| novel strain of the chronic wasting disease agent isolated from experimentally inoculated elk with ll132 prion protein. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, progressive disease that affects cervid species, including rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). there are 2 allelic variants in the elk prion protein gene: l132 (leucine) and m132 (methionine). following experimental oral challenge with the cwd agent incubation periods are longest in ll132 elk, intermediate in ml132 elk, and shortest in mm132 elk. in order to ascertain whether such cwd-infected elk carry distinct prion strains, groups of tg12 mic ... | 2020 | 32081886 |
| control and surveillance operations to prevent chronic wasting disease establishment in free-ranging white-tailed deer in québec, canada. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a degenerative and fatal prion disease affecting cervids, was detected for the first time in the province of québec, canada, in a red deer (cervus elaphus) farm in the laurentides region on 10 september 2018. to assess cwd prevalence and control the disease in the free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) population, a response plan including enhanced surveillance, population control, regulatory measures, and public outreach was deployed by the minist ... | 2020 | 32059390 |
| serological survey of wild cervids in england and wales for bovine viral diarrhoea virus. | bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) is a production disease commonly found in british cattle herds. species other than cattle have been shown to be infected with the virus, thereby providing a potential source of infection for livestock. this study surveyed serum samples taken from 596 culled wild deer from england and wales, between 2009 and 2010, for the presence of bvd antibodies. | 2020 | 32054720 |
| a genome-wide scan study identifies a single nucleotide substitution in the tyrosinase gene associated with white coat colour in a red deer (cervus elaphus) population. | red deer with very pale coat colour are observed sporadically. in the red deer (cervus elaphus) population of reinhardswald in germany, about 5% of animals have a white coat colour that is not associated with albinism. in order to facilitate the conservation of the animals, it should be determined whether and to what extent brown animals carry the white gene. for this purpose, samples of one white hind and her brown calf were available for whole genome sequencing to identify the single nucleotid ... | 2020 | 32041521 |
| seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infection in wild cervids in poland. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widespread amongst domesticated sheep and goats worldwide. infection of wild ruminants in close contact with affected domesticated small ruminants has been proposed as an actor in srlv epidemiology, but studies are limited. the aim of this study was to estimate the apparent (ap) and estimated prevalence (ep) of exposure to srlv infection in wild ruminants from poland. samples originating from 198 free-living cervids comprising 142 european red deer and 56 r ... | 2020 | 32004826 |
| increased genetic marker density reveals high levels of admixture between red deer and introduced japanese sika in kintyre, scotland. | hybridization is a natural process at species range boundaries, but increasing numbers of species are hybridizing due to direct or indirect human activities. in such cases of anthropogenic hybridization, subsequent introgression can threaten the survival of native species. to date, many such systems have been studied with too few genetic markers to assess the level of threat resulting from advanced backcrossing. here, we use 44,999 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and the admixture program ... | 2020 | 31993087 |
| post-epidemic investigation of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in slovenia. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a vector-borne virus belonging to the genus orthobunyavirus within the bunyaviridae family. sbv emerged in europe in 2011 and was characterized by epidemics of abortions, stillbirths and congenital malformations in domestic ruminants. the first evidence of sbv infection in slovenia was from an elisa-positive sample from a cow collected in august 2012; clinical manifestations of sbv disease in sheep and cattle were observed in 2013, with sbv rna detected in samples co ... | 2020 | 31991522 |
| viability longevity and quality of epididymal sperm stored in the liquid state of european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). | the aim of the study was to evaluate viability longevity and quality of liquid-stored epididymal sperm of european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). sperm samples were recovered from epididymides of 15 mature stags. samples were diluted to 100 × 106 sperm⁄ml in modified salomon's extender and stored at 5 °c for 25 days. sperm were analyzed to determine total motility (tmot), progressive motility (pmot) and motion variables [casa system], acrosomes with normal apical ridges (nar), viability and ... | 2020 | 31987322 |
| ericaceous species reduce methane emissions in sheep and red deer: respiration chamber measurements and predictions at the scale of european heathlands. | despite the importance of atmospheric methane as a potent greenhouse gas and the significant contribution from ruminant enteric fermentation on methane emissions at a global scale, little effort has been made to consider the influence that different plant-based natural diets have on methane emissions in grazing systems. heathland is an ericaceous dwarf-shrub-dominated habitat widespread across the northern hemisphere, in europe, provides valuable ecosystem services in areas with poor soils, such ... | 2020 | 31982753 |
| rewilding with large herbivores: positive direct and delayed effects of carrion on plant and arthropod communities. | carrion of large animals is an extremely nutrient rich, ephemeral resource that is essential for many species, but is scarce in the anthropogenic western-european landscape due to legislative restrictions. rewilding, a novel conservation strategy that aims at restoring natural processes with minimal human intervention, is increasing in popularity and could lead to increased carrion availability in the landscape. it is therefore important to understand the effects of carrion on biodiversity. we i ... | 2020 | 31967995 |
| progesterone and cortisol levels in blood and hair of wild pregnant red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds. | the red deer (cervus elaphus l., 1758) is one of the largest deer species in the world. females are seasonal polyestrous, with negative photoperiod: the increase of the night peak of melatonin determines the secretion of gnrh and, therefore, lh and fsh. to date there is little information regarding the hormonal control during pregnancy for this species; this could be due to the difficulty of sampling wild subjects, while farmed animals' hormonal concentrations may not reflect the physiology of t ... | 2020 | 31963117 |
| vaccination of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) with mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) results in positive tuberculin skin test results in a dose-dependent fashion. | mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis in most mammalian species, most notably cattle and other members of the family bovidae; however, many species of the family cervidae are also susceptible. in north america, tuberculosis has been identified in both captive and free-ranging cervids. captive cervids are tested for tuberculosis following many of the same guidelines applied to cattle, including intradermal tuberculin testing using m. bovis purified protein derivative (ppd). both captiv ... | 2020 | 31954316 |
| parenteral cu supplementation of late-gestating and lactating iberian red deer hinds fed a balanced diet reduces somatic cell count and modifies mineral profile of milk. | : this study describes the effects that cu supplementation of late-gestating and lactating females (hinds) of iberian red deer fed a balanced diet have on milk production, composition, and somatic cell count (scc). experimental hinds (n = 9) were subcutaneously injected every 42 days with cu (0.83 mg cu/kg body weight) from day 202 of gestation until the end of lactation (week 18). control hinds (n = 8) were injected with a physiological saline solution with the same volume and at the same frequ ... | 2020 | 31947856 |
| infection with foamy virus in wild ruminants-evidence for a new virus reservoir? | foamy viruses (fvs) are widely distributed and infect many animal species including non-human primates, horses, cattle, and cats. several reports also suggest that other species can be fv hosts. since most of such studies involved livestock or companion animals, we aimed to test blood samples from wild ruminants for the presence of fv-specific antibodies and, subsequently, genetic material. out of 269 serum samples tested by elisa with the bovine foamy virus (bfv) gag and bet antigens, 23 sera s ... | 2020 | 31947727 |
| a spatial ecology study in a high-diversity host community to understand blood-feeding behaviour in phlebotomus sandfly vectors of leishmania. | molecular studies indicate that phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) blood feed on many vertebrate species, of which only a few are proven parasite reservoirs. investigating sandfly vector feeding preferences is therefore important and requires taking into account the availability and accessibility of host species. in terms of the latter, it is necessary to consider the metabolic cost to the insect of reaching the host and moving on to a suitable breeding site. the present study used st ... | 2020 | 31930740 |
| cutaneous fibropapilloma in a red deer (cervus elaphus) associated with cervus elaphus papillomavirus in portugal. | a pedunculated cauliflower-like mass was detected on the left posterior limb of a subadult male red deer (cervus elaphus) after a hunt in portugal. histologically the lesion was classified as cutaneous fibropapilloma. the identification of cervus elaphus papillomavirus (cepv-1 variant) was based on sequencing of the l1 gene. the l2 sequence revealed a nine-nucleotide deletion, as already reported in the italian and hungarian cepv-1, further supporting the theory that this is a distinctive genomi ... | 2020 | 31917637 |
| immune challenge of mating effort: steroid hormone profile, dark ventral patch and parasite burden in relation to intrasexual competition in male iberian red deer. | testosterone secretion may regulate the reproductive effort and the development of sexual traits, but it may also involve costs at the immunological and metabolic levels. however, the evidence for this trade-off in wild populations is scarce. cortisol also plays an important role in mediating the reproductive and immune functions. in this study, we analyzed whether the endoparasite burden relates to hormonal levels (fecal testosterone and cortisol metabolites) and/or morphological sexual traits ... | 2020 | 31912636 |
| investigation of anti-fatigue effect and simultaneous determination of eight nucleosides in different parts of velvet antler in red deer and sika deer. | velvet antler (va) is crucial and precious nourishment in china and some countries in southeast asia and has excellent anti-fatigue effect. the incidence of fatigue syndrome has increased gradually. va can be a potential source of anti-fatigue products. therefore, we investigated the anti-fatigue activity of different sections (upper, middle, and basal section) of va from different species (red deer and sika deer) via loading swimming test in mice. furthermore, nucleosides are one kind of active ... | 2020 | 31900973 |
| spatio-temporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in red deer and iberian ibex in a multi-host natural park. | the reliance on multiple hosts to survive is what makes the management and control of multi-host infectious agents challenging. sarcoptes scabiei causes sarcoptic mange in a wide range of mammal species with ungulates being an important host. little is known about the role different ungulates play in sustaining endemic transmission of the disease and no study has yet to describe the long-term multi-host sarcoptic infestation dynamics in free-ranging wildlife. here, we explore 24 years of sarcopt ... | 2020 | 31837510 |
| lc-ms determination of catecholamines and related metabolites in red deer urine and hair extracted using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) composite. | a novel analytical methodology for the extraction and determination of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine) and their metabolites dl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol and dl-3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid by lc-ms is developed and validated for its application to human and animal urine and hair samples. the method is based on the preliminary extraction of the analytes by a magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) composite. this is followed by a <9 min chro ... | 2020 | 31812837 |
| body composition and venison quality of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds reared on grass, papilionaceous or mixed pasture paddocks. | red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds ( n=3×10 ) of identical initial body weight (bw, ca. 68 kg) were reared on a monocotyledonous grass (g group), on a grass-papilionaceous (gp group) or on pure papilionaceous pasture each of 2 ha (p group) for 219 d. at the end of the experiment carcass tissue composition was assessed by means of computer tomography, slaughter value and meat quality were characterized and tissue - longissimus thoracis et lumborum (ltl), thigh and liver - samples were taken for fatt ... | 2019 | 31807633 |
| vitamin b12 test volume data before and after the implementation of an educational province-wide intervention to reduce redundant testing in alberta. | the data presented in this article is the provincial vitamin b12 test volume data for alberta, canada per month between april 1, 2015 and april 30, 2018. this data set was collected from the three different alberta public laboratories laboratory information systems: cerner millennium for calgary, sunquest for edmonton, and meditech for the remaining rural zones of alberta (bonnyville, grand prairie, camrose, red deer, and medicine hat). an educational province-wide intervention aimed at reducing ... | 2019 | 31788514 |
| habitat and host factors associated with liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) diagnoses in wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in the scottish highlands. | red deer (cervus elaphus) are a common wild definitive host for liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) that have been the subject of limited diagnostic surveillance. this study aimed to explore the extent to which coprological diagnoses for f. hepatica in red deer in the scottish highlands, scotland, are associated with variability among hosts and habitats. | 2019 | 31718680 |
| a novel, rapid and simple method for detecting brucellosis based on rapid vertical flow technology. | to prevent the spread of brucellosis, a simple and rapid vertical flow technology (rvft) for the detection of antibodies targeting brucellosis was developed. | 2020 | 31715073 |
| the use of cytochrome b and ryanodine polymorphism to identify dna of animal and human origin. | the aim of this study was to determine a match between dna recovered from evidence material, such as knocked down red deer, and from comparative material in form of two brown traces on the bonnet of a car driven by a person suspected of knocking down the animal. the spots coming from the car provided no dna profile, which questioned that they originated from a red deer and ruled out performance of a comparative dna analysis. for this reason, the material obtained from the blood smear was analyze ... | 2019 | 31703163 |
| the role of selection and evolution in changing parturition date in a red deer population. | changing environmental conditions cause changes in the distributions of phenotypic traits in natural populations. however, determining the mechanisms responsible for these changes-and, in particular, the relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary responses-is difficult. to our knowledge, no study has yet reported evidence that evolutionary change underlies the most widely reported phenotypic response to climate change: the advancement of breeding times. in a wild populat ... | 2019 | 31689300 |
| diversity of babesia spp. in cervid ungulates based on the 18s rdna and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i phylogenies. | free ranging ungulates, represented in europe mostly by several deer species, are important hosts for ticks and reservoirs of tick-borne infections. a number of studies have focused on the prevalence of tick borne pathogens in deer chiefly with the aim to determine their potential role as reservoir hosts for important human and livestock pathogens. however, genetic similarity of babesia spp. forming a group commonly termed as a clade vi that accommodates the deer piroplasms, complicates this tas ... | 2020 | 31678240 |
| elaphostrongylus and dictyocaulus infections in norwegian wild reindeer and red deer populations in relation to summer pasture altitude and climate. | nematodes of the genera elaphostrongylus and dictyocaulus are associated with disease in semi-domesticated tundra reindeer and farmed red deer whereas less knowledge exists in the wild. their first stage larvae (l1) develop to the infective third stage (l3) in the environment; elaphostrongylus spp. within intermediate gastropod hosts and dictyocaulus spp. as free-living larvae. larval development of elaphostrongylus is highly temperature dependent with a developmental minimum of 9-10 °c. larval ... | 2019 | 31667081 |
| sarcocystis morae (apicomplexa) in fallow deer (dama dama) from spain: ultrastructure and new host record. | members of the genus sarcocystis are frequently found infecting members of the family cervidae. although sarcocystis species are generally host specific for their intermediate hosts, species in cervids appear to be less host specific. here, we report fallow deer (dama dama) as a new host for sarcocystis morae, originally described from the red deer (cervus elaphus). tongues of 69 legally hunted animals in spain were tested for sarcocysts, and the species were characterized by light microscopy, u ... | 2019 | 31660793 |
| influence of foetal calf serum supplementation during in vitro embryo culture in iberian red deer. | nowadays, the use of foetal calf serum (fcs) during in vitro embryo culture is very controversial. whilst some authors have encouraged its use, others reject it because of its harmful effects. although in vitro embryo production in red deer is a promising assisted reproductive technique, it is still in its infancy and a great effort is needed to update the protocols used. the aim of this study was to assess whether fcs supplementation in red deer embryo culture medium is necessary to produce bla ... | 2019 | 31625239 |
| prevalence of coxiella burnetii (legionellales: coxiellaceae) infection among wildlife species and the tick hyalomma lusitanicum (acari: ixodidae) in a meso-mediterranean ecosystem. | q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by coxiella burnetii (derrick) philip. it is a major cause of abortion among sheep and may be responsible for reproductive losses in red deer in spain. airborne transmission is the most widespread; however, some studies suggested that ticks may play a role, but little is known about their actual involvement in the c. burnetii cycle. the aim of this study was to determine the role that hyalomma lusitanicum (koch) tick plays in the maintenance of this agent a ... | 2020 | 31589748 |
| red deer (cervus elaphus) did not play the role of maintenance host for bluetongue virus in france: the burden of proof by long-term wildlife monitoring and culicoides snapshots. | bluetongue virus (btv) is a culicoides-borne pathogen infecting both domestic and wild ruminants. in europe, the red deer (cervus elaphus) (rd) is considered a potential btv reservoir, but persistent sylvatic cycle has not yet been demonstrated. in this paper, we explored the dynamics of btv1 and btv8 serotypes in the rd in france, and the potential role of that species in the re-emergence of btv8 in livestock by 2015 (i.e., 5 years after the former last domestic cases). we performed 8 years of ... | 2019 | 31569721 |
| can plant traits predict seed dispersal probability via red deer guts, fur, and hooves? | seed dispersal by mammals provides functional connectivity between isolated plant habitat patches. across much of europe, red deer (cervus elaphus) populations are growing steadily, potentially leading to increasing importance of this large mammal species to plant dispersal. while deer endozoochory is relatively well studied, epizoochory via fur and hoof attachment is much less understood. seed dispersal internally and externally on 57 red deer individuals was investigated by sampling the seed c ... | 2019 | 31534692 |
| cryptosporidium infections in terrestrial ungulates with focus on livestock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | cryptosporidium spp. are causative agents of gastrointestinal diseases in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. mortality resulting from the disease is low in livestock, although severe cryptosporidiosis has been associated with fatality in young animals. | 2019 | 31521186 |
| shedding of mycobacterium caprae by wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in the bavarian alpine regions, germany. | the number of natural infections with mycobacterium caprae in wildlife and in cattle in the bavarian and austrian alpine regions has increased over the last decade. red deer (cervus elaphus) have been recognized as maintenance reservoir; however, the transmission routes of m. caprae among and from naturally infected red deer are unknown. the unexpected high prevalence in some hot spot regions might suggest an effective indirect transmission of infection. therefore, this study was undertaken to d ... | 2020 | 31512795 |
| characteristics of subclinical mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in a captive white-tailed deer herd. | paratuberculosis (johne's disease) is caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map), and affects both domestic and wild ruminants, including cattle, goats, sheep, and deer. in cattle, most infections occur during calfhood followed by a prolonged incubation period of 1-2 y or more before cows shed culturable numbers of map bacilli in their feces. as disease progresses, infected animals develop protein-losing enteropathy, intractable diarrhea, and weight loss. in a cohort of 32 clinica ... | 2019 | 31510911 |
| the intensity of male-male competition may affect chemical scent constituents in the dark ventral patch of male iberian red deer. | during the mating season, iberian red deer males (cervus elaphus hispanicus) present a large visible dark ventral area in their abdomen. this characteristic dark-haired area is formed by the impregnation of the hair with sprayed urine and gland secretions and contains volatile compounds that can be used in intraspecific communication. here, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) to describe the lipophilic chemicals from the dark ventral patch of males from different populations wit ... | 2019 | 31479490 |
| influence of farming conditions on the rumen of red deer (cervus elaphus). | the red deer is an intermediate feeder, showing a marked degree of forage selectivity, with seasonal morphological adaptations due to changes in food quality and availability. in captivity, deer have a limited choice of habitat and food, and we hypothesize that this condition affects the rumen environment. rumen samples were collected from 20 farmed and 11 wild red deer in autumn 2018 in poland, and analyzed for chemical composition, food residues, microbial population, and rumen papillation. fa ... | 2019 | 31450866 |
| differentiation of live and dead mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in meat samples using pma qpcr. | the causative agents of zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (btb), mycobacterium bovis and m. caprae, are members of the m. tuberculosis complex (mtc). wildlife such as red deer infected with btb are often without pathological findings, thus meat thereof may be classified as safe for human consumption. the culturing of mtc is time consuming and inappropriate to be applied with fresh meat and food. therefore, a rapid method "pma qpcr" to differentiate living and dead cells of mtc was developed in this s ... | 2019 | 31421753 |
| consistent within-individual plasticity is sufficient to explain temperature responses in red deer reproductive traits. | warming global temperatures are affecting a range of aspects of wild populations, but the exact mechanisms driving associations between temperature and phenotypic traits may be difficult to identify. here, we use a 36-year data set on a wild population of red deer to investigate the causes of associations between temperature and two important components of female reproduction: timing of breeding and offspring size. by separating within- versus between-individual associations with temperature for ... | 2019 | 31420999 |
| afforested farmland vs. forestland: effects of bark stripping by cervus elaphus and climate on production potential and structure of picea abies forests. | the aim of this study was to evaluate (1) effects of bark stripping and climatic factors on radial growth of picea abies /l./ karst., (2) production and structural differences between stands established on the forestland and abandoned farmland (afforested farmland-henceforth, farmland), and (3) interaction among the losses caused by ungulate damages, production, diversity, and soil types. data acquired from four permanent research plots (prps) located on the forestland and eight prps on the farm ... | 2019 | 31415638 |
| genotyping of pestivirus a (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) detected in faeces and in other specimens of domestic and wild ruminants at the wildlife-livestock interface. | pestiviruses are widespread in the world among ungulates and infect both domestic and wild animals causing severe economic losses in livestock. bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1), now re-designated as pestivirus a, causes diseases mainly in cattle, while few data are available about infection in wild ruminants and about the role of these animals in viral maintenance and spread. in order to investigate bvdv-1 infection in domestic and wild ruminants, especially at the wildlife/livestock ... | 2019 | 31383300 |
| analysis of 19 minerals and cortisol in red deer hair in two different areas of the stelvio national park: a preliminary study. | the aim of the study was to perform an investigation on the concentration of 19 minerals and cortisol in red deer (cervuselaphus) hair, a matrix that is easy to collect with non-invasive and painless sampling, able to represent an integrative values of long-term substance concentrations, and able to give useful information, also when performed on dead animals, given its extreme stability over time. in the study thirty-five animals were included, coming from two different sides of a valley in the ... | 2019 | 31357529 |
| comparative proteomics analysis reveals the difference during antler regeneration stage between red deer and sika deer. | deer antler, as the only mammalian regenerative appendage, provides an optimal model to study regenerative medicine. antler harvested from red deer or sika deer were mainly study objects used to disclose the mechanism underlying antler regeneration over past decades. a previous study used proteomic technology to reveal the signaling pathways of antler stem cell derived from red deer. moreover, transcriptome of antler tip from sika deer provide us with the essential genes, which regulated antler ... | 2019 | 31346498 |
| chemokine-binding proteins encoded by parapoxvirus of red deer of new zealand display evidence of gene duplication and divergence of ligand specificity. | parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz) is a species of the parapoxvirus genus that causes pustular dermatitis. we identified a cluster of genes in pvnz that encode three unique chemokine-binding proteins (cbps) namely orf112.0, orf112.3 and orf112.6. chemokines are a large family of molecules that direct cell trafficking to sites of inflammation and through lymphatic organs. the pvnz-cbps were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance against a broad spectrum of cxc, cc, xc and cx3c chemokin ... | 2019 | 31293551 |
| studies on the physicochemical characteristics of the new zealand deer's tail, cervus elaphus var. scoticus (iii). | this study was designed to determine the nutritional profile and functional components of the nzt (new zealand deer's tail, cervus elaphus var. scoticus lönnberg). twenty-nine fatty acids, eighteen amino acids, twenty-five minerals, chondroitin, and phospholipids were detected by the auto-fatty acid analyzer, auto-amino acid analyzer, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer, absorbance measurements, and by weighing after separating, respectively. 7-ketocholesterol was isola ... | 2019 | 31275701 |
| different maternal investment strategies for male and female calves in a polygynous mammal. | maternal effects occur when the phenotype of the mother influences that of the young to the detriment of her survival, growth or fitness. the investment of the mother can be affected by maternal body condition and/or experience. trivers-willard hypothesis (twh) and local resource competition hypothesis (lrch) are the main hypotheses used to explain bias in birth sex-ratios in mammals, as well as for sex-biased maternal investment. both hypotheses suggest that a different amount of investment mus ... | 2019 | 31263485 |
| a proteomic-based approach for the search of biomarkers in iberian wild deer (cervus elaphus) as indicators of meat quality. | the positive perception of deer meat among consumers is growing. consequently, further efforts are needed to control its meat quality. specifically, the aim of this study was to search protein biomarkers in connection with tenderness and intramuscular fat (imf) content of iberian wild red deer (cervus elaphus) meat. twelve venison samples classified as tender, intermediate and tough meat, as well as with different imf were studied, using quantitative proteomic by swath-ms combined with bioinform ... | 2019 | 31228583 |
| unravelling the sex- and age-specific impact of poaching mortality with multievent modeling. | poaching is a prominent source of 'hidden hurdles', cryptic impacts of human activities that may hinder the conservation of animal populations. estimating poaching mortality is challenging, as the evidence for illegal killing is not outwardly obvious. using resighting and recovery data collected on 141 marked red deer cervus elaphus within the stelvio national park (central italian alps), we show how multievent models allow to assess the direct impacts of illegal harvesting on age- and sex-speci ... | 2019 | 31210776 |
| investigation of toxoplasma gondii and association with early pregnancy and abortion rates in new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | this study tested for association between toxoplasma gondii and pregnancy and abortion to investigate sub-optimal reproduction in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). sera from a sub-sample (n = 2304) of pregnant and non-pregnant hinds in early gestation at first pregnancy scan (scan 1) and approximately at the end of second trimester at second pregnancy scan (scan 2) were tested for t. gondii antibodies using a validated elisa. foetuses and/or uteri from pregnant, non-pregnant, and aborting hinds ... | 2019 | 31187222 |
| serum haptoglobin response in red deer naturally infected with tuberculosis. | the analysis of haptoglobin (hp) serum concentration is a very sensitive, but non-specific, indicator of inflammation or infection. methods to accurately diagnose infection in vivo in wildlife are usually constrained by low sensitivity due to the effects of stress on individual immune response and the challenging logistics of performing tests in the wild. firstly, we sought to determine serum hp concentration in red deer (cervus elaphus) naturally infected with bovine tuberculosis (tb). secondly ... | 2019 | 31174696 |
| molecular and morphological characterization of cysticercus tenuicollis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from turkey. | cysticercus tenuicollis, the metacestode stage of taenia hydatigena has a worldwide distribution and is particularly common in rural areas and developing countries. in rare cases, t. hydatigena infection may result in the death of its host due to severe damage or secondary bacterial infections. generally, when multiple cysts are attached to the liver, it causes economic losses. the infection can be detected using morphological, histopathological and more recently, molecular investigations. | 2019 | 31165988 |
| calibration of life history traits with epiphyseal closure, dental eruption and bone histology in captive and wild red deer. | the study of skeletochronology and bone tissue as a record of information on ontogenetic stages and events is widely used for improving the knowledge about life histories (lhs) of extinct and extant vertebrates. compared with dinosaurs and extant reptiles, mammalian bone histology has received little attention. here, we calibrate for the first time bone and dental age with histological bone characteristics and lh stages in ontogenetic series of red deer. we rely on known lhs of different aged in ... | 2019 | 31148188 |
| new findings of setaria tundra and setaria cervi in the red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland. | our study aimed at examining the phylogenetic position of the newly-found setaria nematodes obtained from the red deer (cervus elaphus) based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1). alignment and phylogenetic analyses, as well as sem microscopic analysis, revealed the presence of two setaria species: s. cervi and s. tundra. setaria tundra was noted in only one individual, a calf of the red deer, while s. cervi was observed in three stages, two hinds and one calf ... | 2019 | 31142386 |
| analgesic efficacy of articaine hydrochloride for velvet antler removal in red deer (cervus elaphus) and analysis of drug residues in the harvested velvet antlers. | to investigate the analgesic efficacy of articaine hydrochloride for antler removal in red deer (cervus elaphus) following s/c administration as a ring block, and to quantify the residue concentrations of articaine compared to lignocaine in the harvested antlers. | 2019 | 31034783 |
| red deer umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cell extract cream for rejuvenation of the face | background: aging is a multifactorial process that involves all components of the skin. both intrinsic and extrinsic forces play a role in this aging process. a new patented protein mix derived from red deer umbilical cord lining stem cell conditioned media (calecim® multi action cream, cellresearch corporation, singapore) has been developed to improve the signs of aging. the extract is the conditioned media from umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cell culture in basal media and consists of ... | 2019 | 31012565 |
| sex-specific differences in spring and autumn migration in a northern large herbivore. | ongoing global warming is now affecting migratory cycles in a large variety of taxa in seasonally variable environments. disruption of migratory systems can cause population decline and affect ecosystem function across the globe. it is therefore urgent to understand the drivers of migration and how the different fitness limitations of the sexes affect migration, but studies seldom considered the full annual cycle. we analysed the annual migration cycle of 237 red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway ... | 2019 | 30992511 |
| a hierarchical bayesian approach for handling missing classification data. | ecologists use classifications of individuals in categories to understand composition of populations and communities. these categories might be defined by demographics, functional traits, or species. assignment of categories is often imperfect, but frequently treated as observations without error. when individuals are observed but not classified, these "partial" observations must be modified to include the missing data mechanism to avoid spurious inference.we developed two hierarchical bayesian ... | 2019 | 30962886 |
| microwear and isotopic analyses on cave bear remains from toll cave reveal both short-term and long-term dietary habits. | dietary habits of the extinct ursus spelaeus have always been a controversial topic in paleontological studies. in this work, we investigate carbon and nitrogen values in the bone collagen and dental microwear of u. spelaeus specimens recovered in level 4 from toll cave (moià, catalonia, ne iberian peninsula). these remains have been dated to > 49,000 14c bp. the ability of both proxies to provide data on the diet of u. spelaeus at different times in the life-history (isotopes: average diet of l ... | 2019 | 30952915 |
| the fine-scale landscape of immunity and parasitism in a wild ungulate population. | spatial heterogeneity in susceptibility and exposure to parasites is a common source of confounding variation in disease ecology studies. however, it is not known whether spatial autocorrelation acts on immunity at small scales, within wild animal populations, and whether this predicts spatial patterns in infection. here we used a well-mixed wild population of individually recognized red deer (cervus elaphus) inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape to investigate fine-scale spatial patterns of immu ... | 2019 | 30942858 |
| bacterial colonisation of reeds and cottonseed hulls in the rumen of tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis). | the rumen microbiome contributes greatly to the degradation of plant fibres to volatile fatty acids and microbial products, affecting the health and productivity of ruminants. in this study, we investigated the dynamics of colonisation by bacterial communities attached to reeds and cottonseed hulls in the rumen of tarim red deer, a native species distributed in the desert of the tarim basin. the reed and cottonseed hull samples incubated in nylon bags for 1, 6, 12, and 48 h were collected and us ... | 2019 | 30941531 |
| joint effects of weather and interspecific competition on foraging behavior and survival of a mountain herbivore. | weather variations have the potential to influence species interactions, although effects on competitive interactions between species are poorly known. both weather and competition can influence foraging behavior and survival of herbivores during nursing/weaning, a critical period in the herbivore life cycle. we evaluated the joint effects of weather and competition with red deer cervus elaphus on the foraging behavior of adult female apennine chamois rupicapra pyrenaica ornata in summer, and on ... | 2019 | 30936905 |
| future suitability of habitat in a migratory ungulate under climate change. | with climate change, the effect of global warming on snow cover is expected to cause range expansion and enhance habitat suitability for species at their northern distribution limits. however, how this depends on landscape topography and sex in size-dimorphic species remains uncertain, and is further complicated for migratory animals following climate-driven seasonal resource fluctuations across vast landscapes. using 11 years of data from a partially migratory ungulate at their northern distrib ... | 2019 | 30890094 |
| a new test to detect antibodies against mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in red deer serum. | red deer (cervus elaphus) farming is a growing economic activity worldwide. however, the capacity of this species to act as reservoir of animal tuberculosis (tb) poses a threat to other wildlife and to livestock. diagnostic assay accuracy in this species is therefore highly relevant for prevention and control measures. our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the protein complex p22, obtained from mycobacterium bovis derived purified protein derivative (bppd), as a candidate antigen ... | 2019 | 30825903 |
| prevalence, levels and seasonal variations of human enteric viruses in six major rivers in alberta, canada. | the prevalence and seasonal variation of 7 viruses in 6 major rivers in alberta were assessed using a combination of qpcr, cell culture and integrated cell culture with qpcr (icc-qpcr). water samples were collected monthly from rivers at different sites upstream and downstream of major urban centers. seven viruses including rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, jc virus and enterovirus, were detected in at least one of the water samples at each site using qpcr. rotavirus was m ... | 2019 | 30743085 |
| mycobacterium caprae infection of red deer in western austria-optimized use of pathology data to infer infection dynamics. | austria is officially bovine tuberculosis (tb) free, but during the last decade the west of the country experienced sporadic tb cases in cattle. free-ranging red deer are known to be the maintenance host of mycobacterium (m.) caprae in certain areas in austria, where cattle can become infected on alpine pastures shared with deer. the epidemiology of tb in deer in alpine regions is still poorly understood. to inform decisions on efficient interventions against tb in deer, a method is needed to be ... | 2018 | 30719435 |
| seasonal home ranges and habitat selection of three elk (cervus elaphus) herds in north dakota. | changes in land use have resulted in range shifts of many wildlife species, including those entering novel environments, resulting in the critical need to understand their spatial ecology to inform ecosystem effects and management decisions. dispersing elk (cervus elaphus) were colonizing areas of suitable habitat in the northern great plains, usa, resulting in crop depredation complaints in these areas. although state resource managers had little information on these elk herds, limited evidence ... | 2019 | 30716128 |
| intrafollicular growth differentiation factor 9: bone morphogenetic 15 ratio determines litter size in mammals†. | we previously showed that rat, pig, sheep, and red deer oocytes express species-specific ratios of gdf9: bmp15 mrna (3.7, 0.5, 1.26, and 0.1, respectively), and with the exception of the pig, they are directly correlated to litter size. the purpose of this study was to determine the alternative mechanism that enables pig oocytes to secrete low ratios whilst maintaining a large litter size. herein, we performed same- and cross-species coincubations of oocytes with granulosa cells (gcs) of rat, pi ... | 2019 | 30698706 |
| after the fort mcmurray wildfire there are significant increases in mental health symptoms in grade 7-12 students compared to controls. | in order to examine the impact of disasters on adolescent mental health, this study compared population mental health survey data from two communities in alberta, canada: fort mcmurray, which experienced a major natural disaster, and red deer, which did not. | 2019 | 30630501 |
| red deer in iberia: molecular ecological studies in a southern refugium and inferences on european postglacial colonization history. | the red deer (cervus elaphus) is a widespread wild ungulate in europe that has suffered strong anthropogenic impacts over their distribution during the last centuries, but also at the present time, due its economic importance as a game species. here we focus on the evolutionary history of the red deer in iberia, one of the three main southern refugial areas for temperate species in europe, and addressed the hypothesis of a cryptic refugia at higher latitudes during the last glacial maximum (lgm) ... | 2019 | 30620758 |
| investigation of association between bovine viral diarrhoea virus and cervid herpesvirus type-1, and abortion in new zealand farmed deer. | this study tested for association between bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and cervid herpesvirus type-1 (cvhv-1) exposure and abortion in new zealand farmed red deer. rising two-year-old (r2, n = 22,130) and mixed-age (ma, n = 36,223) hinds from 87 and 71 herds, respectively, throughout new zealand were pregnancy tested using ultrasound early in gestation (scan-1) and 55-89 days later (scan-2) to detect mid-term abortion. sera from aborted and non-aborted hinds at scan-2 were tested for bvdv ... | 2019 | 30593353 |
| investigations on the distribution of schistosoma turkestanicum skrjabin, 1913 (trematoda: schistosomatidae) infection of red deer in hungary and a combined method for the detection of s. turkestanicum eggs in droppings. | additional geographical distribution of the central european populations of schistosoma turkestanicum and the detectability of their eggs in droppings were investigated in red deer samples, because this rare species had previously been shown only in a single hungarian habitat. samples from visceral organs, intestinal contents, and droppings on the ground from 11 hunting areas of hungary were investigated to find a new presence of this fluke. close to the first site of detection in the gemenc for ... | 2018 | 30580539 |
| evaluating the individuality of animal-habitat relationships. | examining the ways in which animals use habitat and select resources to satisfy their life history requirements has important implications for ecology, evolution, and conservation. the advent of radio-tracking in the mid-20th century greatly expanded the scope of animal-habitat modeling. thereafter, it became common practice to aggregate telemetry data collected on a number of tagged individuals and fit one model describing resource selection at the population level. this convention, however, ru ... | 2018 | 30519415 |
| reducing door-to-needle times for ischaemic stroke to a median of 30 minutes at a community hospital. | alteplase is an effective treatment for ischaemic stroke patients, and it is widely available at all primary stroke centres. the effectiveness of alteplase is highly time-dependent. large tertiary centres have reported significant improvements in their door-to-needle (dtn) times. however, these same improvements have not been reported at community hospitals. | 2019 | 30516454 |
| identification of velvet antler and its mixed varieties by uplc-qtof-ms combined with principal component analysis. | many species of velvet antler have been used as traditional medicine for thousands of years; however, as medicinal materials, velvet antler derived from different animals have different clinical effects. to distinguish the differences and homologies, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple-time of flight mass spectrometry (uplc-qtof-ms) coupled with principal component analysis (pca) was developed and applied to identify these antler samples derived from cervus nippon temminck, cervus ... | 2019 | 30500596 |
| the european union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in 2017. | this report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids and other animal species, as well as genotyping in sheep, carried out in 2017 in the european union (eu) according to regulation (ec) 999/2001, and in iceland, norway and switzerland. in total, 1,312,714 cattle were tested by the 28 eu member states (mss) which is a decrease of 3% compared with 2016; 18,526 were tested by the three non-mss. for the first t ... | 2018 | 32625769 |
| detection of seroconversion to bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virusin polish free-living deer. | there are several infectious agents of domestic cattle that can also be present in free-living ruminant populations. these include bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) which are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea, respectively. the study was conducted on serum samples from 59 red deer, 24 roe deer, and 3 fallow deer (86 in total), originating from two geographically separate areas of poland. the samples were tested ... | 2018 | 30468331 |
| unprecedented high catecholamine production causing hair pigmentation after urinary excretion in red deer. | hormones have not been found in concentrations of orders of magnitude higher than nanograms per milliliter. here, we report urine concentrations of a catecholamine (norepinephrine) ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 g/l, and concentrations of its metabolite dl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol (dopeg) ranging from 1.0 to 44.5 g/l, in wild male red deer cervus elaphus hispanicus after lc-ms analyses. the dark ventral patch of male red deer, a recently described sexually selected signal, contains high amounts of d ... | 2019 | 30413834 |
| between-year vocal aging in female red deer (cervus elaphus). | studying animal vocal aging has potential implication in the field of animal welfare and for modeling human voice aging. the objective was to examine, using a repeated measures approach, the between-year changes of weight, social discomfort score (bites of other hinds on hind pelt), body condition score (fat reserves) and acoustic variables of the nasal (closed-mouth) and the oral (open-mouth) contact calls produced by farmed red deer hinds (cervus elaphus) toward their young. | 2018 | 30333068 |
| a further increase in the prevalence and intensity of infection with ashworthius sidemi nematodes in red deer in the lower silesian wilderness | the nematode ashworthius sidemi is a typical parasite of asiatic deer, particularly sika deer (cervus nippon). it was probably first carried into poland by migrating red deer. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of a. sidemi infection in roe deer and red deer in the lower silesian wilderness in the winter season 2015/2016. parasitological necropsy of 34 abomasa of red deer from forest district ruszów wasperformed. the prevalence of a. sidemi infection was f ... | 2019 | 30316210 |
| establishment of fascioloides magna in a new region of hungary: case report. | during the monitoring of red deer (n = 124) and fallow deer (n = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern hungary. the prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. the determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other european natural foci. the authors hypothesise that the appearance of f. magna in this region should have bee ... | 2018 | 30284615 |
| carcass and meat quality characteristics from iberian wild red deer (cervus elaphus) hunted at different ages. | deer-meat consumption is increasing in several countries based on claims that it is a healthy red meat. this study assessed the effect of slaughter age (low - 26 months and younger; medium - from 27 months to younger than 42 months; and high - 42 months and older) on carcass characteristics and meat physicochemical properties of 150 iberian wild red deer. | 2019 | 30270485 |
| pathological lesions in the lungs of red deer cervus elaphus (l.) induced by a newly-described dictyocaulus cervi (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea). | the large lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus are causative agents of parasitic bronchitis in various ungulate hosts, including red deer. recently, the red deer-derived lungworm d. cervi was described and separated from d. eckerti. little is known of the transmission patterns, epidemiology, geographical distribution and pathogenicity of d. cervi. histological examinations were performed on 22 formalin-fixed lung tissue samples of hunted red deer. exclusively, d. cervi adults were derived from 15 ... | 2018 | 30253848 |
| comparison of anti-inflammatory effect and protein profile between the water extracts from formosan sambar deer and red deer. | velvet antler (va), the unossified antler from members of the family cervidae, has been used in traditional chinese medicines and health foods for over 2000 years in enhancement of kidney function and treatment or prevention of cardiovascular, immunological and gynaecological disease. the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of velvet antler water extracts from formosan sambar deer (rusa unicolor swinhoei, svae) and red deer (cervus elaphus, rvae). results indicated ... | 2018 | 30249326 |
| treponeme-associated hoof disease of free-ranging elk ( cervus elaphus) in southwestern washington state, usa. | a novel foot disease in free-ranging elk ( cervus elaphus) in southwestern washington state emerged in 2008 and spread throughout the region. initial studies showed adult elk had chronic hoof overgrowth, sole ulcers, and sloughed hoof capsules, but no cause was determined. to identify possible causes and characterize the earliest lesions, 9-, 7-, and 3-month-old elk were collected. nine-month-old elk had sole ulcers (3/9 elk) and sloughed/overgrown hoof capsules (4/9 elk) similar to adults. hist ... | 2019 | 30244661 |
| estimating selection on the act of inbreeding in a population with strong inbreeding depression. | inbreeding depression is widely regarded as a driving force in the evolution of dispersal, mate choice and sperm selection. however, due to likely costs of inbreeding avoidance, which are poorly understood, it is unclear to what extent selection to avoid inbreeding is expected in nature. moreover, there are currently very few empirical estimates of the strength of selection against the act of inbreeding (mating with a relative), as opposed to the fitness costs of being inbred. here, we use data ... | 2018 | 30230082 |
| multi-locus sequence typing of ixodes ricinus and its symbiont candidatus midichloria mitochondrii across europe reveals evidence of local co-cladogenesis in scotland. | ticks have relatively complex microbiomes, but only a small proportion of the bacterial symbionts recorded from ticks are vertically transmitted. moreover, co-cladogenesis between ticks and their symbionts, indicating an intimate relationship over evolutionary history driven by a mutualistic association, is the exception rather than the rule. one of the most widespread tick symbionts is candidatus midichloria, which has been detected in all of the major tick genera of medical and veterinary impo ... | 2019 | 30197267 |
| predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons. | sexually selected weapons evolved to maximize the individual reproductive success of males in many polygynous breeding species. many weapons are also retained outside of reproductive periods for secondary reasons, but the importance of these secondary functions is poorly understood. here we leveraged a unique opportunity from the predator-prey system in northern yellowstone national park, wy, usa to evaluate whether predation by a widespread, coursing predator (wolves) has influenced a specific ... | 2018 | 30177803 |
| consumer preferences for red deer meat: a discrete choice analysis considering attitudes towards wild game meat and hunting. | this study aims to analyse consumer preferences for red deer meat (rdm) (cervus elaphus) by conducting a case study in northern italy. this analysis considers how the attitudes of consumers towards wild game meat and hunting might influence such preferences. this goal is achieved by combining the results of a k-means clustering analysis of the attitudes collected by means of two valuation scales with a discrete choice experiment (ce). according to our results, a positive attitude towards wild ga ... | 2018 | 30173016 |
| effect of age on nutritional properties of iberian wild red deer meat. | this study assessed the effect of age (l, less than 27 months old; m, from 27 to 42 months old; h, 43 months and older) on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol content, amino acid composition and mineral content of 150 iberian wild red deer meat samples. | 2019 | 30144080 |
| modelling strontium isotopes in past biospheres - assessment of bioavailable 87sr/86sr ratios in local archaeological vertebrates based on environmental signatures. | 87sr/86sr isotopic ratios in skeletal remains of archaeological vertebrates are used for provenance analysis since long. however, the definition of the past bioavailable isotopic ratio at the site of recovery is not known beforehand and geological maps can provide no more than gross expectations. therefore, the assessment of the "local sr isotopic signature" is still of crucial importance. in this study, we present a tool for the prediction of such local isotopic signatures by creating a concent ... | 2019 | 30118937 |
| tetraplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous identification and quantification of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer for deer meat authentication. | analytical methods are needed for the identification and quantification of meat species to detect food adulteration. since game meat is more expensive than meat from domesticated animal species, it is a potential target for adulteration. we present a tetraplex real-time pcr assay that allows the simultaneous determination of the content of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer. the tetraplex assay showed only moderate cross-reactivity with closely related species. after optimization the ... | 2018 | 30100464 |
| evidence of two genetically different lymphotropic herpesviruses present among red deer, sambar, and milu herds in china. | herpesvirus infections in cervidae are a serious threat affecting some deer species worldwide. in our attempt to identify malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses in deer herds, ten gammaherpesviral dna fragments were identified in five species of deer in herds in china by using a pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction assay targeting viral dna polymerase. notably, in sambar (rusa unicolor), a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus was identified that showed a close relationship with fallow deer ... | 2018 | 30041287 |
| metapodials of ancient bison (bison priscus) of northeast russia: "stress markers," sex and withers height. | a total of 175 metapodials (mp) of pleistocene and early holocene bison (bison priscus boj.) from the vast area of northeast russia were studied. mp were attributed to males and females both visually and statistically. data on the withers height of bison from northeast russia are provided. stress markers were recorded, including so-called "buttresses." with rare exceptions, stress markers were not of a pathological nature. the origin and development of the buttresses are age-related; their preva ... | 2019 | 30019862 |
| susceptibility of human prion protein to conversion by chronic wasting disease prions. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in north america. the identification of the first cases of cwd among free-ranging reindeer and moose in europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether cwd can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. we used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether cwd prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in north america ... | 2018 | 30014840 |
| gas and short-chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep. | efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to compare the 24-hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivtd24 ), in vitro gas production (gp) kinetic parameters, gp in 24 hr of incubation (gas24 ) and short-chain fatty acid (scfa) and microbial biomass (mbs) produced after 24-hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from s ... | 2018 | 29978922 |
| does winter supplementary feeding affect deer damage in a forest ecosystem? a field test in areas with different levels of deer pressure. | supplementary feeding is a widespread but controversial practice in game management. while many studies have been conducted on this issue, there is limited empirical evidence on how feeding affects damage caused by wildlife. in this context, the present study focused on the effect of artificial winter feeding on tree damage in three mountain regions in poland. | 2019 | 29956445 |
| correction: genetic diversity, genetic structure and diet of ancient and contemporary red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from north-eastern france. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189278.]. | 2018 | 29940045 |
| prenatal histomorphological development of the rumen in dama dama. | this work studies the morphological changes taking place in the dama dama rumen during prenatal development using histomorphometrics, surface microstructure and immunohistochemistry analysis as well as carrying out a comparative analysis of this species with other wild (red deer) and domestic-type ruminants. a total of 25 fallow deer embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 51 day ... | 2018 | 29893403 |
| cinnamtannin b-1, a novel antioxidant for sperm in red deer. | cinnamtannin b-1 (cnb-1) is a naturally occurring trimeric a-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plants such as cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum). it is considered to be a potent antioxidant. the protective effect of cnb-1 against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °c. cryopreserved sperm from six stags were thawed, pooled and extended to 400 × 106 sperm/ml in bgm (bovine gamete medium). after being aliquoted, the samples were supplemented with diffe ... | 2018 | 29776697 |