evaluated in questing ixodes ricinus.tick-borne diseases and especially protozoa of the genus babesia, are gaining increasing attention as emerging zoonotic pathogens. zoonotic species like b. venatorum and b. microti have wild animals as main reservoir hosts. we propose a habitat suitability model for babesia spp., as tool for institutions and policy makes to better understand the entity of babesia presence, to improve diagnostic awareness and to optimize screening and preventive actions. the probability of presence of babesia spp ...202032575961
using histomorphometry for human and nonhuman distinction: a test of four methods on fresh and archaeological fragmented bones.positive identification of human remains is the very first step in anthropological analysis, and the task may be particularly difficult in the case of fragmented bones. histomorphometry methods have been developed to discriminate human from nonhuman bones, based on differences in the size and shape of haversian systems between the two groups. those methods all focus on a very specific type of bone, section, and zone. therefore, the objective of this study was to test the efficiency of four histo ...202032593113
wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics.animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. for example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called "green-wave surfing" [3-5]. yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. we tested an emerging theory that predic ...202032619482
chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids.in april and may of 2016, norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. in the light of this emerging issue, the european commission requested efsa to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk-based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into/within the eu, specifically estonia, finland, iceland, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland and sweden, and considering seven ...201732625260
assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the animal health law (regulation (eu) no 2016/429): bluetongue.a specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the btv serotypes ever reported in europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. according to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the btv strains belonging to serotypes btv-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes btv-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belon ...201732625623
scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (ii).the european commission asked efsa for a scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease in two parts. part one, on surveillance, animal health risk-based measures and public health risks, was published in january 2017. this opinion (part two) addresses the remaining terms of reference, namely, 'are the conclusions and recommendations in the efsa opinion of june 2004 on diagnostic methods for chronic wasting disease still valid? if not, an update should be provided', and 'update the conclusions of ...201832625679
the european union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in 2017.this report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids and other animal species, as well as genotyping in sheep, carried out in 2017 in the european union (eu) according to regulation (ec) 999/2001, and in iceland, norway and switzerland. in total, 1,312,714 cattle were tested by the 28 eu member states (mss) which is a decrease of 3% compared with 2016; 18,526 were tested by the three non-mss. for the first t ...201832625769
is canadian federal legislation effective in preventing youth access to vaping initiation products? a study using secret shoppers and online access in three alberta cities.the tobacco and vaping products act (canada, 1997) (the "tvpa") aims to protect the health of young persons by restricting access to vaping products. we studied whether the tvpa achieves this goal by sending young 'secret shoppers' to 120 shops in calgary, edmonton, and red deer to attempt to buy nicotine-based vaping-initiation products, and by asking minors to purchase the same product online. we used three 'improper' shop scenarios: 1. a minor or minors; 2. a young adult with no or invalid id ...202032637300
immunohistochemical assessment of immune response in the dermis of sarcoptes scabiei-infested wild carnivores (wolf and fox) and ruminants (chamois and red deer).sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei and has been described in several species of domestic and wild mammals. macroscopic lesions are predominantly hyperkeratotic (type i hypersensitivity) in fox, chamois and deer, but alopecic (type iv hypersensitivity) in wolf and some fox populations. to begin to understand the immune processes underlying these species differences in lesions, we examined skin biopsies from wolves (canis lupus), foxes (vulpes vulpes), chamois (rupicapra rupic ...202032640758
dermacentor reticulatus and babesia canis in bavaria (germany)-a georeferenced field study with digital habitat characterization.the hard tick dermacentor reticulatus transmits babesia canis, the causative agent of canine babesiosis. both the occurrence and local distribution of d. reticulatus as well as infection rates of questing ticks with b. canis are thus far poorly known in bavaria, germany. the objectives of this study were to conduct (1) a georeferenced field study on the occurrence of d. reticulatus with digital habitat characterization and (2) a pcr analysis of d. reticulatus collected in bavaria for infection w ...202032645829
valuing biodiversity attributes: a choice experiment design.this study seeks to estimate household's willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation in dachigam national park, which houses the last viable population of asiatic black bear and the hangul (which is the only surviving sub-species of red deer in the world). a survey based on choice experiment method was carried out at dachigam national park, an area that is threatened by several anthropogenic pressures. a set of attributes, such as endangered species, national park area and research and educ ...202032648162
multi-event capture-recapture analysis in alpine chamois reveals contrasting responses to interspecific competition, within and between populations.understanding components of interspecific competition has long been a major goal in ecological studies. classical models of competition typically consider equal responses of all individuals to the density of competitors, however responses may differ both among individuals from the same population, and between populations. based on individual long-term monitoring of two chamois populations in sympatry with red deer, we built a multi-event capture-recapture model to assess how vital rates of the s ...202032654115
fatty acid composition of meat and edible offal from free-living red deer (cervus elaphus).the objective of the study was to characterize tissue-associated differences in the fatty acid composition of fat in skeletal muscles m. longissimus dorsi (loin), m. biceps femoris (hind quarter), and m. triceps brachii (shoulder), and internal organs (i.e., liver, heart, and kidney) from free-living red deer (cervus elaphus) females (n = 11) hunted in lithuania. skeletal muscles were characterized by lower content of free fat compared with the offal. the highest percentage of saturated fatty ac ...202032674267
antioxidative potential of red deer embryos depends on reproductive stage of hind as a oocyte donor.the aim was to compare the blastocyst stages of red deer embryos in respect of in vitro fertilization (ivf) efficiency, morphology, apoptotic and proliferative abilities, and antioxidative potential according to the reproductive status of hinds. we used three experimental groups, including the ovaries collected post mortem on the 4th and 13th days of the estrous cycle and during pregnancy (n = 18). after oocyte maturation, frozen-thawed epididymal semen was used for ivf. blastocyst quality, apop ...202032674333
identification of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from wild animals in turkey.many enzootic life cycles involving wild animals and non-nidicolous ixodids are still unknown. therefore, the aim of this study was to report the identified tick species collected from seven different animal species (red deer, brown bear, gray wolf, eurasian lynx, red fox, european hare, and mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise) living in the wild in turkey and to investigate the presence of a wide range of tick-borne microorganisms in the tick samples obtained from these animals. the collected t ...202032683558
to beat or not to beat: behavioral plasticity during the antler growth period affects cortisol but not testosterone concentrations in red deer (cervus elaphus) males.out of rut, male red deer (cervus elaphus) associate themselves in bachelor groups where animals compete for rank position via agonistic interactions. in a previous study on red deer, males were recognized either as "non-fighters" (nf, low frequency of attacks) or "fighters" (f, high frequency of attacks). this study, therefore, aims to verify the consistency of the inter-individual differences in fighting attitude across different social contexts and investigate whether they could be considered ...202032687931
quality of main types of hunted red deer meat obtained in spain compared to farmed venison from new zealand.deer venison is increasingly valued as a natural meat. this study examines the three main sources of venison: farmed venison from new zealand (nz), the world's leading producer, and wild deer from spain (sp), the second largest producer, which mainly supplies venison from traditional autumn-winter driven hunts (monteria), involving packs of dogs, and a smaller proportion culled through summer selective stalking. meat from nz contained more protein, lower shear force and lower n-6/n-3 ratio (p <  ...202032699311
mycobacterium bovis infection in red foxes in four animal tuberculosis endemic areas in france.in france, animal tuberculosis (tb) due to mycobacterium bovis (m.bovis) affects a multi-host community that include cattle and wildlife species such as wild boars (sus scrofa), badgers (meles meles), or wild deer (cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus). the involvement of foxes in the epidemiology of tb is fairly described in countries facing multispecies concerns. after the discovery of grouped cases of tb in foxes in a french tb endemic region, a study was implemented in the core of four tb end ...202032709124
species identification of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and water deer (hydropotes inermis) using capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex pcr.to provide consumers correct information on meat species, specific and sensitive detection methods are needed. thus, we developed a capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex pcr assay to simultaneously detect red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and water deer (hydropotes inermis). specific primer sets for these three species were newly designed. each primer set only amplified target species without any reactivity against non-target species. to identify multiple targets in ...202032718080
the role of different species of wild ungulates and ixodes ricinus ticks in the circulation of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in a forest biotope in north-western poland.the aim of this study was to reveal genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains occurring in different species of wild ungulates and in ixodes ricinus ticks to check the role of the examined species in the circulation of the revealed variants in nature. the aim was also to determine if the detected variants of a. phagocytophilum are specific for particular game species as well as to examine their identity with other strains, including pathogenic ones. sequences of the amplified groel h ...202032723651
identification of the prion-related protein gene (prnt) sequences in various species of the cervidae family.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is caused by abnormal deleterious prion protein (prpsc), and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy occurs in the cervidae family. in recent studies, the susceptibility of prion disease has been affected by polymorphisms of the prion gene family. however, the study of the prion-related protein gene (prnt) is rare, and the dna sequence of this gene was not fully reported in all cervidae families. in the present study, we amplified and first identified prnt dna seque ...202032737828
detection of new crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotypes in ticks feeding on deer and wild boar, spain.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is the causative agent of the severe tick-borne, often fatal, zoonotic crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), which is widely distributed worldwide. the cchfv transmission to humans occurs through tick bite, crushing of engorged ticks or contact with infected host blood. previously, cchfv genotype africa iii was reported in spain. given the emergence of cchf and the role of ticks in pathogen maintenance and transmission, we investigated the presen ...202032738065
a study of kudurs used by wild animals located on the water sources high in ree content in the caucasus nature reserve.one of the theories explaining the reasons for geophagy, which was proposed earlier by the authors of the article, consists in the assumption that animals need rare-earth elements (ree). in order to test this hypothesis, we studied the chemical composition of spring waters in the territory of the caucasus nature reserve at three kudurs along the achipsta river, as well as at the mamaevsky kudur (southwestern slope of the pshekish mountain). at the mamaevsky kudur, we also studied the chemical co ...202032748302
bartonella spp. detection in ticks, culicoides biting midges and wild cervids from norway.bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic, facultative intracellular bacteria that infect humans, and domestic and wild animals. in norway, bartonella spp. have been detected in cervids, mainly within the distribution area of the arthropod vector deer ked (lipoptena cervi). we used pcr to survey the prevalence of bartonella spp. in blood samples from 141 cervids living outside the deer ked distribution area (moose [alces alces, n = 65], red deer [cervus elaphus, n = 41] and reindeer ...202032757355
habitat suitability based models for ungulate roadkill prognosis.roads do not only have a detrimental effect on nature (fragmenting habitats, isolating populations and threatening biodiversity), but the increasing numbers of wildlife-vehicle collisions are also a direct threat to humans and property. therefore, mitigation measures should be placed with respect to animal distribution and movements across the roads. we simulated red deer, roe deer and wild boar movements in lithuania, focusing on the two main highways a1 and a2. using regional habitat suitabili ...202032759755
nanotechnology in reproduction: vitamin e nanoemulsions for reducing oxidative stress in sperm cells.vitamin e is considered a powerful biological antioxidant; however, its characteristics such as high hydrophobicity and low stability limit its application. we propose to use nanotechnology as an innovative tool in spermatology, formulating nanoemulsions (ne) that accommodate vitamin e, protecting it from oxidation and promoting its release into the medium. the protective effect of the ne against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °c. cryopreserved sperm f ...202032768571
temporal patterns of ungulate-vehicle collisions in lithuania.wildlife mortality caused by vehicles is a serious conservation and economic problem as collisions with large mammals are global, pervasive and increasing. we analysed 14,989 reports of ungulate-vehicle collisions (uvc) that occurred in lithuania from 2002 to 2017. we analysed uvc data for four major ungulate species (roe deer, red deer, moose and wild boar) and checked for potential seasonal or daily trends. the temporal distribution of collisions was species-dependent. uvc analysis showed stro ...202032768765
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