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complete mitochondrial genome sequence of tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis).the complete mitochondrial genome of the tarim red deer, cervus elaphus yarkandensis, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. the entire genome was 16,351 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region, all of which were arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. the overall base composition of the northeast sika deer's mitochondrial genome was 33.3% of a, 24.4% of c, 28.9% of t and 13.4% of g. a termination-associated sequence an ...201624438284
complete mitochondrial genome of a wild alashan red deer (cervus elaphus alxaicus).the complete mitochondrial genome of a wild red deer from helan mountain, china was sequenced and annotated newly. the total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,428 bp, with a base composition of 33.3% a, 28.8% t, 24.4% c and 13.5% g, and it contains 12s rrna gene, 16s rrna gene, 22 trna genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region.201625693699
production of prostaglandins in placentae and corpus luteum in pregnant hinds of red deer (cervus elaphus).prostaglandins (pgs) are synthesized from arachidonic acid by prostaglandin synthase 2 (ptgs2) and specific terminal pg synthases such as pges and pgfs. the role of pgs in the reproductive processes of domestic ruminants is well recognized, whereas in cervidae, it is almost unknown, although it is noteworthy because some species of this family are valued in meat production and trophies. the aim of this study was to determine an effective marker of pregnancy and investigate the production and sec ...201626553568
parasite load and seasonal migration in red deer.northern deer populations are typically partially migratory, but the relationship between migratory movements and parasites has received little attention. migration often involves movement from a low-elevation winter range towards a summer range at higher elevation. in europe these movements may also involve a gradient in abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks, but whether tick loads on deer differ depending on migration tactic has not been quantified. based on the examination of ears from 49 red dee ...201626450650
micness: genotyping microsatellite loci from a collection of (ngs) reads.microsatellites are widely used in population genetics to uncover recent evolutionary events. they are typically genotyped using capillary sequencer, which capacity is usually limited to 9, at most 12 loci for each run, and which analysis is a tedious task that is performed by hand. with the rise of next-generation sequencing (ngs), a much larger number of loci and individuals are available from sequencing: for example, on a single run of a gs junior, 28 loci from 96 individuals are sequenced wi ...201626400716
heterogeneity in primary productivity influences competitive interactions between red deer and alpine chamois.habitat heterogeneity can promote coexistence between herbivores of different body size limited to different extents by resource quantity and quality. red deer (cervus elaphus) are known as superior competitors to smaller species with similar diets. we compared competitive interactions and habitat use between red deer and alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) in two adjacent valleys in a strictly protected area in the central alps. red deer density was higher in the valley with higher primary pro ...201626824867
behavioural flexibility in migratory behaviour in a long-lived large herbivore.migratory animals are predicted to enhance lifetime fitness by obtaining higher quality forage and/or reducing predation risk compared to non-migratory conspecifics. despite evidence for behavioural flexibility in other taxa, previous research on large mammals has often assumed that migratory behaviour is a fixed behavioural trait. migratory behaviour may be plastic for many species, although few studies have tested for individual-level flexibility using long-term monitoring of marked individual ...201626790111
the odocoileus virginianus femur: mechanical behavior and morphology.biomechanical research relies heavily on laboratory evaluation and testing with osseous animal structures. while many femora models are currently in use, including those of the european red deer (cervus elaphus), the odocoileus virginianus femur remains undocumented, despite its regional abundance in north america. the objective of this study was to compare biomechanical and morphological properties of the odocoileus virginianus femur with those of the human and commonly used animal models. sixt ...201626757205
long term study of ixodid ticks feeding on red deer (cervus elaphus) in a meso-mediterranean climate.red deer (cervus elaphus l.) are very valuable in trophy-hunting but also contribute to the preservation of natural areas. they are affected by many parasites and pathogens, including hard ticks that are not only important parasites themselves but can also act as vectors and/or reservoirs of pathogens. tick phenology is complex insofar as population dynamics depend on environmental conditions, vegetation, host availability and their own intrinsic characteristic. ticks were collected monthly from ...201626715543
mhc, parasites and antler development in red deer: no support for the hamilton & zuk hypothesis.the hamilton-zuk hypothesis proposes that the genetic benefits of preferences for elaborated secondary sexual traits have their origins in the arms race between hosts and parasites, which maintains genetic variance in parasite resistance. infection, in turn, can be reflected in the expression of costly sexual ornaments. however, the link between immune genes, infection and the expression of secondary sexual traits has rarely been investigated. here, we explored whether the presence and identity ...201626687843
purifying selection, density blocking and unnoticed mitochondrial dna diversity in the red deer, cervus elaphus.the trajectories of postglacial range expansions, the occurrence of lineage patches and the formation and maintenance of secondary contact between lineages may mostly reflect neutral demographic processes, including density blocking, that may leave long-lasting genetic signatures. however, a few studies have recently shown that climate may also play a role. we used red deer, a large, mobile herbivore that is assumed to be sensitive to climate change, to test hypotheses of possible selection on t ...201627649313
mercury species accumulation and trophic transfer in biological systems using the almadén mining district (ciudad real, spain) as a case of study.the impact of mercury (hg) pollution in the terrestrial environments and the terrestrial food chains including the impact on human food consumption is still greatly under-investigated. in particular, studies including hg speciation and detoxification strategies in terrestrial animals are almost non-existing, but these are key information with important implications for human beings. therefore, in this work, we report on hg species (inorganic mercury, ihg, and monomethylmercury, mehg) distributio ...201626160125
complete mitochondrial genome sequence of northeastern red deer (cervus elaphus xanthopygus).the complete mitochondrial genome of the northeastern red deer, cervus elaphus xanthopygus, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. the entire genome is 16,416 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region, all of which are arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. the overall base composition of the northeastern red deer's mitochondrial genome is 33.3% of a, 24.3% of c, 28.9% of t and 13.5% of g. a termination-associated sequenc ...201624708113
spavin in red deer: a case study from the early neolithic blagotin, serbia.pathological modifications are rarely observed in the remains of wild animals from archaeological sites. we present one such specific, pathological change - a case of spavin in a red deer specimen from the early neolithic site of blagotin, in central serbia. the left tarsal joint presented proliferative new bone formation, which was analyzed macroscopically, then subjected to x-ray and computed tomography (ct) imaging. we assume that the initial degenerative changes in this red deer tarsal joint ...201629539526
elk resource selection and implications for anthrax management in montana.anthrax, caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals throughout the world. in north america, anthrax outbreaks occur in livestock and wildlife species. vaccine administration in wildlife is untenable; the most effective form of management is surveillance and decontamination of carcasses. successful management is critical because untreated carcasses can create infectious zones increasing risk for other susceptible hosts. we studi ...201629887642
serological survey of toxoplasma gondii and besnoitia besnoiti in a wildlife conservation area in southern portugal.toxoplasma gondii and besnoitia besnoiti are closely related apicomplexan protozoa. t. gondii is a zoonotic pathogen which may cause serious disease in man and warm-blooded animals, including wild species. b. besnoiti causes bovine besnoitiosis, an emergent disease in europe, which is linked to important production losses. unlike t. gondii, the life cycle of b. besnoiti remains a mystery, since the definitive host has not yet been identified. the aim of this work was to determine the seroprevale ...201631014504
social interactions in a solitary carnivore.in total, 177 of 245 terrestrial carnivores are described as solitary, and much of carnivore ecology is built on the assumptions that interactions between adult solitary carnivores are rare. we employed global positioning system (gps) technology and motion-triggered cameras to test predictions of land-tenure territoriality and the resource dispersion hypothesis in a territorial carnivore, the puma puma concolor. we documented 89 independent gps interactions, 60% of which occurred at puma kills ( ...201729491995
antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial pathogens isolated from faeces of red deer (cervus elaphus).antibacterial activity is the most widely studied aspect of plant extracts. antibiotics extensively produced and consumed in large quantities, have proved to be problematic due to various types of adverse effects. the development of bacterial resistance to currently available antibiotics has necessitated the search for new antibacterial agents. one of the alternative strategies for fighting antibiotic- resistant bacteria is the use of natural antimicrobial substances such as plant extracts. we t ...201729611658
chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids.in april and may of 2016, norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. in the light of this emerging issue, the european commission requested efsa to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk-based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into/within the eu, specifically estonia, finland, iceland, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland and sweden, and considering seven ...201732625260
bovine tuberculosis outbreak in farmed american bison (bison bison) in poland.poland has been an officially bovine tuberculosis (btb) free country for the last seven years. the problem currently observed is the increasing number of new cases of btb in wild species, kept in a farmed herd and free-living herd: european bison (bison bonasus), wild boar (sus scrofa), wolves (canis lupus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). this article presents the case of mycobacterium caprae transmission to an american bison (bison bison) herd kept on a private farm in eastern poland.201729611649
frequency of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminth infections in wild deer from western romania.a survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and the intensity of helminth infections in the roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from 16 hunting areas in western romania. overall, 122 deer shot during the hunting season 2013-2015 were examined. haemonchus contortus, nematodirus filicollis, oesophagostomum venulosum and dictyocalus spp. were found in all the deer species. trichuris spp. and dicrocoelium dendriticum were found in the ...201731014642
assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the animal health law (regulation (eu) no 2016/429): bluetongue.a specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the btv serotypes ever reported in europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. according to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the btv strains belonging to serotypes btv-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes btv-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belon ...201732625623
the role of weather and density dependence on population dynamics of alpine-dwelling red deer.the dynamics of red deer cervus elaphus populations has been investigated across different environmental conditions, with the notable exception of the european alps. although the population dynamics of mountain-dwelling ungulates is typically influenced by the interaction between winter severity and density, the increase of temperatures and the reduction of snowpack occurring on the alps since the 1980s may be expected to alter this pattern, especially in populations dwelling at medium - low ele ...201727616664
taenia sp. in human burial from kan river, east siberia.we present an arhaeoparasitological analysis of a unique burial from the neftprovod ii burial ground in east siberia, which dated from the bronze age. analysis of a sediment sample from the sacral region of the pelvis revealed the presence of taenia sp. eggs. because uncooked animal tissue is the primary source of taenia, this indicated that the individual was likely consuming raw or undercooked meat of roe deer, red deer, or elk infected with taenia. this finding represents the oldest case of a ...201728443983
whole-genome sequences of odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus isolates from deer, moose and elk are highly conserved and support a new species in the genus atadenovirus.we present the first complete genome sequence of odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus 1 (odadv-1). this virus can cause sporadic haemorrhagic disease in cervids, although epizootics with high mortality have occurred in california. odadv-1 has been placed in the genus atadenovirus, based on partial hexon, pviii and fibre genes. ten field isolates recovered from naturally infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginiana) and moose (alces alces) from wyoming, black- ...201728809152
a survey of free-ranging deer in ireland for serological evidence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpes virus-1, bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus.deer are an important wildlife species in both the republic of ireland and northern ireland having colonised most regions across the island of ireland. in comparison to cattle and sheep which represent the main farmed ruminant species on the island, there is a lack of data concerning their exposure, as measured by the presence of antibodies, to important viral pathogens of ruminants. a study was therefore undertaken to investigate the seroprevalence of wild deer to four viruses, namely bovine vi ...201728503294
establishment rate of cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).red deer can be infected with some gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) of cattle but it is unknown to what extent. an indoor study was conducted to determine the establishment rate of cattle gin in young deer. five young calves and 5 young red deer were used. they were effectively treated with anthelmintics when housed and then infected 2 weeks later. after four weeks they were killed for total worm counts. establishment rates were assessed comparing worm counts to the infective dose which were ide ...201728807276
interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. in wild ruminants with morphological description of dictyocaulus cervi n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from red deer, cervus elaphus.lungworms from the genus dictyocaulus cause parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterized by coughing and severe lung pathology in both domestic and wild ruminants. in this study we investigated the interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. from european bison (bison bonasus l.), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) by nucleotide sequence analysis spanning the 18s rna gene (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) regions of the ribosomal gene array as well as th ...201728585897
new genotypes of enterocytozoon bieneusi isolated from sika deer and red deer in china.to examine the occurrence and genotype distribution of enterocytozoon bieneusi in cervids, 615 fecal samples were collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon) on 10 different farms in henan and jilin province. enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped with a nested pcr analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the rrna genes, showing an average infection rate of 35.9% (221/615). in this study, 25 its genotypes were identified including seven ...201728572794
concentrations of campylobacter spp., escherichia coli, enterococci, and yersinia spp. in the feces of farmed red deer in new zealand.intensive deer farming can cause environmental issues, mainly by its impact on soils and water quality. in particular, there is a risk to the microbial quality of water, as high quantities of suspended sediment and fecal bacteria can enter into water systems. the feces of farmed red deer (, = 206) from canterbury and southland, new zealand, were analyzed with regard to the presence of spp., , enterococci, and spp.. enterococci and were isolated from all samples, with mean concentrations of 4.5 × ...201728783788
geochemical landscapes as drivers of trace and toxic element profiles in wild red deer (cervus elaphus).tissue concentrations of essential trace and toxic elements in red deer (cervus elaphus) are associated with the plants, soil and water they ingest. as such, variation in tissue concentrations is associated with variation in local geochemistry and bioavailability of elements. physiological factors such as liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) infection, breeding status, and in-tissue element interactions may also affect tissue concentrations, though their effects in red deer are not well understood. t ...201728609848
using white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in infectious disease research.between 1940 and 2004, more than 335 emerging infectious disease events were reported in the scientific literature. the majority (60%) of these events involved zoonoses, most of which (72%) were of wildlife origin or had an epidemiologically important wildlife host. because this trend of increasing emerging diseases likely will continue, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and diagnosis of these diseases in the relevant wildlife host is paramount. achieving this goal often requires usi ...201728724483
matrixlysis, an improved sample preparation method for recovery of mycobacteria from animal tissue material.mycobacterium caprae, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in alpine regions. bacterial culture is the gold standard in bovine tuberculosis diagnostic but takes up to twelve weeks. this increases the time and costs for stocks affected with bovine tuberculosis. hence this study focused on the implementation of a fast and precise mycobacterial detection method and compared it with currently used methods. matrix lysis is a chemical l ...201728723969
morphological and molecular characteristics of six sarcocystis spp. from red deer (cervus elaphus) in spain, including sarcocystis cervicanis and three new species.samples of muscle tissue from the diaphragm, oesophagus and/or heart of eight adult red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the quintos de mora park in toledo, central spain, were screened for sarcocysts by means of the compression method. from positive samples, individual sarcocysts were excised and examined in wet mounts under a light microscope (lm) in order to study their basic morphology before being preserved for molecular studies. in all red deer examined, only microscopic sarcocysts we ...201728856431
monitoring of schmallenberg virus in spanish wild artiodactyls, 2006-2015.schmallenberg disease is an emerging disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants in europe. an epidemiological survey was carried out to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in wild artiodactyls in spain between 2006 and 2015. a total of 1751 sera from wild artiodactyls, including 1066 red deer, 304 fallow deer, 192 mouflon, 109 wild boar, 49 roe deer and 31 spanish ibex were tested for antibodies against sbv by elisa and confirmed by virus neutralization test. sbv was not detected ...201728813443
serological survey for west nile virus in wild artiodactyls, southern moravia (czech republic).antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) were examined by plaque-reduction neutralization test in the blood sera of 1023 wild artiodactyls: 105 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 148 red deer (cervus elaphus), 287 fallow deer (dama dama), 71 mouflons (ovis musimon), and 412 wild boars (sus scrofa), sampled in south moravian district of breclav (czech republic) in the years 1990-2008. neutralizing antibodies were detected in 5.9% of wild ruminants (4.8% roe deer, 4.1% red deer, 6.3% fallow deer, 9.9% mou ...201728727516
seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus infections in free-living and captive cervids in poland.to determine the occurrence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) related alphaherpesvirus infections in cervids, 1194 serum samples of wild ruminants originating from 59 forest districts of poland were tested with ibr gb elisa and virus neutralization test (vnt) against bohv-1 and cervid herpesvirus 1 (cvhv-1). the seroprevalence differed significantly between free-living and captive cervids (p<0.001) with a total of 89 out of 498 (17.9%) and 268 out of 696 (38.5%) seropositive animals in each type ...201728532809
antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolated from wild animals in poland.antimicrobial resistance was tested in escherichia coli isolated from feces (n = 660) of red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, european bison, and wild boar shot in regional forests in poland during two winter hunting seasons. indicator e. coli (n = 542) was resistant against 11 of 14 tested compounds, mostly sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline (1.3-6.6% range). no significant differences were observed between boar and ruminant isolates. most of deer and bison i ...201729185858
ungulates increase forest plant species richness to the benefit of non-forest specialists.large wild ungulates are a major biotic factor shaping plant communities. they influence species abundance and occurrence directly by herbivory and plant dispersal, or indirectly by modifying plant-plant interactions and through soil disturbance. in forest ecosystems, researchers' attention has been mainly focused on deer overabundance. far less is known about the effects on understory plant dynamics and diversity of wild ungulates where their abundance is maintained at lower levels to mitigate ...201728892277
a survey of tick species in a recently reintroduced elk ( cervus elaphus canadensis) population in southeastern kentucky with potential implications for interstate translocation of zoonotic disease vectors.in the late 20th century, elk ( cervus elaphus canadensis) were reintroduced into southeastern kentucky, us. this population has since been used as a stock population for additional elk reintroductions in other eastern states. although reintroduction and translocation practices are effective, they can disseminate vectors and pathogens. therefore, we surveyed tick species residing on elk hosts a decade after elk reintroduction in kentucky by examining 263 captured individuals (female=86; male=177 ...201729286258
revealing potential bridge vectors for btv and sbv: a study on culicoides blood feeding preferences in natural ecosystems in spain.several species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens, such as the bluetongue (btv) and schmallenberg (sbv) viruses, which cause important diseases in domestic and wild ruminants. as wild ruminants can contribute to overwintering and epizootics of both diseases, knowledge of the host-feeding behaviour of culicoides in natural ecosystems is important to better understand their epidemiology. blood-engorged culicoides females trapped in natural areas inhabited by differe ...201728857265
first molecular characterization of hypoderma actaeon in cattle and red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal.hypoderma spp. larvae cause subcutaneous myiasis in several animal species. the objective of the present investigation was to identify and characterize morphologically and molecularly the larvae of hypoderma spp. collected from cattle (bos taurus taurus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the district of castelo branco, portugal. for this purpose, a total of 8 larvae were collected from cattle (n=2) and red deer (n=6). after morphological identification of hypoderma spp. larvae, molecular characte ...201729320820
ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in piemonte region, northwest italy.a molecular screening for tick-borne pathogens was carried out in engorged and in questing ticks collected in verbano cusio ossola county, piemonte region, italy. engorged ticks were removed from wild and domestic animal hosts. the most abundant and common tick species in the area was ixodes ricinus (192 adults, 907 nymphs). few individuals of ixodes hexagonus (15) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (7) were found among the ticks removed from domestic animals (46 examined ticks). the presence of ricke ...201729189951
the effects of acaricide treatment of sheep on red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica tick burdens and productivity in a multi-host system.ixodes ricinus (ixodida: ixodidae) ticks are of economic and pathogenic importance across europe. within the uplands of the u.k., management to reduce ticks is undertaken to benefit red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica (galliformes: phasianidae). management strategies focus on the acaricide treatment of domestic sheep ovis aries (artiodactyla: bovidae), but the effectiveness of this is less certain in the presence of wild hosts, particularly red deer cervus elaphus (artiodactyla: cervidae) and mou ...201729194726
deer presence rather than abundance determines the population density of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus, in dutch forests.understanding which factors drive population densities of disease vectors is an important step in assessing disease risk. we tested the hypothesis that the density of ticks from the ixodes ricinus complex, which are important vectors for tick-borne diseases, is determined by the density of deer, as adults of these ticks mainly feed on deer.201728927432
dioxins and pcbs in game animals: interspecies comparison and related consumer exposure.polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcb) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-pcb) are ubiquitous, persistent toxic compounds that are highly bioaccumulative in nature. wild-living animals are vulnerable to the negative impacts of human activity. dioxins and pcbs enter the animal organisms through foraging. due to the toxicological threat, much attention is paid to these compounds worldwide. the ...201726826359
ante-mortem detection of chronic wasting disease in recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using real-time quaking-induced conversion (rt-quic) assay: a blinded collaborative study.prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) characterized by fatal, progressive neurologic diseases with prolonged incubation periods and an accumulation of infectious misfolded prion proteins. antemortem diagnosis is often difficult due to a long asymptomatic incubation period, differences in the pathogenesis of different prions, and the presence of very low levels of infectious prion in easily accessible samples. chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a tse affecting both wil ...201729098931
pathogen-mediated selection in free-ranging elk populations infected by chronic wasting disease.pathogens can exert a large influence on the evolution of hosts via selection for alleles or genotypes that moderate pathogen virulence. inconsistent interactions between parasites and the host genome, such as those resulting from genetic linkages and environmental stochasticity, have largely prevented observation of this process in wildlife species. we examined the prion protein gene (prnp) in north american elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations that have been infected with chronic wasting d ...201729087314
endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in wyoming.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and moose (alces alces shirasi) in north america. in southeastern wyoming average annual cwd prevalence in mule deer exceeds 20% and appears to contribute to regional population declines. we determined the effect of cwd on mule deer demography using age-specific, female-only, cwd transi ...201729049389
using genetic tools to estimate the prevalence of non-native red deer (cervus elaphus) in a western european population.game species like the red deer have been subjected to anthropogenic impacts for centuries. translocations are often carried out-sometimes illegally-not only for sporting purposes, but also to increase trophy quality, reduce inbreeding, or mitigate bottlenecks after excessive persecution. apart from the blurring of large-scale genetic structure, translocations without adequate quarantine measure risk introducing pathogens into potentially immunologically naïve populations. it is therefore importa ...201729043022
comparisons of airborne measurements and inventory estimates of methane emissions in the alberta upstream oil and gas sector.airborne measurements of methane emissions from oil and gas infrastructure were completed over two regions of alberta, canada. these top-down measurements were directly compared with region-specific bottom-up inventories that utilized current industry-reported flaring and venting volumes (reported data) and quantitative estimates of unreported venting and fugitive sources. for the 50 × 50 km measurement region near red deer, characterized by natural gas and light oil production, measured methane ...201729039181
expansion of ashworthius sidemi in red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness and its impact on infection with other gastrointestinal nematodes.nematodes ashworthius sidemi are typical parasites of asiatic cervids, mostly sika deer (cervus nippon). migrating red deer have probably introduced this parasite to the area of poland from neighbouring countries. the aim of the study was to determine prevalence and intensity of infection of red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness with a. sidemi after one year from previous studies and to examine the influence of these parasites on other species of gastrointestinal nematodes. 31 ...201729035860
nodular onchocercosis in red deer (cervus elaphus) in sweden.the presence of subcutaneous nodular onchocercosis was investigated at slaughter of 151 red deer (cervus elaphus) (107 juveniles and 44 adults) between october-december 2015. the prevalence of subcutaneous nodules was 56%. nodules were located in the lumbar region of the back in 96% of the cases, and 38% of the infected red deer had additional parasitic nodules in other body locations, such as rump, thorax, forelimbs and neck. the number of nodules per deer was 1-10 in two-thirds of the affected ...201729034165
development and evaluation of an interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in red deer experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis.red deer (cervus elaphus) is regarded as an epidemiologically relevant host for mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and closely related members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause animal tuberculosis (tb). the standard antemortem screening test for the detection of tb in deer is the intradermal tuberculin skin test, but the detection of interferon-gamma (ifnγ) produced by white blood cells exposed to m. bovis antigens can be used as an alternative or supplemental assay in most tb era ...201729145844
male group size, female distribution and changes in sexual segregation by roosevelt elk.sexual segregation, or the differential use of space by males and females, is hypothesized to be a function of body size dimorphism. sexual segregation can also manifest at small (social segregation) and large (habitat segregation) spatial scales for a variety of reasons. furthermore, the connection between small- and large-scale sexual segregation has rarely been addressed. we studied a population of roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) across 21 years in north coastal california, usa, to ...201729121076
molecular identification of parasitic nematodes (nematoda: strongylida) in feces of wild ruminants from tunisia.in tunisia and other north african countries, there is a lack of knowledge about parasite biodiversity within threatened wild ruminants and there are not any studies on their gastrointestinal nematodes. thus the aim of this study was to identify gastrointestinal fauna in the faecal samples of tunisian wild ruminants. a total of 262 faecal samples were collected from domestic sheep and goat, and wild ruminants (addax, barbary sheep, barbary red deer, dorcas gazelle, slender-horned gazelle and sci ...201729113593
characteristics of air quality and sources affecting fine particulate matter (pm2.5) levels in the city of red deer, canada.with concern about levels and exceedances of canadian and provincial standards and objectives for fine particulate matter (pm2.5) in recent years, an investigation of air quality characteristics and potential local and long-range sources influencing pm2.5 concentrations was undertaken in the city of red deer, alberta. the study covered the period may 2009 to december 2015. comparatively higher concentrations of pm2.5 were observed in winter (mean: 11.6 μg/m3, median: 10 μg/m3) than in summer (me ...201727939625
molecular detection of bartonella spp. in deer ked (lipoptena cervi) in poland.the bacteria of the genus bartonella are obligate parasites of vertebrates. their distribution range covers almost the entire world from america, europe, asia to africa and australia. some species of bartonella are pathogenic for humans. their main vectors are blood-sucking arthropods such as fleas, ticks and blood-feeding flies. one such dipteran able to transfer vector-borne pathogens is the deer ked (lipoptena cervi) of the family hippoboscidae. this species acts as a transmitter of bartonell ...201729037227
characterization of a xylanolytic bacterial strain c10 isolated from the rumen of a red deer (cervus elaphus) closely related of the recently described species actinomyces succiniciruminis, a. glycerinitolerans, and a. ruminicola.gram-stain-positive, catalase and oxidase-negative and short rod-shaped bacterium c10 with occasional branching was isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from the rumen fluid of a red deer (cervus elaphus) in the course of study attempting to uncover new xylanolytic and cellulolytic rumen bacteria inhabiting the digestive tract of wild ruminants in the czech republic. the anaerobic m10 medium containing bovine rumen fluid and carboxymethylcellulose as a defined source of organic carbon wa ...201729270873
corrigendum: bacterial community composition and fermentation in the rumen of xinjiang brown cattle (bos taurus), tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis), and karakul sheep (ovis aries). 201728925282
predicting herbivore faecal nitrogen using a multispecies near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration.optimal management of free-ranging herbivores requires the accurate assessment of an animal's nutritional status. for this purpose 'near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy' (nirs) is very useful, especially when nutritional assessment is done through faecal indicators such as faecal nitrogen (fn). in order to perform an nirs calibration, the default protocol recommends starting by generating an initial equation based on at least 50-75 samples from the given species. although this protocol optimis ...201728453544
mitochondrial genotyping of fascioloides magna from bavaria, germany.in last few years, a great effort has been made to understand genetic interrelationships of european and north american populations of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna (trematoda, fasciolidae). in europe, spatial distribution of this parasite is evidently dynamic and ongoing process since new f. magna populations have constantly been emerging. most recently, occurrence of f. magna in red deer (cervus elaphus), sika deer (cervus nippon), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) ...201729035851
[identification of cervus nippon, c.elaphus and their hybridize samples based on coi and sry gene].for rapid identification of cervus nippon, c. elaphus and their hybridize samples, the specific pcr for mutual authentication of them was established based on the snps in coi and sry sequence. c. nippon, c. elaphus and their hybridize samples were collected from different origins, total dna of 24 identified samples were extracted, and the coi and sry gene was seqenced. snps in the coi and sry sequences of the samples were found by clustul x 2.1 program. primers for identifying c. nippon and c. e ...201729376256
draft genome of tule elk cervus canadensis nannodes.this paper presents the first draft genome of the tule elk ( cervus elaphus nannodes), a subspecies native to california that underwent an extreme genetic bottleneck in the late 1800s.  the genome was generated from illumina hiseq 3000 whole genome sequencing of four individuals, resulting in the assembly of 2.395 billion base pairs (gbp) over 602,862 contigs over 500 bp and n50 = 6,885 bp. this genome provides a resource to facilitate future genomic research on elk and other cervids.201729333237
mitochondrial dna of pre-last glacial maximum red deer from nw spain suggests a more complex phylogeographical history for the species.the major climatic oscillations that characterized the quaternary had a great influence on the evolution and distribution of several species. during cold periods, the distribution of temperate-adapted species became fragmented with many surviving in southern refugia (iberian, italian, and balkan peninsulas). red deer was one of the species that contracted its original range to southern refugia. currently, two main lineages have been described for the species: western and eastern. we have analyze ...201729299249
estimating the efficacy of a commercial phase i inactivated vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of coxiella burnetii infection and shedding in red deer (cervus elaphus).the red deer (cervus elaphus) is a relevant reservoir for coxiella burnetii in iberia. c. burnetii genotypes that infect red deer also infect humans and domestic animals. integrated control approaches that target both domestic and wild ruminants are, therefore, required to reduce c. burnetii infection risks in iberia, especially in wildlife-livestock-human interaction scenarios. the aim of this field experiment was to test the efficacy of an inactivated phase i vaccine [inactivated phase i vacci ...201729270411
dominance of the enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype beb6 in red deer (cervus elaphus) and siberian roe deer (capreolus pygargus) in china and a brief literature review.enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans and is also found in a wide range of animals. it is considered to be an important but neglected zoonotic pathogen. with the development of deer bred in captivity, the number of deer has been increasing in recent years in china and there are more people involved in this work. the aims of this study were to determine prevalence and genotypes of e. bieneusi in red deer (cervus elaphus) and siberian roe deer (c ...201729267159
brominated flame retardants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa), and moose (alces alces) from latvian wildlife.in order to evaluate the contamination status of terrestrial biota in latvia, muscle and liver tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa), and moose (alces alces) were analyzed for the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbde), hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd), tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa), as well as cadmium and lead. the highest mean concentrations of pbdes (46.6pgg-1 wet weight (w.w.)), cadmium (0.95mgkg-1 w.w.), and lead (0.22mgkg-1 w.w.) were observed in the tissues o ...201729202283
tissue residue levels after immobilization of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone antagonized with naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline.previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) can effectively immobilize adult elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. to assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with nalmed-a, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered ...201729148888
evidence for host specificity of theileria capreoli genotypes in cervids.data on the prevalence of piroplasms in buffaloes and large game animal species are lacking from several central european countries. therefore, to investigate the presence of babesia/theileria dna in these hosts, 239 blood and 270 spleen samples were taken from cervids (red, fallow, and roe deer), as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons, and wild boars in southwestern hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analysis for piroplasms. all samples from buffaloes and wild boars were pcr n ...201729017556
erratum: phylogeography of the tyrrhenian red deer (cervus elaphus corsicanus) resolved using ancient dna of radiocarbon-dated subfossils.a corarection to this article has been published and is linked from the html version of this paper. the error has not been fixed in the paper.201728955047
copper and zinc content in wild game shot with lead or non-lead ammunition - implications for consumer health protection.the aim of this study was to examine the contamination of game meat with copper and zinc and establish whether the use of alternative (non-lead) ammunition can lead to higher or unsafe levels of copper and zinc in the meat of roe deer, wild boar and red deer. the research project "safety of game meat obtained through hunting" (lemisi) was conducted in germany with the purpose of examining the entry of lead as well as copper and zinc into the meat of hunted game when using either lead or non-lead ...201728934259
evaluation of western blot, elisa and latex agglutination tests to detect toxoplasma gondii serum antibodies in farmed red deer.abortion due to toxoplasma gondii has been suspected in new zealand farmed red deer. however, knowledge around the epidemiology and prevalence of t. gondii in farmed red deer is limited. the aim of this study was to firstly, assess the sensitivity and specificity of two commercially available assays, elisa and latex agglutination test (lat), for use in deer and secondly, to estimate the sero-prevalence of t. gondii in red deer. a total of 252 sera from rising 2-year-old and adult hinds from 17 n ...201728917307
'blind with hormones' red deer to begin annual rut. 201728916683
the response of red deer to oral administration of heat-inactivated mycobacterium bovis and challenge with a field strain.deer species (family cervidae) are often part of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex maintenance host community, and tuberculosis (tb) control in deer, including vaccination, is consequently an area of ongoing research. however, most research into deer vaccination against tb is focused on using the live bacillus calmette guerin (bcg). oral inactivated vaccines represent an interesting alternative to either oral or parenteral bcg, since neither diagnostic cross-reactions nor vaccine strain sur ...201728888638
seroprevalence of leptospirosis, brucellosis, and q fever in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) population kept in a fenced reserve in absence of contact with livestock.wildlife health is of interest for public and animal health because wild animals have been identified as important sentinels for the surveillance for zoonotic pathogens. this work investigated brucella spp., coxiella burnetii, and leptospira spp. infection seroprevalence in a free-ranging red deer population. the study was conducted in a fenced reserve with controlled hunting activity in central spain with animals that did not have any contact with livestock. sampling was performed at two time p ...201728873022
intensive management and natural genetic variation in red deer (cervus elaphus).the current magnitude of big-game hunting has outpaced the natural growth of populations, making artificial breeding necessary to rapidly boost hunted populations. in this study, we evaluated if the rapid increase of red deer (cervus elaphus) abundance, caused by the growing popularity of big-game hunting, has impacted the natural genetic diversity of the species. we compared several genetic diversity metrics between 37 fenced populations subject to intensive management and 21 wild free-ranging ...201728863451
molecular cloning and expression analysis of annexin a2 gene in sika deer antler tip.molecular cloning and bioinformatics analysis of annexin a2 gene in sika deer antler tip were conducted. the role of annexin a2 gene in the growth and development of the antler were analyzed initially.201728823128
myiasis of domestic and wild ruminants caused by hypodermatinae in the mediterranean and indian subcontinent.myiasis caused by hypodermatinae flies is an economically important disease affecting domesticated and wild ruminants in countries of the mediterranean and indian subcontinent. the adult flies have a short life span of 1 week, and they spread disease by laying their eggs on the coat of animals. hypoderma spp. primarily lay their eggs on cattle, buffalo, roe deer, red deer and reindeer, while przhevalskiana spp. lay eggs on the coat of goats. the larvae live as tissue parasites, inducing myiasis ...201728807296
relative selection strength: quantifying effect size in habitat- and step-selection inference.habitat-selection analysis lacks an appropriate measure of the ecological significance of the statistical estimates-a practical interpretation of the magnitude of the selection coefficients. there is a need for a standard approach that allows relating the strength of selection to a change in habitat conditions across space, a quantification of the estimated effect size that can be compared both within and across studies. we offer a solution, based on the epidemiological risk ratio, which we term ...201728770070
isotopic analyses suggest mammoth and plant in the diet of the oldest anatomically modern humans from far southeast europe.relatively high 15n abundances in bone collagen of early anatomically modern humans in europe have often been interpreted as a specific consumption of freshwater resources, even if mammoth is an alternative high 15n prey. at buran-kaya iii, access to associated fauna in a secured archaeological context and application of recently developed isotopic analyses of individuals amino acids offer the opportunity to further examine this hypothesis. the site of buran-kaya iii is located in south crimea a ...201728754955
study of morphology, chemical, and amino acid composition of red deer meat.the aim of this study was to evaluate red deer (maral) meat quality based on chemical composition, ph, water-binding capacity (wbc), and amino acid content.201728717313
a high-density linkage map reveals sexual dimorphism in recombination landscapes in red deer (cervus elaphus).high-density linkage maps are an important tool to gain insight into the genetic architecture of traits of evolutionary and economic interest, and provide a resource to characterize variation in recombination landscapes. here, we used information from the cattle genome and the 50 k cervine illumina beadchip to inform and refine a high-density linkage map in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus). we constructed a predicted linkage map of 38,038 snps and a skeleton map of 10,835 snps acro ...201728667018
the role of landscape characteristics for forage maturation and nutritional benefits of migration in red deer.large herbivores gain nutritional benefits from following the sequential flush of newly emergent, high-quality forage along environmental gradients in the landscape, termed green wave surfing. which landscape characteristics underlie the environmental gradient causing the green wave and to what extent landscape characteristics alone explain individual variation in nutritional benefits remain unresolved questions. here, we combine gps data from 346 red deer (cervus elaphus) from four partially mi ...201728649354
learning from the mistakes of others: how female elk (cervus elaphus) adjust behaviour with age to avoid hunters.in animal behaviour, there is a dichotomy between innate behaviours (e.g., temperament or personality traits) versus those behaviours shaped by learning. innate personality traits are supposedly less evident in animals when confounded by learning acquired with experience through time. learning might play a key role in the development and adoption of successful anti-predator strategies, and the related adaptation has the potential to make animals that are more experienced less vulnerable to preda ...201728614406
distribution of bdnf and trkb isoforms in growing antler tissues of red deer.antlers are the cranial appendages of deer that regenerate each year. this renewal provides a model to explore molecules involved in mammalian organ regeneration. the cellular distributions of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and the isoforms of its cognate receptor trk tyrosine kinase receptor (trkb) were localized by immunohistochemistry in sections of growing red deer antler. bdnf and trkb full length were widely expressed in the integument, perichondrium, periosteum and bone. the ...201728602824
phylogeography of the tyrrhenian red deer (cervus elaphus corsicanus) resolved using ancient dna of radiocarbon-dated subfossils.we present ancient mitochondrial dna analyses of 31 complete cytochrome b gene sequences from subfossil red deer remains from the tyrrhenian islands (corsica and sardinia) and mainland italy in a european-wide phylogeographic framework. tyrrhenian and north african red deer, both going back to human introductions, were previously the only red deer to harbour the mitochondrial b lineage whose origin, however, remained unknown. our ancient italian samples from the central part of the peninsula tha ...201728539631
large herbivores in novel ecosystems - habitat selection by red deer (cervus elaphus) in a former brown-coal mining area.after centuries of range contraction, many megafauna species are recolonizing parts of europe. one example is the red deer (cervus elaphus), which was able to expand its range and is now found in half the areas it inhabited in the beginning of the 19th century. herbivores are important ecosystem engineers, influencing e.g. vegetation. knowledge on their habitat selection and their influence on ecosystems might be crucial for future landscape management, especially for hybrid and novel ecosystems ...201728505192
human recreation affects spatio-temporal habitat use patterns in red deer (cervus elaphus).the rapid spread and diversification of outdoor recreation can impact on wildlife in various ways, often leading to the avoidance of disturbed habitats. to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, spatial zonation schemes can be implemented to separate human activities from key wildlife habitats, e.g., by designating undisturbed wildlife refuges or areas with some level of restriction to human recreation and land use. however, mitigation practice rarely considers temporal differences in human-wildlife ...201728467429
erosion of the alberta badlands produces highly variable and elevated heavy metal concentrations in the red deer river, alberta.erosion is important in the transport of heavy metals from terrestrial to fluvial environments. in this study, we investigated riverine heavy metal (cd, cu, hg and pb) dynamics in the red deer river (rdr) watershed at sites upstream (n=2) and downstream (n=7) of the alberta badlands, an area of naturally high erosion. at sites draining the badlands, total water column cd, cu, hg and pb concentrations frequently exceeded guidelines for the protection of freshwater biota. furthermore, peak concent ...201728448918
comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer abomasum during prenatal development.the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the abomasum in sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of the sheep and 50 red deer from the first prenatal stages until birth. to compare similar periods of gestation in both species, we calculate the percentages of gestation. the appearance of the abomasum was earlier in the red deer (22% gestation) than in the sheep ( ...201728422357
sarcocystis entzerothi n. sp. from the european roe deer (capreolus capreolus).in the present study, we describe sarcocystis entzerothi n. sp. from the european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) based on the microscopical and dna analysis. by light microscopy (lm), cysts of s. entzerothi were spindle-shaped with pointed tips, 950-1900 × 70-150 μm in size and had 5-6 μm long finger-like cyst wall protrusions. cyst wall of s. entzerothi by transmission electron microscopy (tem) was type 10a-like; villar protrusions were up to 1.2 μm wide, densely packed, lying about 0.1 μm betw ...201727752769
serological testing of schmallenberg virus in swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016.schmallenberg virus (sbv) first emerged in europe in 2011, and in sweden in late 2012. the virus was still circulating in parts of europe in 2015. in recent testing, the virus has not been detected in swedish domestic animals, indicating that it is no longer circulating in sweden. it is not known if the virus has circulated and is still circulating in swedish wild cervid populations and whether wildlife can act as virus reservoirs. the aim of this study was to investigate whether sbv has circula ...201728376790
a study of single nucleotide polymorphism in the ystb gene of yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from various wild animal species.y. enterocolitica is the causative agent of yersiniosis. the objective of the article was a study of single nucleotide polymorphism in the ystb gene of y. enterocolitica strains isolated from various wild animal species.201728378975
presence of ail and ystb genes in yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1a isolates from game animals in poland.the pathogenicity of yersinia enterocolitica is associated with the presence of plasmid and chromosomal virulence genes. strains belonging to biotype 1a do not possess pyv plasmids, often harbour the ystb gene and usually lack the ail gene, which is the main virulence marker for y. enterocolitica. the simultaneous presence of ail and ystb is uncommon. in this study, 21/218 (9.6%) biotype 1a y. enterocolitica isolates from rectal swabs of wild boar (sus scrofa; n = 18), red deer (cervus elaphus; ...201728283072
high seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in elk (cervus canadensis) of the central appalachians, usa.toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan parasite of mammals that impacts animal health and behavior. although this parasite has been documented in several cervid species, including red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe, little is known about t. gondii impacts on the closely related north american counterpart, the elk (wapiti, cervus canadensis), which has increased in number and expanded in range during the past century. we assessed seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies using a modified agglu ...201728130658
soil microbial communities and elk foraging intensity: implications for soil biogeochemical cycling in the sagebrush steppe.foraging intensity of large herbivores may exert an indirect top-down ecological force on soil microbial communities via changes in plant litter inputs. we investigated the responses of the soil microbial community to elk (cervus elaphus) winter range occupancy across a long-term foraging exclusion experiment in the sagebrush steppe of the north american rocky mountains, combining phylogenetic analysis of fungi and bacteria with shotgun metagenomics and extracellular enzyme assays. winter foragi ...201728111902
investigation of intra-herd spread of mycobacterium caprae in cattle by generation and use of a whole-genome sequence.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) calculated from whole genome sequencing (wgs) are ideally suited to study evolutionary relationships of pathogens and their epidemiology. mycobacterium caprae infections have been documented frequently in cattle and red deer along the bavarian and austrian alps during the last decade. however, little is still known about the transmission within cattle holdings and possible alterations of the genomes of m. caprae during such events. the aim of this study was ...201728194548
bacterial community composition and fermentation in the rumen of xinjiang brown cattle (bos taurus), tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis), and karakul sheep (ovis aries).the rumen microbiota plays a major role in the metabolism and absorption of indigestible food sources. xinjiang brown cattle (bos taurus), tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis), and karakul sheep (ovis aries) are important ruminant species for animal husbandry in the tarim basin. however, the microbiota and rumen fermentation of these animals are poorly understood. here, we apply high-throughput sequencing to examine the bacterial community in the rumen of cattle, red deer and sheep and m ...201728177790
scaling methane emissions in ruminants and global estimates in wild populations.methane (ch4) emissions by human activities have more than doubled since the 1700s, and they contribute to global warming. one of the sources of ch4 is produced by incomplete oxidation of feed in the ruminant's gut. domestic ruminants produce most of the emissions from animal sources, but emissions by wild ruminants have been poorly estimated. this study (i) scales ch4 against body mass in 503 experiments in ruminants fed herbage, and assesses the effect of different sources of variation, using ...201727923575
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