Publications

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serum haptoglobin response in red deer naturally infected with tuberculosis.the analysis of haptoglobin (hp) serum concentration is a very sensitive, but non-specific, indicator of inflammation or infection. methods to accurately diagnose infection in vivo in wildlife are usually constrained by low sensitivity due to the effects of stress on individual immune response and the challenging logistics of performing tests in the wild. firstly, we sought to determine serum hp concentration in red deer (cervus elaphus) naturally infected with bovine tuberculosis (tb). secondly ...201931174696
molecular and morphological characterization of cysticercus tenuicollis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from turkey.cysticercus tenuicollis, the metacestode stage of taenia hydatigena has a worldwide distribution and is particularly common in rural areas and developing countries. in rare cases, t. hydatigena infection may result in the death of its host due to severe damage or secondary bacterial infections. generally, when multiple cysts are attached to the liver, it causes economic losses. the infection can be detected using morphological, histopathological and more recently, molecular investigations.201931165988
calibration of life history traits with epiphyseal closure, dental eruption and bone histology in captive and wild red deer.the study of skeletochronology and bone tissue as a record of information on ontogenetic stages and events is widely used for improving the knowledge about life histories (lhs) of extinct and extant vertebrates. compared with dinosaurs and extant reptiles, mammalian bone histology has received little attention. here, we calibrate for the first time bone and dental age with histological bone characteristics and lh stages in ontogenetic series of red deer. we rely on known lhs of different aged in ...201931148188
new findings of setaria tundra and setaria cervi in the red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland.our study aimed at examining the phylogenetic position of the newly-found setaria nematodes obtained from the red deer (cervus elaphus) based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1). alignment and phylogenetic analyses, as well as sem microscopic analysis, revealed the presence of two setaria species: s. cervi and s. tundra. setaria tundra was noted in only one individual, a calf of the red deer, while s. cervi was observed in three stages, two hinds and one calf ...201931142386
analgesic efficacy of articaine hydrochloride for velvet antler removal in red deer (cervus elaphus) and analysis of drug residues in the harvested velvet antlers.to investigate the analgesic efficacy of articaine hydrochloride for antler removal in red deer (cervus elaphus) following s/c administration as a ring block, and to quantify the residue concentrations of articaine compared to lignocaine in the harvested antlers.201931034783
red deer umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cell extract cream for rejuvenation of the facebackground: aging is a multifactorial process that involves all components of the skin. both intrinsic and extrinsic forces play a role in this aging process. a new patented protein mix derived from red deer umbilical cord lining stem cell conditioned media (calecim® multi action cream, cellresearch corporation, singapore) has been developed to improve the signs of aging. the extract is the conditioned media from umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cell culture in basal media and consists of ...201931012565
sex-specific differences in spring and autumn migration in a northern large herbivore.ongoing global warming is now affecting migratory cycles in a large variety of taxa in seasonally variable environments. disruption of migratory systems can cause population decline and affect ecosystem function across the globe. it is therefore urgent to understand the drivers of migration and how the different fitness limitations of the sexes affect migration, but studies seldom considered the full annual cycle. we analysed the annual migration cycle of 237 red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway ...201930992511
a hierarchical bayesian approach for handling missing classification data.ecologists use classifications of individuals in categories to understand composition of populations and communities. these categories might be defined by demographics, functional traits, or species. assignment of categories is often imperfect, but frequently treated as observations without error. when individuals are observed but not classified, these "partial" observations must be modified to include the missing data mechanism to avoid spurious inference.we developed two hierarchical bayesian ...201930962886
microwear and isotopic analyses on cave bear remains from toll cave reveal both short-term and long-term dietary habits.dietary habits of the extinct ursus spelaeus have always been a controversial topic in paleontological studies. in this work, we investigate carbon and nitrogen values in the bone collagen and dental microwear of u. spelaeus specimens recovered in level 4 from toll cave (moià, catalonia, ne iberian peninsula). these remains have been dated to > 49,000 14c bp. the ability of both proxies to provide data on the diet of u. spelaeus at different times in the life-history (isotopes: average diet of l ...201930952915
the fine-scale landscape of immunity and parasitism in a wild ungulate population.spatial heterogeneity in susceptibility and exposure to parasites is a common source of confounding variation in disease ecology studies. however, it is not known whether spatial autocorrelation acts on immunity at small scales, within wild animal populations, and whether this predicts spatial patterns in infection. here we used a well-mixed wild population of individually recognized red deer (cervus elaphus) inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape to investigate fine-scale spatial patterns of immu ...201930942858
bacterial colonisation of reeds and cottonseed hulls in the rumen of tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis).the rumen microbiome contributes greatly to the degradation of plant fibres to volatile fatty acids and microbial products, affecting the health and productivity of ruminants. in this study, we investigated the dynamics of colonisation by bacterial communities attached to reeds and cottonseed hulls in the rumen of tarim red deer, a native species distributed in the desert of the tarim basin. the reed and cottonseed hull samples incubated in nylon bags for 1, 6, 12, and 48 h were collected and us ...201930941531
joint effects of weather and interspecific competition on foraging behavior and survival of a mountain herbivore.weather variations have the potential to influence species interactions, although effects on competitive interactions between species are poorly known. both weather and competition can influence foraging behavior and survival of herbivores during nursing/weaning, a critical period in the herbivore life cycle. we evaluated the joint effects of weather and competition with red deer cervus elaphus on the foraging behavior of adult female apennine chamois rupicapra pyrenaica ornata in summer, and on ...201930936905
future suitability of habitat in a migratory ungulate under climate change.with climate change, the effect of global warming on snow cover is expected to cause range expansion and enhance habitat suitability for species at their northern distribution limits. however, how this depends on landscape topography and sex in size-dimorphic species remains uncertain, and is further complicated for migratory animals following climate-driven seasonal resource fluctuations across vast landscapes. using 11 years of data from a partially migratory ungulate at their northern distrib ...201930890094
a new test to detect antibodies against mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in red deer serum.red deer (cervus elaphus) farming is a growing economic activity worldwide. however, the capacity of this species to act as reservoir of animal tuberculosis (tb) poses a threat to other wildlife and to livestock. diagnostic assay accuracy in this species is therefore highly relevant for prevention and control measures. our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the protein complex p22, obtained from mycobacterium bovis derived purified protein derivative (bppd), as a candidate antigen ...201930825903
prevalence, levels and seasonal variations of human enteric viruses in six major rivers in alberta, canada.the prevalence and seasonal variation of 7 viruses in 6 major rivers in alberta were assessed using a combination of qpcr, cell culture and integrated cell culture with qpcr (icc-qpcr). water samples were collected monthly from rivers at different sites upstream and downstream of major urban centers. seven viruses including rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, jc virus and enterovirus, were detected in at least one of the water samples at each site using qpcr. rotavirus was m ...201930743085
first detection of chronic wasting disease in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal contagious prion disease naturally occurring in cervids in north america. in 2016, cwd was detected in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces) in norway. here, we report the first known naturally infected wild norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus).201930920905
does winter supplementary feeding affect deer damage in a forest ecosystem? a field test in areas with different levels of deer pressure.supplementary feeding is a widespread but controversial practice in game management. while many studies have been conducted on this issue, there is limited empirical evidence on how feeding affects damage caused by wildlife. in this context, the present study focused on the effect of artificial winter feeding on tree damage in three mountain regions in poland.201929956445
carcass and meat quality characteristics from iberian wild red deer (cervus elaphus) hunted at different ages.deer-meat consumption is increasing in several countries based on claims that it is a healthy red meat. this study assessed the effect of slaughter age (low - 26 months and younger; medium - from 27 months to younger than 42 months; and high - 42 months and older) on carcass characteristics and meat physicochemical properties of 150 iberian wild red deer.201930270485
treponeme-associated hoof disease of free-ranging elk ( cervus elaphus) in southwestern washington state, usa.a novel foot disease in free-ranging elk ( cervus elaphus) in southwestern washington state emerged in 2008 and spread throughout the region. initial studies showed adult elk had chronic hoof overgrowth, sole ulcers, and sloughed hoof capsules, but no cause was determined. to identify possible causes and characterize the earliest lesions, 9-, 7-, and 3-month-old elk were collected. nine-month-old elk had sole ulcers (3/9 elk) and sloughed/overgrown hoof capsules (4/9 elk) similar to adults. hist ...201930244661
effect of age on nutritional properties of iberian wild red deer meat.this study assessed the effect of age (l, less than 27 months old; m, from 27 to 42 months old; h, 43 months and older) on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol content, amino acid composition and mineral content of 150 iberian wild red deer meat samples.201930144080
modelling strontium isotopes in past biospheres - assessment of bioavailable 87sr/86sr ratios in local archaeological vertebrates based on environmental signatures.87sr/86sr isotopic ratios in skeletal remains of archaeological vertebrates are used for provenance analysis since long. however, the definition of the past bioavailable isotopic ratio at the site of recovery is not known beforehand and geological maps can provide no more than gross expectations. therefore, the assessment of the "local sr isotopic signature" is still of crucial importance. in this study, we present a tool for the prediction of such local isotopic signatures by creating a concent ...201930118937
multi-locus sequence typing of ixodes ricinus and its symbiont candidatus midichloria mitochondrii across europe reveals evidence of local co-cladogenesis in scotland.ticks have relatively complex microbiomes, but only a small proportion of the bacterial symbionts recorded from ticks are vertically transmitted. moreover, co-cladogenesis between ticks and their symbionts, indicating an intimate relationship over evolutionary history driven by a mutualistic association, is the exception rather than the rule. one of the most widespread tick symbionts is candidatus midichloria, which has been detected in all of the major tick genera of medical and veterinary impo ...201930197267
metapodials of ancient bison (bison priscus) of northeast russia: "stress markers," sex and withers height.a total of 175 metapodials (mp) of pleistocene and early holocene bison (bison priscus boj.) from the vast area of northeast russia were studied. mp were attributed to males and females both visually and statistically. data on the withers height of bison from northeast russia are provided. stress markers were recorded, including so-called "buttresses." with rare exceptions, stress markers were not of a pathological nature. the origin and development of the buttresses are age-related; their preva ...201930019862
susceptibility of human prion protein to conversion by chronic wasting disease prions.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in north america. the identification of the first cases of cwd among free-ranging reindeer and moose in europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether cwd can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. we used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether cwd prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in north america ...201830014840
gas and short-chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep.efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to compare the 24-hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivtd24 ), in vitro gas production (gp) kinetic parameters, gp in 24 hr of incubation (gas24 ) and short-chain fatty acid (scfa) and microbial biomass (mbs) produced after 24-hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from s ...201829978922
predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons.sexually selected weapons evolved to maximize the individual reproductive success of males in many polygynous breeding species. many weapons are also retained outside of reproductive periods for secondary reasons, but the importance of these secondary functions is poorly understood. here we leveraged a unique opportunity from the predator-prey system in northern yellowstone national park, wy, usa to evaluate whether predation by a widespread, coursing predator (wolves) has influenced a specific ...201830177803
consumer preferences for red deer meat: a discrete choice analysis considering attitudes towards wild game meat and hunting.this study aims to analyse consumer preferences for red deer meat (rdm) (cervus elaphus) by conducting a case study in northern italy. this analysis considers how the attitudes of consumers towards wild game meat and hunting might influence such preferences. this goal is achieved by combining the results of a k-means clustering analysis of the attitudes collected by means of two valuation scales with a discrete choice experiment (ce). according to our results, a positive attitude towards wild ga ...201830173016
[structural–functional condition of the thyroid gland of red deer at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis].the histological structure and morphometric and some histochemical indices of thyroid gland ofmaral as a subspecies of red deer at the postnatal stage of ontogenesis were studied. it was established that thegland was structurally formed by the time of the birth. c-cells are detected at 6 months of age. with age, theratio of follicles of different sizes changed: smaller forms predominate in newborns and those 6 months old,medium and large predominate in adults and in old deer. histological, morph ...201830272886
tetraplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous identification and quantification of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer for deer meat authentication.analytical methods are needed for the identification and quantification of meat species to detect food adulteration. since game meat is more expensive than meat from domesticated animal species, it is a potential target for adulteration. we present a tetraplex real-time pcr assay that allows the simultaneous determination of the content of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer. the tetraplex assay showed only moderate cross-reactivity with closely related species. after optimization the ...201830100464
evidence of two genetically different lymphotropic herpesviruses present among red deer, sambar, and milu herds in china.herpesvirus infections in cervidae are a serious threat affecting some deer species worldwide. in our attempt to identify malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses in deer herds, ten gammaherpesviral dna fragments were identified in five species of deer in herds in china by using a pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction assay targeting viral dna polymerase. notably, in sambar (rusa unicolor), a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus was identified that showed a close relationship with fallow deer ...201830041287
estimating selection on the act of inbreeding in a population with strong inbreeding depression.inbreeding depression is widely regarded as a driving force in the evolution of dispersal, mate choice and sperm selection. however, due to likely costs of inbreeding avoidance, which are poorly understood, it is unclear to what extent selection to avoid inbreeding is expected in nature. moreover, there are currently very few empirical estimates of the strength of selection against the act of inbreeding (mating with a relative), as opposed to the fitness costs of being inbred. here, we use data ...201830230082
pathological lesions in the lungs of red deer cervus elaphus (l.) induced by a newly-described dictyocaulus cervi (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea).the large lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus are causative agents of parasitic bronchitis in various ungulate hosts, including red deer. recently, the red deer-derived lungworm d. cervi was described and separated from d. eckerti. little is known of the transmission patterns, epidemiology, geographical distribution and pathogenicity of d. cervi. histological examinations were performed on 22 formalin-fixed lung tissue samples of hunted red deer. exclusively, d. cervi adults were derived from 15 ...201830253848
comparison of anti-inflammatory effect and protein profile between the water extracts from formosan sambar deer and red deer.velvet antler (va), the unossified antler from members of the family cervidae, has been used in traditional chinese medicines and health foods for over 2000 years in enhancement of kidney function and treatment or prevention of cardiovascular, immunological and gynaecological disease. the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of velvet antler water extracts from formosan sambar deer (rusa unicolor swinhoei, svae) and red deer (cervus elaphus, rvae). results indicated ...201830249326
correction: genetic diversity, genetic structure and diet of ancient and contemporary red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from north-eastern france.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189278.].201829940045
prenatal histomorphological development of the rumen in dama dama.this work studies the morphological changes taking place in the dama dama rumen during prenatal development using histomorphometrics, surface microstructure and immunohistochemistry analysis as well as carrying out a comparative analysis of this species with other wild (red deer) and domestic-type ruminants. a total of 25 fallow deer embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 51 day ...201829893403
cinnamtannin b-1, a novel antioxidant for sperm in red deer.cinnamtannin b-1 (cnb-1) is a naturally occurring trimeric a-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plants such as cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum). it is considered to be a potent antioxidant. the protective effect of cnb-1 against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °c. cryopreserved sperm from six stags were thawed, pooled and extended to 400 × 106 sperm/ml in bgm (bovine gamete medium). after being aliquoted, the samples were supplemented with diffe ...201829776697
common drivers of seasonal movements on the migration - residency behavior continuum in a large herbivore.this study aimed to (1) identify the scale of environmental drivers of seasonal movements on the migration - residency behavior continuum in a large herbivore species and to (2) test the hypothesis that the same environmental drivers and spatio-temporal scaling should influence spatial processes in both migrants (long distance migration) and residents (short distance range shifts). we performed a comparative analysis of the influence of plant phenology and snow cover duration on seasonal movemen ...201829769562
sika deer (cervus nippon)-specific real-time pcr method to detect fraudulent labelling of meat and meat products.since game meat is more valuable and expensive than meat from domesticated animal species it is a potential target for adulteration. analytical methods must allow the identification and quantification of meat species to be applicable for the detection of fraudulent labelling. we developed a real-time pcr assay for the authentication of sika deer (cervus nippon) and products thereof. the primer/probe system amplifies a 71 bp fragment of the kappa-casein precursor gene. since the target sequence c ...201829739996
genome sequences of two novel papillomaviruses isolated from healthy skin of pudu puda and cervus elaphus deer.we report the complete genome sequences of pudu puda papillomavirus1 (ppudpv1) and cervus elaphus papillomavirus2 (celapv2), isolated from healthy skin hair follicles of a southern pudu and a red deer, respectively. ppudpv1 is basal to the dyokappapvs, whereas celapv2 is basal to the xipvs (beta-xipv crown group).201829724829
long-term occurrence of trichuris species in wild ruminants in the czech republic.the aim of this study was to identify trichuris species in wild ruminants from 32 localities in the czech republic using morphological and molecular methods (its1-5.8s rna-its2 region polymorphisms). trichurids were obtained from 176 wild ruminants (roe deer, sika deer, red deer, fallow deer and mouflons) that were culled between 2009 and 2017. trichuris discolor is the predominant trichurid of all of the above-mentioned wild ruminants, whereas trichuris ovis was identified less frequently in ro ...201829721657
a novel application of an anthelmintic mixture for use against gastrointestinal parasites of red deer (cervus elaphus).a mixture of proprietary anthelmintics delivering 0.5 mg/kg moxidectin, 9.06 mg/kg oxfendazole, 15 mg/kg levamisole, and 0.08 mg/kg selenium on bodyweight basis per os to red deer is investigated. on a deer farm with a history of parasite problems, six weaner red deer were treated orally with a 50/50 mixture of exodus pour-on and oxfen c plus (ex/ox) at a dose rate of 1 ml/5 kg bodyweight. six herd mates were untreated. eleven days later abomasal worm counts for the untreated deer revealed an ar ...201829692928
pregnancy and mid-term abortion rates in farmed red deer in new zealand.this paper describes pregnancy and mid-term abortion rate data from an investigation of sub-optimal reproductive performance in new zealand farmed red deer. for 2 years, 87 yearling (yl) and 71 mixed-age adult (ma) herds from 85 farms were observed with 15 yl and seven ma herds observed both years. hinds were pregnancy diagnosed using ultrasonography in the late autumn-early winter (pd1) and again late winter-early spring (pd2) and mid-term daily abortion rates (dar) were calculated. overall, 85 ...201829685706
draft whole-genome sequences of three diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains isolated from farmed deer in new zealand.escherichia coli bacteria commonly colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of farmed ruminants. cattle are a well-recognized reservoir of zoonotic e. coli; we report here, however, the draft genome sequences of three diarrheagenic e. coli strains isolated from farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in the manawatu region of new zealand.201829674551
transmission of helminths between species of ruminants in austria appears more likely to occur than generally assumed.helminth infections of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs can lead to devastating economical losses to the pastoral based animal production. farm animals can suffer from malnutrition, tissue damage, and blood loss resulting in impaired production traits and reproduction parameters. in austria, pastures grazed by sheep, goats, and cattle overlap with the habitats of several species of wild cervids (roe deer, red deer, sika deer, and fallow deer) and bovids (mouflon, chamois, and ibex), and tran ...201829662884
declining home range area predicts reduced late-life survival in two wild ungulate populations.demographic senescence is increasingly recognised as an important force shaping the dynamics of wild vertebrate populations. however, our understanding of the processes that underpin these declines in survival and fertility in old age remains limited. evidence for age-related changes in foraging behaviour and habitat use is emerging from wild vertebrate studies, but the extent to which these are driven by within-individual changes, and the consequences for fitness, remain unclear. using longitud ...201829656580
evaluation of factors affecting the efficacy of treatment against fascioloides magna in wild red deer population.deer fascioloidosis is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the non-native trematode fascioloides magna. infections of red deer with f. magna in croatia have been reported for the first time in 2000 in the baranja region. subsequently, the disease spread throughout the eastern parts of the country, involving all 3 deer species (red, roe, and fallow) and mouflons. within the disease control programme (dcp), livers from all shot deer were thoroughly analysed and all detected trematode ...201829631313
enamel apatite crystallinity significantly contributes to mammalian dental adaptations.the monophyodont molar teeth, prismatic enamel and the complexity of enamel microarchitecture are regarded as essential dental apomorphies of mammals. as prominent background factors of feeding efficiency and individual longevity these characters are crucial components of mammalian adaptive dynamics. little is known, however, to which degree these adaptations are influenced by the crystallographic properties of elementary hydroxyapatite crystallites, the only inorganic component of enamel. in a ...201829615748
mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis isolated from wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in northern italy.paratuberculosis (or johne's disease) is an infectious disease which affects mainly ruminants and it is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). during a culling program (years 2011-2015) aimed at controlling the red deer (cervus elaphus) population in stelvio national park (italian alps), where paratuberculosis was already described in this species, 382 tissue samples from the lombardy region and 102 fecal specimens from the autonomous province of bolzano were analyzed by pc ...201829615250
identification of first-stage dorsal-spined lungworm larvae of tunisian barbary red deer: first report of varestrongylus sagittatus and elaphostrongylus cervi in africa.barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) is a protected rare subspecies of red deer. the study of its protostrongylidae fauna based only on sporadic necropsy of naturally dead animals is difficult. therefore diagnosis of lungworms rely mainly on the identification of the first stage larvae (l1). the l1 of the different species are not readily diagnosed on morphological basis since much variation is recorded within and among dorsal-spined larvae belonging to various species. the aim of this stu ...201829581029
lower dietary concentrate level increases bacterial diversity in the rumen of cervus elaphus yarkandensis.the ruminal microbiota plays major roles in feed digestion. the composition and fermentation of the bacterial communities in 3 important ruminant species have been studied previously. here, we extended this research to the effect of concentrate-to-forage ratios on ruminal bacterial communities in tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis). different concentrate-to-forage ratios (2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5) were fed to tarim red deer for 20 days. ruminal bacterial communities were elucidated by 16s ...201829562140
carcass and meat characteristics from farm-raised and wild fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus): a review.deer species are utilised for food, hunting and other products throughout the world. consumers are typically exposed to venison derived predominantly from both farm-raised or wild fallow (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). the production of venison under farm conditions, compared to the meat of deer hunted in the wild, allows for a regular supply of a consistently good meat. it is lean, tasty, and rich in proteins and minerals, with a low content of fat and cholesterol. overall, the world ...201829558697
influence of insemination time on the fertility of sex sorted frozen-thawed y-sperm in red deer.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of insemination timing on pregnancy rates in red deer (cervus elaphus) when using sex-sorted sperm samples. semen was collected by electroejaculation from 8 mature stags and processed to obtain: conventional samples, following standard freezing procedures for commercial purposes; control sorted samples, diluted and handled as per sorted samples but without being submitted to the sorter passage; and y sex sorted (yss) samples. hinds were synchronized ...201829547733
seasonality of helminth infection in wild red deer varies between individuals and between parasite taxa.parasitism in wild mammals can vary according to myriad intrinsic and extrinsic factors, many of which vary seasonally. however, seasonal variation in parasitism is rarely studied using repeated samples from known individuals. here we used a wild population of individually recognized red deer (cervus elaphus) on the isle of rum to quantify seasonality and intrinsic factors affecting gastrointestinal helminth parasitism over the course of a year. we collected 1020 non-invasive faecal samples from ...201829519265
effects of mn supplementation in late-gestating and lactating red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) on milk production, milk composition, and calf growth.this study describes the effects of mn supplementation of 20 late-gestating and lactating iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) females (hinds) fed a balanced diet on milk production and milk composition over the lactation period. body weight of their calves at birth and at weaning was also evaluated. in addition, the effect of lactation stage was studied. for these purposes, 2 groups of hinds, one composed by 12 individuals (experimental) and the other by 8 individuals (control) were com ...201829518225
preventive effects of velvet antler (cervus elaphus) against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting mapk/nf-κb activation and inducing ampk/nrf2 pathways.velvet antler (cervus elaphus) is a typical traditional animal medicine. it is considered to have various pharmacological effects including stimulation of the immune system, increase in the physical strength, and enhancement of sexual function. this paper aims to investigate the aqueous extract of velvet antler (ava) in the mouse models of lps-induced ali. inhibition of no, tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, and il-10 productions contributes to the attenuation of lps-induced lung inflammation by ava. a 5-day p ...201829483931
lack of association between leptospira spp. serovars hardjobovis and pomona and pregnancy and mid-term abortion in new zealand farmed red deer.this paper investigates leptospira borgpeterseni serovar hardjobovis and l. interrogans serovar pomona as potential causes of sub-optimum pregnancy rates and mid-term abortion in farmed red deer. rising two-year-old (r2, n = 22,130) and mixed-age (ma, n = 36,223) hinds from 87 and 71 herds, respectively, throughout new zealand were ultrasound scanned early in gestation (scan-1) and a sub-sample re-scanned (scan-2) 55-89 days later and mid-term daily abortion rate calculated. a sub-sample of sera ...201829426411
estimating abundance of an open population with an n-mixture model using auxiliary data on animal movements.accurate assessment of abundance forms a central challenge in population ecology and wildlife management. many statistical techniques have been developed to estimate population sizes because populations change over time and space and to correct for the bias resulting from animals that are present in a study area but not observed. the mobility of individuals makes it difficult to design sampling procedures that account for movement into and out of areas with fixed jurisdictional boundaries. aeria ...201829405475
scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (ii).the european commission asked efsa for a scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease in two parts. part one, on surveillance, animal health risk-based measures and public health risks, was published in january 2017. this opinion (part two) addresses the remaining terms of reference, namely, 'are the conclusions and recommendations in the efsa opinion of june 2004 on diagnostic methods for chronic wasting disease still valid? if not, an update should be provided', and 'update the conclusions of ...201832625679
mycobacterium caprae infection of red deer in western austria-optimized use of pathology data to infer infection dynamics.austria is officially bovine tuberculosis (tb) free, but during the last decade the west of the country experienced sporadic tb cases in cattle. free-ranging red deer are known to be the maintenance host of mycobacterium (m.) caprae in certain areas in austria, where cattle can become infected on alpine pastures shared with deer. the epidemiology of tb in deer in alpine regions is still poorly understood. to inform decisions on efficient interventions against tb in deer, a method is needed to be ...201830719435
an assessment of the use of cox1 and cox3 mitochondrial genetic markers for the identification of dictyocaulus spp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) in wild ruminants.lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus railliet and henry, 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis, husk) of various ungulate hosts, including domestic and wild ruminants. correct diagnosis of lungworm species and a better understanding of the transmission patterns of dictyocaulus spp. are crucial in minimising the risk of its cross transmission between wildlife and livestock, and for the control of dictyocaulosis. the study was conducte ...201829736729
low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain.the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ...201829631620
establishment of fascioloides magna in a new region of hungary: case report.during the monitoring of red deer (n = 124) and fallow deer (n = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern hungary. the prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. the determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other european natural foci. the authors hypothesise that the appearance of f. magna in this region should have bee ...201830284615
between-year vocal aging in female red deer (cervus elaphus).studying animal vocal aging has potential implication in the field of animal welfare and for modeling human voice aging. the objective was to examine, using a repeated measures approach, the between-year changes of weight, social discomfort score (bites of other hinds on hind pelt), body condition score (fat reserves) and acoustic variables of the nasal (closed-mouth) and the oral (open-mouth) contact calls produced by farmed red deer hinds (cervus elaphus) toward their young.201830333068
the european union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in 2017.this report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids and other animal species, as well as genotyping in sheep, carried out in 2017 in the european union (eu) according to regulation (ec) 999/2001, and in iceland, norway and switzerland. in total, 1,312,714 cattle were tested by the 28 eu member states (mss) which is a decrease of 3% compared with 2016; 18,526 were tested by the three non-mss. for the first t ...201832625769
detection of seroconversion to bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virusin polish free-living deer.there are several infectious agents of domestic cattle that can also be present in free-living ruminant populations. these include bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) which are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea, respectively. the study was conducted on serum samples from 59 red deer, 24 roe deer, and 3 fallow deer (86 in total), originating from two geographically separate areas of poland. the samples were tested ...201830468331
investigations on the distribution of schistosoma turkestanicum skrjabin, 1913 (trematoda: schistosomatidae) infection of red deer in hungary and a combined method for the detection of s. turkestanicum eggs in droppings.additional geographical distribution of the central european populations of schistosoma turkestanicum and the detectability of their eggs in droppings were investigated in red deer samples, because this rare species had previously been shown only in a single hungarian habitat. samples from visceral organs, intestinal contents, and droppings on the ground from 11 hunting areas of hungary were investigated to find a new presence of this fluke. close to the first site of detection in the gemenc for ...201830580539
evaluating the individuality of animal-habitat relationships.examining the ways in which animals use habitat and select resources to satisfy their life history requirements has important implications for ecology, evolution, and conservation. the advent of radio-tracking in the mid-20th century greatly expanded the scope of animal-habitat modeling. thereafter, it became common practice to aggregate telemetry data collected on a number of tagged individuals and fit one model describing resource selection at the population level. this convention, however, ru ...201830519415
supplemental feeding alters migration of a temperate ungulate.conservation of migration requires information on behavior and environmental determinants. the spatial distribution of forage resources, which migration exploits, often are altered and may have subtle, unintended consequences. supplemental feeding is a common management practice, particularly for ungulates in north america and europe, and carryover effects on behavior of this anthropogenic manipulation of forage are expected in theory, but have received limited empirical evaluation, particularly ...201829210236
pathologic and biochemical characterization of prpscfrom elk with prnp polymorphisms at codon 132 after experimental infection with the chronic wasting disease agent.the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prion protein gene (prnp) is polymorphic at codon 132, with leucine (l132) and methionine (m132) allelic variants present in the population. in elk experimentally inoculated with the chronic wasting disease (cwd) agent, different incubation periods are associated with prnp genotype: ll132 elk survive the longest, lm132 elk are intermediate, and mm132 elk the shortest. the purpose of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms underlying vari ...201829523205
very low influenza a virus prevalence in cervids in german national parks.influenza a viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ cervus elaphus], fallow [ dama dama] , and roe deer [ capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six german national parks between 2000 and 2002. the serum was tested for the presence of influenza a antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorben ...201829517428
serological surveillance for tahyna virus (california encephalitis orthobunyavirus, peribunyaviridae) neutralizing antibodies in wild ungulates in austria, hungary and romania.a serosurvey for tahyna virus (tahv), a mosquito-borne california encephalitis orthobunyavirus (peribunyaviridae) endemic to europe, was performed to estimate the activity of tahv on a broad geographic scale. sera from wild boar (sus scrofa), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected from austria, hungary and romania. samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against tahv using a virus microneutralization assay. the results demonstrate that tahv transmissi ...201829516663
a teat papillomatosis case in a damascus goat (shami goat) in hatay province, turkey: a new putative papillomavirus?papillomaviruses (pvs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. recently, new pvs have been found in many animal species. the most common current approach for identifying novel pv types is based on pcr, using various consensus or degenerated primer (broad-range primers), designed on the basis of the multiple alignment of nucleotide or amino acid sequences of a large number of different human ...201829502149
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis e virus in pigs, wild boars, roe deer, red deer and moose in lithuania.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the major causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. in europe, food-borne zoonotic transmission of hev genotype 3 has been associated with domestic pigs and wild boar. controversial data are available on the circulation of the virus in animals that are used for human consumption, and to date, no gold standard has yet been defined for the diagnosis of hev-associated hepatitis. to investigate the current hev infection status in lithuanian pigs and wild ungulates, ...201829471843
histopathological, morphological, and molecular characterization of sarcocystis species in elk (cervus elaphus) from pennsylvania, usa.sarcocystis sarcocysts are common in many species of domestic and wild animals. here, we report sarcocystosis in muscles from 91 free range elk (cervus elaphus) from pennsylvania, usa, tested by histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (tem), and dna sequencing. sarcocysts were detected in hematoxylin and eosin (he)-stained sections from 83 of 91 (91.2%) elk, including 83/91 (91.2%) tongues and 15/17 (88.2%) hearts. with respect to age, sarcocysts were found in 0/5 calves, 8/9 (88.8%) ye ...201830120590
development of diagnostic snp markers to monitor hybridization between sika deer (cervus nippon) and wapiti (cervus elaphus).sika deer (cervus nippon) and wapiti (cervus elaphus) are closely related species and their hybridization can result in significant allele-shift of their gene pool. additive genetic effects and putative heterotic effects of their hybridization on growth performance could confer considerable economic advantage in deer farming. here, we used double-digest restriction site-associated dna sequencing technology (ddrad-seq) and detected ∼320,000 genome-wide snps from 30 captive individuals: 7 sika dee ...201829789312
comparative analysis of prions in nervous and lymphoid tissues of chronic wasting disease-infected cervids.the prevalence, host range and geographical bounds of chronic wasting disease (cwd), the prion disease of cervids, are expanding. horizontal transmission likely contributes the majority of new cwd cases, but the mechanism by which prions are transmitted among cwd-affected cervids remains unclear. to address the extent to which prion amplification in peripheral tissues contributes to contagious transmission, we assessed the prion levels in central nervous and lymphoreticular system tissues in whi ...201829580373
introgression of exotic cervus (nippon and canadensis) into red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in scotland and the english lake district.since the mid-19th century, multiple introductions of japanese sika deer (cervus nippon nippon) and north american wapiti (c. canadensis) have taken place in the british isles. while wapiti have generally been unsuccessful, sika have been very successful, especially in scotland where they now overlap at least 40% of the range of native red deer (c. elaphus). hybridization between these two species and red deer has been demonstrated in captivity and in the wild. using a panel of 22 microsatellite ...201829468030
toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the mediterranean ecosystem.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of worldwide distribution. the present study provides information on risk factors affecting t. gondii infection in domestic and free-ranging wild ungulates sharing habitats in mediterranean ecosystems in spain. serum samples from 482 extensively reared domestic ruminants and 2351 wild ungulates were tested for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off 1:25). toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was 41.2% of 194 sheep, 18.6% of ...201829344801
genetic diversity, genetic structure and diet of ancient and contemporary red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from north-eastern france.in north-eastern france, red deer (cervus elaphus l.) populations were rebuilt from a few hundred individuals, which have subsisted in remote valleys of the vosges mountains, and to a lesser extent from individuals escaped from private enclosures; at present times, this species occupies large areas, mainly in the vosges mountains. in this study, we examined the population dynamics of red deer in the vosges mountains using ancient and contemporary mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from 140 samples (23 an ...201829304165
molecular identification of sarcocystis halieti n. sp., sarcocystis lari and sarcocystis truncata in the intestine of a white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) in norway.an emaciated white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) from western norway was found and nursed briefly before it died. the necropsy revealed that the principal cause of death was an inflammation and occlusion of the bile ducts. a secondary finding was the presence in the intestinal mucosa of numerous sporulated sarcocystis oocysts measuring 21.8-22.8 × 16.0-17.0 μm. the aim of this study was to identify these oocysts to species level using molecular methods. genomic dna was extracted from 1 ...201829270360
pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and its metabolite articainic acid after subcutaneous administration in red deer (cervus elaphus).to develop and validate a simple and sensitive method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) for quantification of articaine, and its major metabolite articainic acid, in plasma of red deer (cervus elaphus), and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid in red deer following s/c administration of articaine hydrochloride as a complete ring block around the antler pedicle.201829020878
oocyte holding in the iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effect of initial oocyte quality and epidermal growth factor addition on in vitro maturation.current in vitro embryo production protocols in the iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) need to be optimized; oocyte harvesting in situ followed by overnight holding could reduce the human effort and shipping costs. in our work, post-mortem ovaries were retrieved, and the oocytes were harvested and allocated to g1 group (good quality) or g2 + g3 group (low quality). the oocytes were separately subjected to immediate in vitro maturation (ivm) or held overnight in a holding medium compose ...201829110393
rapid and robust authentication of deer antler velvet product by fast pcr-rflp analysis.deer antler velvet is widely used as a vitalizing, tonifying, haemopoietic and strengthening agent for debilitated persons in east asia. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the identification of the biological source or origin in antler velvet products, a molecular approach was applied using pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. the cytochrome b gene sequences of nine cervidae species were analyzed, and a dde i restriction endonuclease recognition site was found only in ...201828071968
spectrum of antibody profiles in tuberculous elephants, cervids, and cattle.using multi-antigen print immunoassay and dpp®vettb assay approved in the united states for testing captive cervids and elephants, we analyzed antibody recognition of mpb83 and cfp10/esat-6 antigens in asian elephants (elephas maximus) infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis and in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), fallow deer (dama dama), elk (cervus elaphus), and cattle (bos taurus) infected with mycobacterium bovis. serum igg reactivity to mpb83 was found in the vast majority of tu ...201829408038
the red deer cervus elaphus genome cerela1.0: sequencing, annotating, genes, and chromosomes.we present here the de novo genome assembly cerela1.0 for the red deer, cervus elaphus, an emblematic member of the natural megafauna of the northern hemisphere. humans spread the species in the south. today, the red deer is also a farm-bred animal and is becoming a model animal in biomedical and population studies. stag dna was sequenced at 74× coverage by illumina technology. the allpaths-lg assembly of the reads resulted in 34.7 × 103scaffolds, 26.1 × 103of which were utilized in cer.ela1.0. ...201829294181
development and validation of a fallow deer (dama dama)-specific taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection of food adulteration.the aim of the present study was to develop a real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of fallow deer (dama dama) in food to detect food adulteration. despite high sequence homology among different deer species, a fallow deer-specific primer/probe system targeting a fragment of the nuclear mc1-r gene was designed. this primer/probe system did not amplify dna from 19 other animals and 50 edible plant species. moderate cross-reactivity was observed for sika deer, red deer, roe ...201829146373
age-dependent changes in essential elements and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood of red deer and vulnerability to nutritional deficiencies.changes in the concentration of circulating essential elements in animals over life may be indicative of periods of vulnerability to deficiencies and associated diseases. here we studied age-related variations in essential elements (se, cu, zn and mn) and some selected oxidative stress biomarkers (gpx, sod, vitamin a and vitamin e) in blood of an iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) population living in semicaptive conditions. animals during their first year of life showed to be especial ...201829353781
social rank affects the haematologic profile in red deer hinds.we studied the effects of social rank on the haematologic profile in a herd of 24 female iberian red deer hinds. social rank hierarchy was determined and blood samples were taken and analysed. after adjusting for age and body mass, dominance ranking showed a significant negative effect (ie, lower values in dominant hinds) on white blood cell (wbc) count, haemoglobin and haematocrit. our results are similar to those reported for stressed individuals due to physical immobilisation, but do not supp ...201829374098
traditional cattle vs. introduced deer management in chaco serrano woodlands (argentina): analysis of environmental sustainability at increasing densities.wild ungulate populations have increased and expanded considerably in many regions, including austral woodlands and forests where deer (cervus elaphus) have been introduced as an alternative management to traditional cattle grazing. in this study, we compared traditional cattle with introduced deer management at increasing deer densities in the "chaco serrano" woodlands of argentina to assess their ecological sustainability. we used three ecological indicators (abundance of tree regeneration, wo ...201829132087
epizoochorous dispersal by ungulates depends on fur, grooming and social interactions.the transport phase of the animal-mediated plant dispersal process is critical to dispersal effectiveness as it determines the spatial distribution of the diaspores released and their chance for further recruitment. assessing this specific phase of the dispersal process generally requires combining diaspore retention times with the associated distances covered. here, we specifically tested the effect of grooming behavior, interindividual contacts and ungulate fur on diaspore retention times and ...201829435234
first detection and genetic characterisation of enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild deer in melbourne's water catchments in australia.enterocytozoon bieneusi is reported to be a common microsporidian of humans and animals in various countries. however, e. bieneusi has yet to be recorded in animals in australia. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological investigation of e. bieneusi in three species of deer (cervus elaphus, dama dama and rusa unicolor) that live in the catchment areas that supply the city of melbourne with drinking water.201829295716
sensitivity to antimicrobials of faecal buttiauxella spp. from roe and red deer (capreolus capreolus, cervus elaphus)detected with maldi-tof mass spectrometry.wild ruminants are an interesting topic for research because only limited information exists regarding their microbiota. they could also be an environmental reservoir of undesirable bacteria for other animals or humans. in this study faeces of the 21 free-living animals was sampled (9 cervus elaphus-red deer, adult females, 12 capreolus capreolus-roe deer, young females). they were culled by selective-reductive shooting during the winter season of 2014/2015 in the strzałowo forest district-piska ...201830468327
molecular confirmation of hymenolepis hibernia in field mice (apodemus sylvaticus) from st kilda has potential to resolve a host-parasite relationship.insular wildlife populations provide opportunities to examine biological questions in systems that are relatively closed and potentially tractable, striking examples being the long-term studies of ecology and evolution in the red deer and feral sheep populations on the hebridean islands of rum and st kilda. in the case of parasitology, understanding of parasitic infections insular wildlife populations in conjunction with knowledge of their origins has the potential to add a fresh perspective to ...201830302311
changing environments during the middle-upper palaeolithic transition in the eastern cantabrian region (spain): direct evidence from stable isotope studies on ungulate bones.environmental change has been proposed as a factor that contributed to the extinction of the neanderthals in europe during mis3. currently, the different local environmental conditions experienced at the time when anatomically modern humans (amh) met neanderthals are not well known. in the western pyrenees, particularly, in the eastern end of the cantabrian coast of the iberian peninsula, extensive evidence of neanderthal and subsequent amh activity exists, making it an ideal area in which to ex ...201830287834
infections with bartonella spp. in free-ranging cervids and deer keds (lipoptena cervi) in norway.bartonella bacteria are arthropod-borne and can cause long-term bacteremia in humans and animals. the predominant arthropod vectors and the mode of transmission for many novel bartonella species remain elusive or essentially unstudied. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bartonella spp. in norwegian cervids and deer keds (lipoptena cervi) and to characterise the bacteria by sequencing of the partial glta gene and 16 s-23 s rrna intergenic spacer region (its) in order to ev ...201830245047
multiple anthropogenic interventions drive puma survival following wolf recovery in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.humans are primary drivers of declining abundances and extirpation of large carnivores worldwide. management interventions to restore biodiversity patterns, however, include carnivore reintroductions, despite the many unresolved ecological consequences associated with such efforts. using multistate capture-mark-recapture models, we explored age-specific survival and cause-specific mortality rates for 134 pumas (puma concolor) monitored in the greater yellowstone ecosystem during gray wolf (canis ...201830073082
mycobacterium bovis persistence in two different captive wild animal populations in germany: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study revealing pathogen transmission by whole-genome sequencing.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a transmissible disease notifiable to the world organization for animal health and to the european union, with ongoing efforts of surveillance and eradication in every eu member state. in germany, a country which has been declared officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1997 by the eu, m. bovis infections still occur sporadically in cattle and other mammals, including humans. here, the transmission routes of a btb outbreak in a wi ...201829950330
a survey of parasite lesions in wild red deer ( cervus elaphus) from argentina.in argentina there is little information about diseases that affect exotic ungulates and the health risks that they pose to native wildlife, livestock, and humans. the aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of red deer ( cervus elaphus) in the nahuel huapi national park and surrounding areas in patagonia, argentina. during three consecutive hunting seasons, necropsies were performed on 101 red deer, and tissues were examined histologically. the most common lesions were those associa ...201829791294
a genomic region containing rec8 and rnf212b is associated with individual recombination rate variation in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus).recombination is a fundamental feature of sexual reproduction, ensuring proper disjunction, preventing mutation accumulation and generating new allelic combinations upon which selection can act. however it is also mutagenic, and breaks up favorable allelic combinations previously built up by selection. identifying the genetic drivers of recombination rate variation is a key step in understanding the causes and consequences of this variation, how loci associated with recombination are evolving an ...201829764960
the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica in game animals in poland.natural reservoirs of yersinia (y.) enterocolitica comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of y. enterocolitica among game animals in poland. the bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. the experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013-2014) in ...201829596492
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