Publications

the effect of amplitude modulation on the spectrum structure of the red deer sound signal.		2011	21562958
neuronal nitric oxide contributes to neuroplasticity-associated protein expression through cgmp, protein kinase g, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase.	nitric oxide (no) synthesized by neuronal no synthase (nnos) has long been implicated in brain plasticity. however, it is unclear how this short-lived mediator contributes to the long-term molecular changes underlying neuroplasticity, which typically require activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway and gene expression. to address this issue, we used a neuroplasticity model based on treatment of neuronal cultures with bicucul ...	2011	21562256
nucleotide-sequence of a canine oral papillomavirus containing a long noncoding region.	the dna genome of a canine oral papillomavirus (copv) was completely sequenced and found to consist of 8607 base pairs, which were the longest of all known papillomaviruses (pvs). its organization was similar to that of other pvs except that it lacked early gene 5 (e5) and possessed a unique long noncoding region (l-ncr) between the end of the early genes and the beginning of the late genes. copv also possessed a short noncoding region (s-ncr) which contained a putative upper regulatory region ( ...	1995	21552821
antiangiogenic antitumor activities of igfbp-3 are mediated by igf-independent suppression of erk1/2 activation and egr-1-mediated transcriptional events.	most antiangiogenic therapies currently being evaluated in clinical trials target the vegf pathway; however, the tumor vasculature can acquire resistance to vegf-targeted therapy by shifting to other angiogenesis mechanisms. insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) has been reported to suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis by both igf-dependent and igf-independent mechanisms; however, our understanding of its igf-independent mechanisms is limited. we observed that igfbp-3 blocked ...	2011	21551235
interactions between endogenous and dietary antioxidants against pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ungulates from a pb polluted mining area.	certain physiologic disorders, attributed to lead (pb) exposure are related to the generation of oxidative stress. organisms rely on a complex antioxidant system, composed of endogenously produced compounds such as glutathione (gsh), superoxide dismutase (sod) and gsh peroxidase (gpx); and dietary antioxidants such as vitamins a and e. the aim of this work was to study the interactions between both groups of antioxidants and to evaluate their role in fighting pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ...	2011	21550099
bovine tuberculosis in a nebraska herd of farmed elk and fallow deer: a failure of the tuberculin skin test and opportunities for serodiagnosis.	in 2009, mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in a herd of 60 elk (cervus elaphus) and 50 fallow deer (dama dama) in nebraska, usa. upon depopulation of the herd, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (tb) was estimated at ∼71-75%, based upon histopathology and culture results. particularly with elk, gross lesions were often severe and extensive. one year ago, the majority of the elk had been tested for tb by single cervical test (sct), and all were negative. after initial detection of a t ...	2011	21547234
morphological characteristics of pelves of estonian holstein and estonian native breed cows from the perspective of calving.	with 4 figures and 1 table summary: dystocia is more common in holstein-friesian (hf) breed cows than in other dairy breeds. this is often caused by a disproportion between the birth canal of a female animal and the fetus. it is thought that the main determiners of unsuitability are the birth mass of the calf and the shape of the female pelvis. from the perspective of calving the cranial and caudal pelvic apertures are of great significance. this study focuses on pluriparous pelves of the estoni ...	2011	21545644
paleozoological data suggest euroamerican settlement did not displace ursids and north american elk from lowlands to highlands.	the hypothesis that euroamerican settlement displaced some populations of large mammal taxa from lowland plains habitats to previously unoccupied highland mountain habitats was commonly believed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. by the middle twentieth century biologists had come to favor the hypothesis that euroamerican colonization resulted in the extirpation of populations of large mammal in lowland habitats and those taxa survived in pre-existing relict populations in the ...	2011	21544707
dimer formation and conformational flexibility ensure cytoplasmic stability and nuclear accumulation of elk-1.	the ets (e26) protein elk-1 serves as a paradigm for mitogen-responsive transcription factors. it is multiply phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), which it recruits into pre-initiation complexes on target gene promoters. however, events preparatory to elk-1 phosphorylation are less well understood. here, we identify two novel, functional elements in elk-1 that determine its stability and nuclear accumulation. one element corresponds to a dimerization interface in the ets ...	2011	21543455
polymorphisms in the promoter region of the waf1/cip1 gene.	the waf1/cip1 gene encodes p21(waf1), a cdk inhibitor which is implicated in cell growth arrest and differentiation, and is activated by wild-type p53. we examined the presence of mutations in a part of the 5' flanking region which is known to contain p53 binding sites, in 50 cases of lung cancer and 11 individuals with no history of cancer. polymorphisms were identified in the region close to: but not within, the p53 binding sites. the first polymorphism occurred at nucleotide -2203 prior to th ...	1996	21541551
fate of prions in soil: a review.	prions are the etiological agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tsses), a class of fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and other mammals. the pathogenic prion protein is a misfolded form of the host-encoded prion protein and represents the predominant, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. environmental routes of tse transmission areimplicated in epizootics of sheep scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer, elk, and moose. soil represents a plausi ...	2011	21520752
body condition and pregnancy in northern yellowstone elk: evidence for predation risk effects?	s. creel et al. reported a negative correlation between fecal progesterone concentrations and elk:wolf ratios in greater yellowstone elk (cervus elaphus) herds and interpreted this correlation as evidence that pregnancy rates of elk decreased substantially in the presence of wolves (canis lupus). apparently, the hypothesized mechanism is that decreased forage intake reduces body condition and either results in elk failing to conceive during the autumn rut or elk losing the fetus during winter. w ...	2011	21516883
adaptation of a species-specific multiplex pcr assay for the identification of blood meal source in culicoides (ceratopogonidae: diptera): applications on palaearctic biting midge species, vectors of orbiviruses.	culicoides are small biting midges involved worldwide in the transmission of bluetongue and african horse sickness viruses. feeding behaviours of palaearctic biting midge species and their spatio-temporal dynamics remain unclear at the specific level. three multiplex species-specific pcr-based assays were developed and used to identify blood meal source of engorged females of palaearctic midge species of veterinary interest. species-specific primers of potential hosts from livestock, domestic an ...	2011	21511056
mek-erk pathway regulates ezh2 overexpression in association with aggressive breast cancer subtypes.	ezh2 overexpression occurs in various malignancies and is associated with a poor outcome. we have so far demonstrated that ezh2 downregulates the important genes such as e-cadherin and runx3 by increasing histone h3k27 trimethylation. however, the mechanism of ezh2 overexpression in various cancer cells remains unclear. in this study we carried out a promoter analysis of the ezh2 gene and investigated whether a survival signal that is upregulated in cancer cells is related to overexpression at t ...	2011	21499305
seasonal luteal cyclicity of pubertal and adult red deer (cervus elaphus).	reproductive failure of rising-two-year-old (r(2)) hinds and seasonal misalignment between calving and pastoral feed production are two factors limiting reproductive productivity of farmed red deer hinds in new zealand. this study aimed to better understand processes around female puberty and breeding seasonality by describing the potential breeding season (i.e., oestrous cyclicity) of three red deer genotypes. a total of 27 hinds born in december 2005, representing eastern european (cervus elap ...	2011	21497465
a model of a mapk•substrate complex in an active conformation: a computational and experimental approach.	the mechanisms by which map kinases recognize and phosphorylate substrates are not completely understood. efforts to understand the mechanisms have been compromised by the lack of mapk-substrate structures. while mapk-substrate docking is well established as a viable mechanism for bringing mapks and substrates into close proximity the molecular details of how such docking promotes phosphorylation is an unresolved issue. in the present study computer modeling approaches, with restraints derived f ...	2011	21494553
differential expression of ets family members in prostate cancer tissues and androgen-sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cell lines.	the ets family of transcription factors plays important roles in both normal and neoplastic cells for different biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. the 27 ets factors are probably a part of complex regulatory networks including interactions among family members. in human prostate cancer, rearrangements have been found in several genes of the ets family resulting in chimeric oncoproteins. in a p ...	2011	21491078
presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (prp(tse)) in skeletal muscles of white-tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, rapidly spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), or prion disease, occurring in cervids such as white tailed-deer (wtd), mule deer or elk in north america. despite efficient horizontal transmission of cwd among cervids natural transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. here, we report for the first time a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein prp(tse) and of prp(tse)-associated se ...	2011	21483771
srf-dependent micrornas regulate gastrointestinal smooth muscle cell phenotypes.	background & aims:: smooth muscle cells (smcs) change phenotypes under various pathophysiological conditions. such change is controlled by the serum response factor (srf), a transcription factor that binds to carg boxes in sm contractile genes. micrornas (mirna) regulate transitions among smc phenotypes. the smc mirna transcriptome (smc mirnaome) and the regulation of the smc mirnaome by srf have not been determined. methods:: we performed massively parallel sequencing to identify gastrointestin ...	2011	21473868
calcium input potentiates the transforming growth factor (tgf)-{beta}1-dependent signaling to promote the export of inorganic pyrophosphate by articular chondrocyte.	transforming growth factor (tgf)-β1 stimulates extracellular pp(i) (epp(i)) generation and promotes chondrocalcinosis, which also occurs secondary to hyperparathyroidism-induced hypercalcemia. we previously demonstrated that ank was up-regulated by tgf-β1 activation of erk1/2 and ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase c (pkcα). thus, we investigated mechanisms by which calcium could affect epp(i) metabolism, especially its main regulating proteins ank and pc-1 (plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1). we ...	2011	21471198
parapoxvirus infections of red deer, italy.	to characterize parapoxviruses causing severe disease in wild ruminants in stelvio park, italy, we sequenced and compared the dna of several isolates. results demonstrated that the red deer isolates are closely related to the parapox of red deer in new zealand virus.	2011	21470460
effect of different factors on proliferation of antler cells, cultured in vitro.	antlers as a potential model for bone growth and development have become an object of rising interest. to elucidate processes explaining how antler growth is regulated, in vitro cultures have been established. however, until now, there has been no standard method to cultivate antler cells and in vitro results are often opposite to those reported in vivo. in addition, many factors which are often not taken into account under in vitro conditions may play an important role in the development of ant ...	2011	21464927
investigation of the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein in lymphoid and central nervous system tissues from elk and sheep using the western blotting method.	tissues unsuitable for standard immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations for chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids and for scrapie in sheep are frequently submitted for testing. this study investigated the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein (prpsc) in lymphoid and central nervous system (cns) tissues from elk and sheep. the prpsc was detected using a western blotting (wb) test following prpsc enrichment using sodium phosphotungstic acid ...	2011	21461199
implications and challenges of tuberculosis in wildlife ungulates in portugal: a molecular epidemiology perspective.	mycobacterium bovis and, more rarely, mycobacterium caprae, may cause zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (btb) in an extensive range of animal species. in portugal, during 2009, a remarkable raise of btb incidence was registered in cattle along with an increase of new cases in wildlife. in this work, we reassess and update the molecular epidemiology of btb in wild ungulates by including 83 new m. bovis and m. caprae isolates from wild boar and red deer obtained during 2008-2009. spoligotyping identifi ...	2011	21459394
maintenance, spillover and spillback transmission of bovine tuberculosis in multi-host wildlife complexes: a new zealand case study.	the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb; mycobacterium bovis) has a broad host range. the role of each animal species in spreading the disease depends on how transmission occurs, on the abundance of each host, and on the interactions between hosts. this paper explores differences in the roles individual host species can play in allowing m. bovis infection to persist and spread within a multi-species complex, using new zealand as a case study. in new zealand, four wild mammal species are ...	2011	21458931
collagen fragments inhibit hyaluronan synthesis in skin fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet b (uvb): new insights into mechanisms of matrix remodeling.	uvb irradiation causes characteristic features of skin aging including remodeling of the dermal extracellular matrix. a key feature during this process is the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and cleavage of collagen. hyaluronic acid (ha), a major component of the dermal matrix, decreases after chronic uvb exposure. however, the factors that govern the decline of ha synthesis during the course of actinic aging are largely unknown. the aim of the present study was to explore whether col ...	2011	21454612
do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of scots pine monoterpenes?	a central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (psms) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or non-functional. we examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene psms within a plant species (scots pine pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. we also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, ...	2011	21444308
elk-1 a transcription factor with multiple facets in the brain.	the ternary complex factor (tcf) elk-1 is a transcription factor that regulates immediate early gene (ieg) expression via the serum response element (sre) dna consensus site. elk-1 is associated with a dimer of serum response factor (srf) at the sre site, and its phosphorylation occurs at specific residues in response to mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), including c-jun-n terminal kinase (jnk), p38/mapk, and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk). this phosphorylation event is crit ...	2011	21441990
the wnt antagonist dkk1 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis and wound repair.	dkk1 is a secreted antagonist of the wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. it is induced by inflammatory cytokines during colitis and exacerbates tissue damage by promoting apoptosis of epithelial cells. however, little is known about the physiologic role of dkk1 in normal intestinal homeostasis and during wound repair following mucosal injury. we investigated whether inhibition of dkk1 affects the morphology and function of the adult intestine.	2011	21440550
progress in the control of bovine tuberculosis in spanish wildlife.	despite the compulsory test and slaughter campaigns in cattle, bovine tuberculosis (btb) is still present in spain, and the role of wildlife reservoirs is increasingly recognized. we provide an update on recent progress made in btb control in spanish wildlife, including aspects of epidemiology, surveillance, host-pathogen interaction and wildlife vaccination. at the high densities and in the particular circumstances of mediterranean environments, wild ungulates, mainly eurasian wild boar and red ...	2011	21440387
the testing season affects red deer skinfold increase in response to phytohaemagglutinin.	red deer (cervus elaphus) have a pronounced seasonality in their physiology. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of the season on red deer responsiveness to skin testing with the phytohaemagglutinin (pha) mitogen. study subjects included 270 farmed adult red deer (19 stags and 251 hinds). the skin testing was carried out between january 2009 and august 2010. the animals were injected intradermally with a 0.1 ml volume containing 250 µg of pha diluted in phosphate buffered saline. the ...	2011	21440317
quantitative ultrasound and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes.	patients with type 2 diabetes (t2dm) are known to have increased risks of femoral neck and vertebral fractures, although their bone mineral density (bmd) is normal or even slightly increased compared to non-dm controls. this observation suggests that bone fragility not reflected by bmd, possibly deterioration of bone quality, may participate in their fracture risks. quantitative ultrasound (qus), unlike bmd, could possibly evaluate bone quality, especially the microarchitecture, and therefore ma ...	2011	21437613
replication efficiency of soil-bound prions varies with soil type.	prion sorption to soil is thought to play an important role in the transmission of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) via the environment. sorption of prp to soil and soil minerals is influenced by the strain and species of prp(sc) and by soil characteristics. however, the ability of soil-bound prions to convert prp(c) to prp(sc) under these wide-ranging conditions remains poorly understood. we developed a semiquantitative protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca) protocol to evaluat ...	2011	21430062
selenium and 17 other largely essential and toxic metals in muscle and organ meats of red deer (cervus elaphus)--consequences to human health.	concentrations, composition and interrelationships of selenium and metallic elements (ag, ba, cd, co, cr, cs, cu, ga, mn, mo, pb, rb, sb, sr, tl, v and zn) have been examined in muscle and organ meats of red deer hunted in poland. the analytical data obtained were also discussed in terms of se supplementation and deficit to deer as well as the benefits and risk to humans associated with the essential and toxic metals intake resulting from consumption of deer meat and products. these elements wer ...	2011	21429582
glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity in the liver of red deer in relation to hepatic selenium concentrations, sex, body weight and season of the year.	the purpose of this study was to determine glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity in the liver of red deer in relation to selenium concentrations in the liver, as well as to evaluate changes in gshpx activity according to sex, body weight and season of the year. total selenium concentration in the liver of red deer averaged 0.095?±?0.018 µg/g of wet weight. gshpx activity in the liver of red deer ranged widely from 4.4 to 45.8 u/g of protein. females were characterized by higher gshpx activity ...	2011	21416340
descended and mobile larynx, vocal tract elongation and rutting roars in male goitred gazelles (gazella subgutturosa güldenstaedt, 1780).	similar to male humans, homo sapiens, the males of a few polygynous ruminants - red deer cervus elaphus, fallow deer dama dama and mongolian gazelle procapra gutturosa- have a more or less enlarged, low-resting larynx and are capable of additional dynamic vocal tract elongation by larynx retraction during their rutting calls. the vocal correlates of a large larynx and an elongated vocal tract, a low fundamental frequency and low vocal tract resonance frequencies, deter rival males and attract re ...	2011	21413987
medical microbiology	subacute progressive degenerative diseases of the nervous system are important because they appear to be caused by infectious agents that are smaller than conventional viruses and composed mainly of protein related to a cell protein. few, if any, of these diseases are curable. although some are genetically determined, most occur sporadically, and a history of the disease does not appear in close relatives. therefore, ...	1996	21413288
vaccination with brucella abortus recombinant in vivo-induced antigens reduces bacterial load and promotes clearance in a mouse model for infection.	current vaccines used for the prevention of brucellosis are ineffective in inducing protective immunity in animals that are chronically infected with brucella abortus, such as elk. using a gene discovery approach, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) on b. abortus, we previously identified ten loci that encode products up-regulated during infection in elk and consequently may play a role in virulence. in our present study, five of the loci (d15, 0187, virj, mdh, afua) were selected for fur ...	2011	21412420
btv infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review.	the distribution of bluetongue virus has changed, possibly related to climate change. vaccination of domestic ruminants is taking place throughout europe to control bt expansion. the high density of wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in some european regions has raised concerns about the potential role that unvaccinated european wild ungulates might play in maintaining or spreading the virus. most species of wild ruminants are susceptible to btv infection, although frequently asymptomatically. the r ...	2011	21411246
requirement of osteopontin in the migration and protection against taxol-induced apoptosis via the atx-lpa axis in sgc7901 cells.	autotaxin (atx) possesses lysophospholipase d (lyso pld) activity, which converts lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc) into lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). the atx-lpa signaling axis has been implicated in angiogenesis, chronic inflammation and tumor progression. osteopontin (opn) is an important chemokine involved in the survival, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. the focus of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the atx-lpa axis and opn.	2011	21406114
a feedback loop between androgen receptor and erk signaling in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.	estrogen receptor (er)-negative breast cancer is heterogeneous, and the biology of this disease has remained poorly understood. molecular apocrine is a subtype of er-negative breast cancer that is characterized by the overexpression of steroid-response genes such as ar and a high rate of erbb2 amplification. in this study, we have identified a positive feedback loop between the ar and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathways in molecular apocrine breast cancer. in this proc ...	2011	21403841
use of the intradermal tuberculin test in a herd of captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.	in the united states, tuberculosis of captive cervids, caused by mycobacterium bovis, attracted attention in 1991 when investigations, prompted by the identification of a tuberculous elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of u.s. origin exported to canada, revealed tuberculosis in 10 different elk herds in 8 different states. based on methods used in cattle, official regulations pertaining to testing and eradication of tuberculosis in captive cervids were added to the u.s. department of agriculture bovine ...	2011	21398465
spg4 gene promoter regulation via elk1 transcription factor.	the most common cause of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia, that is characterized with axonal degeneration in corticospinal tracts and posterior columns, is known to be caused by mutations in the spg4 gene which encodes spastin, a microtubule severing atpase belonging to aaa family. spastin promotes the formation of microtubule networks that are essential for axon growth and branching which are important for neuronal plasticity. mutations observed in spg4 gene of hereditary spasti ...	2011	21395583
molecular dynamic simulation of wild type and mutants of the polymorphic amyloid nnqntf segments of elk prion: structural stability and thermodynamic of association.	a hexapeptide with amino acid sequence nnqntf from the elk prion protein forms amyloid fibrils. here we use molecular dynamic simulations of the oligomers and their single point glycine mutants to study their stability. in an effort to probe the structural stability and association thermodynamic in a realistic environment, all wildtype of nnqntf polymorphic forms with different size and their corresponding double layer 5 strands single point glycine mutants were subjected to a total of 500 ns of ...	2011	21384336
prevalence, distribution, and diversity of salmonella enterica in a major produce region of california.	a survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of salmonella enterica in the environment in and around monterey county, ca, a major agriculture region of the united states. trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (n = 617), water (n = 252), wildlife (n = 476), cattle feces (n = 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (n = 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic escherichia coli were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of ...	2011	21378057
regulation of cancer cell proliferation by caveolin-2 down-regulation and re-expression.	we investigated whether altering caveolin-2 (cav-2) expression affects the proliferation of cancer cells. cav-2 was not detected in hepg2, sh-sy5y and ln-cap cells, and the loss of cav-2 expression was not restored by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. in contrast, c6, hela, a549, mcf7 and pc3m cells expressed cav-2. effects of re-expression of exogenous cav-2 in hepg2, sh-sy5y and ln-cap cells, and sirna-mediated down-regulation of endogenous cav-2 in c6, hela, a549, mcf7 and pc3m cells on cance ...	2011	21373752
characteristics of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli from meat and milk products of different origins and association with food producing animals as main contamination sources.	shiga toxin-producing strains of escherichia coli (stec) cause diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis in humans. most human infections are attributed to consumption of stec contaminated foodstuff. food producing animals constitute important reservoirs of stec and serve as source of food contamination. in this study, we have analyzed 593 foodborne stec strains for their serotypes and for nine virulence genes (stx1, stx1c, stx1d, stx2, stx2b, stx2e, stx2g, e-hly and eae). the 593 stec strains grouped ...	2011	21371769
sprouty2 and spred1-2 proteins inhibit the activation of the erk pathway elicited by cyclopentenone prostanoids.	sprouty and spred proteins have been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (erk) pathway. in considering the functional role of these proteins, we explored their effects on erk activation induced by cyclopentenone prostanoids, which bind to and activate ras proteins. we therefore found that ectopic overexpression in hela cells of human sprouty2, or human spred1 or 2, inhibits erk1/2 and elk-1 activation triggered by t ...	2011	21364986
ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 mediates neuronal survival: smn as a potential target.	elk-1 belongs to the ternary complex factors (tcfs) subfamily of the ets domain proteins, and plays a critical role in the expression of immediate-early genes (iegs) upon mitogen stimulation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade. the association of tcfs with serum response elements (sres) on ieg promoters has been widely studied and a role for elk-1 in promoting cell cycle entry has been determined. however, the presence of the ets domain transcription factor elk- ...	2011	21362474
expression profile analysis of the inflammatory response regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a.	hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (hnf4a), a liver-specific transcription factor, plays a significant role in liver-specific functions. however, its functions are poorly understood in the regulation of the inflammatory response. in order to obtain a genomic view of hnf4a in this context, microarray analysis was used to probe the expression profile of an inflammatory response induced by cytokine stimulation in a model of hnf4a knock-down in hepg2 cells.	2011	21352552
seasonal variations in red deer (cervus elaphus) hematology related to antler growth and biometrics measurements.	the aim of the study was to relate seasonal hematology changes with the rest of physiological variations suffered by red deer, such as antler and biometrics cycle, and to assess the relationship between hematology and the effort performed in antler development. blood samples were taken from 21 male red deer every 4 weeks during 18 months. samples were analyzed for the main hematological parameters. simultaneously, biometrics measurements were taken, such as antler length, body weight, body condi ...	2011	21351240
molecular biogeography of red deer cervus elaphus from eastern europe: insights from mitochondrial dna sequences.	european red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtdna lineages (western, eastern and north-african/sardinian). the western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in iberia and southern france, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the british isles, scandinavia and parts of central europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central europe, the carpathians and the balkans. however, l ...	2010	21350595
regulation of heart rate and rumen temperature in red deer: effects of season and food intake.	red deer, cervus elaphus, like other temperate-zone animals, show a large seasonal fluctuation in energy intake and expenditure. many seasonal phenotypic adjustments are coordinated by endogenous signals entrained to the photoperiod. the cues determining variation in the resting metabolism of ungulates remain equivocal, however, largely because of the confounding effects of food intake and thus the heat increment of feeding. to distinguish endogenous seasonal and environmental effects on metabol ...	2011	21346124
effect of sitagliptin plus metformin on ß-cell function, islet integrity and islet gene expression in zucker diabetic fatty rats.	the combination of metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp-4) inhibitor has been shown to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for type 2 diabetes. we evaluated ß-cell function and morphological changes in islets in zucker diabetic fatty (zdf) rats following combined therapy with sitagliptin and metformin and investigated the expression of potentially relevant genes using cdna microarrays.	2011	21345512
iron storage disease in red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) is not associated with mutations in the hfe gene.	iron storage diseases are rare conditions of dysregulated iron metabolism in man and animals. a genetic basis has been confirmed only for human haemochromatosis. iron storage disease was diagnosed in six related, 2-year-old male red deer of the same herd. these animals presented with weight loss and rough hair coats. haematological examination was unremarkable. at necropsy examination, gross lesions were restricted to cachexia. microscopical examination revealed severe, diffuse hepatocellular ne ...	2011	21334004
genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild caprine and cervid ungulates from the alps in tyrol, austria.	the occurrence of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum was studied in wild ungulates from the northern and central eastern alps in tyrol, austria. for this purpose, spleen samples collected from 53 game animals during the hunting season 2008/2009 (16 roe deer [capreolus capreolus], 10 red deer [cervus elaphus], 16 alpine chamois [rupicapra r. rupicapra], 7 alpine ibex [capra i. ibex], and 4 european mouflons [ovis orientalis musimon]) were analyzed. thirty-five animals originated from t ...	2011	21323423
immunoregulatory cytokines are associated with protection from immunopathology following mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer.	although the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. we sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experi ...	2011	21321071
babesias of red deer (cervus elaphus) in ireland.	abstract: blood samples were obtained from 38 wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at two sites in ireland and subjected to pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene followed by sequencing. two fragments of the 18s rrna gene were generated by two different pcr protocols and subsequent sequencing suggested that at least six of the deer were infected by a babesia that, in those loci, is indistinguishable from babesia divergens, an important tick-borne pathogen of cattle and of zoonotic significance. additionall ...	2011	21314977
development of in-situ measurement for 90 sr specific activity by ß-ray survey meter combined with sensitivity correction by monte carlo calculation.	the objective of this study was to develop an in-situ measurement technique for the instant detection of the (90)sr contamination. a numerical method to correct the detection efficiency of the ß survey meter was applied for an elk antler sample from the vicinity of the mayak facility. the estimated (90)sr specific activity of 0.21±0.04 bq/g agrees within the factor of two to the value 0.11±0.06 bq/g evaluated with the imaging plate, which was previously validated. also, the dependence of the det ...	2011	21310623
lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008.	to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ...	2010	21302758
prioritizing conservation of ungulate calving resources in multiple-use landscapes.	conserving animal populations in places where human activity is increasing is an ongoing challenge in many parts of the world. we investigated how human activity interacted with maternal status and individual variation in behavior to affect reliability of spatially-explicit models intended to guide conservation of critical ungulate calving resources. we studied rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that occupy a region where 2900 natural gas wells have been drilled.	2011	21297866
gnrh induces the c-fos gene via phosphorylation of srf by the calcium/calmodulin kinase ii pathway.	despite extensive studies on gnrh regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes, very little is known about mechanism of induction of intermediary immediate early genes, such as c-fos, that are direct targets of gnrh signaling and that upon induction, activate transcription of gonadotropin genes. although c-fos is induced by a variety of stimuli in other cell types, in the gonadotropes, only gnrh induces c-fos and through it fshß. thus, understanding the specificity of c-fos induction by gnrh wil ...	2011	21292826
fine-tuning the space, time, and host distribution of mycobacteria in wildlife.	we describe the diversity of two kinds of mycobacteria isolates, environmental mycobacteria and mycobacterium bovis collected from wild boar, fallow deer, red deer and cattle in doñana national park (dnp, spain), analyzing their association with temporal, spatial and environmental factors.	2011	21288321
indirect genetics effects and evolutionary constraint: an analysis of social dominance in red deer, cervus elaphus.	by determining access to limited resources, social dominance is often an important determinant of fitness. thus, if heritable, standard theory predicts mean dominance should evolve. however, dominance is usually inferred from the tendency to win contests, and given one winner and one loser in any dyadic contest, the mean proportion won will always equal 0.5. here, we argue that the apparent conflict between quantitative genetic theory and common sense is resolved by recognition of indirect genet ...	2011	21288272
a phospholipase c?1-activated pathway regulates transcription in human vascular smooth muscle cells.	growth factor-induced repression of smooth muscle (sm) cell marker genes is an integral part of vascular sm (vsm) cell proliferation. this is partly regulated via translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) to the nucleus which activates the transcription factor elk-1. the mediators involved in erk1/2 nuclear translocation in vsm cells are unknown. the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms which regulate growth factor-induced nuclear translocation of erk1/2 and g ...	2011	21285289
sparse prp(sc) accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie.	domestic goats (capra hircus) are a natural and experimental host of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) of sheep and cattle. goats are also susceptible to experimental infection with the agents of tses of deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) and humans (creutzfeldt jakob disease). distribution of prpsc, the abnormal prion protein, is similar in the tissues of scrapie-infected sheep and goats but no data are available on the potenti ...	2011	21284878
ontogenesis of the rumen: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.	the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and fetuses of merino sheep and 50 of iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. for the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% ges ...	2010	21269368
epidermal growth factor regulates mcl-1 expression through the mapk-elk-1 signalling pathway contributing to cell survival in breast cancer.	myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (mcl-1) is an anti-apoptotic member of the bcl-2 family that is elevated in a variety of tumour types including breast cancer. in breast tumours, increased mcl-1 expression correlates with high tumour grade and poor patient survival. we have previously demonstrated that her-2 levels correspond to increased mcl-1 expression in breast tumours. epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor signalling is frequently deregulated in breast cancer and leads to increased proliferation a ...	2011	21258408
signal transduction of pregnenolone sulfate in insulinoma cells: activation of egr-1 expression involving trpm3, voltage-gated calcium channels, erk, and ternary complex factors.	the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate acts on the nervous system by modifying neurotransmission and receptor functions, thus influencing synaptic strength, neuronal survival, and neurogenesis. here we show that pregnenolone sulfate induces a signaling cascade in insulinoma cells leading to enhanced expression of the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 and egr-1-responsive target genes. pharmacological and genetic experiments revealed that influx of ca(2+) ions via transient receptor potential ...	2011	21257751
antlers of cervus elaphus as biomonitors of ⁹⁰sr in the environment.	adequate radioprotection of the environment requires the identification of biomonitors sensitive to the variation of its radionuclide content. due to the chemical similarities between calcium and strontium, calcified tissues of mammals are considered to be good ⁹⁰sr biomonitors. this work considered cervus elaphus antlers which, being shed annually, can give information about the importance of radiostrontium contamination in an ecosystem in the time period required for the growth of the antler. ...	2011	21255884
methanogen community structure in the rumens of farmed sheep, cattle and red deer fed different diets.	development of inhibitors and vaccines that mitigate rumen-derived methane by targeting methanogens relies on knowledge of the methanogens present. we investigated the composition of archaeal communities in the rumens of farmed sheep (ovis aries), cattle (bos taurus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) to generate fingerprints of archaeal 16s rrna genes. the total archaeal communities were relatively constant across species and diets, and were less ...	2011	21255054
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae?	sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ...	2010	21236577
eph family receptors and ligands in vascular cell targeting and assembly.	members of the eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases determine neural cell aggregation and targeting behavior, functions that are also critical in vascular assembly and remodeling. among this class of diverse receptors, epha2 (eck) and ephb1 (elk) represent prototypes for two receptor subfamilies distinguished by high-affinity interaction with either glycerophosphatidylinositol (gpi)-linked or transmembrane ligands, respectively. epha2 participates in angiogenic responses to tumor necrosis fac ...	1997	21235905
generation of a new form of human prp(sc) in vitro by interspecies transmission from cervid prions.	prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and that result from the conversion of normal prion protein (prp(c)) into the misfolded prion protein (prp(sc)). chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disorder of increasing prevalence within the united states that affects a large population of wild and captive deer and elk. determining the risk of transmission of cwd to humans is of utmost importance, considering that people can be infected by animal pri ...	2011	21209079
evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dutch farmed red deer.	paratuberculosis is a chronic disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). most economic losses due to map occur in the dairy industry. however, the infection is not restricted to cattle, but also occurs in other ruminants, such as sheep, goat, and deer. although deer are of minimal economic importance in the netherlands, they may constitute a source of infection for the dairy industry. this pilot study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of johne's dise ...	2010	21207913
no difference between the sexes in fine-scale spatial genetic structure of roe deer.	data on spatial genetic patterns may provide information about the ecological and behavioural mechanisms underlying population structure. indeed, social organization and dispersal patterns of species may be reflected by the pattern of genetic structure within a population.	2010	21203388
effect of melatonin implants on the incidence and timing of puberty in female red deer (cervus elaphus).	a study was conducted to test the hypotheses that exogenous melatonin treatment of 11-13 month-old red deer hinds: (1) advances the timing of first ovulation, (2) increases the proportion of individuals attaining puberty at ∼16 months of age, and (3) reduces the live-weight threshold for attainment of first pregnancy. a total of 3901 rising-2-year-old (r₂) hinds within two herds (a and b) across two years either received single melatonin implants on two occasions in summer (n=1399) or were untre ...	2010	21190800
a regional inventory and monitoring setup to evaluate bark peeling damage by red deer (cervus elaphus) in coniferous plantations in southern belgium.	bark peeling by red deer (cervus elaphus l.) has become a serious issue for productive forests in western europe. the damage is particularly severe on species such as spruce, as these become vulnerable to fungus attacks that result in considerably depreciated timber. this article presents a monitoring setup for recent bark peeling damage in spruce plantings in wallonia (southern part of belgium). this setup implies to collect data annually from a survey involving cluster sampling. it has been em ...	2010	21188508
gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler.	the annual regeneration cycle of deer (cervidae, artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (cervus elaphus). several axon growth promoters like nt-3, ngf or igf-1 have been described in the antler. to increase ...	2010	21187928
barbituric acid derivative bas 02104951 inhibits pkcε, pkcη, pkcε/rack2 interaction, elk-1 phosphorylation in hela and pkcε and η translocation in pc3 cells following tpa-induction.	protein kinase c (pkc) is a family of at least 10 isozymes involved in the activation of different signal transduction pathways. the exact function of these isozymes is not known at present. isozyme-selective inhibitors would be important to explain the function of the different pkcs and are anticipated to have pharmaceutical potential. here we report that the small organic molecule bas 02104951 [5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)-1-(phenylmethyl)-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-pyrimidinetrion], a barbituric ac ...	2010	21186251
individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods.	1. trade-offs among life-history traits are common because individuals have to partition limited resources between multiple traits. reproductive costs are generally assumed to be high, resulting in reduced survival and fecundity in the following year. however, it is common to find positive rather than negative correlations between life-history traits. 2. here, we use a data set from the individual-based study of red deer on the isle of rum to examine how these costs vary between individuals and ...	2010	21182522
a large survey of croatian wild mammals for giardia duodenalis reveals a low prevalence and limited zoonotic potential.	abstract wild mammals are considered an important source of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis parasites, yet surprisingly little information is available on the actual prevalence and the genetic identity of the species they harbor. a large survey was conducted in croatia by collecting 832 fecal samples from red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 374), roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 21), wild boars (sus scrofa, n = 144), foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 66), bears (ursus arctos, n = 19), wolves (canis ...	2010	21142957
management practices and their association with mycobacterium tuberculosis complex prevalence in red deer populations in southwestern spain.	intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (tb) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. in this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in southwestern spain. five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. prevalence, as determine ...	2010	21131079
increasing contact with hepatitis e virus in red deer, spain.	to describe the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) in red deer in mainland spain, we tested red deer for hev rna and antibodies. overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by elisa and reverse transcription-pcr, respectively. the increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans.	2010	21122241
the effects of a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone on proinflammatory signaling pathways and clp-induced lethal sepsis in mice.	we previously showed that 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone (bhmc), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study we explain the mechanism of action of bhmc in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced u937 monocytes and further show that bhmc prevents lethality of clp-induced sepsis. bhmc showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on p38, jnk and erk 1/2 activity as determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors atf-2, c- ...	2010	21114991
alterations in mglur5 expression and signaling in lewy body disease and in transgenic models of alpha-synucleinopathy--implications for excitotoxicity.	dementia with lewy bodies (dlb) and parkinson's disease (pd) are neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). previous studies have suggested that excitotoxicity may contribute to neurodegeneration in these disorders, however the underlying mechanisms and their relationship to alpha-syn remain unclear. for this study we proposed that accumulation of alpha-syn might result in alterations in metabotropic glutamate re ...	2010	21103359
quantitative analysis of erk2 interactions with substrate proteins: roles for kinase docking domains and activity in determining binding affinity.	extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (erk1/2) proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, by interacting with and phosphorylating substrate proteins. two docking sites, common docking (cd/ed) domain and f-site recruitment site (frs), on erk proteins have been identified. specific interactions with the cd/ed domain and the frs occur with substrates containing a docking site for erk and jnk, lxl (dejl) motif (d-domain) and a dockin ...	2010	21098038
tec protein tyrosine kinase is involved in the erk signaling pathway induced by hgf.	tec, a member of the tec family of non-receptor type protein tyrosine kinases, has recently been suggested to play a role in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. this study aims to investigate the putative mechanisms of tec kinase regulation of hepatocyte differentiation, i.e. to explore which signaling pathway tec is involved in, and how tec is activated in hepatocyte after hepatectomy and hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) stimulation.	2010	21094130
hplc-ms/ms shotgun proteomic research of deer antlers with multiparallel protein extraction methods.	deer antlers mature rapidly in 60 days, and subsequently shed in 5 days with rapid ossification. during this procedure, the function of deer antlers changes significantly. therefore, the profiling of antler proteome is helpful to discover important growing and shedding regulation proteins, which might be of great significance for studying development and regeneration. in this study, a parallel protein extraction strategy was developed to extract proteins from antlers of red deer with five differ ...	2010	21093389
acceptance and palatability for domestic and wildlife hosts of baits designed to deliver a tuberculosis vaccine to wild boar piglets.	tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is an important health problem worldwide. the control of tb through vaccination of wildlife reservoirs may potentially have advantages over other management strategies. the most practical approach to deliver vaccines to wildlife is using oral baits that are stable under field conditions and effective in reaching the target species. baits were developed in our laboratory to deliver oral vaccines t ...	2010	21093082
detection of specific antibodies anti-neospora caninum in the fallow deer (dama dama).	sera from 335 farmed fallow deer (dama dama) at the breeding station in kosewo górne in the mazurian lake district, north-east poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum. the distribution of age groups was as follow: >4years - 154 animals; 2years - 76 animals; 1year - 105 animals. ten sera with the optical density exceeding 0.159 absorbance units (i.e., cut-off value) in elisa test were also analyzed by western blot. western blot analysis revealed seroreact ...	2010	21087781
association analysis of prnp gene region with chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk.	abstract:	2010	21087518
key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 mapk in the regulation of atrial stretch response.	mechanisms regulating stretch response in the left ventricle are investigated in detail but not well understood in atrial myocardium. hypertrophic growth of atrial myocardium contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. in this study, we sought to elucidate mechanisms of stretch-induced activation of key signaling pathways and hypertrophy-associated genes in rat atria. stretching of isolated atria induced a rapid increase in phosphorylation of p38 mapk and erk and induced a p38 mapk-d ...	2010	21084678
relationship between il-6/erk and nf-κb: a study in normal and pathological human prostate gland.	there is growing evidence that inflammation is a causal factor in cancer, where pro-inflammatory cytokines such as il-6, il-1 or tnf-α could induce cellular proliferation by activation of nf-κb. this study focuses on the il-6/erk transduction pathway, its relationship with nf-κb, and the consequences of dysregulation in the development of prostate pathologies such as benign prostate hyperplasia (bph), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostate cancer (pc).	2010	21081304
seroprevalence of neospora caninum in free living and farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland.	serum samples from 47 free living and 106 farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) from the mazurian lake district in north-east poland were investigated for the presence of antibodies to neospora caninum. a modified neospora iscom-elisa was used for initial screening. all sera with optical density (od) values exceeding 0.400 absorbance units were further investigated by western blot analysis. eighteen sera were positive in both tests. six of these were from free living and 12 from farmed animals giving ...	2010	21077439
differing contributions of limk and rock to tgfβ-induced transcription, motility and invasion.	the ability of transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt) is mediated by smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways such as the activation of rho gtpase signalling. upon activation, gtp-bound rho stimulates the rock kinases, which in turn phosphorylate numerous substrates including the lim kinases (limk). the net result of rock activation is increased actin-myosin contractile force generation, with a contribution from limk-induced actin filament stabi ...	2010	21074289
association of thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) gene polymorphism in patients with aspirin-intolerant acute urticaria.	the thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) is a potent broncho- and vaso-constrictor and is associated with leukotriene synthesis. polymorphisms in the tbxa2r gene have been linked to atopy, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. this study evaluated the association between genetic tbxa2r variants and the development of acetyl salicylic acid (asa)-intolerant acute urticaria (aiau).	2010	21070398
morphology and ultrastructure of antler velvet hair and body hair from red deer (cervus elaphus).	we provide a detailed description of the ultrastructure of deer hair fibers. guard hairs and underhairs from the winter coat of red deer (cervus elaphus), and antler velvet hairs from the same species were examined. all fibers displayed the typical keratin fiber morphology of overlapping cuticle cells surrounding a core of cortex cells, and often a centrally-located medulla, but there were considerable differences in the diameter, cuticle thickness, and scale pattern, and in the relative amounts ...	2010	21061275
erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) signaling positively regulates death receptor 5 expression through co-activation of chop and elk1.	death receptor 5 (dr5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor that triggers apoptosis upon binding to its ligand or when overexpressed. its expression is induced by certain small molecule drugs, including celecoxib, through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. the current study has revealed a novel erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk)-dependent mechanism that regulates dr5 expression primarily using celecoxib as a dr5 inducer. both c/ebp homologous protein (chop) and elk1 are re ...	2010	21044953
variances and covariances of phenological traits in a wild mammal population.	in a seasonal environment, there are multiple aspects of timing, or phenology, that contribute to an individual's fitness. several studies have shown a genetic basis to variation between individuals in breeding time, but we know little about the heritability of other phenological traits in wild populations. furthermore, the presence of genetic correlations between phenological variables could act to constrain or promote any response to selection, but less is known of the multivariate genetic rel ...	2010	21044060