Publications

description of a nanobody-based competitive immunoassay to detect tsetse fly exposure.	tsetse flies are the main vectors of human and animal african trypanosomes. the tsal proteins in tsetse fly saliva were previously identified as suitable biomarkers of bite exposure. a new competitive assay was conceived based on nanobody (nb) technology to ameliorate the detection of anti-tsal antibodies in mammalian hosts.	2015	25658871
molecular characterization of echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from farm animals in egypt.	little is known on the diversity and public health significance of echinococcus species in livestock in egypt. in this study, 37 individual hydatid cysts were collected from dromedary camels (n=28), sheep (n=7) and buffalos (n=2). dna was extracted from protoscoleces/germinal layer of individual cysts and amplified by pcr targeting nuclear (actin ii) and mitochondrial (cox1 and nad1) genes. direct sequencing of amplicons indicated the presence of echinococcus canadenesis (g6 genotype) in 26 of 2 ...	2015	25760944
inhibition of type vi secretion by an anti-tssm llama nanobody.	the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a secretion pathway widespread in gram-negative bacteria that targets toxins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. although most t6sss identified so far are involved in inter-bacterial competition, a few are directly required for full virulence of pathogens. the t6ss comprises 13 core proteins that assemble a large complex structurally and functionally similar to a phage contractile tail structure anchored to the cell envelope by a trans-membrane spanni ...	2015	25811612
occupational exposure to dromedaries and risk for mers-cov infection, qatar, 2013-2014.	we determined the presence of neutralizing antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in persons in qatar with and without dromedary contact. antibodies were only detected in those with contact, suggesting dromedary exposure as a risk factor for infection. findings also showed evidence for substantial underestimation of the infection in populations at risk in qatar.	2015	26196891
a sensitive and specific antigen detection assay for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.	since its emergence in 2012, more than 900 laboratory-confirmed cases of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) have been reported with a fatality rate of more than 30%. however, no antigen detection assay for commercial use is available for diagnosis. in this study, the full-length nucleocapsid protein (np) gene of mers coronavirus (mers-cov) was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. a mers-cov np capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using two mers-cov-np-specific monoclonal a ...	2015	26421268
transient conformers of lacy are trapped by nanobodies.	the lactose permease of escherichia coli (lacy), a highly dynamic membrane protein, catalyzes symport of a galactopyranoside and an h(+) by using an alternating access mechanism, and the transport cycle involves multiple conformational states. single-domain camelid nanobodies (nbs) developed against a lacy mutant immobilized in an outward (periplasmic)-open conformation bind to the flexible wt protein and stabilize the open-outward conformation(s). here, we use site-directed, distance-dependent ...	2015	26512108
nanobodies: site-specific labeling for super-resolution imaging, rapid epitope-mapping and native protein complex isolation.	nanobodies are single-domain antibodies of camelid origin. we generated nanobodies against the vertebrate nuclear pore complex (npc) and used them in storm imaging to locate individual npc proteins with <2 nm epitope-label displacement. for this, we introduced cysteines at specific positions in the nanobody sequence and labeled the resulting proteins with fluorophore-maleimides. as nanobodies are normally stabilized by disulfide-bonded cysteines, this appears counterintuitive. yet, our analysis ...	2015	26633879
algal chloroplast produced camelid vh h antitoxins are capable of neutralizing botulinum neurotoxin.	we have produced three antitoxins consisting of the variable domains of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (vh h) by expressing the genes in the chloroplast of green algae. these antitoxins accumulate as soluble proteins capable of binding and neutralizing botulinum neurotoxin. furthermore, they accumulate at up to 5% total soluble protein, sufficient expression to easily produce these antitoxins at scale from algae. the genes for the three different antitoxins were transformed into chlamydomon ...	2015	25229405
overexpression, purification and enzymatic characterization of a recombinant arabian camel camelus dromedarius glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.	in a previous study the full-length open reading frame of the arabian camel, camelus dromedarius liver cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) cdna was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the c. dromedarius cdna was found to be 1545 nucleotides (accession number jn098421) that encodes a protein of 515 amino acids residues. in the present study, c. dromedarius recombinant g6pd was heterologously overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) plyss and purifi ...	2015	26363117
production, crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of a complex between a fragment of the tssm t6ss protein and a camelid nanobody.	the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a machine evolved by gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxin effectors into target bacterial or eukaryotic cells. the t6ss is functionally and structurally similar to the contractile tail of the myoviridae family of bacteriophages and can be viewed as a syringe anchored to the bacterial membrane by a transenvelope complex. the membrane complex is composed of three proteins: the tssm and tssl inner membrane components and the tssj outer membrane lipoprotein. ...	2015	25760699
preparation and characterization of novel igg affinity resin coupling anti-fc camelid single-domain antibodies.	this work aimed to evaluate novel affinity resin used to purify immunoglobulin g (igg) with a variable domain of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibody (vhh) as an affinity ligand. the vhh, isolated from a naïve camelid single-domain phage display library, exhibits not only affinity to the fragment crystallizable (fc) region of igg but also high thermal stability. this anti-fc vhh (afv) was expressed as a soluble protein in escherichia coli and purified using a simple heat treatment procedu ...	2015	25614967
heat-labile enterotoxin iia, a platform to deliver heterologous proteins into neurons.	cholera toxin (ct) and the related heat-labile enterotoxins (lt) of escherichia coli have been implicated as adjuvants in human therapies, but reactivity upon intranasal delivery dampened efforts to develop other clinical applications. however, each ct family member variant has unique biological properties that may warrant development as therapeutic platforms. in the current study, a nontoxic variant of the heat-labile enterotoxin iia (ltiia) was engineered to deliver heterologous, functional pr ...	2015	26265718
production and characterization of a camelid single domain antibody-urease enzyme conjugate for the treatment of cancer.	a novel immunoconjugate (l-dos47) was developed and characterized as a therapeutic agent for tumors expressing ceacam6. the single domain antibody afaikl2, which targets ceacam6, was expressed in the escherichia coli bl21 (de3) pt7-7 system. high purity urease (hpu) was extracted and purified from jack bean meal. afaikl2 was activated using n-succinimidyl [4-iodoacetyl] aminobenzoate (siab) as the cross-linker and then conjugated to urease. the activation and conjugation reactions were controlle ...	2015	25938892
one-step immunoassay for tetrabromobisphenol a using a camelid single domain antibody-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein.	tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) is a ubiquitous brominated flame retardant, showing widespread environmental and human exposures. a variable domain of the heavy chain antibody (vhh), naturally occurring in camelids, approaches the lower size limit of functional antigen-binding entities. the ease of genetic manipulation makes such vhhs a superior choice to use as an immunoreagent. in this study, a highly selective anti-tbbpa vhh t3-15 fused with alkaline phosphatase (ap) from e. coli was expressed, ...	2015	25849972
molecular genotyping of echinococcus granulosus from dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) in eastern iran.	with the aim of genotyping echinococcus granulosus cysts found in iranian dromedaries (camelus dromedarius), 50 cysts of e. granulosus were collected from five geographical regions in iran. cysts were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) gene and sequencing fragments of the genes coding for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). morphological criteria using rostellar ho ...	2015	24018210
mechanisms of ricin toxin neutralization revealed through engineered homodimeric and heterodimeric camelid antibodies.	novel antibody constructs consisting of two or more different camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (vhhs) joined via peptide linkers have proven to have potent toxin-neutralizing activity in vivo against shiga, botulinum, clostridium difficile, anthrax, and ricin toxins. however, the mechanisms by which these so-called bispecific vhh heterodimers promote toxin neutralization remain poorly understood. in the current study we produced a new collection of ricin-specific vhh heterodimers, as well as ...	2015	26396190
multiplex pcr for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary camels.	pox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. three distinct viruses may cause them: camelpox virus (cmlv), camel parapox virus (cppv) and camelus dromedary papilloma virus (cdpv). these diseases are often difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. molecular methods such as pcr targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify these diseases, but n ...	2015	26148497
culicoides vector species on three south american camelid farms seropositive for bluetongue virus serotype 8 in germany 2008/2009.	palearctic species of culicoides (diptera, ceratopogonidae), in particular of the obsoletus and pulicaris complexes, were identified as putative vectors of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) on ruminant farms during the epizootic in germany from 2006 to 2009. btv may cause severe morbidity and mortality in ruminants and sporadically in south american camelids (sac). however, the fauna of culicoides spp. on sac farms has not been investigated. therefore, the ceratopogonid fauna was monitored on ...	2015	26489592
a novel dromedary camel enterovirus in the family picornaviridae from dromedaries in the middle east.	the recent emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus from the middle east and the discovery of the virus from dromedary camels have boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. whilst picornaviruses are known to infect various animals, their existence in dromedaries was unknown. we describe the discovery of a novel picornavirus, dromedary camel enterovirus (dcev), from dromedaries in dubai. among 215 dromedaries, dcev was detected in faecal samples of four (1. ...	2015	25805410
enterococcus bulliens sp. nov., a novel lactic acid bacterium isolated from camel milk.	four lactic acid bacteria isolates obtained from fresh dromedary camel milk produced in dakhla, a city in southern morocco, were characterised in order to determine their taxonomic position. the four isolates had highly similar maldi-tof ms and rapd fingerprints and identical 16s rrna gene sequences. comparative sequence analysis revealed that the 16s rrna gene sequence of the four isolates was most similar to that of enterococcus sulfureus atcc 49903(t) and enterococcus italicus dsm 15952(t) (9 ...	2015	26346480
selection of nanobodies that block the enzymatic and cytotoxic activities of the binary clostridium difficile toxin cdt.	the spore-forming gut bacterium clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. the major virulence factors are two large glucosylating cytotoxins. hypervirulent strains (e.g. ribotype 027) with higher morbidity and mortality additionally produce the binary cdt toxin (clostridium difficile transferase) that adp-ribosylates actin and induces microtubule-based cell protrusions. nanobodies are robust single domain antibodies derived from cameli ...	2015	25597743
seroepidemiology of q fever in one-humped camel population in northeast iran.	coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of important zoonotic q fever. it is the etiological agent of coxiellosis or q fever in animals and human. this seroepidemiological survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of coxiellosis in increasingly camel raised population in vast area of khorasan (north, south, and razavi) provinces, northeast iran. using cluster random sampling strategy, 167 camels in 11 counties were selected as serum samples. sera ...	2015	26070292
characterization of single-domain antibodies against foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o from a camelid and imaging of fmdv in baby hamster kidney-21 cells with single-domain antibody-quantum dots probes.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes significant economic losses to husbandry worldwide. the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhhs or single domain antibodies, sdabs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies.	2015	26001568
draft genome sequence of the moderately heat-tolerant lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bv. diacetylactis strain gl2 from algerian dromedary milk.	lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bv. diacetylactis gl2 is a moderately thermotolerant lactic acid bacterium isolated from dromedary raw milk. here, we present the draft genome sequence of this potential new dairy starter strain, which combines thermotolerance and the capacity to metabolize lactose, casein, and citrate.	2015	26586883
phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on b2l gene sequence.	camel contagious ecthyma (cce) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (ppv) of the family poxviridae. the disease has been reported in west and east of the sudan causing economical losses. however, the ppvs that cause the disease in camels of the sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. at present, the ppv that cause cce cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed.	2015	26260127
characterization of gm-csf-inhibitory factor and uracil dna glycosylase encoding genes from camel pseudocowpoxvirus.	the present study describes the pcr amplification of gm-csf-inhibitory factor (gif) and uracil dna glycosylase (udg) encoding genes of pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) from the indian dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) infected with contagious ecthyma using the primers based on the corresponding gene sequences of human pcpv and reindeer pcpv, respectively. the length of gif gene of pcpv obtained from camel is 795 bp and due to the addition of one cytosine residue at position 374 and one adenine residue a ...	2015	25816930
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in two different camel species by conventional and molecular techniques.	paratuberculosis (john's disease) is infectious and chronically progressive granulomatous disease which affects domestic and wild ruminants. the causative agent is mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), a slow growing mycobactin dependent acid-fast bacillus. we investigated the detection and frequency of map in apparently healthy dromedary and bactrian camels by insertion sequence 900 (is900) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and acid fast staining of fecal samples in iran. acid fast staining ...	2015	26973771
high affinity anti-internalin b vhh antibody fragments isolated from naturally and artificially immunized repertoires.	the need for rapid and easy technologies for the detection of food-borne and environmental pathogens is essential for safeguarding the health of populations. furthermore, distribution of tainted food and water can have consequences which can affect whole economies. antibodies and antibody fragments have been historically used in detection platforms due to their antigen specificity and robust physicochemical properties. in this study, we report the isolation and characterization of antibody fragm ...	2015	25450000
[molecular diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of the first mers case in turkey].	coronaviruses (cov) are enveloped, spherical, single-stranded positive-sense rna viruses causing mainly respiratory and intestinal infections in animals and humans. until recently five types of human coronaviruses (hcov-oc43, hcov-hku1, hcov-nl63, hcov-229e, sars-cov) have been known, however a novel cov has been identified in 2012 in saudi arabia. this virus, namely mers-cov (middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus), was classified within coronaviridae family, coronavirinae sub-family, bet ...	2015	26313282
intracellular expression of camelid single-domain antibodies specific for influenza virus nucleoprotein uncovers distinct features of its nuclear localization.	perturbation of protein-protein interactions relies mostly on genetic approaches or on chemical inhibition. small rna viruses, such as influenza a virus, do not easily lend themselves to the former approach, while chemical inhibition requires that the target protein be druggable. a lack of tools thus constrains the functional analysis of influenza virus-encoded proteins. we generated a panel of camelid-derived single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) against influenza virus nucleoprotein (np), a ...	2015	25540369
tandem fusion of hepatitis b core antigen allows assembly of virus-like particles in bacteria and plants with enhanced capacity to accommodate foreign proteins.	the core protein of the hepatitis b virus, hbcag, assembles into highly immunogenic virus-like particles (hbc vlps) when expressed in a variety of heterologous systems. specifically, the major insertion region (mir) on the hbcag protein allows the insertion of foreign sequences, which are then exposed on the tips of surface spike structures on the outside of the assembled particle. here, we present a novel strategy which aids the display of whole proteins on the surface of hbc particles. this st ...	2015	25830365
characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of dromedary camel hepatitis e virus generated by recombinant baculoviruses.	dromedary camel hepatitis e virus (dchev), a novel hepatitis e virus, has been identified in dromedary camels in dubai, united arab emirates. the antigenicity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of this virus have been unclear. here we first used a recombinant baculovirus expression system to express the 13 and 111 n-terminus amino-acid-truncated dchev orf2 protein in insect tn5 cells, and we obtained two types of virus-like particles (vlps) with densities of 1.300 g/cm(3) and 1.285 g/cm(3), respect ...	2015	26160190
hepatitis e: a disease of reemerging importance.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. originally considered to be restricted to humans, it is now clear that hev and hev-like viruses have several animal reservoirs with complex ecology and genetic diversity, as exemplified by the recent discovery of hev in dromedaries, a previously underestimated reservoir of zoonotic viruses prior to the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. zoonotic foodborne transmission from pigs and feral ...	2015	25773541
the arabian camel camelus dromedarius heat shock protein 90α: cdna cloning, characterization and expression.	heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) is a highly conserved ubiquitous molecular chaperone contributing to assisting folding, maintenance of structural integrity and proper regulation of a subset of cytosolic proteins. in the present study, a heat shock protein 90α full length coding cdna was isolated and cloned from the arabian one-humped camel by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the full length cdna sequence was submitted to ncbi genebank under the accession number kf612338. t ...	2015	26234578
selection and characterization of camelid nanobodies towards urokinase-type plasminogen activator.	urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa) is a trypsin-like serine protease that plays a vital role in extracellular conversion of inactive plasminogen into catalytically active plasmin. activated plasmin facilitates the release of several proteolytic enzymes, which control processes like pericellular proteolysis and remodeling of ecm. upa and the receptor upar, are overexpressed in a number of malignant tumours and upa/upar play major roles in adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of ca ...	2015	25749705
development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single-domain antibody.	hottentotta saulcyi, medically important scorpion species, causes some of harmful toxic exposure in iran. administrated, conventional antivenom-based immunotherapy is still limited and hardly meet ideal characteristic of effective treatment for scorpion envenomation. in this study we aimed to develop a neutralizing agent directed against scorpion venom based on vhh, variable domain of the camelidae heavy chain antibody or nanobody. this promising biomolecule is well-established as an advantageou ...	2015	26468036
a retrospective study on clinical findings of 7300 cases (2007-2014) of barren female dromedaries.	the objective of this study was to investigate the clinical findings in barren female dromedaries examined for different complaints. female camels were examined for repeat breeding with regular heat interval (rb-r, n = 5444), refused mating (rm, n = 1299), repeat breeding with long heat interval (rb-l, n = 489), difficulties or bleeding during mating (dm, n = 53), and for manifestation of male-like behavior (mb, n = 15). the genital tracts of all females were evaluated using transrectal palpatio ...	2015	25935372
pathology and diagnosis of mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in india.	the present study investigated the pathological features of tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis and its diagnosis in naturally infected dromedary camels from an organized farm in india. during the period of the 5-year study, a total of 18 (19.56 %) camels out of 92 examined showed gross lesions compatible with tb at post-mortem. the clinical signs and pathological lesions in these camels were studied, and the efficacy of different diagnostic tests was also assessed. on the basis of o ...	2015	26298084
taxonomy and phylogeny of trichuris globulosa von linstow, 1901 from camels. a review of trichuris species parasitizing herbivorous.	at the present work, we carried out a morph-biometrical and molecular study of trichuris species isolated from camelus dromedarius from iran and from ovis aries from south africa comparatively with other species of trichuris from different herbivorous hosts and geographical regions. the population from camels from iran was identified as trichuris globulosa. two different morphometrically populations of trichuris sp. from sheep from south africa were identified: trichuris ovis and trichuris skrja ...	2015	26070887
molecular detection of rickettsia aeschlimannii in hyalomma spp. ticks from camels (camelus dromedarius) in nigeria, west africa.	several species of the spotted fever group rickettsiae have been identified as emerging pathogens throughout the world, including in africa. in this study, 197 hyalomma ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) collected from 51 camels (camelus dromedarius) in kano, northern nigeria, were screened by amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase (glta), outer membrane protein a (ompa) and 17-kda antigen gene fragments. rickettsia sp. glta fragments were detected in 43.3% (42/97) of the tick pools tested. ...	2015	25565180
complete genome sequence of staphylococcus aureus, strain ilri_eymole1/1, isolated from a kenyan dromedary camel.	we report the genome of a staphylococcus aureus strain (ilri_eymole1/1) isolated from a nasal swab of a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) in north kenya. the complete genome sequence of this strain consists of a circular chromosome of 2,874,302 bp with a gc-content of 32.88 %. in silico annotation predicted 2755 protein-encoding genes and 76 non-coding genes. this isolate belongs to mlst sequence type 30 (st30). phylogenetic analysis based on a subset of 283 core genes revealed that it falls ...	2015	26594310
streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus pleuropneumonia and peritonitis in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) calf in north america.	a 12-week-old female dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) calf was evaluated because of acute (< 24 hours) inappetence and lethargy. the calf was being bottle-fed because of maternal rejection.	2015	26176731
vector identification and clinical, hematological, biochemical, and parasitological characteristics of camel (camelus dromedarius) theileriosis in egypt.	the objectives of the present study were to identify a possible tick vector and to determine the prevalence of camel theileriosis in egypt using blood smears stained with giemsa's stain and pcr assay. hemogram and serum biochemical constituents were also investigated. a total of 243 camels, aged 3-5 years, were examined. the results revealed that 75 (30.86 %) camels were infected with theileria spp. of giemsa-stained blood smears. hyalomma dromedarii was identified as the carrier tick of theiler ...	2015	25677167
a study on the status of inflammatory systems in camels naturally infected with toxoplasma gondii.	toxoplasma gondii is a unique intracellular parasite with a worldwide distribution. this parasite infects a variety of cells in a wide range of animal species such as dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). in order to evaluate the pattern of possible changes in the blood level of some inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes in camels infected with t. gondii, blood samples were taken from a total of 493 dromedary camels and serum concentrations of inflammatory mediators, acute phase prote ...	2015	25846570
protective effect of different anti-rabies virus vhh constructs against rabies disease in mice.	rabies virus causes lethal brain infection in about 61000 people per year. each year, tens of thousands of people receive anti-rabies prophylaxis with plasma-derived immunoglobulins and vaccine soon after exposure. anti-rabies immunoglobulins are however expensive and have limited availability. vhh are the smallest antigen-binding functional fragments of camelid heavy chain antibodies, also called nanobodies. the therapeutic potential of anti-rabies vhh was examined in a mouse model using intran ...	2014	25347556
evaluation of the microbial quality of fresh ejaculates of camel (camelus dromedarius) semen.	a series of five factorial arranged experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different management during semen collection on the microbial quality (bacterial load, type of microbes and frequency of isolation) of dromedaries' semen. microbial analysis of seventy-nine fresh ejaculates from twenty-two camels showed the presence of nine variant colonies. the most prevalent organisms in the dromedary semen were species of staphylococcus, bacillus and streptococcus. one yeast species wa ...	2014	25132210
utilizing nanobody technology to target non-immunodominant domains of var2csa.	placental malaria is a major health problem for both pregnant women and their fetuses in malaria endemic regions. it is triggered by the accumulation of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (ie) in the intervillous spaces of the placenta and is associated with foetal growth restriction and maternal anemia. ie accumulation is supported by the binding of the parasite-expressed protein var2csa to placental chondroitin sulfate a (csa). defining specific csa-binding epitopes of var2csa, agains ...	2014	24465459
comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of rift valley fever virus: the 2010 northern mauritania outbreak in the camelus dromedarius species.	rift valley fever (rvf) is a mosquito-borne disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by rvf virus (rvfv), a phlebovirus (bunyaviridae). rvf is widespread in sub-saharan africa. in september of 2010, an rvf outbreak occurred in northern mauritania involving mass abortions in small ruminants and camels (camelus dromedarius) and at least 63 human clinical cases, including 13 deaths. in camels, serological prevalence was 27.5-38.5% (95% confidence interval, n=279). for the first time, clinical ...	2014	25514121
reprint of “inhibition of biofilm formation by camelid single-domainantibodies against the flagellum of pseudomonas aeruginosa”.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms, including burn wound victims. in addition to its intrinsic resistance against most antibiotics, p. aeruginosa has the ability to form biofilms adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. these factors make treatment of p. aeruginosa infections complicated and demand new therapies and drugs. the flagellum of p. aeruginosa plays an important role in cell–cell and cell–surface ...	2014	25450637
inhibition of biofilm formation by camelid single-domain antibodies against the flagellum of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in patients with compromised host defense mechanisms, including burn wound victims. in addition to its intrinsic resistance against most antibiotics, p. aeruginosa has the ability to form biofilms adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. these factors make treatment of p. aeruginosa infections complicated and demand new therapies and drugs. the flagellum of p. aeruginosa plays an important role in cell-cell and cell-surface ...	2014	24997356
haemonchus longistipes railliet & henry, 1909 (nematoda, trichostrongylidae) from the egyptian dromedary, camelus dromedarius (artiodactyla: camelidae), first identification on the basis of light and ultrastructural data.	haemonchus longistipes is a gastrointestinal abomasal nematode which is one of the most prevalent and pathogenic parasites infesting the stomach of ruminants. on the basis of light and ultrastructural data, the objective of the present study was to introduce a first identification of the cameline haemonchosis caused by h. longistipes. abomasa of 42 egyptian camels camelus dromedarius (artiodactyla: camelidae) were collected monthly from september 2013 to april 2014 from the main slaughter house ...	2014	25273629
the effect of fibre source on the numbers of some fibre-degrading bacteria of arabian camel's (camelus dromedarius) foregut origin.	the total bacterial community of fibrobacter succinogenes and ruminococcus flavefaciens in fibre-enriched culture of the foregut contents of 12 adult feral camels (camelus dromedaries) fed on native vegetation in australia was investigated using quantitative pcr. foregut contents were collected postmortem, pooled and filtered before divided into two fractions. one fraction was used for extraction of dna, while the other fraction was inoculated straight away into bm 10 contained filter paper (fp) ...	2014	24898095
outward-facing conformers of lacy stabilized by nanobodies.	the lactose permease of escherichia coli (lacy), a highly dynamic polytopic membrane protein, catalyzes stoichiometric galactoside/h(+) symport by an alternating access mechanism and exhibits multiple conformations, the distribution of which is altered by sugar binding. we have developed single-domain camelid nanobodies (nbs) against a lacy mutant in an outward (periplasmic)-open conformation to stabilize this state of the wt protein. twelve purified nbs inhibit lactose transport in right-side-o ...	2014	25512549
structural basis for the inhibition of hiv-1 nef by a high-affinity binding single-domain antibody.	the hiv-1 nef protein is essential for aids pathogenesis by its interaction with host cell surface receptors and signaling factors. despite its critical role as a virulence factor nef is not targeted by current antiviral strategies.	2014	24620746
tropism and replication of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study.	middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic infection causing severe viral pneumonia, with index cases having resided in or recently travelled to the arabian peninsula, and is a global concern for public health. limited human-to-human transmission, leading to some case clusters, has been reported. mers-cov has been reported in dromedary camels but phenotypic characterisation of such viruses is limited. we aimed to compare mers-cov isolates from dromedaries in saudi arab ...	2014	25174549
in situ proteolysis, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a vhh that binds listeria internalin b.	the variable region of camelid heavy-chain antibodies produces the smallest known antibody fragment with antigen-binding capability (a vhh). the vhh r303 binds internalin b (inlb), a virulence factor expressed by the pathogen listeria monocytogenes. inlb is critical for initiation of listeria infection, as it binds a receptor (c-met) on epithelial cells, triggering the entry of bacteria into host cells. inlb is surface-exposed and is required for virulence, hence a vhh targeting inlb has potenti ...	2014	25372824
new hepatitis e virus genotype in camels, the middle east.	in a molecular epidemiology study of hepatitis e virus (hev) in dromedaries in dubai, united arab emirates, hev was detected in fecal samples from 3 camels. complete genome sequencing of 2 strains showed >20% overall nucleotide difference to known hevs. comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a previously unrecognized hev genotype.	2014	24856611
mycoplasma detection and isolation from one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).	in scientific literature, a small amount of information is found concerning mycoplasmosis in camel species. mycoplasma (m.) arginini, acholeplasma (a.) laidlawii, and acholeplasma oculi have been reported to be isolated from these host species. serologically positive results have been reported for mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc type, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, and m. mycoides subsp. capri. the aims of this study were to detect, isolate, and identify mycoplasmas from ca ...	2014	25059705
structural basis for antibody recognition in the receptor-binding domains of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile.	clostridium difficile infection is a serious and highly prevalent nosocomial disease in which the two large, rho-glucosylating toxins tcda and tcdb are the main virulence factors. we report for the first time crystal structures revealing how neutralizing and non-neutralizing single-domain antibodies (sdabs) recognize the receptor-binding domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb. surprisingly, the complexes formed by two neutralizing antibodies recognizing tcda do not show direct interference with the pre ...	2014	24311789
innocuity and immune response to brucella melitensis rev.1 vaccine in camels (camelus dromedarius).	a field trial was conducted in a camel brucellosis-free herd to evaluate antibody response to the brucella melitensis rev.1 vaccine in camels and assess shedding of the vaccine strain in milk. twenty eight camels were divided into four groups according to their age and vaccination route. groups a (n=3) and b (n=3) consisted of non-pregnant lactating female camels, vaccinated through subcutaneous and conjunctival routes, respectively. groups c (n=10) consisted of 8-11 months old calves vaccinated ...	2014	26623347
camelid brucellosis: a review.	camel brucellosis has been diagnosed in all camel-rearing countries except australia. in many countries the infection is on the rise in old world camels (owcs) due to the uncontrolled trade of live animals. knowledge of camelid brucellosis has increased over the last decade through field investigations, experimental infection trials and comprehensive laboratory testing. infection with brucella melitensis is frequent in owcs and rare with b. abortus. new world camels rarely contract brucellosis. ...	2014	25812208
a review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the mammalian host.	experimental infection studies with bluetongue virus (btv) in the mammalian host have a history that stretches back to the late 18th century. studies in a wide range of ruminant and camelid species as well as mice have been instrumental in understanding btv transmission, bluetongue (bt) pathogenicity/pathogenesis, viral virulence, the induced immune response, as well as reproductive failures associated with btv infection. these studies have in many cases been complemented by in vitro studies wit ...	2014	24462840
protease-resistant single-domain antibodies inhibit campylobacter jejuni motility.	camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (vhhs) are emerging as potential antimicrobial reagents. we have engineered a previously isolated vhh (flagv1m), which binds campylobacter jejuni flagella, for greater thermal and proteolytic stability. mutants of flagv1m were obtained from an error-prone polymerase chain reaction library that was panned in the presence of gastrointestinal (gi) proteases. additional flagv1m mutants were obtained through disulfide-bond engineering. each approach produ ...	2014	24742504
comparative sequence analysis of double stranded rna binding protein encoding gene of parapoxviruses from indian camels.	the dsrna binding protein (rbp) encoding gene of parapoxviruses (ppvs) from the dromedary camels, inhabitating different geographical region of rajasthan, india were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the primers of pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) from finnish reindeer and cloned into pgem-t for sequence analysis. analysis of rbp encoding gene revealed that ppv dna from bikaner shared 98.3% and 76.6% sequence identity at the amino acid level, with pali and udaipur ppv dna, respectively. refer ...	2014	25685494
epidemiological study of hydatidosis in the dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) of different regions of iran.	to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in dromedaries.	2014	25183070
modelling the transmission dynamics of cystic echinococcosis in donkeys of different ages from tunisia.	during the period from march 2006 to july 2009 a total of 2040 slaughtered donkeys were examined for cystic echinococcosis (ce). ce prevalence in donkeys was 8.48% and the infection pressure (0.0088 infections per year) and infection rate (0.0448 cysts per year) appeared to be lower than those previously reported for cattle, sheep, dromedaries and goats in tunisia. however, the number of cysts per infection was relatively high (5.07 cysts per infection). among the 901 collected hydatid cysts the ...	2014	24986435
seroepidemiology of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) population in northeast of iran.		2014	24717205
trim28 and β-actin identified via nanobody-based reverse proteomics approach as possible human glioblastoma biomarkers.	malignant gliomas are among the rarest brain tumours, and they have the worst prognosis. grade iv astrocytoma, known as glioblastoma multiforme (gbm), is a highly lethal disease where the standard therapies of surgery, followed by radiation and chemotherapy, cannot significantly prolong the life expectancy of the patients. tumour recurrence shows more aggressive form compared to the primary tumour, and results in patient survival from 12 to 15 months only. although still controversial, the cance ...	2014	25419715
a rapid live-cell elisa for characterizing antibodies against cell surface antigens of chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its use in isolating algae from natural environments with related cell wall components.	cell walls are essential for most bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and land plants to provide shape, structural integrity and protection from numerous biotic and abiotic environmental factors. in the case of eukaryotic algae, relatively little is known of the composition, structure or mechanisms of assembly of cell walls in individual species or between species and how these differences enable algae to inhabit a great diversity of environments. in this paper we describe the use of camelid antibod ...	2014	25252698
characterization of camel nanobodies specific for superfolder gfp fusion proteins.	superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfgfp) is a fusion tag which plays a dual role in monitoring and purifying the recombinant fusion proteins using specific binders. nanobodies are the smallest intact antigen binding fragments derived from heavy chain-only antibodies (hcabs) occurring in camelids. they are produced as recombinant proteins in e. coli and have different biotechnological applications, including the detection and purification of their specific antigens. to produce anti-sfgfp spe ...	2014	25085037
bioconjugates of rhizavidin with single domain antibodies as bifunctional immunoreagents.	use of the avidin-biotin binding interaction for immunoassay applications is widespread. one advantageous immunoreagent is the recombinant fusion of an antibody fragment with a biotin binding protein. these genetic fusions alleviate the need to prepare chemical conjugates to achieve molecules that combine target recognition with signal transduction or to facilitate the directional immobilization of the binding element. in order for such a fusion protein to be useful, however, it must be able to ...	2014	24946086
recombinant expression and purification of human placental growth factor 1 and specific camel heavy chain polyclonal antibody preparation.	placental growth factor (plgf) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) family. unlike vegf, plgf is dispensable for normal cell development as well as playing various roles in pathological angiogenesis which occurs in tissue ischemia, inflammation, and malignancy. the plgf-1 has been considered as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and targeting of pathological angiogenesis. camelidae serum contains an important fraction of functional antibodies, called heavy-chain anti ...	2014	24596498
comparative studies on genital infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates from camels (camelus dromedarius) and cows (bos indicus) in maiduguri, north-eastern nigeria.	a total of 160 genitalia of camels and cows were investigated in maiduguri, north-eastern nigeria to compare bacterial isolates and the antibacterial susceptibilities of some of the isolates. streptococcus (str.) pyogenes (31%), escherichia (e.) coli (24%) and staphylococcus (s.) aureus (20%) were the most common vaginal bacterial isolates in camels; while e. coli (73%), str. pyogenes (18%) and s. aureus (11%) were the most frequent isolates in the cows. of the 78 uterine isolates recovered in t ...	2014	24570857
magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mcleas) of candida antarctica lipase: an efficient and stable biocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis.	enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the object of extensive research due to the global shortage of fossil fuels and increased environmental concerns. herein we report the preparation and main characteristics of a novel biocatalyst consisting of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (cleas) of candida antarctica lipase b (calb) which are covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles, and tackle its use for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable and waste frying oils. for this purpose, ...	2014	25551445
methane emission by camelids.	methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. as camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. this is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large popula ...	2014	24718604
pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids.	llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ...	2014	24498136
comparative chromosome painting of pronghorn (antilocapra americana) and saola (pseudoryx nghetinhensis) karyotypes with human and dromedary camel probes.	pronghorn (antilocapridae, 2n = 58) and saola (bovidae, 2n = 50) are members of pecora, a highly diversified group of even-toed hoofed mammals. karyotypes of these species were not involved in chromosome painting studies despite their intriguing phylogenetic positions in pecora.	2014	24923361
identification of human neutralizing antibodies against mers-cov and their role in virus adaptive evolution.	the newly emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome-like disease with ∼43% mortality. given the recent detection of virus in dromedary camels, zoonotic transfer of mers-cov to humans is suspected. in addition, little is known about the role of human neutralizing ab (nab) pressure as a driving force in mers-cov adaptive evolution. here, we used a well-characterized nonimmune human ab-phage library and a panning strategy with proteo ...	2014	24778221
[travel-associated pneumonias].	respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. the main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, legionella pneumophila. however, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical region ...	2014	25290923
[first serological study of the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedary (camelus dromedarius) in tunisia].	the aim of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedary (camelus dromedarius). sera of 226 healthy dromedaries from three regions of tunisia (sidi bouzid, bouficha and douz) were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa). the overall infection rate was estimated at 29.2%. the study of risk factors showed that region, age, gender, presence of ticks and types of breeding had no influence on the seroprevalence of a. phagocytophilum. this study indicates f ...	2014	24363017
immunoreaction of a recombinant nanobody from camelid single domain antibody fragment with acinetobacter baumannii.	acinetobacter baumannii, an important nosocominal pathogen, causes various human infections like meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia. the aim of this study was to produce nanobodies derived from camel heavy chain antibodies (hcab) against a conserved region of the biofilm associated protein (bap) of a. baumannii, by phage display technique.	2014	24463583
molecular characterization of a novel hepcidin (hepcd) from camelus dromedarius. synthetic peptide forms exhibit antibacterial activity.	hepcidin is a cysteine-rich peptide widely characterized in immunological processes and antimicrobial activity in several vertebrate species. obviously, this hormone plays a central role in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. however, its role in camelids' immune response and whether it is involved in antibacterial immunity have not yet been proven. in this study, we characterized the arabian camel hepcidin nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame of 252 bp encoding an 83-amino ac ...	2014	24895313
short communication: viability of culture organisms in honey-enriched acidophilus-bifidus-thermophilus (abt)-type fermented camel milk.	the aim of this research was to monitor the survival during refrigerated storage of lactobacillus acidophilus la-5 (a), bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis bb-12 (b), and streptococcus thermophilus chcc 742/2130 (t) in cultured dairy foods made from camel and, for comparison, cow milks supplemented with black locust (robinia pseudoacacia l.) honey and fermented by an acidophilus-bifidus-thermophilus (abt)-type culture. two liters of dromedary camel milk and 2 l of cow milk were heated to 90 °c ...	2014	25151879
disseminated blastomyces dermatitidis, genetic group 2, infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos).	a 7-year-old, female huacaya alpaca presented with a 3-week history of left-sided head tilt and mild ataxia. despite aggressive supportive therapy with empirical antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, thiamine, and anthelminthic therapy, neurologic signs progressed to a right-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and episodes of severe ataxia and obtundation. on necropsy, discrete expansile to poorly delineated infiltrative masses with tan, creamy to grumous exudate were observed in the right petrous t ...	2014	24621845
ovarian dysgenesis in an alpaca with a minute chromosome 36.	a 4-year-old female alpaca (lama pacos [lpa]) was presented to the oregon state veterinary teaching hospital for failure to display receptive behavior to males. although no abnormalities were found on physical examination, transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract revealed uterine hypoplasia and ovarian dysgenesis. cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a normal female 74,xx karyotype with 1 exceptionally small (minute) homologue of autosome lpa36. chromosome analysis by giem ...	2014	23008444
expression of orexin a and its receptor 1 in the epididymis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos).	orexins a (ox a) and b are two peptides originally discovered in neurons of rat hypothalamus, and later found in different cellular types of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts. they arise from the proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor molecule, prepro-orexin, and bind to two receptors, namely receptor 1 (ox1r) and receptor 2 for orexins, that show different binding affinity. the central role of the two peptides has been extensively studied, whereas their activity in the periphery is st ...	2014	23521689
the effect of tick infestation on the serum concentrations of the cardiac biomarker troponin i, acid-base balance and haematobiochemical profiles in camels (camelus dromedarius).	the aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum concentration of cardiac troponin i (ctni) in camels with tick infestation as a marker of potential myocardial injury and its prognostication. the effects of acid-base and electrolyte balance and haematobiochemical profiles were also investigated. twenty-three camels (camelus dromedarius) with tick infestation and suffering from anorexia, incoordination of movement, unsteady gait, recumbency, opisthotonus, anaemia and reduced production were ...	2014	24002539
impact of feeding on growth performance, blood biochemical and mineral profiles of pre-pubescent camels under pastoral management in arid western rajasthan.	the experiment was undertaken on 20 pre-pubescent dromedary camels of 300 ± 7.0 kg average bodyweight (bw) and 1.5-2 years of age to determine change in body weight, blood biochemical and mineral profiles and morphometric parameters on rangeland grazing (gr) and supplementary stall feeding (gs) at arid northwestern part of rajasthan over a period of 80 days. gr camels were maintained only on grazing, while gs camels were fed semi-intensively ad-lib groundnut haulms along with formulated concentr ...	2014	24811371
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels, oman, 2013.	a countrywide survey in oman revealed middle eastrespiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) nucleicacid in five of 76 dromedary camels. camel-derivedmers-cov sequences (3,754 nucleotides assembled from partial sequences of the open reading frame (orf)1a, spike, and orf4b genes) from oman and qatar were slightly different from each other, but closely related to human mers-cov sequences from the same geographical areas, suggesting local zoonotic transmission. high viral loads in nasal and conjunc ...	2014	24786259
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in saudi arabia.	abstract complete middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) genome sequences were obtained from nasal swabs of dromedary camels sampled in the kingdom of saudi arabia through direct analysis of nucleic acid extracts or following virus isolation in cell culture. consensus dromedary mers-cov genome sequences were the same with either template source and identical to published human mers-cov sequences. however, in contrast to individual human cases, where only clonal genomic sequences ...	2014	24781747
heat-induced irreversible denaturation of the camelid single domain vhh antibody is governed by chemical modifications.	the variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibody (vhh) is highly heat-resistant and is therefore ideal for many applications. although understanding the process of heat-induced irreversible denaturation is essential to improve the efficacy of vhh, its inactivation mechanism remains unclear. here, we showed that chemical modifications predominantly governed the irreversible denaturation of vhh at high temperatures. after heat treatment, the activity of vhh was dependent only on the incubation ...	2014	24739391
review of laboratory submissions from new world camelids in england and wales (2000-2011).	sample submissions to the animal health and veterinary laboratories agency's (ahvla's) diagnostic laboratory network in england and wales were reviewed for diseases affecting new world camelids (nwcs). in the years 2000-2011, 6757 submissions were analysed, including 5154/6757 (76.3%) for diagnosing a disease problem and 1603/6757 (23.7%) for monitoring (no clinical disease). wasting (weight loss, ill-thrift) was the most commonly reported clinical sign across all age groups. a diagnosis was rea ...	2014	24721312
pituitary null cell adenoma in a domestic llama (lama glama).	pituitary gland neoplasia has been reported rarely in camelids. a 12-year-old neutered male llama (lama glama) presented with lethargy, inappetence and neurological signs. on physical examination, the llama was mentally dull and exhibited compulsive pacing and circling to the left. complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed haemoconcentration, mild hypophosphataemia, hyperglycaemia, hypercreatininaemia and hyperalbuminaemia. humane destruction was elected due to rapid clinical deterior ...	2014	24720914
severe whipworm (trichuris spp.) infection in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius).	one adult (13-yr-old) and two young (3-4-yr-old) male dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from the seoul zoo displayed anorexia and chronic diarrhea for 2 wk. direct fecal smear examination revealed trichuris spp. infection. after confirmation of the infection, fenbendazole was orally administered as a suspension; this was repeated two times at 3-wk intervals. a high initial dose (20 mg/kg) was followed by administration at the recommended dose (10 mg/kg). starting on the day following the fi ...	2014	24712184
construction of naïve camelids vhh repertoire in phage display-based library.	camelids have unique antibodies, namely hcabs (vhh) or commercially named nanobodies(®) (nb) that are composed only of a heavy-chain homodimer. as libraries based on immunized camelids are time-consuming, costly and likely redundant for certain antigens, we describe the construction of a naïve camelid vhhs library from blood serum of non-immunized camelids with affinity in the subnanomolar range and suitable for standard immune applications. this approach is rapid and recovers vhh repertoire wit ...	2014	24702893
specific targeting of atherosclerotic plaques in apoe(-/-) mice using a new camelid sdab binding the vulnerable plaque marker lox-1.	molecular imaging has the potential to provide quantitative information about specific biological aspects of developing atherosclerotic lesions. this requires the generation of reliable, highly specific plaque tracers. this study reports a new camelid single-domain antibody fragment (sdab) targeting the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (lox-1), a biomarker for the detection and molecular phenotyping of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.	2014	24687730
molecular cloning and cdna characterization of camelus dromedarius putative cytochrome p450s 1a, 2c, and 3a.	the domesticated one-humped arabian camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula. most of its life, this animal is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross metabolic alterations in many organisms. this study determined the full length coding sequence of 3 cytochrome p450s cdnas; namely, cyp450 1a1, cyp450 2c and cyp450 3a using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the c. dromedarius cyp450s 1a ...	2014	24682982
morphological and glycan features of the camel oviduct epithelium.	this study describes regional differences in the oviduct of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) during the growth phase (gp) and the mature phase (mp) of the follicular wave by means of morphometry, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and glycohistochemistry investigations. epithelium height significantly increased in the ampulla and decreased in the isthmus passing from the gp to the mp. under sem, non-ciliated cells displayed apical blebs (secretory) or short microvilli. cilia glycocalyx ...	2014	24680377
thermal stability and refolding capability of shark derived single domain antibodies.	single-domain antibodies (sdab) from camelids and sharks represent the smallest immunoglobulin-based functional binding domains, and are known for their thermal stability and ability to refold after denaturation. whereas target-binding sdab have been derived from both immunized and naïve sharks and camelids, the stability of camelid-derived sdab have been evaluated much more extensively. to address this disparity we characterized 20 sdab derived from spiny dogfish shark and smooth dogfish shark ...	2014	24667069
maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation.	fifteen guanacos were introduced to staats island in the falklands/malvinas archipelago from patagonia in the 1930s. twenty five years later, the population was culled from 300 to 10-20 individuals, but quickly rebounded to a population of almost 400 animals that today retain the genetic signature of the founding event and later bottleneck. the goals of this study were to (i) make a genetic assessment of this island population through comparisons with mainland populations and simulations, and (i ...	2014	24663026