Publications

activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 contributes to cytokine-induced apoptosis in purified rat pancreatic beta-cells.	cytokines may contribute to beta-cell apoptosis in the early stages of type 1 diabetes mellitus. it has been reported recently that interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) induces activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) p38 and erk1/2 in neonatal rat islets. since these kinases may participate in cytokine-induced apoptosis, we evaluated whether cytokines induce activation of mapks in facs-purified primary rat beta-cells, and whether blockers of p38 and/or erk1/2 prevent beta-cell death ...	2000	10903806
tnf receptor family member bcma (b cell maturation) associates with tnf receptor-associated factor (traf) 1, traf2, and traf3 and activates nf-kappa b, elk-1, c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.	bcma (b cell maturation) is a nonglycosylated integral membrane type i protein that is preferentially expressed in mature b lymphocytes. previously, we reported in a human malignant myeloma cell line that bcma is not primarily present on the cell surface but lies in a perinuclear structure that partially overlaps the golgi apparatus. we now show that in transiently or stably transfected cells, bcma is located on the cell surface, as well as in a perinulear golgi-like structure. we also show that ...	2000	10903733
expression of immediate early gene pip92 during anisomycin-induced cell death is mediated by the jnk- and p38-dependent activation of elk1.	we report here that immediate early gene pip92 is expressed during anisomycin-induced cell death in fibroblast nih3t3 cells. to determine the mechanism by which this occurs and to identify downstream signaling pathways, we investigated the induction of the pip92 promoter. the activation of pip92 by anisomycin is mediated by the activation of map kinases, such as jnk and p38 kinase, but not erk. deletion analysis of the pip92 promoter indicated that pip92 activation occurs primarily within the re ...	2000	10903500
phosphorylation of elk-1 by mek/erk pathway is necessary for c-fos gene activation during cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.	cardiac hypertrophy is associated with specific alterations in myocardial gene expression; however, the exact mechanisms responsible for altered gene expression are poorly defined. the goal of this study was to investigate whether signaling kinases that are activated during cardiac hypertrophy directly modulate transcription factor activity and regulate gene expression. in an effort to understand this process, we focused our studies on the transcriptional activation of c-fos gene through the ser ...	2000	10900171
increased effect of interferon gamma on pdgf-induced c-fos gene transcription in glomerular mesangial cells: differential effect of the transcriptional coactivator cbp on stat1alpha activation.	we have previously shown that interferon gamma (ifngamma) synergistically increases pdgf-induced dna synthesis in mesangial cells. to examine the mechanism, we studied its effect on pdgf-induced c-fos gene transcription using a reporter mesangial cell in which firefly luciferase gene is driven by c-fos promoter. ifngamma significantly enhanced pdgf-induced c-fos transcription. we have shown previously that pdgf-induced c-fos transcription in mesangial cells is mediated by the ternary complex fac ...	2000	10891373
increased levels of transcription factors elk-1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, and activating transcription factor 2 in the cerebellar vermis of schizophrenic patients.	we investigated the levels of transcription factors associated with activation of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway in schizophrenics using postmortem brain samples. these studies were done to determine whether our previous findings of abnormal levels of the map kinases in the cerebellar vermis were linked to additional downstream targets of this signal transduction pathway.	2000	10891039
focal adhesion kinase, rap1, and transcriptional induction of vascular endothelial growth factor.	signals from a cell's environment are sensed by receptors, which activate pathways that, in turn, transmit the signals to the nucleus, informing decisions on growth, angiogenesis, and other cell functions. transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf), a potent angiogenic factor, can be induced by cell-cell contact. in the current work, we sought to determine if this induction is dependent on transformation of cells to a malignant phenotype and subsequently to determine which signal ...	2000	10880549
effect of forage legumes containing condensed tannins on lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and gastrointestinal parasitism in young red deer (cervus elaphus).	to investigate the effect of feeding forage legumes containing condensed tannins (ct) on internal parasitism, red deer calves were fed either lucerne (medicago sativa; 0.1 per cent ct), birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus; 1.9 per cent ct) or sulla (hedysarum coronarium; 3.5 per cent ct) and trickle-infected with deer-origin gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) larvae for 5 weeks, then slaughtered at 7 weeks. there was a significant negative linear relationship between die ...	2000	10877967
cellular events mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated toll-like receptor 4. md-2 is required for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and elk-1.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulates multiple signaling events, including nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) activity and the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases, erk, jnk, and p38 in lps-responsive cells, resulting in transcriptional activation and cytokine generation. lps-induced signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) results in the activation of the transcription factor nf-kappab. since lps activates other signaling cascades in responsive cells, the objective of this study was to determi ...	2000	10877845
[new findings on the ecology and epidemiology of murine herpes virus isolated in slovakia].	rodents are important reservoir animals of many human microbial pathogens. of small rodents, trapped on slovakia territory, were several strains of murine herpes virus (mhv) isolated. our purpose was to complete the existing knowledge about circulation of mhv in rodents and to find out, whether also other animal species including man are mhv sensitive or not. the presence of antibodies against mhv in serum of the tested animals and men was followed by virus neutralization test (vnt) and elisa. p ...	2000	10870260
survival of the irish elk into the holocene.		2000	10866185
production of interferon by red deer (cervus elaphus) conceptuses and the effects of roifn-tau on the timing of luteolysis and the success of asynchronous embryo transfer.	the role of interferon in early pregnancy in red deer was investigated by (a) measuring production of interferon by the conceptus, (b) testing the anti-luteolytic effect of recombinant interferon-tau in non-pregnant hinds, and (c) treatment of hinds with interferon after asynchronous embryo transfer. blastocysts were collected from 34 hinds by uterine flushing 14 (n = 2), 16 (n = 2), 18 (n = 8), 20 (n = 13) or 22 (n = 9) days after synchronization of oestrus with progesterone withdrawal. interfe ...	2000	10864804
parasite community structure in pimephales promelas (pisces: cyprinidae) from two converging streams.	parasites of the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas, were examined in fish collected from elk creek (40.88534 degrees n, 96.83366 degrees w) and west oak creek (40.90821 degrees n, 96.81432 degrees w), lancaster county, nebraska. these 2 streams are part of the salt valley watershed and flow together approximately 2 km downstream from the collection sites to form oak creek. this study examined the extent to which the 2 tributaries constitute a continuous habitat with respect to fish hosts. the ...	2000	10864278
immunocytochemical localization of oestrogen receptors in perichondrium of antlers in red deer (cervus elaphus).	remodelling of cancellous bone of antlers to compact bone can be stimulated by administration of oestrogens and previous work has demonstrated the presence of specific oestrogen binding in this tissue. in this study the presence of oestrogen receptors (er) in antler tissue from red deer males was examined by immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal mouse anti-human er serum. strong positive staining was detected in the tip regions of immature antlers and was confined primarily to the cells forming ...	1999	10864176
sex differences in weather sensitivity can cause habitat segregation: red deer as an example.	sex differences in habitat use (habitat segregation) are widespread in sexually dimorphic ungulates. a possible cause is that males are more sensitive to weather than females, leading to sex differences in sheltering behaviour (the 'weather sensitivity hypothesis'). however, this hypothesis has never been tested. we considered the allometric rates of net energy gain during times of cold weather and food shortage in a model. we argue that the higher absolute heat losses relative to intake rates o ...	2000	10860532
intersectin, an adaptor protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, activates mitogenic signaling pathways.	intersectin is a member of a growing family of adaptor proteins that possess conserved eps15 homology (eh) domains as well as additional protein recognition motifs. in general, eh domain-containing proteins play an integral role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. indeed, intersectin functions in the intermediate stages of clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. however, recent evidence suggests that components of the endocytic machinery also regulate mitogenic signaling pathways. in this report, we pro ...	2000	10851244
a retrospective assessment of the accuracy of the paternity inference program cervus.	cervus is a windows-based software package written to infer paternity in natural populations. it offers advantages over exclusionary-based methods of paternity inference in that multiple nonexcluded males can be statistically distinguished, laboratory typing error is considered and statistical confidence is determined for assigned paternities through simulation. in this study we use a panel of 84 microsatellite markers to retrospectively determine the accuracy of statistical confidence when cerv ...	2000	10849296
the mapk/erk cascade targets both elk-1 and camp response element-binding protein to control long-term potentiation-dependent gene expression in the dentate gyrus in vivo.	the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) signaling cascade contributes to synaptic plasticity and to long-term memory formation, yet whether mapk/erk controls activity-dependent gene expression critical for long-lasting changes at the synapse and what the events underlying transduction of the signal are remain uncertain. here we show that induction of long-term potentiation (ltp) in the dentate gyrus in vivo leads to rapid phosphorylation and nuclear ...	2000	10844026
host specificity of abomasal nematodes in free ranging alpine ruminants.	abomasums from 641 alpine wild ruminants representing five different species (cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus, rupicapra rupicapra, capra ibex, ovis musimon) and from 19 domestic sheep (ovis aries) from alpine areas were examined in order to investigate the host-specificity of abomasal helminths. nine out of 20 helminth species were found in at least five different host species. a discriminant analysis was able to significantly discriminate the hosts on the basis of their helminth community ...	2000	10842002
bartonella spp. isolated from wild and domestic ruminants in north america.	bartonella species were isolated from 49% of 128 cattle from california and oklahoma, 90% of 42 mule deer from california, and 15% of 100 elk from california and oregon. isolates from all 63 cattle, 14 deer, and 1 elk had the same polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles. our findings indicate potential for inter- and intraspecies transmission among ruminants, as well as risk that these bartonella spp. could act as zoonotic agents.	2000	10827123
[treatment of oestriasis and hypodermosis in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) and roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus) with ivermectin (ivomec)].	in two test areas in austria (burgenland, lower austria) ivermectin has been used to control oestrinosis and hypodermosis in red- and roe deer since many years (1985 and 1987, respectively). the results until 1992, using the injectable solution ivomec-injection 1% only, have been reported (kutzer, 1994). in continuation of these tests ivomec-praemix 0.6% was examined and it turned out that the treatment was extremely successful. in practice ivomec-praemix 0.6% has to be given preference due to i ...	2000	10816915
troglitazone inhibits mitogenic signaling by insulin in vascular smooth muscle cells.	troglitazone (tro) is an oral insulin-sensitizer that has direct effects on the vasculature to inhibit cell growth and migration. in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs), insulin transduces a mitogenic signal that is dependent on the erk1/2 map kinases. we examined the effects of tro on this pathway and found that it inhibits mitogenic signaling. in quiescent vsmcs, insulin (1 microm) induced a 3.2-fold increase in dna synthesis. tro (1-20 microm) inhibited insulin-stimulated dna synthesis by 72 ...	2000	10813377
substrate recognition domains within extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediate binding and catalytic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase phosphatase-3 (mkp-3) is a dual specificity phosphatase that inactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) map kinases. this reflects tight and specific binding between erk and the mkp-3 amino terminus with consequent phosphatase activation and dephosphorylation of the bound map kinase. we have used a series of p38/erk chimeric molecules to identify domains within erk necessary for binding and catalytic activation of mkp-3. these studies demonstra ...	2000	10811804
genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (2) seasonal and genetic effects on the superovulatory response to exogenous fsh.	this study evaluated the influences of seasons and genotype on the superovulatory response to a standardised ofsh regimen in red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (c.e. nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). adult red deer (n=9), f(1) hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6), and maternal backcross hybrid pd x red deer (i.e., 14 pd hybrid; n=9) were kept together in the presence of a vasectomised stag for 13 months. at 6 weekly intervals, all hinds recei ...	2000	10804276
genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (1) seasonal luteal cyclicity.	this study compared the onset and duration of the breeding season of female red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). in trial 1 (1995), adult red deer (n=9), f1 hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6) and maternal backcross hybrid pd deer x red deer (i.e., 14 pd; n=9) were maintained together in the presence of a vasectomised red deer stag for 12 months. they were blood-sampled daily or three times wee ...	2000	10804275
quick guide. jnk.		2000	10801428
tannins as nutritional constraints for elk and deer of the coastal pacific northwest.		1999	10800474
characterization of hprp4 kinase activation: potential role in signaling.	mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are important proline-directed ser/thr kinases that play distinct roles in cell differentiation and proliferation. hprp4 (pre-mrna processing gene), a human homologue of s. pombe prp4, is a recently isolated cdk-like kinase with homology to mapks. little is known about the mrna processing function of hprp4 or about the signaling pathways with which it is associated. hprp4 is expressed in a variety of human tissues with ...	2000	10799319
the effect of bioaccumulated selenium on mortalities and deformities in the eggs, larvae, and fry of a wild population of cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi).	to determine if elevated concentrations of waterborne selenium (se), caused by coal mining, in the elk river in southeastern british columbia, may be causing reproductive or teratogenic effects in wild cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), fertilized eggs from exposed and reference fish were raised in the laboratory. eggs from each female were reared separately and the percent mortalities and deformities were related to the selenium content of the eggs. selenium concentrations in females ...	2000	10790501
prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for macrophage-like differentiation of a human myeloid leukemic cell line.	the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signal transduction pathway in the proliferation of mammalian cells has been well established. however, there are relatively few reports concerning cell differentiation being mediated by mapk. the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) on cell differentiation and signal transduction in a human myeloid leukemia cell line, tf-1a, was investigated. when tf-1a cells were treated with 10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8), and 10(-9) m pma for 24 h, t ...	2000	10775036
phylogenetic relationships among european red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences.	we determined the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) of one subspecies of the european red deer (cervus elaphus in europe), three subspecies of the wapiti (c. elaphus in asia and north america), and six subspecies of the sika deer (c. nippon in japan). our phylogenetic analysis revealed the monophyly of the european red deer, that of the wapiti, and that of the sika deer. the wapiti, however, was shown to be more closely related to the sika deer than to the european red deer. th ...	2000	10764539
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: v. mob and individual-hind risk factors associated with calf rearing to weaning.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. both years combined, 3364 adult and 653 yearling hinds were diagnosed pregnant in june by ultrasound scanning and monitored for reproductive success up to weaning. at weaning, pre-rut at approximately 100 days after calving, udders were palpated or observed by the farmer and hinds were categorised as lactating (wet) indicating survival of calf, or not lactating (dry). farm management pr ...	2000	10760402
egf stimulates gastrin promoter through activation of sp1 kinase activity.	epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a gc-rich element called gastrin egf response element (gere). this element is bound by sp1 family members and is a target of the ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signal transduction cascade. this raised the possibility that sp1 may be phosphorylated by kinases of this signaling pathway. erk is capable of phosphorylating other mitogen-inducible transcription factors, e.g., elk and sap, sugg ...	2000	10751319
helicobacter pylori activates mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and induces expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun.	helicobacter pylori is an etiological agent in the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. patients infected with h. pylori carry a 3-6-fold increased risk of developing cancer compared with uninfected individuals. h. pylori strains expressing the cytotoxin-associated antigen a (caga) are more frequently associated with the development of neoplasia than caga-negative strains. however, the molecular mechanism by which h. pylori causes neoplastic trans ...	2000	10747974
regional hospital improves efficiency with co-generation retrofit.	feasibility analysis of the co-generation retrofit of the red deer regional hospital pointed to a reasonable payback of capital cost and increased efficiency in operation of the facility. budget restrictions nearly stopped the project from proceeding. innovative construction procedures proposed by the facility management group, in particular, mr keith metcalfe, director of maintenance, allowed a worthwhile project to reach successful completion. we feel that this model can perhaps be used by sim ...	1999	10747721
structure of the elk-1-dna complex reveals how dna-distal residues affect ets domain recognition of dna.	sap-1 and elk-1 are members of a large group of eukaryotic transcription factors that contain a conserved ets dna binding domain and that cooperate with the serum response factor (srf) to activate transcription of the c-fos protooncogene. despite the high degree of sequence similarity, which includes an identical amino acid sequence for the dna recognition helix within the ets domain of these proteins, they exhibit different dna binding properties. here we report the 2.1 ¿ crystal structure of t ...	2000	10742173
involvement of serotoninergic pathways in the control of luteinizing hormone secretion in red deer hinds.	two experiments were conducted to determine whether serotoninergic pathways, which are implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of luteininzing hormone (lh) secretion in domestic animals, have a similar action in red deer hinds. in the non-breeding season (august), ovariectomized (n = 5) and ovariectomized-thyroidectomized (n = 5) hinds received a vehicle solution followed 4 h later by either serotonin (66 microg kg(-1) i.v.) every 10 min for a further 4 h or the serotonin antagonist, cyprohe ...	1999	10735553
successful in vitro fertilization of in vivo matured oocytes aspirated laparoscopically from red deer hinds (cervus elaphus).	most current protocols of in vitro fertilization in ruminants are based on in vitro maturation of oocytes derived from abattoir material. for application of ivf technology to captive endangered species, however, noninvasive techniques are required which allow repeated collection of oocytes from live females. the aim of this study was to develop a method for embryo production from mature oocytes collected laparoscopically from red deer hinds. follicular development was synchronized in red deer hi ...	1999	10729012
activation of the c-fos enhancer by the erk map kinase pathway through two sequence elements: the c-fos ap-1 and p62tcf sites.	the c-fos enhancer can be activated by many signaling pathways through distinct elements of the enhancer. the enhancer contains at its core the serum response element (sre) that binds serum response factor (srf). on the 5' side of the sre is a site for p62tcf which binds only when srf is bound as well. p62tcf is encoded by three ets-related genes, elk-1, sap1 and sap2. each of these factors contain a transcriptional activation domain that is activated by phosphorylation by map kinases. on the 3' ...	2000	10723128
the dominant negative ras mutant, n17ras, can inhibit signaling independently of blocking ras activation.	ras plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions, including growth, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. for instance, ras participates in the activation of raf, which phosphorylates and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek), which then phosphorylates and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase. activation of map kinase appears to be essential for propagating a wide variety of extracellular signals ...	2000	10722731
learning-associated activation of nuclear mapk, creb and elk-1, along with fos production, in the rat hippocampus after a one-trial avoidance learning: abolition by nmda receptor blockade.	it is widely accepted that the formation of long-term memory (ltm) requires neuronal gene expression, protein synthesis and the remodeling of synaptic contacts. from mollusk to mammals, the camp/pka/creb signaling pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role in the establishment of ltm. more recently, the mapk cascade has been also involved in memory processing. here, we provide evidence for the participation of hippocampal pka/creb and mapk/elk-1 pathways, via activation of nmda receptors, in ...	2000	10719213
effects of management at weaning on behaviour and weight gain of farmed red deer calves.	two studies were performed to determine whether there were behavioural or productive differences arising from two contrasting weaning practices for red deer; proximate vs. distant separation of dams and calves. in experiment 1, 80 calves across two replicates were used. for each replicate, calves were separated from their mothers, weighed and allocated to one of two treatments (n=20 calves), either confinement in an unfamiliar paddock 100 m from their mothers for 2 weeks following weaning (treat ...	2000	10719197
seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive wapiti hinds (cervus elaphus canadensis).	captive wapiti hinds were observed during seven periods between june 1996 and november 1997. we investigated their activity and foraging behaviour on two pastures, heavily and lightly grazed, during four phases of the reproductive cycle (early gestation, late gestation, peak lactation, and late lactation). within season, differences in forage availability between pastures had little apparent effect on wapiti feeding behaviour (p0.05). however, within each pasture, hinds tended to select location ...	2000	10719196
ribosomal subunit kinase-2 is required for growth factor-stimulated transcription of the c-fos gene.	ribosomal subunit kinases (rsk) have been implicated in the regulation of transcription by phosphorylating and thereby activating numerous transcription factors, such as c-fos, camp responsive element binding protein (creb), and nuclear receptors. here we describe the generation and characterization of immortalized embryonic fibroblast cell lines from mice in which the rsk-2 gene was disrupted by homologous recombinant gene targeting. rsk-2-deficient (knockout or ko) cell lines have no detectabl ...	2000	10716983
culling plans put future of red deer study in jeopardy.		2000	10716413
a model for study of lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and gastrointestinal nematode infection in young red deer (cervus elaphus).	a model of sub-clinical parasitism in young red deer, using concurrent trickle infections of lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and mixed gastro-intestinal (gi) nematodes of deer-origin was evaluated. 20 parasite-free deer calves were artificially reared indoors from 4 days of age. a further five calves were naturally reared on pasture with their dams, treated with anthelmintic and brought indoors at 3-4 months. at 4-4.5 months of age they were individually housed and allocated to five groups (n=5). gr ...	2000	10714458
enhanced expression of osteopontin in human diabetic artery and analysis of its functional role in accelerated atherogenesis.	we have previously reported that high glucose stimulates osteopontin (opn) expression through protein kinase c-dependent pathways as well as hexosamine pathways in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. the finding prompted us to study in vivo expression of opn in diabetes mellitus. in the present study, we found by immunohistochemistry that medial layers of the carotid arteries of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and the forearm arteries of diabetic patients stained positively for opn ant ...	2000	10712383
recreation, consumption of wild game, risk, and the department of energy sites: perceptions of people attending the lewiston, id, "roundup".	several federal agencies are reclaiming land through remediation and restoration, and are considering potential future land uses that are compatible with current land uses and local needs. understanding potential recreational and wild game consumption patterns and risk perceptions are critical for determining cleanup levels and assessing potential risk associated with certain uses. in this article, recreational rates of people attending the lewiston "roundup" rodeo in northwestern idaho were exa ...	1999	10706241
pharyngeal bot flies in cervus elaphus in central spain: prevalence and population dynamics.	the prevalence and intensity of infestations by bot flies pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from quintos de mora (toledo, spain) were determined over a 1-yr period. bots were present all year. no clear correlations were found between age or sex of the host and parasitization levels (prevalence and intensity). considerable variation was found in prevalence and intensity, with larger values from december to march. cephenemyia auribarbis was restricted from ...	2000	10701560
structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study.	the structure and relative degree of mineralisation of antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags exposed either to low or high levels of environmental fluoride were determined by digital quantitative backscattered electron (bse) imaging. bone fluoride content (bfc) in antlers (845 +/- 86 mg f-/kg ash, arithmetic mean +/- s.e.m.) and pedicles (1448 +/- 154 mg f-/kg ash) of deer from a highly fluoride polluted area in north bohemia (czech republic) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) th ...	2000	10697290
comparative reproductive function in cervids: implications for management of farm and zoo populations.	the cervids represent a complex assemblage of taxa characterized by extreme diversity in morphology, physiology, ecology and geographical distribution. farmed species (for example red deer and fallow deer) are usually the common larger-bodied, gregarious and monotocous species that express marked reproductive seasonality in their temperate environment. their commercial importance has facilitated considerable research into reproductive physiology and the development of assisted reproductive techn ...	1999	10692851
[studies on cell signaling immunomodulated murine peritoneal suppressor macrophages: lps and pma mediate the activation of raf-1, mapk p44 and mapk p42 and p38 mapk].	monocytes-macrophages which serve as host immune cells to kill pathogens can often be "activated" after exposing to viruses, bacteria, cytokines as well as chemical substances, however, it is paradoxical that highly activated macrophages can be induced to become the suppressor ones by live microbes, microbial products, tumor, and autoimmune disease, although the mechanism remains unknown. our previous experimental studies have shown that immuno-suppressor activities of suppressor macrophages on ...	1997	10684111
seroepidemiology of chlamydial infections of wild ruminants in spain.	chlamydial infections were determined serologically among wild ruminants in the nature park of the sierras de cazorla, segura y las villas (cnp; spain). sampling was done during the period from 1990-95. there were 1,244 blood samples collected, consisting of 490 from fallow deer (dama dama), 343 from mouflon (ovis mussimon), 283 from red deer (cervus elaphus) and 128 from spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica). specific complement-fixing antibodies of chlamydia spp. were detected by means of microtechni ...	2000	10682742
detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction.	the genus parapoxvirus includes four members, bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpox virus (pcpv), orf virus (orfv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). a set of primers for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed to detect viral dna from cells infected with each of the four parapoxviruses. the set of primers resulted in the amplification of appropriately sized products from cells infected with bpsv, pcpv, orfv and pvnz, respectively. the pcr method was applied ...	2000	10680970
characterization of a postreceptor signaling defect that impairs cfos expression in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with insulin resistance.	induction of cfos expression is a definite end point of signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases via mapk cascades. we have examined signal transduction to transcription factor cfos in isolated fibroblasts of a patient with an inherited syndrome of insulin resistance. mapk phosphorylation and activity were unaltered, but inducibility of cfos transcription was strongly impaired by insulin and reduced by pdgf. induction of the cfos promoter via mapk is mediated by activation of the ternary ...	2000	10679246
genetic resistance to experimental infection with mycobacterium bovis in red deer (cervus elaphus).	tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a worldwide threat to livestock and humans. one control strategy is to breed livestock that are more resistant to mycobacterium bovis. in a 3-year heritability study 6 farmed red deer stags were selected from 39 on the basis of their differing responses to experimental challenge via the tonsillar sac with approximately 500 cfu of m. bovis. two stags remained uninfected, two were moderately affected, and two developed serious spreading tb. sevent ...	2000	10678981
smooth muscle alpha-actin carg elements coordinate formation of a smooth muscle cell-selective, serum response factor-containing activation complex.	previous studies have shown that multiple serum response factor (srf)-binding carg elements were required for smooth muscle cell (smc)-specific regulation of smooth muscle (sm) alpha-actin expression. however, a critical question remains as to the mechanisms whereby a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor such as srf might contribute to smc-specific expression. the goal of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that smc-selective expression of sm alpha-actin is due at least in ...	2000	10666419
evolution of cis-acting elements in 5' flanking regions of vertebrate actin genes.	regulation of the vertebrate actin multigene family involves the recognition of various regulatory sequences (cis-acting elements) that specify the distinct tissue type and developmental program of expression for each actin paralogue, which implies that the distribution of cis-acting elements may be unique for each paralogue gene. to elucidate the evolution of these unique distribution patterns, we improved a method to scan for cis-acting elements in the 5' flanking regulatory region of genes an ...	2000	10654256
methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions.	primary and clonal culture systems have been devised and refined for animal-derived satellite cells. satellite cell (sc) culture development includes efficient cell isolation techniques, establishment of effective plating and growth conditions, formulation of media requirements and thorough evaluation of experimental limitations. as the field of muscle cell culture has expanded, the number of animal species from which satellite cells have been isolated has increased. the focus of this paper is t ...	2000	10650335
specificity determinants of substrate recognition by the protein kinase dyrk1a.	dyrk1a is a dual-specificity protein kinase that is thought to be involved in brain development. we identified a single phosphorylated amino acid residue in the dyrk substrate histone h3 (threonine 45) by mass spectrometry, phosphoamino acid analysis, and protein sequencing. exchange of threonine 45 for alanine abolished phosphorylation of histone h3 by dyrk1a and by the related kinases dyrk1b, dyrk2, and dyrk3 but not by clk3. in order to define the consensus sequence for the substrate specific ...	2000	10644696
rapid communication: nucleotide sequence of chamois, alpine ibex, and red deer trna(lys) and atpase8 mitochondrial genes.		1999	10641890
lactation curves in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	this study examines milk production and the effect of milk production and sex of calf on body weights and gains of red deer calves and hinds of the iberian subspecies (cervus elaphus hispanicus). milk production was assessed in 14 hinds by weighing calves before and after suckling and by adjusting these values to the gamma function. gamma estimates of total milk production up to d 105 were similar to the amounts computed directly from double weighing. hinds showed two types of lactation curve: 1 ...	1999	10641857
heritability of fitness in a wild mammal population.	classical population genetics theory predicts that selection should deplete heritable genetic variance for fitness. we show here that, consistent with this prediction, there was a negative correlation between the heritability of a trait and its association with fitness in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) and there was no evidence of significant heritability of total fitness. however, the decline in heritability was caused, at least in part, by increased levels of residual variance ...	2000	10639142
hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves: 30 cases (1988-1998).	to characterize hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves, including clinical signs, incidence, physical examination findings, and possible causes.	2000	10638323
molecular characterization of a zebrafish tcf ets-domain transcription factor.	the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-transcription factors represent key nuclear targets of the map kinase pathways. members of this subfamily are classified by the presence of several conserved domains for dna binding, interaction with srf, interaction with map kinases and transcriptional activation. in this study we have isolated a further member of this subfamily (tcf-1) from zebrafish. the protein product of zebrafish tcf-1 (ztcf-1), shares sequence similarity with the mammalian ...	1999	10637509
erk activation induces phosphorylation of elk-1 at multiple s/t-p motifs to high stoichiometry.	elk-1, a member of the tcf family of ets domain proteins, contains a c-terminal transcriptional activation domain with multiple copies of the mapk core consensus sequence s/t-p. this region is phosphorylated by map kinases in vitro and in vivo, but the extent and kinetics of phosphorylation at the different sites have not been investigated in detail. we prepared antisera against the phosphorylated forms of residues t353, t363, t368, s383, s389 and t417. the antisera specifically recognize the ph ...	1999	10637505
serine/threonine phosphorylation in cytokine signal transduction.	over the past decade, the involvement of tyrosine kinases in signal transduction pathways evoked by cytokines has been intensively investigated. only relatively recently have the roles of serine/threonine kinases in cytokine-induced signal transduction and anti-apoptotic pathways been examined. cytokine receptors without intrinsic kinase activity such as interleukin-3 (il-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) and the interferons were thought to transmit their regulatory s ...	2000	10637471
janus kinase 2-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by growth hormone. resultant transcriptional activation of atf-2 and chop, cytoskeletal re-organization and mitogenesis.	we demonstrate here that p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase is activated in response to cellular stimulation by human gh (hgh) in chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with gh receptor cdna. this activation requires the proline-rich box 1 region of the gh receptor required for jak2 association and is prevented by pretreatment of cells with the jak2-specific inhibitor ag490. atf-2 is both phosphorylated and transcriptionally activated by hgh, and its transcriptional activation al ...	2000	10636915
dimer formation by ternary complex factor elk-1.	ternary complex factors (tcfs), a subgroup of the ets protein family, bind with a dimer of serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element. both dna binding and transcriptional activation by tcfs are regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases. when activated, mitogen-activated protein kinases form homodimers that translocate to the nucleus, where they interact with tcfs via specific docking sites. here we show by three different criteria that elk-1 is capable of forming dimers in e ...	2000	10636872
basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity.	analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (cervus dama), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (cervus unicolor), nine père david deer (elaphurus davidianus), 20 european bison (bison bonasus), seven nilgai (boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia). the following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemogl ...	1999	10629960
the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene as a tool in evolutionary studies of artiodactyles.	the complete coding region of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene was characterized in species belonging to the two families bovidae and cervidae; cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), muskox (ovibos moschatus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). this well conserved gene is a central regulator of mammalian coat colour. examination of the interspecies ...	1999	10628296
sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by g protein-coupled receptors edg3 and edg5.	sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and neurite retraction. contradictory reports propose that s1p acts as either an intracellular second messenger or an extracellular ligand for cell-surface receptors. hence, the precise signaling mechanisms mediating the diverse cellular effects of s1p remain to be determined. here, we investigate whether s1p stimulation of cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events can be mediated by the recently cl ...	2000	10617617
delayed and sustained activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by proteasome inhibitors through p21(ras) in pc12 cells.	proteolysis by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway regulates the intracellular level of several proteins, some of which control cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. to determine what kinds of signaling cascades are activated or inhibited by proteasome inhibition, we treated pc12 cells with specific proteasome inhibitors and subsequently performed in-gel kinase assays. n-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal and lactacystin, which inhibit the activity of the proteasome, induced the activation of p42/ ...	2000	10617109
source and site of action of anti-luteolytic interferon in red deer (cervus elaphus): possible involvement of extra-ovarian oxytocin secretion in maternal recognition of pregnancy.	six conceptuses were collected from red deer hinds on day 22 after synchronization of oestrus with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices (removal of device = day 0). within 24 h of culture in vitro, the supernatant from five of six conceptuses showed detectable antiviral activity. interferon alpha (ifn-alpha) receptors were identified by immunohistochemistry on the luminal surface of the endometrium, in the neurohypophysis and paraventricular hypothalamus, but not in the ovaries of the hin ...	1999	10615255
atypical protein kinase c-zeta stimulates thyrotropin-independent proliferation in rat thyroid cells.	several reports have indicated that protein kinase c (pkc) is an important regulator of proliferation in thyroid cells. unlike tsh, the mitogenic effects of phorbol esters are accompanied by de-differentiation. the role of individual pkc isoforms in thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation has not been examined. recent studies have implicated the atypical pkczeta, a phorbol ester-unresponsive isozyme, in cell proliferation, death, and survival. we overexpressed pkczeta in wistar rat thyroi ...	2000	10614633
artefactual gene induction during preparation of xenopus laevis animal cap explants.	the animal cap assay in xenopus laevis was used to study the induction and regulation of the mesoderm-specific gene xegr-1, a homolog of the mammalian egr-1 genes. egr-1 is an immediate-early gene whose growth factor-stimulated transcriptional induction displays a transient activity profile and occurs independent of protein synthesis. the xegr-1 promoter contains multiple serum response elements (sres). in this paper we show that xegr-1 is induced unspecifically during the process of animal cap ...	1999	10610029
age-sensitive and -insensitive pathways leading to jnk activation in mouse cd4(+) t-cells.	the c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) can be activated in t-cells either by the combination of tcr and cd28 costimulation or by a variety of stress-related stimuli including uv light, h(2)o(2), and hyperosmolar sorbitol solutions. in t-lymphocytes, tcr/cd28 stimulation of jnk leads to induction of new gene expression via c-jun, atf-2, and elk-1. phosphorylation of c-jun in cd4(+) t-cells stimulated by cd3/cd4/cd28 cross-linking declines with age, due to diminished activation of jnk. here we show tha ...	1999	10607425
the mechanism of complex formation between fli-1 and srf transcription factors.	the mechanisms of multicomponent transcription factor complex assembly are currently poorly defined. a paradigm for this type of complex is the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 and the mads-box transcription factor srf which form a ternary complex with the c- fos serum response element (sre). in this study we have analysed how a different ets-domain transcription factor fli-1 interacts with srf to form ternary complexes with this element. two regions of fli-1 that are required for ternary c ...	2000	10606656
caveolin-1 interacts with the insulin receptor and can differentially modulate insulin signaling in transfected cos-7 cells and rat adipose cells.	caveolae may function as microdomains for signaling that help to determine specific biological actions mediated by the insulin receptor (ir). caveolin-1, a major component of caveolae, contains a scaffolding domain (sd) that binds to a caveolin-1 binding motif in the kinase domain of the ir in vitro. to investigate the potential role of caveolin-1 in insulin signaling we overexpressed wild-type (cav-wt) or mutant (cav-mut; f92a/v94a in sd) caveolin-1 in either cos-7 cells cotransfected with ir o ...	1999	10598578
rapid signalling by androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells.	androgens are important growth regulators in prostate cancer. their known mode of action in target cells requires binding to a cytoplasmic androgen receptor followed by a nuclear translocation event and modulation of the expression of specific genes. here, we report another mode of action of this receptor. treatment of androgen responsive prostate cancer cells with dihydrotestosterone leads to a rapid and reversible activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases mapks (also called extracellular ...	1999	10597231
qtl for live weight traits in père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids.	interspecies hybrids between père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) have proved to be a powerful resource in the search for quantitative trait loci (qtl) in deer. several regions of the genome with significant effects on live weight and growth rates in backcross hybrids were detected. these include putative qtl for 6-month live weight (lod 3.90) on linkage group 12, for 14-month live weight (lod 3.19) on linkage group 1, three putative qtl for growth rate from 3 t ...	1999	10589515
the mek pathway is required for stimulation of p21(waf1/cip1) by transforming growth factor-beta.	transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta)can induce the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15 in a variety of cell types. we have shown previously that smad3 is required for the growth inhibitory activity of tgf-beta, whereas overexpression of smads is not sufficient to activate the expression of p21 in hacat cells. these data suggest that an additional signaling pathway may be involved in stimulating p21 in hacat cells. given the recent finding that the mitogen-activated protein kinas ...	1999	10585406
the potential for false-positive diagnosis of protostrongyliasis by extraction of larvae from feces.	the potential of protostrongylid first-stage larvae (l1) to survive passage through the alimentary canal of non-infected mammals was investigated. parelaphostrongylus tenuis l1 were collected from feces of an experimentally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). we utilized two red deer (cervus elaphus) and four laboratory rats (rattus norvegicus) which were each fed the l1 of p. tenuis. larvae were recovered, intact and alive, from the fecal samples of all six animals. larvae of p ...	1999	10574541
viremia and virus shedding in elk infected with type 1 and virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus.	in order to determine whether elk (cervus elaphus) could be infected with and shed bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and to determine whether bvdv could cause disease in elk, two groups of five yearling elk each and two control cattle were experimentally inoculated intranasally with type 1 singer strain or a virulent type 2 isolate of bvdv, strain 24515. virulence of the type 2 isolate was confirmed by inoculation of a control bovine cow which developed diarrhea, dehydration, severe thrombocyto ...	1999	10574525
prp genotypes of captive and free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease.	the prp gene encodes the putative causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), a heterogeneous group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders including human creutzfeldt-jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ovine scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of north american deer and elk. polymorphisms in the prp gene are associated with variations in relative susceptibility, pathological lesion patterns, incubation times and clinical course of tses of humans, m ...	1999	10573173
inhibition of signaling through the b cell antigen receptor by the protooncogene product, c-cbl, requires syk tyrosine 317 and the c-cbl phosphotyrosine-binding domain.	the syk protein-tyrosine kinase couples the b cell ag receptor (bcr) to intracellular biochemical pathways. syk becomes phosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues upon receptor cross-linking. tyrosine 317 is a site of phosphorylation located within the linker region of syk that separates the amino-terminal, tandem pair of sh2 domains from the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain. the amino acid sequence surrounding phosphotyrosine 317 matches the consensus sequence for recognition by the phospho ...	1999	10570266
effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of parentodinium africanum in domestic u.s. cattle (bos taurus).	consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. the present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. after emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. for those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. protozoal concentrations and number o ...	1999	10568037
activation of the egf receptor signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells exposed to metals.	we have previously shown that exposure to combustion-derived metals rapidly (within 20 min) activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), in the human bronchial epithelial cell line beas. to study the mechanisms responsible for metal-induced activation of erk, we examined the effect of noncytotoxic exposures to as, cu, v, or zn on the kinases upstream of erk in the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor signaling pathway. western blott ...	1999	10564177
pcr-rflp analysis of mitochondrial dna: a reliable method for species identification.	a method for identification of game species has been developed on the basis of the amplification of a specific part of the mitochondrial genome (trna(glu)/cytochrome b) using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). to distinguish between several game species, the obtained 464-bp-long pcr products were cut with different restriction endonucleases (re) resulting in species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). even closely related deer species could be distinguished by application ...	1999	10563979
the fluoride content of antlers as an indicator of fluoride exposure in red deer (cervus elaphus): a historical biomonitoring study.	bone fluoride concentrations were analyzed in 141 red deer antlers grown between the 17th/early 18th century and 1997, that originated from four study areas (arnsberg, bad berleburg, dämmerwald, schmidtheim) in the federal state of north rhine-westphalia, germany. fluoride concentrations in the specimens ranged between 27.7 and 1, 392.1 mg f(-)/kg ash and varied significantly both between samples collected during different time-spans in the same area and between samples taken from different stud ...	2000	10556379
selective activation in the mapk pathway by hg(ii) in precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices.	the kidneys are the primary organ for the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury. in these studies the molecular response of precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices to low levels of inorganic mercury was examined. cortical slices (275 microm) were obtained from 1.0 kg nzw rabbits and exposed to mercuric chloride [hg(ii)] at concentrations of 0.01-10 microm for 2-8 h. overt cytotoxicity, as assessed by intracellular k(+) levels, was not observed following exposure to these concentratio ...	1999	10544060
autonomously binding protein detected on ets box of c-fos serum response element in proliferating cells.	the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter contains an ets box whose integrity is required for full activation of this proto-oncogene by nerve growth factor (ngf) in pc12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. electrophoretic mobility shift assays (emsa) detect a protein in nuclear extracts that binds to the wild-type sre, but not to an sre containing a mutated ets box. competition studies using unlabeled probes, and supershift experiments using antibodies and in vitro translated core serum res ...	1999	10543729
involvement of phosphodiesterase i in mineralization: histochemical studies using antler from red deer (cervus elaphus) as a model.	the growing antler of 1-year-old red deer is an excellent system in which to study processes involved in "cartilage model" endochondral-type bone growth. antlers grow from the tip, permitting the developmental sequences of bone formation to be studied as distance-dependent phenomena, in which early processes can be observed at the distal end, and later events are sequentially more proximal. quantitative light microscope histochemical assays for alkaline phosphatase (alp) and phosphodiesterase i ...	1999	10541765
inhibition of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induction of c-fos mrna by the protein kinase a inhibitor n-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide.	the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) can induce expression of many immediate-early genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. in this study, tpa increased c-fos mrna, cellular cyclic amp, and protein kinase a (pka) activity in the first 30 min with similar inductive time courses. treatment of nih 3t3 cells with n-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide (h-89), a pka specific inhibitor, suppressed tpa induction of pka activity and c-fos mrna in a concentration-dep ...	1999	10535756
dependence of dbl and dbs transformation on mek and nf-kappab activation.	dbs was identified initially as a transforming protein and is a member of the dbl family of proteins (>20 mammalian members). here we show that dbs, like its rat homolog ost and the closely related dbl, exhibited guanine nucleotide exchange activity for the rho family members rhoa and cdc42, but not rac1, in vitro. dbs transforming activity was blocked by specific inhibitors of rhoa and cdc42 function, demonstrating the importance of these small gtpases in dbs-mediated growth deregulation. altho ...	1999	10523665
the mechanism of phosphorylation-inducible activation of the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1.	protein phosphorylation represents one of the major mechanisms for transcription factor activation. here we demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases leads to changes in transcription factor activity. map kinases stimulate dna binding and transcriptional activation mediated by the mammalian ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. phosphorylation of the c-terminal transcriptional activation domain induces a conformational change in elk-1, ...	1999	10523309
identification of glucagon-like peptide-2 (glp-2)-activated signaling pathways in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing the rat glp-2 receptor.	glucagon-like peptide-2 (glp-2) promotes the expansion of the intestinal epithelium through stimulation of the glp-2 receptor, a recently identified member of the glucagon-secretin g protein-coupled receptor superfamily. although activation of g protein-coupled receptors may lead to stimulation of cell growth, the mechanisms transducing the glp-2 signal to mitogenic proliferation remain unknown. we now report studies of glp-2r signaling in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells expressing a transfected ...	1999	10521425
involvement of nh(2)-terminal sequences in the negative regulation of vav signaling and transforming activity.	deletion of the nh(2)-terminal 65 amino acids of proto-vav (to form onco-vav) activates its transforming activity, suggesting that these sequences serve a negative regulatory role in vav function. however, the precise role of these nh(2)-terminal sequences and whether additional nh(2)-terminal sequences are also involved in negative regulation have not been determined. therefore, we generated additional nh(2)-terminal deletion mutants of proto-vav that lack the nh(2)-terminal 127, 168, or 186 am ...	1999	10521418
crkl mediates ras-dependent activation of the raf/erk pathway through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor c3g in hematopoietic cells stimulated with erythropoietin or interleukin-3.	crkl is an sh2 and sh3 domain-containing adaptor protein implicated in pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. here, we demonstrate that overexpression of crkl enhances the erythropoietin (epo)- or interleukin (il)-3-induced activation of elk-1 and the c-fos gene promoter activity in 32d/epor-wt cells. moreover, the epo-induced activation of erk1 and erk2 was augmented and prolonged in cells inducibly overexpressing crkl. a moderate increase in epo-induced activation of jnk was also observ ...	1999	10514505
jnk activation is required for jb6 cell transformation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.	signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways plays a key role in a variety of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, tumor promotion, and cell death. c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) are identified as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and are known to phosphorylate and activate several transcription factors, including c-jun, atf, and elk-1. however, the role of jnk activation in tumor promotion is not yet defined. because previ ...	1999	10514437