Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). | proteoglycans were extracted with 4 m guanidine-hcl from the zone of maturing chondrocytes, the site of endochondral ossification of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). proteoglycans were isolated by deae-sephacel chromatography and separated by sepharose cl-4b chromatography into three fractions. fraction i contained a high molecular mass (> 1000 kda) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan capable of interacting with hyaluronic acid. its amino acid composition resembled that of the cartilage ... | 1998 | 9972315 |
| bidirectional transfer between electrical and flurothyl kindling in mice: evidence for common processes in epileptogenesis. | this study sought to determine whether there was a transfer of seizure susceptibility between two models of epileptogenesis, electrical kindling and a newly described model of flurothyl kindling. in this study, we determined the effects of preexposure to one kindling agent on the seizure responsiveness to the other. | 1999 | 9952259 |
| gastrin induces c-fos gene transcription via multiple signaling pathways. | we previously observed that the trophic actions of gastrin (g17) on the ar42j rat acinar cell line are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-induced c-fos gene transcription via protein kinase c (pkc)-dependent and -independent pathways. in this study, we further investigated the signaling pathways that target c-fos in response to g17. g17 led to a sixfold induction in luciferase activity in cells transfected with plasmids containing the -356+109 sequence of the murine c-fos promot ... | 1999 | 9950815 |
| c3 toxin activates the stress signaling pathways, jnk and p38, but antagonizes the activation of ap-1 in rat-1 cells. | lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) stimulates the c-fos serum response element (sre) by activating two distinct signal pathways regulated by the small gtpases, ras and rhoa. ras activates the erk cascade leading to phosphorylation of the transcription factors elk-1 and sap1a at the ets/tcf site. rhoa regulates an undefined pathway required for the activation of the srf/carg site. here we have examined the role of the ras and rhoa pathways in activation of the sre and c-fos expression in rat-1 cells. pe ... | 1999 | 9920930 |
| sp1 phosphorylation by erk 2 stimulates dna binding. | egf stimulates gene expression through a variety of signal transduction pathways that include the ras-erk pathway. we have shown previously that egf receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a gc-rich element called gere. this element binds sp1 family members and raises the possibility that the ras-erk signal transduction cascade may target this novel egf responsive element. moreover, it is known that erk 2 is capable of phosphorylating other mitogen-inducible transcription ... | 1999 | 9918860 |
| a high throughput system for the evaluation of protein kinase c inhibitors based on elk1 transcriptional activation in human astrocytoma cells. | protein kinase c (pkc) designates a family of kinases that regulate many essential functions including cell growth and differentiation. the tight regulation of pkc activity is crucial for maintaining normal cellular proliferation and excessive activity leads to abnormal or uncontrolled cell growth. recent reports indicate that malignant glioma cell lines express 100 to 1000-fold higher pkc activity when compared to non-neoplastic astrocytes. this high activity correlates well with the proliferat ... | 1999 | 9917510 |
| novel roles of specific isoforms of protein kinase c in activation of the c-fos serum response element. | protein kinase c (pkc) is a multigene family of enzymes consisting of at least 11 isoforms. it has been implicated in the induction of c-fos and other immediate response genes by various mitogens. the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter is necessary and sufficient for induction of transcription of c-fos by serum, growth factors, and the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). it forms a complex with the ternary complex factor (tcf) and with a dimer of the serum r ... | 1999 | 9891065 |
| regulation of mcl1 through a serum response factor/elk-1-mediated mechanism links expression of a viability-promoting member of the bcl2 family to the induction of hematopoietic cell differentiation. | proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are tightly regulated during hematopoiesis, allowing amplification along specific lineages while preventing excessive proliferation of immature cells. the mcl1 member of the bcl2 family is up-regulated during the induction of monocytic differentiation (approximately 10-fold with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (tpa)). mcl1 has effects similar to those of bcl2, up-regulation promoting viability, but differs from bcl2 in its rapid inducibility and ... | 1999 | 9880563 |
| characterization of the human elk-1 promoter. potential role of a downstream intronic sequence for elk-1 gene expression in monocytes. | to characterize the human elk-1 promoter, we mapped the transcriptional start site and isolated elk-1-specific genomic phage clones that contained extensive upstream and downstream sequences. a tata-like motif was identified immediately upstream of the transcriptional start site. functional analyses of dna fragments containing the tata element and the identification of a dnase i-hypersensitive chromatin site (hs 1) in close proximity to the tata box suggest that the identified tata motif is impo ... | 1999 | 9880555 |
| phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna. | red deer (cervus elaphus) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from europe and northern africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern asia, siberia, and north america. recognition of the north american wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of c. elaphus. sika deer (c. nippon), which ... | 1998 | 9878235 |
| pathological bone changes in the mandibles of wild red deer (cervus elaphus l.) exposed to high environmental levels of fluoride. | a macroscopic, microscopic and scanning electron microscope study was performed on the pathological bone changes of the mandibles of wild red deer (n = 61) exhibiting severe dental fluorosis. the animals originated from a highly fluoride polluted area in central europe (ore mountains and their southern foreland, czech-german border region) and constituted 11.2 % of the studied red deer sample (n = 545) from this area. pathologically increased wear and fracture of fluorosed teeth caused a variety ... | 1998 | 9877298 |
| expression of a tyrosine phosphorylated, dna binding stat3beta dimer in bacteria. | the signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins deliver signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. an n-terminally truncated fragment of murine stat3beta, stat3betatc (127-722), was produced in bacteria. stat proteins must be specifically phosphorylated at a single tyrosine residue for dimerization and dna binding. therefore, stat3betatc was coexpressed with the catalytic domain of the elk receptor tyrosine kinase. stat3betatc was quantitatively phosphorylated by this ki ... | 1998 | 9877182 |
| estimation of energy expenditure in free-living red deer (cervus elaphus) with the doubly-labelled water method. | energy expenditure was estimated using the doubly-labelled water (dlw) method in summer in five free-living adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating, red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds (weight 107.3 (se 0.9) kg; age 6 (se 1) years) on lowland pasture under typical farming conditions. climatic conditions were monitored throughout the experiment. errors due to 2h losses in ch4 and faeces were calculated from previous estimates of stoichiometries. ch4 production, fractionated water loss, urinary n and o2 co ... | 1998 | 9875066 |
| lead and cadmium in red deer and wild boar from sierra morena mountains (andalusia, spain). | 1998 | 9871001 | |
| evaluation of genetic variability in introduced populations of red deer (cervus elaphus) using dna fingerprinting. | 1998 | 9868929 | |
| microsatellite variation in scandinavian cervidae using primers derived from bovidae. | the possibility of using microsatellite primers developed in bovidae to amplify microsatellite markers in cervidae was surveyed by using 75 microsatellite primer sets of bovine, ovine or caprine origin to analyse dna from moose, red deer, reindeer and roe deer from scandinavia. on average for the four cervids, approximately 50% of the ovine/caprine primer pairs amplified a specific pcr product, compared to only 16% of the bovine primers. approximately 50% of both ovine/caprine and bovine primers ... | 1998 | 9868926 |
| effects of thyroidectomy and thyroxine replacement on seasonal reproduction in the red deer hind. | two experiments were conducted to test whether thyroid hormones are required for the cessation of the breeding season in female red deer. in expt 1, 16 mature hinds were allocated early in the breeding season (may) to the following groups: thyroidectomized (thx), thyroidectomized and treated with subcutaneous thyroxine implants which increased plasma tri-iodothyronine to physiological concentrations (thx + t4), or euthyroid controls. plasma progesterone concentrations consistent with oestrous cy ... | 1998 | 9861164 |
| glutamate induces phosphorylation of elk-1 and creb, along with c-fos activation, via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway in brain slices. | in cell culture systems, the tcf elk-1 represents a convergence point for extracellular signal-related kinase (erk) and c-jun n-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (jnk/sapk) subclasses of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. its phosphorylation strongly potentiates its ability to activate transcription of the c-fos promoter through a ternary complex assembled on the c-fos serum response element. in rat brain postmitotic neurons, elk-1 is strongly expressed (v. sgambato, ... | 1999 | 9858538 |
| protection against infection and abortion induced by virulent challenge exposure after oral vaccination of cattle with brucella abortus strain rb51. | to determine efficacy of orally administered brucella abortus vaccine strain rb51 against virulent b abortus challenge exposure in cattle as a model for vaccination of wild ungulates. | 1998 | 9858409 |
| seasonality of meal patterns and hormonal correlates in red deer. | two groups of six adult, castrated, male red deer were housed under natural daylength conditions and at ambient temperature at 57 degrees n and fed ad lib. (al) or at a fixed rate of 50 g/kg0.75 initial liveweight per day throughout the study (restricted, r). mean daily intakes of al animals were higher during periods of long daylength than during short daylength (p < 0.001). the higher rates of food intake during periods of long daylength were a function of greater meal durations (p < 0.001), s ... | 1998 | 9855479 |
| malignant schwannoma in a red deer (cervus elaphus). | a five-year-old female red deer (cervus elaphus) was in poor condition and severely lame on the left hindleg owing to a 19.4 cm x 15.9 cm mass involving and destroying the distal end (head) of metatarsal bones iii and iv, the proximal sesamoid bones and the first phalanges (iii and iv). the histopathological analysis revealed a spindle cell tumour with frequent palisade arrangement (antoni type a pattern), and with highly anaplastic tumour cells in some areas. structures resembling peripheral ne ... | 1998 | 9854770 |
| electron microscopic studies of antlerogenic cells from five developmental stages during pedicle and early antler formation in red deer (cervus elaphus). | previous studies using light microscopy have revealed that histogenesis of deer pedicle and antler has four ossification stages. the first of these stages is the development of the permanent pedicle. initial development of the pedicle is from the cellular layer cells of the antlerogenic periosteum and these cells have been termed initial antlerogenic cells (iacs). apart from the iacs, it has also been shown that the cellular layer cells of the apical periosteum/perichondrium, the peripheral peri ... | 1998 | 9845209 |
| cloning and functional expression of rat ether-à-go-go-like k+ channel genes. | 1. screening of rat cortex cdna resulted in cloning of two complete and one partial orthologue of the drosophila ether-à-go-go-like k+ channel (elk). 2. northern blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) analysis revealed predominant expression of rat elk mrnas in brain. each rat elk mrna showed a distinct, but overlapping expression pattern in different rat brain areas. 3. transient transfection of chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells with rat elk1 or rat elk2 cdna gave ris ... | 1998 | 9824707 |
| specific and differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades by unfamiliar taste in the insular cortex of the behaving rat. | rats were given to drink an unfamiliar taste solution under conditions that result in long-term memory of that taste. the insular cortex, which contains the taste cortex, was then removed and assayed for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades by using antibodies to the activated forms of various mapks. extracellular responsive kinase 1-2 (erk1-2) in the cortical homogenate was significantly activated within <30 min of drinking the taste solution, without alteration in the ... | 1998 | 9822758 |
| oestrosis in red deer from spain. | a survey of naso-pharyngeal myiasis affecting red deer (cervus elaphus) in southern spain was conducted. the parasites involved were the larvae of pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis (diptera:oestridae), which coexist sympatrically within this host. males and older animals had higher prevalences and intensities of fly larvae. differences in behaviour and habitat use by male and female deer, and the increase of head size in older males are possibly responsible for this. there were low d ... | 1998 | 9813856 |
| serosurvey for antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever-associated viruses in free-living and captive cervids in germany. | a total of 486 serum samples collected from several species of both free-living and captive cervids in germany was examined for antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever (mcf)-associated viruses (mcfv) by a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-elisa). eleven (2%) of these samples were positive for antibodies against mcfv. among 157 serum samples collected from 16 different species of captive deer including four (7%) of 54 fallow deer and one (7%) of 14 sika deer (cervu ... | 1998 | 9813848 |
| ehrlichia spp. in cervids from california. | blood samples from six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 15 black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus), and 29 elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) were assayed for human monocytic and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing, and serology to determine whether or not cervids are involved in the maintenance of these potential human pathogens in california (usa). the deer were sampled in august to october 1992-95. the 29 tule elk from point reyes n ... | 1998 | 9813842 |
| growth hormone stimulates phosphorylation and activation of elk-1 and expression of c-fos, egr-1, and junb through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. | growth hormone (gh), a major regulator of normal body growth and metabolism, regulates cellular gene expression. the transcription factors elk-1 and serum response factor are necessary for gh-stimulated transcription of c-fos through the serum response element (sre). gh stimulates the serine phosphorylation of elk-1, thereby enabling elk-1 to mediate transcriptional activation. the contribution of the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) p ... | 1998 | 9813041 |
| [malignant catarrhal fever in zoo ruminants]. | an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in indian gauer (bos gaurus gaurus) and javan banteng (bos javanicus javanicus) occurred in the year 1964 and killed almost all animals of the groups of these species kept at the munich zoo at that time. in the consecutive years at highly irregular intervals cases of the head-and-eye-form of mcf occurred sporadically at the zoo in european and american bison (bison bonasus, b. bison' bison, b. bison athabascae), elk (alces alces), red deer (cervus e ... | 1998 | 9810608 |
| epizootic of paratuberculosis in farmed elk. | after multiple cases of chronic diarrhea and weight loss in a farmed elk herd, 3 yearlings and 1 adult elk with similar clinical signs were euthanatized and necropsied. gross and histologic evidence of paratuberculosis were found in the yearlings. evidence of serum antibody to mycobacterium paratuberculosis was detected in the 2 elk with the most disseminated infection. acid-fast organisms were isolated from multiple organs in all 4 elk and identified as m paratuberculosis by dna probe. thirty-f ... | 1998 | 9810391 |
| postmortem assessment of sperm characteristics of the red deer during the breeding season. | this study examined the effect of male age, time lapse between death of individual and collection of its sperm, breeding season (1993, 1995, or 1996), and testicle sampled (left or right) on the cell quality of spermatozoa obtained postmortem from the epididymis of red deer stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus). a total of 142 sperm samples obtained from 71 free-ranging individuals shot during the breeding season were used to investigate these effects. the spermatozoa were obtained from the cauda ep ... | 1998 | 9805148 |
| deer and their parasites: disease or coexistence? | the occurrence of different parasites in roe (capreolus capreolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during the period 1972-1995. deer shot at random or found dead were examined and parasitological status of a farmed red deer herd has been observed regularly. age, carcass weight, physical condition and pathological features were checked or measured. of the parasites, 38 species in roe and 18 in red deer were identified and at least 11 of them were shared by both hosts. none of them se ... | 1997 | 9802083 |
| a constitutively active and nuclear form of the map kinase erk2 is sufficient for neurite outgrowth and cell transformation. | mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases are ubiquitous components of many signal transduction pathways. constitutively active variants have been isolated for every component of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 (erk1) and erk2 map kinase pathway except for the erk itself. | 1998 | 9799732 |
| the human elk-1 gene family: the functional gene and two processed pseudogenes embedded in the igh locus. | elk-1 is a transcription factor whose activation by several mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) mediates the immediate early responses of the c-fos promoter to growth factors and other stimuli. here, we report the structure of the human elk-1 gene, which we have localized about 6.5kb upstream of the properdin gene on the x chromosome. the coding sequence is interrupted by four introns; two additional introns lie within the 5' untranslated region. we have also found two elk-1-related proces ... | 1998 | 9795224 |
| tissue migration of elaphostrongylus spp. in guinea pigs (cavia porcellus). | third-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi, originating from red deer (cervus elaphus), first reached the central nervous system (cns) of guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) 11 days postinfection (dpi). neurologic signs were seen between 11 and 62 dpi in 4 of a total of 18 infected guinea pigs killed up to 112 dpi. animals showing signs had 3 or more larvae in the cns. only 1, of a total of 1,114 larvae recovered, had developed to the fourth stage at 40 dpi. a direct tissue migration by third-stage ... | 1998 | 9794639 |
| isolation, characterization and localization of glycosaminoglycans in growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). | glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the four sections (tip, upper, middle and base) of the main beam of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus) by papain digestion and deae-sephacel chromatography. chondroitin sulfate was the major glycosaminoglycan in each section of antler accounting for, on average, 88% of the total uronic acid. the yield of chondroitin sulfate liberated from the tissue was approximately 6-fold greater in the cartilaginous (tip and upper) sections than in the bony (middl ... | 1998 | 9787796 |
| an evaluation of rapd fragment reproducibility and nature. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fragment reproducibility was assayed in three animal species: red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa) and fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster). ten 10-mer primers (operon) were tested in two replicate reactions per individual under different stringency conditions (annealing temperatures of 35 degrees c or 45 degrees c). two estimates were generated from the data: autosimilarity, which tests the reproducibility of overall banding patterns, and band ... | 1998 | 9787445 |
| extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) controls immediate early gene induction on corticostriatal stimulation. | activity-dependent changes in neuronal structure and synaptic remodeling depend critically on gene regulation. in an attempt to understand how glutamate receptor stimulation at the membrane leads to gene regulation in the nucleus, we traced intracellular signaling pathways targeting dna regulatory elements of immediate early genes (iegs). for this purpose we used an in vivo electrical stimulation of the glutamatergic corticostriatal pathway. we show that a transient activation of extracellular s ... | 1998 | 9786988 |
| alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in alzheimer brains bearing the app670/671 mutation. | alzheimer's disease (ad) is associated with a striking reduction in the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (kgdhc). the deficiency occurs in brains from ad patients of undefined etiology, and in fibroblasts from both sporadic and familial ad cases. to further assess the nature of the abnormality of kgdhc in ad, kgdhc activities and immunoreactivities were analyzed in brains from ad patients bearing the swedish app670/671 mutation. this gene defect causes overproduction of ... | 1998 | 9778267 |
| the traf family of signal transducers mediates nf-kappab activation by the trance receptor. | tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-related activation-induced cytokine (trance), a member of the tnf family expressed on activated t-cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and osteoblasts, regulates the function of dendritic cells (dc) and osteoclasts. the trance receptor (trance-r), recently identified as receptor activator of nf-kappabeta (rank), activates nf-kappab, a transcription factor critical in the differentiation and activation of those cells. in this report we identify the tnf receptor-associated ... | 1998 | 9774460 |
| rsk-2 activity is necessary for epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of creb protein and transcription of c-fos gene. | activation by growth factors of the ras-dependent signaling cascade results in the induction of p90 ribosomal s6 kinases (p90(rsk)). these are translocated into the nucleus upon phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases, with which p90(rsk) are physically associated in the cytoplasm. in humans there are three isoforms of the p90(rsk) family, rsk-1, rsk-2, and rsk-3, which are products of distinct genes. although these isoforms are structurally very similar, little is known about their ... | 1998 | 9770464 |
| extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity is sustained early during human cytomegalovirus infection. | expression of many early viral genes during human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection is dependent on cellular transcription factors. several immediate-early and early viral promoters contain dna binding sites for cellular factors such as creb, ap-1, serum response factor, and elk-1, and these transcription factors can be activated by phosphorylation via the cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signal transduction cascade. to determine if the extracellular signal-regulated mapks, erk1 a ... | 1998 | 9765464 |
| cloning and characterization of gets-1, a goldfish ets family member that functions as a transcriptional repressor in muscle. | an ets transcription factor family member, gets-1, was cloned from a goldfish retina cdna library. gets-1 contains a conserved ets dna-binding domain at its n-terminus and is most similar to ternary complex factor (tcf) serum-response-factor protein-1a (sap-1a). gets-1 is expressed in many tissues, but is enriched in retina and brain. as with the tcfs sap-1a and ets-related protein (erp), overexpression of the gets-1 promoter suppresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptor epsilon-subunit gene expre ... | 1998 | 9761723 |
| nociception activates elk-1 and sap1a following expression of the orl1 receptor in chinese hamster ovary cells. | nociceptin stimulation of the orl1 receptor expressed in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells results in the activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinases erk1 and erk2. erk1/erk2 activation is inhibited by pertussis toxin, the mek inhibitor pd 98059 and by transient expression of alpha-transducin, indicating that orl1 up-regulation of these kinases occurs as a consequence of the release of the g-protein betagamma complex following the activation of pertussis-toxin sensitive galphai-fami ... | 1998 | 9760105 |
| oxidant stress incites spreading of macrophages via extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. | cultured macrophages exhibit spreading in response to external stimuli. it is relevant to in vivo morphologic changes of macrophages during extravasation, migration, and differentiation. the present study was performed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that regulate spreading of macrophages. redox is a crucial factor that modulates a wide range of cell function. we found that macrophages undergo spreading in response to oxidant stress caused by hydrogen peroxide or an oxidant generating agent me ... | 1998 | 9759878 |
| phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of ruminal tannin-tolerant bacteria. | the 16s rrna sequences and selected phenotypic characteristics were determined for six recently isolated bacteria that can tolerate high levels of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. bacteria were isolated from the ruminal contents of animals in different geographic locations, including sardinian sheep (ovis aries), honduran and colombian goats (capra hircus), white-tail deer (odocoileus virginianus) from upstate new york, and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) from oregon. nearly compl ... | 1998 | 9758806 |
| hypotonicity activates transcription through erk-dependent and -independent pathways in renal cells. | acute hypotonic shock (50% dilution of medium with sterile water, but not with isotonic nacl) activated the extracellular signal response kinase (erk) mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases in renal medullary cells, as measured by western analysis with a phospho-erk-specific antibody and by in vitro kinase assay of epitope-tagged erks immunoprecipitated from stable ha-erk transfectants. hypotonicity also activated the transcription factor and erk substrate elk-1 in a partially pd-98059-sensitiv ... | 1998 | 9755064 |
| alpha2-heremans schmid glycoprotein inhibits insulin-stimulated elk-1 phosphorylation, but not glucose transport, in rat adipose cells. | alpha2-heremans schmid glycoprotein (alpha2-hsg) is a member of the fetuin family of serum proteins whose biological functions are not completely understood. there is a consensus that alpha2-hsg plays a role in the regulation of tissue mineralization. however, one aspect of alpha2-hsg function that remains controversial is its ability to inhibit the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and the biological actions of insulin. interestingly, some studies suggest that alpha2-hsg differentially inhibits ... | 1998 | 9751494 |
| pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized, thyroidectomized red deer hind following treatment with dopaminergic and opioidergic agonists and antagonists. | two experiments were conducted to determine whether dopaminergic or opioidergic pathways are modulated by thyroid gland secretions for seasonal suppression of lh secretion in red deer hinds. ovariectomized (n = 5) or ovariectomized and thyroidectomized (n = 4) hinds, treated with estradiol implants, received the dopamine agonist bromocriptine or the antagonist sulpiride during pulse bleeds in july (breeding season) and october (nonbreeding season). comparison of july and october mean plasma lh c ... | 1998 | 9746749 |
| bovine microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer (cervus elaphus), sika deer (cervus nippon) and soay sheep (ovis aries). | we tested 174 bovine microsatellite primer pairs for use in a primitive breed of sheep and two species of deer. of 173 markers, 127 (73.4%) gave a product in soay sheep (ovis aries) of which 54 (42.5%) were polymorphic. one hundred and twenty-nine of 174 (74.1%) markers gave a product in red deer (cervus elaphus) of which 72 (55.8%) were polymorphic. in sika deer (cervus nippon) 126 of 171 (73.7%) microsatellite primers gave a product with 47 (37.3%) polymorphic. the proportion of bovine microsa ... | 1998 | 9745670 |
| isolation and characterisation of obligately anaerobic, lipolytic bacteria from the rumen of red deer. | two gram-positive, obligately anaerobic, lipolytic bacteria, isolates lip4 and lip5, were obtained from the rumen contents of juvenile red deer. these mesophilic bacterial strains were capable of hydrolysing the neutral lipids, tallow, tripalmitin and oliver oil, into their constituent free long-chain fatty acid and glycerol moieties. the latter compound was dissimilated by both isolates, with isolate lip4 producing propionate as the predominant product, while isolate lip5 produced acetate, etha ... | 1998 | 9741118 |
| structures of sap-1 bound to dna targets from the e74 and c-fos promoters: insights into dna sequence discrimination by ets proteins. | sap-1 is a member of the ets transcription factors and cooperates with srf protein to activate transcription of the c-fos protooncogene. the crystal structures of the conserved ets domain of sap-1 bound to dna sequences from the e74 and c-fos promoters reveal that a set of conserved residues contact a gga core dna sequence. discrimination for sequences outside this core is mediated by dna contacts from conserved and nonconserved protein residues and sequence-dependent dna structural properties c ... | 1998 | 9734357 |
| mp1: a mek binding partner that enhances enzymatic activation of the map kinase cascade. | signal transduction is controlled both by regulation of enzyme activation and by organization of enzymatic complexes with nonenzymatic adapters, scaffolds, and anchor proteins. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade is one of several evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascades important in the regulation of growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. a two-hybrid screen was conducted to identify nonenzymatic components of this signaling cascade that migh ... | 1998 | 9733512 |
| a diet supplement for captive wild ruminants. | nutritional husbandry of captive wild ruminants often requires feeding these animals a supplemental diet to enhance their health, reproductive performance, and productivity. although supplemental diets for wild ruminants are commercially available, few have been evaluated in controlled intake and digestion trials. voluntary intake, digestive efficiency, nitrogen retention, and gross energy utilization of pronghorn (antilocapra americana), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), mountain sheep (ovis can ... | 1998 | 9732028 |
| bradykinin stimulates the erk-->elk-1-->fos/ap-1 pathway in mesangial cells. | among its diverse biological actions, the vasoactive peptide bradykinin (bk) induces the transcription factor ap-1 and proliferation of mesangial cells (s. s. el-dahr, s. dipp, i. v. yosipiv, and w. h. baricos. kidney int. 50: 1850-1855, 1996). in the present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, erk1/2,in mediating bk-induced ap-1 and dna replication in cultured rat mesangial cells. bk (10(-9) to 10(-7) m) stimulated a rapid i ... | 1998 | 9729506 |
| alternative splicing of the prolactin receptor gene generates a 1.7 kb rna transcript that is linked to prolactin function in the red deer testis. | a cdna encoding a putative non-membrane bound prolactin receptor was amplified by rt-pcr from red deer (cervus elaphus) testis. sequence analysis suggests that the testicular cdna is generated by alternative splicing resulting in the deletion of exons 7 and 8, which code for: (a) the final 53 aa of the extracellular domain of the receptor including the fifth conserved cysteine residue and the ws x ws motif, (b) the entire transmembrane domain, (c) the first three cytoplasmic amino acid residues, ... | 1998 | 9723863 |
| could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause intersexual social segregation in ruminants? | in many sexually dimorphic mammal species, the sexes live outside the mating season in separate social groups ('social segregation'). social segregation occurs in a wide range of environmental conditions, but its cause in unknown. i suggest that social segregation is caused by a lower level of activity synchrony between individuals in mixed-sex groups than in single-sex groups, owing to sex differences in activity rhythm. as a consequence, mixed-sex groups are more likely to break up than single ... | 1998 | 9718738 |
| cloning of a mammalian elk potassium channel gene and eag mrna distribution in rat sympathetic ganglia. | 1. three new members of the eag potassium channel gene family were identified in rat and the complete coding sequence of one of these genes (elk1) was determined by cdna cloning. 2. the elk1 gene, when expressed in xenopus oocytes, encodes a slowly activating and slowly deactivating potassium channel. 3. the elk1 gene is expressed in sympathetic ganglia and is also expressed in sciatic nerve. 4. six of the seven known eag genes were found to be expressed in rat sympathetic ganglia, suggesting an ... | 1998 | 9714851 |
| neurotensin type 1 receptor-mediated activation of krox24, c-fos and elk-1: preventing effect of the neurotensin antagonists sr 48692 and sr 142948. | stimulation of neurotensin (nt) type 1 receptors (nt1-r) in transfected cho cells is followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the expression of the early response gene krox24. by making point mutations and internal deletions in the krox24 promoter, we show that proximal serum responsive elements (sre) are involved in transcriptional activation by nt. in addition, we show that the related early response gene c-fos and the ets protein elk-1 are also induced by nt. the in ... | 1998 | 9710257 |
| antibody response of elk immunized with porcine zona pellucida. | immunocontraception using porcine zona pellucida (pzp) vaccines is being explored as a nonlethal method of solving the problems of locally overabundant wildlife populations. this study characterized the immunological response of captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) to pzp challenge using 18 3-yr-old cows and was conducted from 14 september 1994 to 13 december 1995. all animals were given a single pzp inoculation and 1 mo later six of these animals were randomly chosen and received a booster inoc ... | 1998 | 9706563 |
| epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in captive rocky mountain elk. | between june 1986 and may 1997, chronic wasting disease (cwd) was the only natural cause of adult mortality among captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) held at a wildlife research facility near fort collins, colorado (usa). of 23 elk that remained in this herd > 15 mo, four (17%) developed cwd. all affected elk were unrelated females from the founding cohort, captured as neonates and raised in 1986. the index case was diagnosed in 1989; time intervals between subsequent cases range ... | 1998 | 9706562 |
| growth, voluntary food intake and digestion in farmed temperate and tropical deer. | growth and voluntary feed intake (vfi) in grazing temperate farmed deer species are influenced by the feeding value of the forage and the stage of the deer's seasonal cycle. liveweight gain (lwg) of growing red deer was greater when perennial ryegrass (0.80)/white clover (0.20) pasture was grazed at 10 cm than 5 cm surface height, but venison production by one year of age was still low. chicory and red clover were of superior feeding value for deer than perennial ryegrass-based pastures, increas ... | 1998 | 9704535 |
| genetic analysis of farmed deer hybrids. | molecular methods which identify species-specific genetic markers are valuable for identification and genetic analysis of hybrid deer. we have used a variety of molecular techniques to compare père david's deer elaphurus davidianus, red deer cervus elaphus scotticus and north american wapiti c. e. manatobensis. in total, these analyses have identifed over 300 markers in which père david's deer sires are distinct from farmed red deer and over 100 markers in which wapiti sires differ from red deer ... | 1998 | 9704532 |
| mek inhibition augments raf activity, but has variable effects on mitogenesis, in vascular smooth muscle cells. | proteins comprising the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase signaling cascade are activated by a variety of growth factors, but the precise role of this series of kinase reactions, especially raf kinase and map kinase kinase (mek), in vascular smooth muscle (vsm) cell mitogenesis is not known. in this study, a specific and selective inhibitor of mek, pd-98059, was used to examine the role of mek in dna synthesis and raf-1 activity in vsm cells stimulated with serum as well as with growth fact ... | 1998 | 9696694 |
| induction of apoptosis by elk-1 and deltaelk-1 proteins. | elk-1, an ets related gene codes for at least two splice variants elk-1, which regulates c-fos transcription and deltaelk-1, both of which function as transcriptional activators. to investigate the role of elk-1 and deltaelk-1 proteins in apoptosis; we have developed rat fibroblast cell lines and human breast cancer cell lines expressing elk-1 and deltaelk-1. the expression of elk-1 and deltaelk-1 proteins in the elk-1/deltaelk-1 transfectants were analysed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochem ... | 1998 | 9696047 |
| binding of ets family members is important for the function of the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor-b tata neighboring sequence in 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-treated k562 cells. | the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf)-b tata neighboring sequence (tns) is a promoter element that is required for the full induction of this gene in k562 erythroleukemia cells undergoing 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-mediated megakaryoblastic differentiation. nuclear factors from k562 cells can bind to the c-sis/pdgf-b tns, generating four complexes in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. one of these complexes was previously shown to contain sp family members. in this work, ... | 1998 | 9690620 |
| p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates the transcriptional induction of the atrial natriuretic factor gene through a serum response element. a potential role for the transcription factor atf6. | in various cell types certain stresses can stimulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 mapk), leading to the transcriptional activation of genes that contribute to appropriate compensatory responses. in this report the mechanism of p38-activated transcription was studied in cardiac myocytes where this mapk is a key regulator of the cell growth and the cardiac-specific gene induction that occurs in response to potentially stressful stimuli. in the cardiac atrial natriuretic factor (anf) g ... | 1998 | 9685422 |
| the src homology 2 and phosphotyrosine binding domains of the shcc adaptor protein function as inhibitors of mitogenic signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor. | upon ligand activation, the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated, thereby recruiting intracellular signaling proteins such as shc. egfr binding of shc proteins results in their tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the ras and erk pathways. shc interaction with activated receptor tyrosine kinases is mediated by two distinct phosphotyrosine interaction domains, an nh2-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (ptb) domain and a cooh-terminal src homology ... | 1998 | 9685397 |
| cdc42 and fgd1 cause distinct signaling and transforming activities. | activated forms of different rho family members (cdc42, rac1, rhoa, rhob, and rhog) have been shown to transform nih 3t3 cells as well as contribute to ras transformation. rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) (also known as dbl family proteins) that activate cdc42, rac1, and rhoa also demonstrate oncogenic potential. the faciogenital dysplasia gene product, fgd1, is a dbl family member that has recently been shown to function as a cdc42-specific gef. mutations within the fgd1 lo ... | 1998 | 9671479 |
| stress-induced immediate-early gene, egr-1, involves activation of p38/jnk1. | the ras/raf/map kinase (erk) pathway is a major signaling pathway induced by growth factors in mammalian cells. two other types of mammalian map kinases, jnk (sapk) and p38 (rk, csbp), are induced by environmental stress. although the immediate-early gene, egr-1, is induced by growth factors, cytokines, differentiation signals and dna damaging agents, less is known about its induction by environmental stress and the mechanism involved. here we report that in nih3t3 cells, egr-1 is induced by var ... | 1998 | 9671412 |
| assessment of the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase b, and protein kinase c in insulin inhibition of camp-induced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription. | transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) gene is induced by glucagon, acting through camp and protein kinase a, and this induction is inhibited by insulin. conflicting reports have suggested that insulin inhibits induction by camp by activating the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway or by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3-kinase), but not mapk, pathway. insulin activated pi3-kinase phosphorylates lipids that activate protein kinase b (pkb) a ... | 1998 | 9668048 |
| suppression of c-fos gene transcription with malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. | the activator protein-1 (ap-1) complex is a dimeric transcription factor composed of fos and jun proteins that regulates cellular growth and differentiation. we previously demonstrated a reduction in basal ap-1 transcriptional activity associated with the malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial (hbe) cells that was, in part, a consequence of decreased c-fos expression. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the reduction in c-fos expression associated with the ma ... | 1998 | 9662337 |
| serotonergic repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase control of the calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer. | we have investigated the mechanisms underlying regulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) cell-specific enhancer. recently, we reported that this enhancer is inhibited by serotonin type-1 (5-ht1) agonists, similar to currently used antimigraine drugs. we have now tested whether this repression involves a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway. we first demonstrate that the cgrp enhancer is strongly (10-fold) activated by a constitutively active map kinase kinase (mek1), yie ... | 1998 | 9658404 |
| caveolin-mediated regulation of signaling along the p42/44 map kinase cascade in vivo. a role for the caveolin-scaffolding domain. | the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein (map)-kinase cascade is a well-established signal transduction pathway that is initiated at the cell surface and terminates within the nucleus. more specifically, receptor tyrosine kinases can indirectly activate raf, which in turn leads to activation of mek and erk and ultimately phosphorylation of elk, a nuclear transcription factor. recent reports have suggested that some members of p42/44 map kinase cascade can be sequestered within plasmalemmal caveolae ... | 1998 | 9654135 |
| studies on the parietal region of the cervid skull. iii. on the occurrence of an interparietal in cervus. | the occurrence of an os interparietal was studied in two transparent preparations of fetal red deer (cervus elaphus) heads and in 14 dried skulls of fetal to early postnatal individuals from four cervus species (c. elaphus, c. nippon, c. duvauceli and c. eldi). in 14 of the 16 specimens, an interparietal was present as either a paired or single bone. in only a neonate red deer and a 5-week-old sika deer this skull element was missing. we therefore conclude that an os interparietal, developing fr ... | 1998 | 9652148 |
| statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. | paternity inference using highly polymorphic codominant markers is becoming common in the study of natural populations. however, multiple males are often found to be genetically compatible with each offspring tested, even when the probability of excluding an unrelated male is high. while various methods exist for evaluating the likelihood of paternity of each nonexcluded male, interpreting these likelihoods has hitherto been difficult, and no method takes account of the incomplete sampling and e ... | 1998 | 9633105 |
| grb10 identified as a potential regulator of growth hormone (gh) signaling by cloning of gh receptor target proteins. | the cloning of receptor targets procedure, used so far to identify proteins associated with tyrosine kinase receptors was modified to clone sh2 proteins able to bind to the growth hormone receptor (ghr). the cytoplasmic region of ghr, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily does not contain tyrosine kinase activity. it was thus phosphorylated in bacteria by the elk tyrosine kinase and radiolabeled to screen a mouse expression library. with this probe, we identified shc and the p85 subunit ... | 1998 | 9632636 |
| new phylogenetic perspectives on the cervidae (artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. | the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was compared for 11 species of the artiodactyl family cervidae, representing all living subfamilies, i.e., the antlered cervinae (cervus elaphus, c. nippon, dama dama), muntiacinae (muntiacus reevesi), and odocoileinae (odocoileus hemionus, mazama sp., capreolus capreolus, c. pygargus, rangifer tarandus, alces alces); and the antlerless hydropotinae (hydropotes inermis). phylogenetic analyses using tragulidae, antilocapridae, giraffidae and bovi ... | 1998 | 9628037 |
| embryo development and placentome formation during early pregnancy in red deer. | early embryo development and placentome formation were assessed in red deer between days 27 and 55 of gestation. uteri were collected from 12 pregnant hinds in which mating was observed following a synchronized oestrus, and the tissues retained for measurements and histological processing for light microscopy. twelve embryos were recovered with mean embryo weights increasing from 0.02+/-0.01 g at day 27 to 7.56+/-1.39 g at day 55 of gestation. similarly, crown-rump lengths increased from 5.7+/-0 ... | 1997 | 9623493 |
| comparative scanning electron microscopy of third-instar hypoderma spp. (diptera: oestridae). | scanning electron microscope study of third-instar larvae of four species of hypoderma revealed differences among species in the pattern of spination, spine morphology and morphology of the spiracular plates. these observations identify characters that enable the differentiation of hypoderma actaeon and h. diana, parasitizing red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe, and provide additional characters for differentiating h. bovis and h. lineatum parasitizing cattle. | 1998 | 9622372 |
| monoclonal antibody f89/160.1.5 defines a conserved epitope on the ruminant prion protein. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are a heterogeneous group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders occurring in humans, mink, cats, and ruminant herbivores. the occurrence of novel transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in cattle in the united kingdom and europe and in mule deer and elk in parts of the united states has emphasized the need for reliable diagnostic tests with standardized reagents. postmortem diagnosis is performed by histologic examination of brain sections from affe ... | 1998 | 9620413 |
| fluid shear stress activation of egr-1 transcription in cultured human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated via the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. | the primary response transcription factor, early growth response-1 (egr-1), is rapidly activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli. egr-1 binds to a sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in vascular injury, such as pdgf-a and tissue factor, and trans-activates their expression in endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress. here we show that egr-1 mrna is increased after 30 min of flow in human aortic endothelial cell and hela cell cultures. transient transfection of hela ... | 1998 | 9616225 |
| interleukin-1beta-induced rat pancreatic islet nitric oxide synthesis requires both the p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases. | interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) is cytotoxic to rat pancreatic beta-cells by inhibiting glucose oxidation, causing dna damage and inducing apoptosis. nitric oxide (no) is a necessary but not sufficient mediator of these effects. il-1beta induced kinase activity toward elk-1, activation transcription factor 2, c-jun, and heat shock protein 25 in rat islets. by western blotting with phosphospecific antibodies and by immunocomplex kinase assay, il-1beta was shown to activate extracellular signal-regul ... | 1998 | 9614146 |
| [transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals]. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals are known for centuries. in particular scrapie in sheep and goats occurs worldwide; it spreads as a natural disease and is genetically controlled. chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the united states (wyoming and colorado) also spreads as natural disease among free ranging and captive elk and mule deer. in contrast, transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) of mink in fur producing farms is caused by contaminated feed; the source of this food cont ... | 1998 | 9611347 |
| sex identification of elk (cervus elaphus canadensis), moose (alces alces), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) using the polymerase chain reaction. | we have developed a pcr-based protocol to determine the gender of tissue samples originating from elk (cervus elaphus canadensis), moose (alces alces) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). the technique simultaneously amplifies a conserved region of the sex-determining gene on the y-chromosome (sry) and a region of the fragile x mental retardation gene (fmr-1). the multiplex nature of this protocol allows the determination of gender using the sry marker with the fmr-1 marker providing ... | 1998 | 9608686 |
| immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with elaeophora elaphi parasitism in red deer (cervus elaphus). | this study was based on the immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions caused by elaeophora elaphi in 15 red deer. in eight animals filariae were found in branches of the portal vein. "web-like" endophlebitis (15 cases), lymph nodule-like thrombi associated with filarial debris (12 cases) and fibrinous thrombi (three cases) were also observed in the portal vein. multifocal granulomatous hepatitis (six cases) and lymph nodule-like tissue (three cases) were found in the liver parenchy ... | 1998 | 9595352 |
| omasal anatomy in new zealand red and fallow deer: an exploratory multivariate analysis. | we measured the weight and volume of omasae, and the number, weight and area of omasal laminae from wild fallow (cervus dama), and wild and farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) whose diet, as indicated by rumen content, was known. a multivariate analysis yielded two principal components, interpreted as indices of overall omasal size and laminar leafiness. the second component showed significantly greater variance in wild red deer than in farmed red or wild fallow deer. deer feeding on a mixed diet o ... | 1998 | 9591369 |
| is prolactin a gonadotrophic hormone in red deer (cervus elaphus)? pattern of expression of the prolactin receptor gene in the testis and epididymis. | this study investigated the pattern and site of expression of the prolactin receptor gene in the testis and epididymis of red deer collected during the breeding season (n=3). ribonuclease protection assays using 50 microg total rna and a 300 bp [32p]-labelled antisense crna probe, generated from the extracellular domain of the red deer prolactin receptor, confirmed the expression of the receptor in both the testis and epididymis; a higher level of prolactin receptor mrna was detected in the epid ... | 1998 | 9584832 |
| meningeal worm evokes a heterogeneous immune response in elk. | meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) is a neurotropic nematode of ungulates in eastern north america. lack of an effective diagnostic test increases the concern of translocating potentially infected ungulates into western north america, where p. tenuis does not occur naturally. in an attempt to identify serodiagnostic molecules, we determined (1) whether elk (cervus elaphus) experimentally infected with p. tenuis produce antibodies against infective larvae or adult worms, and (2) if sera ... | 1998 | 9577781 |
| detection of growth factors and proto-oncogene mrna in the growing tip of red deer (cervus elaphus) antler using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | deer antler is a unique mammalian organ that has an annual cycle of regeneration. the antler grows very rapidly from the tip at up to 1 cm/day in red deer for a 90- to 120-day period. it is hypothesised that locally produced growth factors are required to control and stimulate this growth. the tip of the growing antler from animals whose antlers had been growing for 30, 60, or 90 days was dissected into four zones: epidermis/dermis, reserve mesenchyme, precartilaginous, and cartilaginous. total ... | 1998 | 9571767 |
| microsatellites reveal heterosis in red deer. | the fitness consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding are poorly understood in natural populations. we explore two microsatellite-based variables, individual heterozygosity (likely to correlate with recent inbreeding) and a new individual-specific internal distance measure, mean d2 (focusing on events deeper in the pedigree), in relation to two measures of fitness expressed early in life, birth weight and neonatal survival, in 670 red deer calves (cervus elaphus) born on the isle of rum between ... | 1998 | 9569667 |
| pre-transport loading of farmed red deer: effects of previous overnight housing environment, vehicle illumination and shape of loading race. | the behaviour of farmed red deer was studied while they were being loaded on to a transporter. in experiment 1, the effects of previous overnight housing conditions (indoors, at a space allowance of either 4 or 8 m2 per deer, or in an outdoor raceway) on the ease of loading were investigated. the number of attempts required to load the deer was not significantly affected by their housing conditions or their sex, but there was a significant increase in the number of attempts required after the fi ... | 1998 | 9569479 |
| nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in the small subunit ribosomal rna gene variable (v4) region among and within geographic isolates of theileria from cattle, elk and white-tailed deer. | the phylogenetic relationships among fourteen isolates of benign theileria spp. infecting cattle, elk and white-tailed deer were studied by nucleotide sequence comparisons of the variable (v4) region (200 nucleotides) of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene. included were six korean bovine, one japanese bovine, three north american bovine, and four north american cervine isolates. the ssu rrna gene from each isolate was amplified, cloned, and the v4 region fragment sequenced. seven different nuc ... | 1998 | 9566093 |
| rap1 mediates sustained map kinase activation induced by nerve growth factor. | activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase (also known as extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, or erk) by growth factors can trigger either cell growth or differentiation. the intracellular signals that couple growth factors to map kinase may determine the different effects of growth factors: for example, transient activation of map kinase by epidermal growth factor stimulates proliferation of pc12 cells, whereas they differentiate in response to nerve growth factor, which acts partl ... | 1998 | 9560161 |
| interaction of transcription factors with serum response factor. identification of the elk-1 binding surface. | serum response elements (sres) play important roles in transforming extracellular signals into specific nuclear responses. the sre-binding protein, serum response factor (srf), plays a pivotal role in this process. several transcription factors have been shown to interact with srf and thereby create distinct complexes with different regulatory potentials. the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is one such protein and serves to integrate distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades at sr ... | 1998 | 9553110 |
| seasonal patterns of luteal cyclicity in young red deer (cervus elaphus) and sambar deer (cervus unicolor). | seasonal onset of pubertal ovulation and incidence of luteal cyclicity was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles over 15 months for tame red deer (n = 7) and sambar deer (n = 7) hinds. seasonal responses to photoperiod were determined from plasma prolactin profiles. all red deer attained puberty at 17-18 months of age in may-june and expressed 3-6 luteal cycles of length 20.0+/-10.4 days (mean+/-s.e.m.) over 52-102 days. six sambar deer attained puberty at 7-19 months of age, between august ... | 1997 | 9551662 |
| differential induction of dna-binding activities following cd19 cross-linking in human b lineage cells. | the b cell-specific cell surface molecule cd19 is expressed at all stages of b cell development, including normal plasma cells, and mediates signal transduction via interaction with cytoplasmic effector proteins. cross-linking cd19 on early human b lineage cells induces the formation of a cd19/vav/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex, tyrosine phosphorylation of cd19 and vav, and activation of the ras pathway. to further explore the ramifications of cd19 signaling, the current study examined wh ... | 1997 | 9548490 |
| differentiation-stimulated activity binds an ets-like, essential regulatory element in the human promyelocytic defensin-1 promoter. | the human hnp-defensin-1 gene encodes a peptide antibiotic found exclusively in neutrophils and is key to elimination of microbes. expression is a marker for the granulocytic lineage and for certain stages of differentiation and is not known to be inducible in mature cells under physiological conditions. low level of transcription also occurs in hl-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and is greatly activated upon drug-induced granulocytic maturation and by low doses of retinoic acid, in a strictly c ... | 1998 | 9535850 |
| evolutionarily conserved promoter region containing carg*-like elements is crucial for smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene expression. | in recent years, significant progress has been made toward understanding skeletal muscle development. however, the mechanisms that regulate smooth muscle development and differentiation are presently unknown. to better understand smooth muscle-specific gene expression, we have focused our studies on the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smhc) gene, a highly specific marker of differentiated smooth muscle cells. the goal of the present study was to isolate and characterize the mouse smhc gene pro ... | 1998 | 9529161 |
| regulation of glucose transport and c-fos and egr-1 expression in cells with mutated or endogenous growth hormone receptors. | to identify mechanisms by which gh receptors (ghr) mediate downstream events representative of growth and metabolic responses to gh, stimulation by gh of c-fos and egr-1 expression and glucose transport activity were examined in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells expressing mutated ghr. in cho cells expressing wild-type ghr(ghr(1-638)), gh stimulated the expression of c-fos and egr-1, and stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, responses also mediated by endogenous ghr in 3t3-f442a cells. deletion of t ... | 1998 | 9528972 |