Publications

[winter feeding or autumn feeding of game animals?].	a literature review of seasonal changes in metabolism and food intake and the accumulation of energy deposits (fat) during the natural mast period in autumn is linked to the results of feeding trials with roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) using supplementary feeding and/or planted crops to simulate the mast which is missing in conifer forests planted mainly for timber production. the results indicate that autumn mast simulation is more physiological and effective in re ...	1984	6388030
conservation of repetitive dna sequences in deer species studied by southern blot transfer.	the cervidae show one of the largest variations in chromosome number found within a mammalian family. the five species of the deer family which are the subject of this study vary in chromosome number from 2n = 70 to 2n = 6. digestion with the restriction enzymes ecori, hpaii, haeiii and mspi reveals that there is a series of highly repetitive sequences forming similar band patterns in the different species. to obtain information on the degree of homology among these conserved sequences we isolat ...	1984	6330373
fluoride toxicosis in wild ungulates.	to compare the occurrence of chronic fluoride toxicosis in wild and domestic animals in selected areas of utah, idaho, montana, and wyoming, deer, elk, and bison bones and teeth were collected for evaluation. vegetation and drinking water samples also were collected, so that potential sources of fluoride could be evaluated. deer, elk, and bison were found to be susceptible to the adverse effects of ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride. teeth and bones were primarily affected with character ...	1984	6511570
[intrinsic oxygen affinity: the primary structure of a ruminantia hemoglobin: methionine in betana2 of a pecora, the northern elk (alces alces alces)].	the primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains of hemoglobin from the northern elk (alces alces alces) have been determined. the sequence was compared with the bovine chains. the oxygen affinity regarding the primary structure of the beta-chains is discussed.	1984	6510898
effect of feeding melatonin to red deer (cervus elaphus) on the onset of the breeding season.	four non-lactating red deer hinds kept in natural light were each given orally 5 mg melatonin daily in the afternoon from 1 june to 5 october. the time difference between melatonin administration and sunset was 5.5-6 until the end of august, thereafter gradually decreasing to 3.5 h. onset of oestrous cyclicity occurred in late august and early september, 2-8 weeks in advance of control hinds. a stag given 10 mg melatonin daily shed the antler velvet on 18 july, 4 weeks earlier than untreated sta ...	1984	6542590
scanning electron and incident light microscopy of giant tubules in red deer dentin.	incisal and cuspal teeth from red deers 2 1/2-6 1/2 yr of age were used in this study. incident light microscopy was used for screening of the specimens with respect to presence of orifices and exposures of giant tubules. scanning electron microscopy (sem) was used for study of structural details. for sem the specimens were pretreated with a 1% solution of naclo for 2 or 20 h. one specimen was in addition exposed to a 35% solution of phosphoric acid for 30 s. two teeth received no pretreatment. ...	1984	6591364
microradiographic and polarized light study of red deer root dentin with special reference to occurrence of giant tubules.	radiolucent bands following the course of the dentinal tubules were observed in sections of undemineralized roots of permanent red deer incisors. some of these bands, previously unreported in mammalian root dentin, contained giant tubules similar to those described earlier by the author in the coronal dentin of this animal. the root giant tubules initiated with funnel-shaped orifices at the border of the pulpal cavity and, generally, terminated in the peripheral dentin, whereas a few penetrated ...	1984	6589733
serum levels of testosterone precursors, testosterone and estradiol in 10 animal species.	blood levels of testosterone precursors, i.e. pregnenolone, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstendione, dhea, and delta 5-androstendiol as well as testosterone and estradiol are measured in 10 animals each of 10 different species. the determination is done by radioimmunoassay with steroidspecific antibodies. precursors of the delta 5-pathway (dhea, androstendiol) are low in the red deer, dog, cat, rat and guinea pig. precursors of the delta 4-pathway (progesterone, 17-hydroxproge ...	1984	6540697
relationships between seasonal changes in serum testosterone concentrations, scrotal circumference and sperm morphology of male wapiti (cervus elaphus).	one 2-year-old and 4 adult (greater than 3 years old) wapiti were studied throughout 1 year. serum testosterone concentrations, scrotal circumference and % normal spermatozoa in the ejaculate peaked around september. testosterone levels fell sharply by november, but scrotal circumference declined less sharply and normal sperm production occurred until march. there were indications of a secondary peak in these values around february-march.	1984	6699808
comparative anatomical and topographic studies of the salivary glands of red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (cervus dama), and mouflon (ovis ammon musimon)--ruminantia: cervidae, bovidae.	the salivary glands of red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon were investigated macroscopically as to their topographic situation and relationship, as to their specific structure including their ducts and to their relative weight. these findings were compared with those from domestic ruminants and were related to the morphophysiological specialisation of other portions of the ruminant digestive system and to their function. the relative size of all salivary glands decreases from red deer via fallow ...	1984	6724282
cadmium/zinc relationships in kidney cortex and metallothionein of horse and red deer: histopathological observations on horse kidneys.	cadmium and zinc were determined in kidney cortex of 63 horses and 51 red deer (cervus elaphus). cadmium and zinc were also determined in protein fractions obtained by sephadex chromatography of kidney cortex from 10 horses and 4 red deer. histopathological parameters in kidney cortex of horses were compared to cadmium content. the metal contents (on wet weight basis) in kidney cortex of the horses were 0.31 +/- 0.22 mmole cd/kg (range 0.03-1.21) and 0.63 +/- 0.17 mmole zn/kg (range 0.36-1.23). ...	1984	6510395
influence of winter feed restriction and summer compensation on skeletal development in red deer stags (cervus elaphus).	the influence of two planes of nutrition (unrestricted and 70 per cent restricted during the winter) on skeletal development as illustrated by the metacarpus was studied in 12 red deer stag calves. at approximately three-monthly intervals from january 1978 when the stags were seven months old, until august 1979 when the stags were 26 months old, radiographs of the right metacarpus were taken. from the resultant radiographs, diaphyseal length, diaphyseal breadth, breadth of mineralised bone, cort ...	1984	6718818
local resource competition and the evolution of male-biased sex ratios.	in many mammalian species, maturing males disperse from their natal groups, while females remain near their places of birth. if sources are limited locally, related females may be forced to compete with one another for access to resources, while mature males will compete primarily with unrelated individuals in non-natal groups. clark (1978) suggested that under such circumstances the extent of competition among females could be reduced if females uniformly skewed the sex ratio of their offspring ...	1984	6748687
trypanosomes in cervidae in germany.	trypanosoma cervi kingston et morton, 1975 was demonstrated in 2 fallow deer (dama dama) in 1976, and in 10 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and one red deer (cervus elaphus) in spring 1983. the infected deer originated from the vicinity of hannover, germany.	1984	6730781
leptospirosis associated with serovars hardjo and pomona in red deer calves (cervus elaphus).	four red deer calves (cervus elaphus) died with severe nephritis apparently associated with infection by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. the sera of 12 in-contact red deer calves were examined for leptospiral agglutinins and nine showed titres to pomona consistent with recent infection. two also showed titres of 1:100 to serovar hardjo. the urine of five of these in-contact calves was examined periodically over a period of nine months. all were initially leptospiruric, four being infected ...	1984	16031052
serological responses of farmed red deer to a vaccine against leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona.	six adult, female, red deer were vaccinated with a hardjo-pomona vaccine followed by a second vaccination four weeks later and thereafter, at yearly intervals for two years. serological responses were determined at intervals using a standard microscopic agglutination test. increased responses to hardjo were observed in two deer which were seropositive to this serovar before vaccination compared to those which were initially seronegative. some initially seronegative deer developed titres to hardj ...	1984	16031070
a possible cause for the 'pink-eye-like' condition in red deer.		1984	16031072
comparison of yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine and doxapram antagonism of xylazine sedation in deer (cervus elaphus).	trials were conducted to test the ability of yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine and doxapram given by intravenous injection to antagonise xylazine sedation in red deer (cervus elaphus). yohimbine produced the best and most consistent result. the mean time taken for 34 animals to stand spontaneously after receiving yohimbine (0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg) was 2 minutes 25 seconds and this occurred, on average, 33 minutes after the initial doze of xylazine. control deer took 67 and 104 minutes on average to stand af ...	1984	16031017
potential wildlife sources of yersinia pseudotuberculosis for farmed deer (cervus elaphus).	during 1982 and 1983 15 serotype i, 6 serotype ii, 1 serotype iii and 3 untyped strains of yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated from 675 apparently normal small mammals and birds from the invermay farm and nearby rubbish tip with the following prevalence rates: feral cats 27.8%, norway rats 8.6%, mice 5.5%, hares 3.8% rabbits 1.9% ducks 5.3%, sparrows 2.3%, seagulls 2.3% and starlings 1.7%. for rabbits a significantly higher prevalence of infection was found in the autumn/winter period (4.8 ...	1984	16031024
the isolation of yersinia sp. from feral and farmed deer faeces.	faecal samples from clinically normal farmed red deer, wapiti, fallow deer; and feral red deer and white tail deer were examined for members of the genus yersinia. from 922 samples 176 strains of y.enterocolitica, 56 strains of y.frederiksenii, 29 strains of y.kristensenii, eight strains of y.intermedia, and seven strains of y.pseudotuberculosis were isolated. high isolation rates of yersinia sp. were recorded from some farms. two herds had isolation rates of 33.3% and 36.8%. sixteen strains of ...	1984	16031058
pathogenicity of o. circumcincta, o. ostertagi and h. contortus in weanling stag fawns (cervus elaphus).	groups of four stag fawns, weighing 51 +/- 0.8 kg, were-infected with 30,000 larvae of one of three nematode parasites: o.circumcincta, o.ostertagia, or h.contortus. a further four remained as control. individual feed intake, body-weight, faecal egg count and plasma pepsinogen concentration were measured during seven weeks after infection. only infection with h.contortus caused significant elevation of pepsinogen concentration to 380ml/ l and consistent depression of feed intake (15%). worm egg ...	1984	16031015
observations of a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline in red deer (cervus elaphus).	six nine-month-old red deer were injected intramuscularly with a long-acting injectable solution of oxytetracycline (terramycin-la, pfizer ltd) at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg. four similar control deer were injected with saline. there was no significant pain response to injection, and only minor palpable swellings at the injection site were observed in three oxytetracycline-treated and one control animal. no statistically significant changes in white blood cell numbers, blood fibrinogen, creatine ph ...	1983	16030964
moniezia expansa in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).		1983	16030941
male genitalia of red deer (cervus elaphus).		1983	16030982
blood constituents of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). ii: biochemical values.	approximately 80 farmed male and female red deer aged three months and over were blood sampled and biochemical parameters measured. the deer were sampled by jugular venepuncture without tranquillization. mean values recorded were serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (19.5 iu/l), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (43.0 iu/l), creatine phosphokinase (197.9 iu/l), plasma pepsinogen (0.91 iu/i), blood urea nitrogen (8.56 mmol/l), serum glucose (6.9 mmol/l), phosphorus (1.75 mmol/l), calcium (2.13 mmol/l) ...	1983	16030903
isolation of bacteroides nodosus from hoof lesions in a farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).		1983	16030972
survey of internal parasitism and anthelmintic use in farmed deer.	faecal samples and questionnaires from 115 and 130 farms respectively were used to survey the internal parasite status of the national deer herd and examine current drenching practices. the survey included farms with red deer and wapiti-red deer crosses (cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (dama dama). gastrointestinal nematode eggs were recorded from 84% of all farms, dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from 85% of all farms, and elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from 35% of the farms with c. elaphus. faeca ...	1983	16030938
experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever to red deer (cervus elaphus).	malignant catarrhal fever was transmitted from affected to recipient red deer (cervus elaphus) using blood or lymphoid suspension as inoculum. incubation periods ranged from 11 to 26 days. the disease was also transmitted using lymphoid suspension stored overnight at 4 degrees c or at -70 degrees c for 8 months. the experimental disease was characterised by fever, depression, anorexia, diarrhoea and dysentry. the course of the disease was approximately 96 hours. major lesions consisted of acute ...	1983	16030936
experimental tuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus).	this study was designed to investigate experimental mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (cervus elaphus). three intravenously inoculated deer (dose 10 microg-1000 microg) developed miliary tuberculosis of the lungs and all died within 28 days of being infected. no clinical illnesses were observed in four subcutaneously (dose 1 microg-1000 microg) and three intratracheally (dose 10 microg-100 microg) inoculated deer. at the conclusion of the experiment six weeks post inoculation, these seve ...	1983	16030937
[anatomy of the skull of red deer and roe-deer].		1983	6857641
haemorheological studies of the sickle cell phenomenon in european red deer (cervus elaphus).	it was demonstrated that the appearance of sickle-shaped erythrocytes can be induced by oxygenating the blood of european red deer (cervus elaphus). the process was reversible. blood cell counts with the exception of a slight reduction in red cell number and protein fractions did not show any abnormal values. the blood, which was examined at least 18 h after sampling, exhibited considerable deviations of blood gas values. in addition, highly significant haemorheological changes due to the sickle ...	1983	6871477
influence of some sedative drugs on the appetite of red deer.		1983	6857983
winter food restriction and summer compensation in red deer stags (cervus elaphus).	twelve red deer stags (cervus elaphus) penned individually from weaning were fed on a concentrate diet. six stags received the diet to appetite throughout the study, and the other six were restricted to 70% of the intake of the first group during winter and then fed to appetite during summer. the winter-restricted stags showed remarkable compensatory growth during summer. compared with the unrestricted stags they showed greater food intake, greater daily live-weight gain and increased food conve ...	1983	6639930
genetic differentiation in four european subspecies of red deer (cervus elaphus l.).	red deer representing the four different european subspecies cervus elaphus atlanticus, c. e. elaphus, c. e. germanicus, and c. e. scoticus were examined for allozyme variability at 35 enzyme loci. the proportion of polymorphic loci within populations (p) ranged from 0 to 13.8 per cent and the average heterozygosity (h) from 0 to 3.6 per cent. these estimates are within the range previously observed among mammalian species. significant allele frequency differences were found both within and betw ...	1983	6668220
experimental contagious ecthyma in mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn and wapiti.	hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus), pronghorn fawns (antilocapra americana) and wapiti calves (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were exposed to contagious ecthyma lesion material obtained from rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to determine the susceptibility and pathogenesis in these species. all four species developed mucocutaneous proliferative lesions of the oral cavity, grossly and histologically compatible with ...	1983	6685778
folding of homologous proteins. the refolding of different ribonucleases is independent of sequence variations, proline content and glycosylation.	the refolding kinetics of four different pancreatic ribonucleases have been compared. bovine and ovine rnaase contain 4 proline residues, red deer rnaase has 5 prolines, the enzyme from roe deer 6 prolines. despite the variation in the amount of prolines, all four proteins show a constant value of 20% fast refolding species uf. the extra proline residues of the deer enzymes do not increase the amount of slow refolding species us. consequently these residues may be non-essential for folding. desp ...	1983	6620387
nutrition and lactational control of fertility in red deer.		1983	6681867
a light microscopical and microradiographic study of coronal dentin in red deer with special reference to the occurrence of giant tubules.	the coronal dentin of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) was studied by light microscopy and microradiographyy. the material consisted of incisors from 10 animals, 2 1/2-6 1/2 years of age. sections in the long axes of the crowns in the buccolingual and mesiodistal planes were prepared, as well as transverse sections. a few crowns were also examined in toto. a system of giant tubules of the same type as in human dentin is described. it was, however, characterized by more regularity in the number and t ...	1983	6574586
pathology of spontaneous and experimental infection of north american wild ruminants with mycobacterium paratuberculosis.	spontaneous paratuberculosis was studied in free-ranging and captive bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus). lesions of paratuberculosis in these species resembled the disease in domestic sheep and goats. mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from bighorn sheep was used to orally infect bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid sheep, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). clinical pa ...	1983	6879954
myxofibrosarcoma in a roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti).		1983	6879958
failure to transmit sarcocystis species from ox, sheep, goats, moose, elk, and mule deer to raccoons.		1983	6408956
european elk papillomavirus: characterization of the genome, induction of tumors in animals, and transformation in vitro.	the european elk papillomavirus (eepv) genome was cloned in the bamhi cleavage site of the pbr322 vector. the cloned genome was used for construction of a physical map, employing restriction endonucleases bamhi, bglii, hindiii, pvuii, saci, and xhoi. the sequence homology between the eepv and bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes was elucidated by performing hybridizations in different concentrations of formamide. sequence homology could only be revealed under less stringent conditions, i.e., tm ...	1983	6312094
histopathological findings in the lungs of scottish red and roe deer.	histopathology on portions of lung collected from 34 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 15 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) between 1977 and 1981 revealed evidence of lungworm infestation in 16 red and 14 roe deer. in the red deer, dictyocaulus species, and the developmental stages of another parasite, believed to be elaphostrongylus cervi, were involved. dictyocaulus also affected the roe deer, but in them the major lesions were associated with protostrongylids. exudative bronchopneumonia, including t ...	1983	6220510
polarized light study of giant tubules in human and red deer coronal dentin.	previously described giant tubules in human and red deer coronal dentin have been subjected to a study by polarized light microscopy. structure of the giant tubules was similar in both species. the lumen of each tubule was bordered by a 5-15-micrometers-thick collagenous mantle in which the fibers were orientate parallel to its long axis. in a circular dentin area encompassing the mantle, the course of the collagen fibers might be characterized as a winding of fibers around the cylindrical mantl ...	1983	6574577
medicine--of the same ilk as the elk?		1983	6578431
experimental infection of some north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep with mycobacterium paratuberculosis: clinical and bacteriological findings.	mycobacterium paratuberculosis originally isolated from bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) with spontaneous paratuberculosis was used to orally inoculate rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns, bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid lambs, and domestic lambs. all experimentally exposed animals became infected. during the first year of infection, hybrid and domestic sheep were able to control the in ...	1983	6644916
simple in vivo method for determining calcium and phosphorus content of the metacarpus of red deer using radiography.		1983	6649368
ocular disease in red deer calves associated with a herpesvirus infection.		1983	6194610
home range and activity patterns of male red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in the alps.	from 1978 to 1981 in the bavarian alps (southern west germany) the home range and activity patterns of nine male red deer have been studied using radio-telemetry. the home range patterns definetely change with age. younger stags first follow the patterns of their mothers, then often emigrate from these home ranges and establish new ones elsewhere. except for the change in range at about 2(1/2) years of age, these patterns seem to be very constant in both spatial as well as seasonal position and ...	1983	28310585
volatile compounds from the red deer (cervus elaphus) secretion from the tail gland.	the major volatile, organic compounds secreted by the tail gland of the red deer (cervus elaphus) have been identified as phenol,m-cresol, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, ethylphenol, dimethyl sulfone,o-cresol and 3-phenylpropanoic acid. the secretion from ten dead and three live animals was investigated, those from the live ones over a period of time. there were variations in the relative amounts of the identified compounds, but no correlation of the variations with ...	1983	24407458
presumptive adenoviral bronchiolitis in a red deer (cervus elaphus).		1982	6296208
bluetongue virus in pregnant elk and their calves.	two pregnant north american elk (cervus canadensis), in the 3rd and 4th months of gestation, were inoculated with bluetongue (bt) virus (btv) serotype 11. the virus was not isolated from the blood of the cows beyond postinoculation day (pid) 8, but was isolated from bone marrow and spleen samples obtained at necropsy on pid 190. although neither cow had overt clinical signs of bt infection, fluctuations in specific neutralizing btv antibody titers indicated viral replication. however, in 2 attem ...	1982	6280527
[seasonal rhythm of the discharge of dictyocaulus viviparus, varestrongylus sagittatus and elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from the red deer (cervus elaphus)].	the discharging of the first larvae of distyocaulus viviparus, varestrongylus sagittatus and elaphostrongylus cervi is regulated by a seasonal rhythm. this rhythm was studied in a deer population of 150 +/- 10 animals over a period of 4 years. the maximum discharges of d. viviparus are in may and june and those of the 2 other species are in the time from february to april. very good results of treatment were achieved with 3 x 7.5 mg and 5 x 3 mg fenbendazole/kg live weight against d. viviparus a ...	1982	6211112
experimental infections with dictyocaulus viviparus in vaccinated and unvaccinated red deer.	four of eight red deer calves which had been artificially reared and were lungworm free were vaccinated with bovine lungworm oral vaccine when eight weeks old; the other four were not vaccinated. three of each category were challenged daily with 500 dictyocaulus viviparus infective stage larvae per kg liveweight for 17 days when six months old while one in each category was left as an unchallenged control. the effects of challenge were monitored and all challenged deer and one control were kille ...	1982	6215759
infectivity of sarcocystis spp. from bison, elk, moose, and cattle for cattle via sporocysts from coyotes.	bison bison (bison), cervus canadensis (elk), alces alces (moose), and bos taurus (cattle) musculature containing sarcocystis spp. cysts was fed to laboratory raised canis latrans (coyotes), sporocysts collected from the feces of coyotes fed musculature of each of the ruminant species were fed to four groups of three laboratory-raised domestic calves, respectively, to determine if sarcocystis spp. was transmissible from wild to domestic ruminants and if so, to compare clinical signs of infection ...	1982	6811717
hematologic and serum chemical values of adult female rocky mountain elk from new mexico and oklahoma.	hematologic and serum chemical values were determined for two groups of adult female rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) from new mexico and oklahoma. although considerable variation in values was observed between elk from the same group, the mean values from 16 of the 20 blood parameters tested were significantly different between the two groups. of these, the most significant variations were observed in values which were likely to be influenced by nutritional condition and health statu ...	1982	7097884
[the elk throat bot fly causing human ophthalmomyiasis].		1982	7128490
antler growth in male red deer (cervus elaphus) after active immunization against lh-rh.	four sexually mature male red deer were actively immunized against lhrh and this caused 3 of the animals to cast their antlers prematurely in the autumn instead of the spring. development of new antlers was initiated after casting, but the effects on the antler cycle were variable and correlated with the antibody titre, only the animal with the highest titre developed antlers that resembled those of a castrate and remained 'in velvet' for more than 6 months. in october, when all the immunized de ...	1982	6757419
red deer endoparasites.		1982	7179704
effects of ration, season and animal handling on composition of bison and cattle blood.	composition of ration and season of sampling markedly affected the composition of blood in six tamed bison (bison bison) steers and eight hereford cattle (bos taurus) steers. observed values extended reported ranges for albumin, phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen (bun) in bison serum. there were several differences between species in blood composition. in particular, erythrocytic and bun values were higher in bison than in cattle. overall mean values for bison and cattle receiving experimental r ...	1982	7131655
red deer endoparasites.		1982	6897688
the infectivity of some nematode parasites of reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.) and elk (alces alces l.) for cattle and sheep.	cross infections were carried out by dosing parasite-free calves and lambs with third stage nematode larvae cultured from the faeces of reindeer and elk. two lambs each received 20,000 larvae from reindeer, and one lamb 20,000 larvae from elk. one calf received 50,000 larvae from reindeer and one 50,000 from elk. the animals were killed 28 days after infection. egg output did not differ significantly between the lambs nor between the calves, but in the lambs the output was much higher than in th ...	1982	7113357
[polyarthritis caused by filariae in red deer].		1982	7148216
an investigation of radionuclide concentrations in tissues of elk utilizing los alamos national laboratory land.		1982	7152921
spongiform encephalopathy of rocky mountain elk.	a disease with striking clinical and pathologic similarities to the spongiform encephalopathies is described in six rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) maintained in wildlife facilities in colorado and wyoming. clinical signs included behavioral alterations and progressive weight loss over a period of weeks or months. consistent microscopic lesions were limited to the central nervous system and characterized by widespread spongiform transformation of the neuropil, intracytoplasmic vacuol ...	1982	7154220
trypanosoma cervi from alaskan reindeer, rangifer tarandus.	twenty-nine (64.4%) or 45 reindeer, rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the continuous united states proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the cerv ...	1982	7175772
plasma concentrations of lh, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone in female red deer (cervus elaphus) during pregnancy.	peripheral blood samples were collected throughout pregnancy from 11 red deer hinds. during the same period, 6 other hinds which mated but failed to produce calves were also sampled. pretreatment of some of these hinds included synchronization of oestrus alone (n = 3) or with injection of 1000 i.u. pmsg (n = 9). during early and mid-pregnancy, lh and prolactin were frequently undetectable. prolactin concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant hinds were high (greater than 250 ng/ml) in december- ...	1982	7069664
anaemia and deaths in red deer (cervus elaphus) fawns associated with heavy infestations of cattle tick (haemaphysalis longicornis).	in late december/early january 1979/80, deaths occurred in 30 red deer (cervus elaphus) fawns. evidence is presented to suggest that these deaths most likely resulted from heavy infestations of ticks (haemaphysalis longicornis).	1982	16030894
haemorrhagic enteropathies in red deer (cervus elaphus).		1982	16030822
infectious epiphysitis and valvular endocarditis in a red deer (cervus elaphus).	a 10-month-old male red deer (cervus elaphus) was presented with severe lameness and enlargement of the fetlock areas of both front and one hind legs. radiographs demonstrated an epiphysitis and osteomyelitis of the distal metacarpal and metatarsal bones. post mortem revealed pus containing corynebacterium pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus in the lesions, and an accompanying valvular endocarditis of the right atrioventricular valve.	1982	16030849
urolithiasis in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) population.	renal calculi were found in eight of 325 red deer kidney pairs examined, all eight were females and only one was infected in both kidneys. a further three deer badly infected with urolithiasis were found by chance, two were males. examples of the calculi found are illustrated to show their range of sizes and shapes. one calculus analysed for chemical composition comprised predominantly calcium carbonate.	1982	16030852
blood constituents of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus): i. haematological values.	approximately 100 farmed male and female red deer aged three months and over were blood-sampled and haematological parameters were measured. the deer were sampled by jugular venepuncture without tranquilization. mean values were haemoglobin (16.0 g/dl), packed cell volume (44.6%), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (35.8 g/dl), total plasma protein (66.0 g/l). fibrinogen (4.8 g/l) and white blood-cell numbers (5.80 x 10(9)/l). differential white blood-cell counts were neutrophils (53.9%) ...	1982	16030838
a malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand.	two case histories are presented to illustrate the clinical and pathological findings of a malignant catarrhal fever-like disease as seen in farmed red deer in new zealand. attention is drawn to the similarities with some exotic diseases and the suggestion is made that deer may act as a reservoir for the aetiological agent.	1982	16030882
red deer data illuminate sexual selection.		1982	17802464
the transmission of onchocerca tarsicola (filarioidea: onchocercidae) by odagmia ornata and prosimulium nigripes (diptera: simuliidae).	onchocerca tarsicola is a subcutaneous filariid of the red deer living on the tendons of the radial-carpal and tibial-tarsal joints. its microfilariae concentrate mainly in the external ears. the extrinsic cycle of this parasite was investigated. in a hyperendemic area wild-caught odagmia ornata were dissected, as well as samples which had fed on a tame deer and been kept in the laboratory after the infecting blood-meal. about 3 to 5% of the flies were infected with larval stages of onchocerca t ...	1981	7276502
diarrhea in young red deer associated with infection with cryptosporidium.	in an outbreak of diarrhea among 82 artificially reared red deer calves, 56 developed the disease and 20 subsequently died. during the outbreak 80% of diarrheal and 50% of apparently healthy calves excreted cryptosporidial oocysts in feces. the coincidence of infection with crytosporidium and clinical diarrhea suggested a causal relationship. histologic examination of intestinal sections from a necropsied deer calf showed lesions consistent with field and experimental cryptosporidiosis in other ...	1981	7276628
[loss of permanent teeth in the workers at the state farms in elk].		1981	6949197
wegener's granulomatosis. long-term results of treatment.	seventeen patients with wegener's granulomatosis are presented. the very complex clinical features are outlined. a recently suggested new classification (elk-classification) is applied. fourteen patients were treated with cytotoxic agents and steroids, 12 of these receiving 6-mercaptopurine. of the ten patients still alive, eight are in remission with treatment withdrawn in three cases. the duration of the treatment is discussed. the results are largely satisfactory, but the course of the diseas ...	1981	7271127
brain tumors in two free-ranging elk in colorado.		1981	7253089
further observations on the induction of antler growth in red deer females.		1981	7262356
copper status of red deer on the island of rhum.	the mean (+/- sd) liver copper level of 186 red deer (cervus elaphus) (87 stags and 99 hinds) on the island of rhum was 51.26 +/- 44.1 ppm dry matter. the level found in the south-east part of the island was significantly higher than elsewhere in hinds, but not in stags. levels below 20 ppm dry matter, comparable to those found in cases of enzootic ataxia in deer parks, occurred in 18 stags and 20 hinds. since enzootic ataxia has never been observed on rhum, it is deduced that low copper status ...	1981	7324361
investigations on a babesia isolated from scottish sheep.	the pathognomic, serologic and morphometric identity of a babesia sp. recently isolated from sheep in argyllshire was studied. initially, problems were encountered due to the occurrence of eperythrozoon ovis as a contaminant of the isolate and treatment with neoarsphenamine failed to remove it. finally, a combination of oxytetracycline therapy and rapid passage allowed isolation of the babesia sp. and its preservation in the form of a glycerolized, infected blood stabilate. inoculation of the st ...	1981	7329723
further studies on trypanosomes in game animals in wyoming ii.	further studies on moose revealed trypanosomes in two captive moose (alces alces shirasi) and in 4 of 7 free-ranging moose in wyoming by blood culture. two free-ranging moose from utah were negative. one of two additional captive moose calves was positive for trypanosomes. trypanosomes also were detected in blood cultures of 8 of 39 american bison (bison bison) being brought into wyoming from nebraska. nineteen additional bison were negative for trypanosomes by blood cultures. identification of ...	1981	7338978
do the blood vessels of the antler velvet of the red deer have an adrenergic innervation?	samples of antler velvet and pedicle skin of red deer were snap-frozen, freeze-dried and treated with hot formaldehyde vapour. sections (4 microns thick) were epi-illuminated with ultra-violet light. no blue-green fluorescence characteristic of adrenergic nerves was seen in sections from the antler velvet except in one castrate, although the blood vessels of the pedicle skin were well innervated. yellow fluorescence characteristic of 5-hydroxytryptamine was present in mast cells in the velvet. t ...	1981	6911764
keratitis in red deer.		1981	6947162
brucellosis in elk iii. serologic evaluation.	the efficacy of the standard plate agglutination (spt), buffered brucella antigen rapid card (bba), rivanol (riv) and complement fixation (cft) tests was statistically evaluated and correlated with known brucellosis infections in elk. low titers on the spt were detected in artificially exposed mature cow elk 2 weeks postinoculation and other tests began detecting antibodies at 3 weeks. titers on all tests were detected as long as 4 years postinoculation. serologic response was similar in artific ...	1981	6788962
paratuberculosis in tule elk in california.		1981	7328012
isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from musculature of moose and pronghorn in montana.	pieces of skeletal muscle from 43 mule deer, 34 elk, 4 white-tailed deer, 21 pronghorn, 7 moose, and 2 bison were examined for toxoplasma infection, by the acid-pepsin digestion technique. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 1 moose and 1 pronghorn. the isolated strains of t gondii were of low virulence to mice.	1981	7224306
studies in sarcocystis species. viii: sarcocystis and toxoplasma in red deer (cervus elaphus).		1981	6798514
detection of astrovirus in the faeces of red deer.		1981	6791371
characterization of a papilloma virus from the european elk (eepv).		1981	6266142
monoamine oxide activity in ox, elk and reindeer brains.		1981	6112098
morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america.	the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ...	1981	6171158
activity patterns of female red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in the alps.	during 1976 to 1978 in the bavarian alps (southern west germany) the activity patterns of nine female red deer have been studied using radio-telemetry. the daily sum total of activity shows a marked annual cycle, ranging from about 7 h in winter to some 15 h in summer. it becomes obvious that the duration of activity during solar day, night and twilight is not only due to the length of these three periods but also varies independently in the course of the year. the daily pattern of activity reve ...	1981	28309461
home range patterns of female red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in the alps.	from 1976 to 1978, ten female red deer in the northern parts of the bavarian alps (southern west germany) were fitted with transmitter collars. seasonal movements, the home range patterns, and habitat utilization as a function of the habitat structure were examined. while some animals remained in the lowlands throughout the year, others move between two or even three different areas seasonally. the average size of the home range was 65 ha during winter, 167 ha in spring and autumn and 121 ha in ...	1980	28309484
the date of antler casting, age and social hierarchy relationships in the red deer stag.	a five-year observation of social interactions and the antler cycle of the stag was performed in the "white" red deer population in the žehušice game reserve, czechoslovakia. the results indicate that the antler casting time of individual stags was dependent primarily on social status and that the influence of age was of secondary importance. the more dominant the stag, the earlier antler casting occurred. the stags of higher social status also tended to shed velvet earlier, although this relati ...	1980	24925506
isolation of bovine virus diarrhoea virus from a scottish red deer.		1980	6266120
lungworm and lice of the red deer (cervus elaphus) and the fallow deer (dama dama)--a review.		1980	6451822
dictyocaulus infection in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	post mortem examination of red deer calves on a deer farm situated on hill ground in north-east scotland revealed infection by a lungworm morphologically similar to dictyocaulus viviparus. trials were conducted to monitor the natural development of d viviparus infection in red deer, to investigate the value of a commercial lungworm vaccine and to evaluate methods of treating clinical cases. the findings indicate that the syndrome may be less apparent in red deer than it is in cattle, protection ...	1980	6445622
coyote as a final host for sarcocystis species of goats, sheep, cattle, elk, bison, and moose in montana.	tissues (1 kg) from sheep, goats, cattle, moose, bison, or elk naturally infected with sarcocystis species were fed to one to four sarcocystis-free coyotes and the number of sporocysts in feces and intestines were counted. all 12 coyotes fed naturally infected tissues shed sarcocystis in feces, with a prepatent period of 9 to 15 days. the four coyotes fed infected beef had 15, 25, 113, and 201 million sporocysts in their feces and intestines. the coyotes fed elk, moose, or bison had 2.5, 15, and ...	1980	6778270