Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| epidemiology of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the czech republic during the period 1995-1998. | in two studies carried out during the period 1995-1998, paratuberculosis was diagnosed in domestic and wild ruminants in the czech republic. the isolated mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains were analysed by standardised restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) [pavlik, i., horvathova, a., dvorska, l., bartl, j., svastova, p., du maine, r., rychlik, i., 1999. j. microbiol. methods 38, 155-167]. in december 1992, 19 late pregnant charolais heifers were imported to the cz ... | 2000 | 11118709 |
| first evidence of johne's disease in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in belgium. | in a deer farm, chronic diarrhoea was seen in a 4-year-old hind. this animal died in poor condition on the farm and johne's disease was suspected. ziehl-neelsen staining of the faeces of this hind were positive for the presence of clumps of small acid-fast bacilli, but faecal cultures remained negative. direct and indirect tests were performed on 24 hinds and stags (yearlings, 2- and 4-year-old animals). the indirect tests performed were serology (mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody elisa, h ... | 2000 | 11118713 |
| analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer -- possible employment in forensic applications. | dna microsatellites play a major role in population genetics, linkage mapping, and parentage studies of mammals. in addition, they may be used for forensic purposes, if an individual identification of a specific animal is necessary. therefore, we tested a variety of microsatellite polymorphism derived from reindeer (rangifer tarandus) by pcr and sequencing analysis for use in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama). twelve of these microsatellites we ... | 2001 | 11118746 |
| a generalized fecal glucocorticoid assay for use in a diverse array of nondomestic mammalian and avian species. | noninvasive fecal glucocorticoid analysis has tremendous potential as a means of assessing stress associated with environmental disturbance in wildlife. however, interspecific variation in excreted glucocorticoid metabolites requires careful selection of the antibody used in their quantification. we compared four antibodies for detecting the major fecal cortisol metabolites in yellow baboons following (3)h cortisol administration, acth challenge, and hplc separation of fecal glucocorticoid metab ... | 2000 | 11121291 |
| induction of early growth response-1 gene expression by calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine through the activation of elk-1 in human fibrosarcoma ht1080 cells. | the early growth response gene-1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in cell growth and differentiation. it has been known that egr-1 expression is down-regulated in many types of tumor tissues, including human fibrosarcoma ht1080 cells, and introduction of the egr-1 gene into ht1080 cells inhibits cell growth and tumorigenic potential. trifluoperazine (tfp), a phenothiazine class calmodulin antagonist, is known to inhibit dna synthesis and cell proliferation and poten ... | 2001 | 11121417 |
| hepatitis c virus core protein enhances the activation of the transcription factor, elk1, in response to mitogenic stimuli. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways play key roles in cell proliferation, transformation of mammalian cells, and the stress response. we and other investigators showed that hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein has an oncogenic potential, but its mechanism has remained unknown. we previously demonstrated that the mapk-extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) kinase (mek)-erk pathway and its downstream target, the serum response element (sre), is activated in balb/3t3 cells produc ... | 2001 | 11124832 |
| tnfalpha and ifngamma potentiate il-1beta induced mitogen activated protein kinase activity in rat pancreatic islets of langerhans. | interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta) in synergy with tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) and interferon gamma (ifngamma) is cytotoxic to pancreatic beta cells. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity that is induced by interleukin-1 beta has been suggested to signal nitric oxide-dependent as well as nitric oxide-independent beta-cell destructive pathways. the aim of this study was to investigate if tnfalpha and ifngamma signal through mitogen-activated protein kinases in isolated rat islet ... | 2000 | 11126408 |
| enzootic ataxia in a norwegian red deer herd. | 2000 | 11126582 | |
| prostate cancer and the androgen receptor: strategies for the development of novel therapeutics. | the early demonstrations that prostate cancer was hormone-sensitive initiated a therapeutic strategy of hormone ablation that is still in use today. although chemical or surgical castration reduces androgen stimulation of the androgen receptor (ar) and produces tumor regression, little survival benefit is achieved. patients with metastatic cancer eventually relapse as their tumors progress to hormone independence. the ar is a member of the steroid receptor family; however, it manifests many uniq ... | 2000 | 11127964 |
| aspects of the life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer (cervus elaphus). | aspects of the migratory life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus cervi were studied in red deer (cervus elaphus) using 2 farmed calves experimentally infected with 450 third-stage larvae killed 40 and 45 days postinfection and using 3 wild calves and 3 wild yearlings with natural infections killed during autumn hunting. a full necropsy was carried out on the experimental calves, but only the head, eviscerated carcass, and lungs were examined from the naturally infected animals. histologi ... | 2000 | 11128481 |
| antigenic and molecular characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from a north american elk. | to determine whether a herpesvirus isolated from the semen of a north american elk was related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1). | 2000 | 11131608 |
| extracellular atp activates multiple signalling pathways and potentiates growth factor-induced c-fos gene expression in mcf-7 breast cancer cells. | in the human breast cancer cell line mcf-7, the nucleotides atp gamma s and utp, acting extracellularly through the purinergic receptor p2y(2), lead to elevated intracellular calcium levels and increased proliferation. atp gamma s and utp treatment of mcf-7 cells activated transcription of the immediate early gene c-fos, an important component in the response to proliferative stimulation. c-fos induction was enhanced by co-treatment with atp gamma s and a variety of proliferative agents includin ... | 2000 | 11133806 |
| id helix-loop-helix proteins antagonize pax transcription factor activity by inhibiting dna binding. | the id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (hlh) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. the major mechanism by which id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation is through interaction with other hlh proteins and inhibition of their dna-binding activity. however, id proteins have also been shown to interact with other proteins involved in regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, suggesting a more widespread regulatory func ... | 2001 | 11134340 |
| asymptomatic shedding of cryptosporidium oocysts by red deer hinds and calves. | levels of cryptosporidium infection in a group of red deer were monitored over a period of 1 year. faecal samples were examined on an approximate monthly basis from adult hinds and calves for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. the water-ether sedimentation method followed by sucrose flotation and a monoclonal antibody identification procedure were used. it was found that apparently healthy adult deer were shedding low numbers of oocysts in their faeces throughout the year and that there ap ... | 2001 | 11137271 |
| dna-bound transcription factor complexes analysed by mass-spectrometry: binding of novel proteins to the human c-fos sre and related sequences. | transcription factors control eukaryotic polymerase ii function by influencing the recruitment of multiprotein complexes to promoters and their subsequent integrated function. the complexity of the functional 'transcriptosome' has necessitated biochemical fractionation and subsequent protein sequencing on a grand scale to identify individual components. as a consequence, much is now known of the basal transcription complex. in contrast, less is known about the complexes formed at distal promoter ... | 2001 | 11139618 |
| farm and slaughter survey of bovine tuberculosis in captive deer in switzerland. | in 1998, a survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to gather basic knowledge about the management, health and productivity of captive deer in switzerland. in addition, lymph nodes were collected from slaughtered deer from 124 of the 262 holdings surveyed, and tested for mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the total farmed deer population was 8389 animals kept on 485 holdings; 87 per cent were fallow deer, 8 per cent red deer, 4 per cent sika deer, and there were small number ... | 2000 | 11140930 |
| estrogen receptor-mediated activation of the serum response element in mcf-7 cells through mapk-dependent phosphorylation of elk-1. | 17beta-estradiol (e2) induces c-fos protooncogene expression in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells, and deletion analysis of the c-fos promoter showed that the serum response element (sre) at -325 to -296 was e2-responsive. the mechanism of ligand-activated estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha)-dependent activation of gene expression through the sre was determined by mutational analysis of the promoter, analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway activation by e2, and transforming growt ... | 2001 | 11145955 |
| [the use of fur collected in the field for studying the genetic diversity of wild ungulates]. | the methods of studying the genetic diversity of wild animals using tissue samples collected without harming the studied populations are discussed for the red deer (cervus elaphus) fur samples. the methods are proposed for collection and storage of fur samples in field conditions. the optimal methods of dna isolation from the fur and other tissues (dry, alcohol-fixed, and frozen skin and muscle) of the red deer and other ungulates were selected, and the conditions of pcr for amplification of the ... | 2000 | 11147499 |
| inclusion body myositis: expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and its substrate. | to assess abnormal intracellular signal transduction in inclusion body myositis (ibm). | 2001 | 11148241 |
| c/ebp beta and elk-1 synergistically transactivate the c-fos serum response element. | the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter is a convergence point for several signaling pathways that regulate induction of the c-fos gene. many transcription factors regulate the sre, including serum response factor (srf), ternary complex factor (tcf), and ccaat/enhancer binding protein-beta (c/ebpbeta). independently, the tcfs and c/ebpbeta have been shown to interact with srf and to respond to ras-dependent signaling pathways that result in transactivation of the sre. due to these ... | 2000 | 11151091 |
| nerve growth factor- and epidermal growth factor-regulated gene transcription in pc12 pheochromocytoma and ins-1 insulinoma cells. | pc12 and ins-1 cells both express the nerve growth factor (ngf) receptors trka and p75ntr and the epidermal growth factor receptor (egf). in pc12 cells, ngf treatment initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to a change of the genetic program of the cell. we have investigated the role of ngf in regulating gene transcription in pc12 and ins-1 cells, in order to define if there are ngf-regulated genes per se. furthermore, to distinguish between growth factor stimulation via receptor tyr ... | 2000 | 11152283 |
| stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in human granulosa-luteal cells. | the present study investigated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) by a gnrh agonist (gnrha) in human granulosa-luteal cells (hglcs). the phosphorylation state of p44 and p42 mapk was examined using antibodies that distinguish phospho-p44/42 mapk (thr(202)/tyr(204)) from total p44/42 mapk (activated plus inactivated). activation of mapk by gnrha was observed within 5 min and was sustained for 60 min after treatment. gnrha stimulated mapk activation in a dose-dependent man ... | 2001 | 11159838 |
| the effects of autocrine human growth hormone (hgh) on human mammary carcinoma cell behavior are mediated via the hgh receptor. | the human gh (hgh) antagonist b2036 combines a single amino acid substitution impairing receptor binding site 2 (g120k) with eight additional amino acid substitutions that improve binding site 1 affinity. b2036 does not bind, activate, or antagonize the human prl receptor and therefore is suitable to determine cellular effects mediated specifically through the hgh receptor. we have used this hgh receptor specific antagonist in mcf-7 cells stably transfected with either the hgh gene (mcf-hgh) or ... | 2001 | 11159849 |
| a bombesin receptor subtype-3 peptide increases nuclear oncogene expression in a mek-1 dependent manner in human lung cancer cells. | a synthetic peptide, (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) was used to investigate the signal transduction mechanisms of bombesin receptor subtype-3. using nci-1299#5 human lung cancer cells stably transfected with bombesin receptor subtype-3, 100 nm (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) elevated the cytosolic ca2+ from 150 to 250 nm within 10 s. addition of (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) caused phosphorylation of mitogen activat ... | 2001 | 11166731 |
| signal transduction and the ets family of transcription factors. | cellular responses to environmental stimuli are controlled by a series of signaling cascades that transduce extracellular signals from ligand-activated cell surface receptors to the nucleus. although most pathways were initially thought to be linear, it has become apparent that there is a dynamic interplay between signaling pathways that result in the complex pattern of cell-type specific responses required for proliferation, differentiation and survival. one group of nuclear effectors of these ... | 2000 | 11175366 |
| the gestation length of wapiti (cervus elaphus) revisited. | as an ancillary activity to an artificial insemination program in farmed wapiti, the length of gestation of 28 wapiti hinds that delivered single calves of established parentage was calculated. estrus was synchronized in 47 wapiti using progesterone impregnated devices (controlled internal drug release, cidr) and an injection of pmsg. all hinds were artificially inseminated between 60 and 63h after cidr removal. pregnancy was determined between 45 and 65 days by ultrasound. a verifiable figure f ... | 2001 | 11182511 |
| cosegregation of t108a elk-1 with mental retardation. | 2000 | 11186900 | |
| purification of first-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from feces. | parasites are often found in a milieu that requires extensive preparation and labor-intensive cleaning before they are suitable for use in analytical procedures. application of modern techniques in immunology and molecular biology demands pure yields of parasites. to purify first-stage (l1) larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi, fecal suspensions from an infected red deer were processed by the baermann method and embedded in a gel matrix with the objective of selectively trapping fecal debris. about ... | 2000 | 11191912 |
| cyclic amp and mitogen-activated protein kinases are required for glutamate-dependent cyclic amp response element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum in vivo. | dopaminergic and glutamatergic signalling cascades are integrated in striatal medium spiny neurones by cyclic amp response-element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation. phosphorylated cyclic amp response-element binding protein and phosphorylated elk-1 contribute to c-fos expression by binding to the calcium and cyclic amp response-element and the serum response element, respectively, in the c-fos promoter. the role of cyclic amp and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascades in g ... | 2001 | 11208903 |
| homocysteine stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells leading to enhanced monocyte chemotaxis. | hyperhomocysteinemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. the infiltration of monocytes into the arterial wall is one of the key events during atherogenesis. monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) is a potent chemokine that stimulates the migration of monocytes into the intima of the arterial wall. the mechanism by which increased monocyte infiltration occurs in atherosclerotic lesions in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia has not been delineated. the object ... | 2001 | 11216856 |
| infection with bartonella weissii and detection of nanobacterium antigens in a north carolina beef herd. | very recently, bartonella organisms have been isolated from large ruminants (deer, elk, and dairy and beef cattle) located in the united states and in france. in this study, we report the serologic, microbiologic, and molecular findings related to the isolation of a bartonella species in north carolina beef cattle and the detection of nanobacterial antigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. between august 1998 and september 1999, blood was collected from 38 cattle ... | 2001 | 11230398 |
| high prevalence of large spiny-tailed protostrongylid larvae in iberian red deer. | the prevalence and abundance of protostrongylid larvae (nematoda: protostrongylidae) in 173 fecal samples of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus erxleben, 1777) are presented. large (401(365-425)+/-24 micom) spiny-tailed larvae, comparable to the descriptions of first stage elaphostrongylus cervi larvae were found in 66.47+/-0.7% of the samples (range 6.8-100%, depending on the locality). the overall abundance of larvae in faces was overdispersed with an average of 24.94+/-96.23 (range 0 ... | 2001 | 11230923 |
| a novel erythroid-specific marker of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) are a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases and include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and kuru disease, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) and variant cjd in humans. the pathological effects of disease occur predominantly in the cns (central nervous system), where common hallmarks include vacuolation, gliosis, accumulation of a protease-resistant, abnormally ... | 2001 | 11231637 |
| successful in vitro production of embryos in the red deer (cervus elaphus) and the sika deer (cervus nippon). | the aim of our study was to define the conditions for ivm and ivf of oocytes in 2 common deer species as models for endangered related subspecies. immature oocytes were recovered during the breeding season from postmortem ovaries (red deer) or by repeated laparoscopic follicular aspiration (sika deer). oocytes were cultured for 24 h in ivm medium supplemented with egf or fsh and follicular fluid. stag semen was collected by electroejaculation (both species) or by epididymal flushing (red deer) a ... | 2001 | 11233790 |
| evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay. | the effectiveness of anthelmintics was evaluated in four herds of captive ruminants, wapiti (cervus elaphus), armenian red sheep (ovis orientalis), giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), and pronghorn (antilocapra americana), by the use of fecal egg reduction tests (ferts) and a commercial larval development assay (lda) designed to evaluate susceptibility or resistance of nematodes to anthelmintics. haemonchus sp. was the predominant nematode in the red sheep, giraffe, and pronghorn herds, whereas os ... | 2000 | 11237142 |
| a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase is responsive to raf and mediates growth factor specificity. | the proto-oncogene raf is a major regulator of growth and differentiation. previous studies from a number of laboratories indicate that raf activates a signaling pathway that is independent of the classic mek1,2-erk1,2 cascade. however, no other signaling cascade downstream of raf has been identified. we describe a new member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, p97, an erk5-related kinase that is activated and raf associated when cells are stimulated by raf. furthermore, p97 is selec ... | 2001 | 11238956 |
| androgen receptors are only present in mesenchyme-derived dermal papilla cells of red deer (cervus elaphus) neck follicles when raised androgens induce a mane in the breeding season. | red deer stags produce an androgen-dependent mane of long hairs only in the breeding season; in the non-breeding season, when circulating androgen levels are low, the neck hair resembles the rest of the coat. this study was designed to determine whether androgen receptors are present in deer follicles throughout the year or only in the mane (neck) follicles when circulating testosterone levels are high in the breeding season. although androgens regulate much human hair growth the mechanisms are ... | 2001 | 11241171 |
| protein kinase c mu selectively activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) p42 pathway. | here we show that human protein kinase c mu (pkc mu) activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk). transient expression of constitutive active pkc mu leads to an activation of raf-1 kinase as demonstrated by in vitro phosphorylation of mapk. pkc mu enhances transcriptional activity of a basal thymidine kinase promotor containing serum response elements (sres) as shown by luciferase reporter gene assays. sre driven gene activation by pkc mu is triggered by the elk-1 ternary complex facto ... | 2001 | 11248233 |
| the anthocyanidins cyanidin and delphinidin are potent inhibitors of the epidermal growth-factor receptor. | the aglycons of the most abundant anthocyanins in food, cyanidin (cy) and delphinidin (del), were found to inhibit the growth of human tumor cells in vitro in the micromolar range, whereas malvidin (mv), a typical anthocyanidin in grapes, was less active. the aglycons preferentially inhibited the growth of the human vulva carcinoma cell line a431, overexpressing the epidermal growth-factor receptor (egfr). the glycosides cyanidin-3-beta-d-galactoside (cy-3-gal, idaein) and malvidin-3-beta-d-gluc ... | 2001 | 11262056 |
| analysis of the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating cyclic-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate effects on prolactin promoter activity. | the mechanisms mediating camp effects to stimulate transcription of the prl gene have been examined. treatments that elevate intracellular camp concentrations were found to stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) in gh(3) cells. elevated camp was also found to stimulate activation of the gtp-binding protein, rap1. rap1gap1 reduced camp-induced phosphorylation of mapk, offering evidence that rap1 may play a role in mediating activation of mapk. treatment of gh(3) cells with pd98059, ... | 2001 | 11266512 |
| laminitis in a mature elk hind (cervus elaphus). | laminitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in elk presenting with shifting leg lameness, reluctance to move, recumbency and hoof wall ridging. eliminating the underlying cause and corrective trimming lead to a good prognosis for recovery. | 2001 | 11272458 |
| evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for detection of brucellosis in cervids. | the complement fixation test (cft), competitive enzyme immunoassay (celisa), indirect enzyme immunoassay (ielisa) and fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) were evaluated for the detection of antibodies to brucella abortus and brucella suis biotype 4 in caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), elk (cervus elapus), red deer (cervus elapus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). when combining the data the fpa and the celisa were determined to be the most suitable tests for serodiagnosis of cervi ... | 2001 | 11272484 |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of interferon-gamma from elk in north america. | eradication of mycobacterium bovis relies on accurate detection of infected animals, including potential domestic and wildlife reservoirs. available diagnostic tests lack the sensitivity and specificity necessary for accurate detection, particularly in infected wildlife populations. recently, an in vitro diagnostic test for cattle which measures plasma interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) levels in blood following in vitro incubation with m. bovis purified protein derivative has been enveloped. this tes ... | 2001 | 11272492 |
| spatial analysis of key signaling proteins by high-content solid-phase cytometry in hep3b cells treated with an inhibitor of cdc25 dual-specificity phosphatases. | protein phosphorylation frequently results in the subcellular redistribution of key signaling molecules, and this spatial change is critical for their activity. here we have probed the effects of a cdc25 inhibitor, 2-(2-mercaptoethanol)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, or compound 5, on the spatial regulation and activation kinetics of tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling events using two methods: (i) high-content, automated, fluorescence-based, solid-phase cytometry and (ii) a novel cellula ... | 2001 | 11274178 |
| adenosine nucleotides acting at the human p2y1 receptor stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinases and induce apoptosis. | for the widely distributed p2y receptors for nucleotides, the transductional and functional responses downstream of their coupling to g proteins are poorly characterized. here we describe apoptotic induction and the associated differential stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase family members by the human p2y(1) receptor. the potent p2y(1) receptor agonist, 2-methylthio-adp (2-mesadp), stimulated the extracellular-signal regulated kinases (erk1/2) (ec(50) approximately 5 nm) as we ... | 2001 | 11278310 |
| alpha-synuclein forms a complex with transcription factor elk-1. | alpha-synuclein has been identified as a component of lewy bodies in parkinson's disease and diffuse lewy body disease, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (gcis) in multiple system atrophy (msa). to explore the role of alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis, we searched for molecules interacting with alpha-synuclein and discovered that gcis are stained by anti-elk-1 antibody. to seek the role of elk-1 in synucleinopathies, we cotransfected alpha-synuclein and elk-1 to cultured cells, and found small ... | 2001 | 11279280 |
| phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates integrin-dependent nf-kappab and mapk activation through separate signaling pathways. | integrin-mediated signals play an important but poorly understood role in regulating many leukocyte functions. in monocytes and monocytic leukemia cells, beta1 integrin-mediated adhesion results in a strong induction of immediate-early genes that are important in inflammation. to investigate the signaling pathways from integrins in monocytic cells, thp-1 cells were stimulated via beta1 integrins by binding to fibronectin and by crosslinking the integrins with specific monoclonal antibodies. the ... | 2001 | 11282033 |
| temporal recruitment of the msin3a-histone deacetylase corepressor complex to the ets domain transcription factor elk-1. | the transcriptional status of eukaryotic genes is determined by a balance between activation and repression mechanisms. the nuclear hormone receptors represent classical examples of transcription factors that can regulate this balance by recruiting corepressor and coactivator complexes in a ligand-dependent manner. here, we demonstrate that the equilibrium between activation and repression via a single transcription factor, elk-1, is altered following activation of the erk mitogen-activated prot ... | 2001 | 11283259 |
| activator protein-1 transcription factor mediates bombesin-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. | colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process involving genetic alterations and progressive changes in signaling pathways regulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. although cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), gastrin-releasing peptide (grp), and its receptor, grp-r, are not normally expressed by the epithelial cells lining the human colon, the levels of all three proteins are aberrantly overexpressed in premalignant adenomatous polyps and colorectal c ... | 2001 | 11292836 |
| regulation of the raf kinase by phosphorylation. | the raf serine/threonine kinase plays an essential role to relay intracellular signals from the protooncogene ras to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade. the raf kinase family consists of c-raf (raf-1), b-raf, and a-raf. extensive efforts have been made in the last decade to study raf regulation; however, precise molecular mechanism for raf activation is still not fully understood. in this report, we discuss the current model of raf regulation. here we also report o ... | 2001 | 11293329 |
| constitutive erk1/2 activation in esophagogastric rib bone marrow micrometastatic cells is mek-independent. | in this study, we examined the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade in micrometastatic cell lines generated from rib bone marrow (rbm) of patients undergoing resection of esophagogastric malignancies. the molecular mechanism(s) involved in esophagogastric mapk activation have not previously been investigated. constitutive activation of both erk1 and -2 isoforms was evident in each of the five rbm cell lines. elk-1, a transcription factor activated by the erk1/2 pathway was also found ... | 2001 | 11297525 |
| corticotropin-releasing factor triggers neurite outgrowth of a catecholaminergic immortalized neuron via camp and map kinase signalling pathways. | corticotropin-releasing factor (crf), a neuropeptide of 41 amino acids, acts as the major physiological regulator of the basal and stress-induced release of corticotropin (acth), beta-endorphin and other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides from the anterior pituitary gland. in addition to its endocrine activity, crf displays extrahypophysiotropic effects, mainly as a regulator of stress responses. we show here that crf may additionally function as a differentiating factor in immortalized noradr ... | 2001 | 11298794 |
| integrin-mediated adhesion regulates erk nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of elk-1. | integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix permits efficient growth factor-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks). points of regulation have been localized to the level of receptor phosphorylation or to activation of the downstream components, raf and mek (mitogen-activated protein kinase/erk kinase). however, it is also well established that erk translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is required for g1 phase cell cycle progression. here we show ... | 2001 | 11309409 |
| hypodermosis of red deer in spain. | from february 1998 to january 1999, 106 red deer in the autonomic organism national park "quintos de mora" (toledo, central spain) were evaluated to determine the prevalence and dynamics of infection with hypoderma sp. by detection of subcutaneous larvae. between six and 13 deer shot in selective hunting were examined monthly. hypoderma sp. larvae were detected throughout the period except in june, july and august of 1998. excluding the period during which no subcutaneous larvae were detected, t ... | 2001 | 11310886 |
| mortality in captive elk from salmonellosis. | salmonella typhimurium dt104 infections of captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves resulted in mortality in eight of 13 affected calves. salmonellosis in these elk calves was characterized by diarrhea, fever, lethargy, inappetence and depression, and death usually ensued within 72 hr of initial clinical signs. affected calves did not respond to antibiotic and fluid therapy. the source of the bacteria likely was one or more of the calves when they were captured in the wild at less than 5 days ... | 2001 | 11310898 |
| c-fos oncogene regulator elk-1 interacts with brca1 splice variants brca1a/1b and enhances brca1a/1b-mediated growth suppression in breast cancer cells. | elk-1, a c-fos protooncogene regulator, which belongs to the ets-domain family of transcriptional factors, plays an important role in the induction of immediate early gene expression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. in this study, we demonstrate for the first time the in vitro and in vivo interaction of elk-1 with brca1 splice variants brca1a and brca1b using gst-pull down assays, co-imunoprecipitations/western blot analysis of cell extracts from breast cancer cells and mammali ... | 2001 | 11313879 |
| a novel potential effector of m-ras and p21 ras negatively regulates p21 ras-mediated gene induction and cell growth. | here, we report the identification and characterization of a new member of the ralgds-family, which is widely expressed and interacts strongly and selectively with the gtp-bound forms of m-ras and p21 ras. this ras pathway modulator (rpm), also termed rgl3, exhibited ras-binding and catalytic domains typical of the ralgds-family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and was most similar to rlf (ralgds-like factor), but was distinguished by a unique proline-rich region with multiple candidate s ... | 2001 | 11313946 |
| disease and mortality on red deer farms in new zealand. | a longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand for two years from march 1992. the deer were monitored for performance and health problems, and farm management practices were recorded. numbers at risk were 4,683 hind-years, 2,459 stag-years and 3,202 weaner-years. the numbers of primiparous and adult hinds at risk of losing their progeny by weaning were 653 and 3,364, respectively. where possible, postmortem examinations were carried out, and organs were sa ... | 2001 | 11316292 |
| nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores. | large-scale climatic fluctuations, such as the north atlantic oscillation (nao), have been shown to affect many ecological processes. such effects have been typically assumed to be linear. only one study has reported a nonlinear relation; however, that nonlinear relation was monotonic (that is, no reversal). here we show that there is a strong nonlinear and non-monotonic (that is, reversed) effect of the nao on body weight during the subsequent autumn for 23,838 individual wild red deer (cervus ... | 2001 | 11323672 |
| xwig1, a novel putative endoplasmic reticulum protein expressed during epithelial morphogenesis and in response to embryonic wounding. | in a subtractive differential screening, we identified a novel gene with interesting characteristics, termed xenopus wounding induced gene 1 (xwig1). xwig1 encodes a novel protein of 912 amino acids containing 13 putative transmembrane segments and an evolutionarily conserved carboxy-terminal domain. protein localization studies revealed that xwig1 is anchored in cytoplasmic structures, presumably the endoplasmic reticulum. expression is largely confined to epithelial cells in regions that under ... | 2001 | 11330857 |
| expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and receptor in conjunction with the ets family and ap-1 complex transcription factors in high grade prostate cancers. | expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator (upa) and its receptor (upar) correlates with tumour cell invasiveness and helps to determine the prognosis of prostate and other cancers. the purpose of this study was to establish in prostate cancer, the ets family and ap-1 complex transcription factors that might activate the inducible ap-1 and ap-1/pea3 elements of the upa enhancer. upa and upar were expressed preferentially in adenocarcinoma cells, but not the stroma of high grade prostate c ... | 2001 | 11334730 |
| elk-1, c/ebpalpha, and pit-1 confer an insulin-responsive phenotype on prolactin promoter expression in chinese hamster ovary cells and define the factors required for insulin-increased transcription. | the transcription factor(s) that mediate insulin-increased gene transcription are not well defined. these studies use phenotypic conversion of rat2 and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells with transcription factors to identify components required for regulation of prolactin promoter activity and its control by insulin. the pituitary-derived gh4 cells contain all of the transcription factors required for insulin-increased prolactin-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) expression while hela cells ... | 2001 | 11340077 |
| heavy metal contents in egyptian meat and the role of detergent washing on their levels. | pollution of the environment with heavy metals is a serious problem, which is recognized in most countries of the world. metals accumulate in the liver, and particularly in the kidneys. the present study provides information about the concentrations of metals in animal organs from both rural and industrial areas. it was surprising that the pb, cd, zn, cu, mn and fe contents in muscle, liver, kidney, heart and spleen in industrial areas were higher than in the same organs of rural areas. lead con ... | 2001 | 11346490 |
| expression of a class 1 knotted1-like homeobox gene is down-regulated in pea compound leaf primordia. | differences in knotted1-like (knox) gene expression may account for some of the diversity of leaf forms seen in nature. class 1 knox genes are expressed in the compound leaf primordia of tomato but not in the simple leaf primordia of a range of species examined so far. in order to test the hypothesis that all compound leaves differ from simple leaves in this way, we isolated a class 1 knox cdna from pea, pskn1 (pisum sativum knotted1) and examined its expression pattern. the encoded homeodomain ... | 2001 | 11352458 |
| hydrophobic as well as charged residues in both mek1 and erk2 are important for their proper docking. | docking between mek1 and erk2 is required for their stable interaction and efficient signal transmission. the mek1 n terminus contains the erk docking or d domain that consists of conserved hydrophobic and basic residues. we mutated the hydrophobic and basic residues individually and found that loss of either type reduced mek1 phosphorylation of erk2 in vitro and its ability to bind to erk2 in vivo. moreover, erk2 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus when co-expressed with mek1 th ... | 2001 | 11352917 |
| mother-offspring bonding in farmed red deer: accuracy of visual observation verified by dna analysis. | the accuracy of a maternity assessment based on visual observation was tested during the post parturient phase in farmed red deer. the mother of the calf was determined using visual observation of the hind's peri-parturient and early maternal behaviour during the first week of the calf's life. this assessment was compared with genetic analysis based on dna microsatellite polymorphism. data for 48 new-born calves and 50 hinds were compared. the visual assessment of maternity was correct in 43 of ... | 2001 | 11358612 |
| disabled-2 exerts its tumor suppressor activity by uncoupling c-fos expression and map kinase activation. | disabled-2 (dab2) is a putative tumor suppressor in breast and ovarian cancers. its expression is lost in a majority of tumors, and homozygous deletions have been identified in a small percentage of tumors. dab2 expression is absent or very low in the majority of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines, including mcf-7 and sk-br-3 breast cancer cells. transfection and expression of dab2 in mcf-7 and sk-br-3 cells suppress tumorigenicity. the cells reach a much lower saturation density and have redu ... | 2001 | 11359772 |
| effects of age, sex and density on body weight of norwegian red deer: evidence of density-dependent senescence. | there are only a few recent studies that have demonstrated senescence in ungulates and nothing is known regarding how patterns of senescence may vary as a function of density senescence in general is linked to the cost of reproduction, which probably increases with density in ungulates and may differ between the sexes. further, senescence in ungulates is also regarded to be a function of tooth wear rates. as density dependence and sexual differences in food choice have been well documented, this ... | 2001 | 11370963 |
| docking sites on substrate proteins direct extracellular signal-regulated kinase to phosphorylate specific residues. | mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) are important signaling proteins that phosphorylate (s/t)p sites in many different protein substrates. erk binding to substrate proteins is mediated by docking sites including the fxfp motif and the d-domain. we characterized the sequence of amino acids that can constitute the fxfp motif using peptide and protein substrates. substitutions of the phenylalanines at positions 1 and 3 had significant effects, ... | 2001 | 11371562 |
| calf growth in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effects of birth date and hind milk production and composition. | this study examines effects of birth date, hind milk production and its composition, and weight of hind and calf at birth (hbw and cbw, respectively) on calf growth responses born to iberian hinds (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and lactating over 34 wk. males showed daily gains greater than those of females (p = 0.04). calf birth weight was strongly related to calf gain over a standard (15-wk) lactation (p < 0.01), but hbw did not influence growth or cbw (p > 0.10). after correcting for nutrient su ... | 2001 | 11374528 |
| the role of cholecystokinin in the expression of seasonal variation in the feed intake and eating pattern of red deer (cervus elaphus). | the role of cholecystokinin (cck) in the expression of seasonal variation in feed intake and feeding activity in ruminants was investigated by active immunisation of castrated male red deer (cervus elaphus). in april, animals of two groups (five animals per group) were immunised against either cck or vehicle solution only and booster injections were administered at 2-month intervals for the following year. measurements were conducted for a period of more than a year from july. there were no sign ... | 2001 | 11399313 |
| glucose potentiates interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta)-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in rat pancreatic islets of langerhans. | the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) is cytotoxic to rat pancreatic beta-cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. il-1 beta causes expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and production of nitric oxide (no). no may be the mediator of the cytotoxic effect of il-1 beta in rat islets and beta-cell lines. glucose has been shown to modulate the effects of il-1 beta on accumulated insulin release and potentiate no production in rat i ... | 2001 | 11399523 |
| sequential activation of protein kinase c (pkc)-alpha and pkc-epsilon contributes to sustained raf/erk1/2 activation in endothelial cells under mechanical strain. | endothelial cells (ecs) are constantly subjected to hemodynamic forces including cyclic pressure-induced strain. the role of protein kinase c (pkc) in cyclic strain-treated ecs was studied. pkc activities were induced as cyclic strain was initiated. cyclic strain to ecs caused activation of pkc-alpha and -epsilon. the translocation of pkc-alpha and -epsilon but not pkc-beta from the cytosolic to membrane fraction was observed. an early transient activation of pkc-alpha versus a late but sustaine ... | 2001 | 11399752 |
| exploring red deer culling strategies using a population-specific calibrated management model. | wildlife management is generally carried out under conditions of uncertainty. the exact population size is unknown, its future dynamics are uncertain and clear management objectives are often not formulated. in order to provide management advice in this situation, a framework is presented for combining different sources of information using a bayesian approach for calibrating a management model. harvesting strategies can then be explored based on predictions of future populations size and struct ... | 2001 | 11400464 |
| ionomycin causes activation of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neutrophils. | many receptor-linked agents that prime or activate the nadph oxidase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) elicit changes in cytosolic ca2+ concentration and activate mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases. to investigate the role of ca2+ in the activation of p38 and p42/44 map kinases, we examined the effects of the ca2+-selective ionophore ionomycin on priming and activation of the pmn oxidase. ionomycin caused a rapid rise in cytosolic ca2+ that was due to both a release of cytosolic ca2+ ... | 2001 | 11401859 |
| disassociation of mapk activation and c-fos expression in f9 embryonic carcinoma cells following retinoic acid-induced endoderm differentiation. | retinoic acid induces cell differentiation and suppresses cell growth in a wide spectrum of cell lines, and down-regulation of activator protein-1 activity by retinoic acid contributes to these effects. in embryonic stem cell-like f9 teratocarcinoma cells, which are widely used to study retinoic acid actions on gene regulation and early embryonic differentiation, retinoic acid treatment for 4 days resulted in suppression of cell growth and differentiation into primitive and then visceral endoder ... | 2001 | 11402055 |
| evaluation of membrane integrity of frozen/thawed deer spermatozoa: short communication. | a simultaneous live/dead and acrosome staining, originally described for domestic mammals, was successfully applied on red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens of shot stags. the staining is simple enough for routine application. seven classes of spermatozoa were distinguished in the smears of frozen/thawed semen samples. morphology, including cytoplasmic droplets, was evaluated as well. percentage of live cells with ... | 2001 | 11402651 |
| the "linh duong" pseudonovibos spiralis (mammalia, artiodactyla) is a new buffalo. | the controversial phylogenetic position of the recently described south-east asian endemic bovid, pseudonovibos spiralis, was evaluated on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of originally obtained nearly complete 12s mitochondrial rdna sequences for this species and bubalus bubalis and 26 sequences of bovidae from the genbank using cervus elaphus (cervidae) as outgroup. in most of the phylogenetic analyses performed using paup 4.0 (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining), bo ... | 2001 | 11402841 |
| activity synchrony and social cohesion: a fission-fusion model. | a social group can only be spatially coherent if its members synchronize activities such as foraging and resting. however, activity synchronization is costly to individuals if it requires them to postpone an activity that would be personally more profitable in order to do what the rest of the group is doing. such costs will be particularly high in groups whose members belong to different age, size or sex classes since the optimal allocation of time to various activities is likely to differ betwe ... | 2000 | 11413635 |
| similarity indices for spatial ecological data. | we present a method for assessing similarity between species maps of presence and absence or abundance that emphasizes global features while ignoring minor local dissimilarities. the method arranges sites into small groups, or cliques, and allows controlled changes to be made within cliques to reduce the influence of local discrepancies. resulting measures of similarity are visually more satisfactory than traditional indices. we show that the similarity indices are useful for model selection by ... | 2001 | 11414575 |
| the epidemiology of childhood asthma in red deer and medicine hat, alberta. | to document the prevalence of asthma among school-aged children in two alberta communities, to understand host and indoor environmental factors associated with asthma, and to compare these factors between the two communities. | 2001 | 11420589 |
| sustained activation of the raf/mek/erk pathway in response to egf in stable cell lines expressing the hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein. | chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) worldwide. the hcv capside core is a multifunctional protein with regulatory functions that affects transcription and cell growth in vitro and in vivo. here, we show that both hcv genotype 1a and 3 core proteins activate mek1 and erk1/2 map kinases and that the costitutive expression of the hcv core results in a high basal activity of raf1 and map/kinase/kinase, as determined by end ... | 2001 | 11420671 |
| gonadotrophin-induced follicle development in red deer hinds during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. | the effect of exogenous equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) and endogenous (gnrh-treatment) gonadotrophins in promoting antral follicle development in red deer hinds was assessed during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. after progesterone pretreatment, hinds received no further treatment, a single injection of 300 iu equine chorionic gonadotrophin or infusion of gnrh (1.0 microg h(-1)) for up to 4 days. ovaries were recovered (n = 5 per group) at the time of, or 36 h after, progesterone re ... | 2001 | 11425335 |
| differential expression of genes encoding subthreshold-operating voltage-gated k+ channels in brain. | the members of the three subfamilies (eag, erg, and elk) of the ether-a-go-go (eag) family of potassium channel pore-forming subunits express currents that, like the m-current (i(m)), could have considerable influence on the subthreshold properties of neuronal membranes, and hence the control of excitability. a nonradioactive in situ hybridization (nr-ish) study of the distribution of the transcripts encoding the eight known eag family subunits in rat brain was performed to identify neuronal pop ... | 2001 | 11425889 |
| variation in antral follicle development during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle in red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds. | the aim of this study was to quantify antral follicle populations in cyclic red deer hinds and to monitor follicle development leading to ovulation. oestrus was synchronized with exogenous progesterone and ovaries were recovered approximately 0, 12, 24 or 36 h (follicular phase) or 10 days (luteal phase) after progesterone withdrawal (n = 5 per group). all follicles > or = 2 mm in diameter were dissected out, health status was assessed, follicular fluid oestradiol content was measured, granulosa ... | 2001 | 11427157 |
| metal levels in body tissues, forage and fecal pellets of elk (cervus elaphus) living near the ore smelters at sudbury, ontario. | ontario's only free-ranging elk herd located at burwash-french river has been subjected to the influence of historic copper-nickel-iron (cu-ni-fe) ore smelting operations within the sudbury area. metal levels in selected body tissues, preferred forage items and fecal pellets were determined, and their potential effects on health and reproductive viability assessed. significant age effects were apparent in 13 out of 31 tissue metal values obtained, with most age-related differences attributable t ... | 2001 | 11428143 |
| tissue interactions and antlerogenesis: new findings revealed by a xenograft approach. | tissue interactions play a pivotal role in organogenesis. here we describe a xenograft approach to investigate how heterotypic tissue interactions control antler formation in deer. deciduous antlers grow from the apices of permanent protuberances, called pedicles. histogenesis of pedicles depends on the antlerogenic periosteum (ap). pedicles and growing antlers are made up of interior osseocartilage (a mixture of bone and cartilaginous tissue) and exterior skin. in a previous study we hypothesis ... | 2001 | 11429760 |
| risk factors for dystocia in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | to analyse data from a study of deer herd health and productivity to identify potential risk factors for the occurrence of dystocia. | 2001 | 11432003 |
| seasonal changes in prevalence and intensity of hypoderma actaeon in cervus elaphus from central spain. | hypodermosis in red deer, cervus elaphus linnaeus (artilodactyla: cervidae), caused by the warble fly, hypoderma actaeon latreille (diptera: oestridae), was studied at quintos de mora (toledo, spain) over a one-year period between october 1994 and september 1995. one hundred and twenty-five red deer were examined for the presence of warble fly larvae. the prevalence of warbles was 44.8% and the intensity of infection was 38.29 (sd +/- 61.32) warbles/deer infected. clear seasonal variations were ... | 2001 | 11434555 |
| behavioural responses of red deer to fences of five different designs. | capercaillie, a large species of grouse, are sometimes killed when they fly into high-tensile deer fences. a fence design which is lower or has a less rigid top section than conventional designs would reduce bird deaths, but such fences would still have to be deer-proof. the short-term behavioural responses of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) to fences of five designs, including four that were designed to be less damaging to capercaillie, were measured. five deer were located on one side of a fe ... | 2001 | 11434963 |
| concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-i in adult male white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus): associations with serum testosterone, morphometrics and age during and after the breeding season. | our understanding of insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in cervids has been limited mostly to its effects on antler development in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama), and pudu (pudu puda). although igf-i has been found to play a critical role in reproductive function of other mammals, its role in reproduction of deer is unknown. the objectives of the present study were to determine if serum levels of igf-i change during the breeding season, asses ... | 2001 | 11440874 |
| cd28 signaling augments elk-1-dependent transcription at the c-fos gene during antigen stimulation. | untransformed cd4(+) th1 cells stimulated with ag and apc demonstrated a dependence on b7- and cd28-mediated costimulatory signals for the expression and function of ap-1 proteins. the induction of transactivation by the c-fos gene regulator elk-1 mirrored this requirement for tcr and cd28 signal integration. c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) (but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38) protein kinase activity was similarly inhibited by neutralizing anti-b7 mabs. blockade of jnk protein ki ... | 2001 | 11441089 |
| crkl is recruited through its sh2 domain to the erythropoietin receptor and plays a role in lyn-mediated receptor signaling. | the erythropoietin (epo) receptor transduces its signals by activating physically associated tyrosine kinases, mainly jak2 and lyn, and thereby inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrates including the epo receptor (epor) itself. we previously demonstrated that, in epo-stimulated cells, an adapter protein, crkl, becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated, physically associates with shc, shp-2, and cbl, and plays a role in activation of the ras/erk signaling pathway. here, we demonstrate that ep ... | 2001 | 11443118 |
| morphological variability of forestomach mucosal membrane in red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon. | the number and size of ruminal papillae, reticular cells and omasal laminae in free-living game deer (red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon) were examined. mucosal membrane (mm) specimens were collected from the forestomachs of hunted deer. these parameters were assessed as related to the grazing environment, sex and age of animals. the number and size of ruminal papillae corresponded the best to the feeding specialization of the respective deer species and affecting factors. in two areas ... | 2001 | 11445418 |
| direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three california counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission. | to estimate direct and indirect contact rates on livestock facilities and distance traveled between herd contacts. | 2001 | 11453490 |
| extremely low-dose ionizing radiation causes activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and enhances proliferation of normal human diploid cells. | we demonstrated here that x-ray irradiation at very low doses of between 2 and 5 cgy stimulated proliferation of normal human diploid cells and human tumor cells. higher doses of irradiation at >1 gy accumulated p53 protein and induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/2. phosphorylation of erk1/2 decreased with dose down to 50 cgy, however, doses of between 5 cgy and 2 cgy phosphorylated erk1/2 as efficiently as higher doses of x-rays, whereas the p53 protein leve ... | 2001 | 11454682 |
| selective potentiation of paclitaxel (taxol)-induced cell death by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in human cancer cell lines. | activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway in hela and chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with paclitaxel (taxol) and other microtubule interacting agents has been investigated. using a trans-reporting system, the phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factors elk-1 and c-jun was measured. concentration- and time-dependent activation of the elk-1 pathway, mediated primarily by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) component of the mapk family, was ... | 2001 | 11455016 |
| altered regulation of erk1b by mek1 and ptp-sl and modified elk1 phosphorylation by erk1b are caused by abrogation of the regulatory c-terminal sequence of erks. | erk1b is an alternatively spliced form of erk1, containing a 26-amino acid insertion between residues 340 and 341 of erk1. although under most circumstances the kinetics of erk1b activation are similar to that of erk1 and erk2, we have previously found several conditions under which the activation of erk1b by extracellular stimuli differs from that of other erks. we studied the molecular mechanisms that cause this differential regulation of erk1b and found that erk1b is altered in its ability to ... | 2001 | 11463794 |
| inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus). | evolutionary and conservation biologists have a long-standing interest in the consequences of inbreeding. it is generally recognized that inbred individuals may experience reduced fitness or inbreeding depression. by the same token, relatively outbred individuals can have greater than average fitness, i.e. heterosis. however, nearly all of the empirical evidence for inbreeding depression comes from laboratory or domestic species. inbreeding depression and heterosis are difficult to detect in nat ... | 2000 | 11467429 |
| akt serine threonine kinase regulates platelet-derived growth factor-induced dna synthesis in glomerular mesangial cells: regulation of c-fos and p27(kip1) gene expression. | proliferation of mesangial cells requires platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (pdgfr)-mediated signal transduction. we have previously shown that activation of phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase is necessary for pdgfr-induced dna synthesis in these cells. the mechanism by which pi 3-kinase stimulates dna synthesis is not known. one target of pi 3-kinase, akt serine threonine kinase, regulates survival of many cells by inhibiting the actions of certain proapoptotic proteins. in this stud ... | 2001 | 11470779 |