Publications

'camelising' human antibody fragments: nmr studies on vh domains.	a human heavy chain variable domain (vh) was expressed in bacteria for structural analysis by nmr spectroscopy. nmr analysis was initially impossible due to the short transverse proton relaxation time of the vh, probably caused by aggregation through the exposed interface naturally in contact with the light chain. the relaxation time was improved to normal values when this interface was mutated to mimic heavy chains of camel antibodies naturally devoid of light chains and through the use of the ...	1994	8112468
comparison of cytochrome p-450 content and conjugative enzymes in livers of camels (camelus dromedarius), guinea-pigs (cavia porcellus) and rats (rattus norvegicus).	the activities of the conjugative enzymes, glutathione s-transferase and udp-glucuronyl-transferase, have been measured in vitro in the livers of camels, guinea-pigs and rats. some sex differences were observed in the levels of these conjugative enzymes. in rats and guinea-pigs, females had higher udp-glucuronyltransferase activity than males. in camels, females had higher glutathione s-transferase activity than males. in these species, the cytochrome p-450 isozymes observed between the 50,000 a ...	1994	8081658
prevalence and monthly variations of the second and third instars of cephalopina titillator (diptera: oestridae) infesting camels (camelus dromedarius) in the eastern province of saudi arabia.	nine hundred and twenty-three camels slaughtered at al-ahsa abattoir, eastern province, saudi arabia, were examined for infestation with second and third instars of cephalopina titillator during the period from december 1991 to november 1992. four hundred and eighty camels (52%) were infested with second and third instars, with an annual mean of 19.29 +/- 1.09 larvae per camel (l/c). the percentage of infested camels and the mean monthly total number of larvae per camel showed two peaks of abund ...	1994	8091611
suratex: a simple latex agglutination antigen test for diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infections (surra).	a simple and rapid, field-oriented latex agglutination test for the detection of circulating invariant trypanosomal antigens in trypanosoma evansi infections (surra) is described. in an initial evaluation, the test, suratex, detected the antigens in 53 (88.3%) of 60 serial blood samples collected over a period of 11 weeks from 3 experimentally infected rabbits. by comparison, the buffy coat technique and wet blood film examination diagnosed the infection in 22 (36.7%) and 2 (3.3%) of the blood s ...	1994	8066391
update on llama medicine. ophthalmology.	review of the limited literature on camelid eyes suggests they are anatomically similar to those of domestic livestock species, except they lack meibomian glands and have iridial folds (rather than corpora nigra). the microbial flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac also appears to be similar to those of domestic livestock and pets, except that no mycoplasma have been isolated from camelids. ocular diseases for which camelids are presented to veterinarians are numerous and varied. the mos ...	1994	7953968
restriction site patterns in the ribosomal dna of camelidae.	the restriction map of rdna from south american camelids and the bactrian camel was analyzed by digestion of high-molecular-weight dna with endonucleases ecori,bamhi and the two combined followed by southern blot hybridization with probes for the 18s and 28s rdna sequences. we scored a total of 17 restriction sites, six of which were mapped conserved in all the species. the other eleven corresponded to spacer regions and revealed variations between these taxa. the study showed that the two group ...	1994	7958935
a slow-spreading mild form of camel pox infection.	a slow-spreading mild form of camel-pox involving range camels in the eastern region of saudi arabia was described. the morbidity rate was 10% while the case fatality rate was zero per cent. camel pox virus was isolated and identified, and the histopathological picture of the lesions was also described. the epidemiological peculiarities of the disease were discussed.	1994	7941849
[evaluation of a direct serologic card agglutination test for the diagnosis of camel trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma evansi].	the results of a novel direct serological card agglutination test for the diagnosis of camel trypanosomosis due to trypanosoma evansi (catt/t. evansi) were compared with those obtained by direct detection of parasites in a study using 1,093 sera from camels raised in northern mali. a good correlation was revealed between the percentage of positive results obtained by catt and the presence of trypanosomes (89%), as well as a good coincidence between the percentage of positive results obtained by ...	1994	7949354
[efficacy and residual effect of amitraz (taktic) on adult hyalomma dromedarii in camels: preliminary trial].	amitraz (12.5% emulsifiable concentrate) was tested against hyalomma dromedarii of the one-humped camel in a dairy camel herd in nouakchott (mauritania), at a concentration of 0.025% of the active component. the efficacy on adult ticks and the rapid rate of tick detachment are clearly shown: 95% reduction within eight hours; however, the nymphs seem to be more resistant: only 50% reduction after eight hours. the residual activity of amitraz against hyalomma dromedarii in camels is very short, le ...	1994	7863074
the poll glands of the dromedary (camelus dromedarius): ultrastructural characteristics.	the poll glands of the camel are tubuloalveolar glands. they consist of lobules separated by interlobular connective tissue. adrenergic axons and blood vessels including fenestrated capillaries are present in the intralobular connective tissue in close proximity to the secretory cells. the prominent features of the secretory cell cytoplasm are many mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and many vesicles in various secretory stages. it is concluded that the secretory cells have apocrine as ...	1994	7864400
oestrogen synthesis by the peri-implantation conceptus of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the ability of the embryonic tissues of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) to synthesize oestrogens in vitro was studied in 15 conceptuses recovered by non-surgical uterine lavage between 10 and 33 days after ovulation. definitive evidence for strong aromatase activity with synthesis of considerable quantities of oestrogens was obtained at all stages when conceptus tissues were incubated with [3h]androstenedione. a high proportion of the oestrogens was in the form of oestradiol, which con ...	1994	7932370
outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels (camelus dromedarius) in the turkana district of kenya.	mortality among camel calves (camelus dromedarius) is one of the most serious problems faced by camel herdsmen and, although there are several reasons for this mortality, diseases play a major role. in an investigation of outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels in the turkana district of kenya, four outbreaks were detected involving only camel calves. the principal lesions were distinct or largely coalesced pustules on the mouth, nose and muzzle. direct electron microscopy of infected scabs wa ...	1994	7949365
electrophoretic karyotyping is a sensitive epidemiological tool for studying trypanosoma evansi infections.	thirty-six isolates of trypanozoon trypanosomes collected from camels in northern kenya during the dry season sporadic infections of 1986 and during the wet season epidemic infections of 1987 were identified as trypanosoma evansi by the homogeneity of their kinetoplast dna minicircles. although the minicircles of all the isolates were indistinguishable, polymorphism in chromosome-sized dna molecules detected by electrophoresis was extensive. the isolates could be grouped into eight distinct elec ...	1994	8030187
[the art of veterinary medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia in sub-saharan africa].	the author describes the principal diseases of animals occurring in sub-saharan africa, and the traditional procedures used to prevent and treat these diseases, particularly those employed by fulani shepherds. first, consideration is given to the diseases of infectious, traumatic or nutritional origin which may affect various species of animals. next, accounts are presented of diseases principally affecting young and adult cattle, small ruminants and other domestic animals (horses, dromedaries, ...	1994	8038439
[biological function of morphologic peculiarities of the dromedary].	the dromedary is very well adapted to arid areas. it is able to survive for many days without drinking; the loss of water is negligible. morphological characteristics hitherto interpreted as adaptations to dry areas now seem to have other reasons. in the natural habitat of the dromedary mostly thorny plants occur. long eyelashes, eyebrows, lockable nostrils, caudal orifice of the prepuce and a relatively small vulva protect the animals against injury, especially during feeding.	1994	8048041
metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene and aflatoxin b1 by camel liver microsomes.	the ability of camel liver microsomes to metabolise a range of common environmental carcinogens including benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene and aflatoxin b1 has been investigated. the camel liver has shown the ability to metabolise benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene and aflatoxin b1 to a number of metabolites. the major metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene produced by camel liver enzymes were identified as its mono-hydroxy derivatives and suggest that the metabolic detoxification pathways of c ...	1994	8061945
[pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of sulfamethoxypyridazine in camels (camelus dromedarius)].	the pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxypyridazine (smpd) were investigated in the camel after intravenous and oral administration. after intravenous injection, the plasma concentration of the drug followed the kinetics of a two-compartment model. the steady-state volume of distribution (vss) of 0.47 l/kg suggested that sulfamethoxypyridazine was mostly distributed within the vascular compartment and the strongly vascularized tissues. the elimination from the body was rather slow, with a biological ...	1994	7991901
behavioral manifestations of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal nerve ligation in the primate.	a goal of the present study was to document the behavioral changes observed in a model of painful neuropathy in the primate (macaca fascicularis). a neuropathic state was induced by tight ligation of the l7 spinal nerve, just distal to the l7 dorsal root ganglion. sensory testing was done on the ventral surface of the foot, a region that includes the l7 dermatome. within 1 week following surgery, all monkeys (n = 3) developed a marked sensitivity to mechanical stimulation (with a camel hair brus ...	1994	8008406
diterpene glycosides from iphiona aucheri.	iphiona aucheri is responsible for poisoning racing camels (camelus dromedarius) in the united arab emirates u. a. e. terpenoids, a non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid and two diterpene glycosides, atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside, were isolated and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside were identified as the toxic principle of the plant.	1994	7765618
first report on the isolation of brucella abortus biovar 3 from camel (camelus dromedarius) in the sudan.	three isolates of brucella abortus biovar 3 were recovered out of 38 different samples obtained from free-ranging camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern sudan. the biochemical characters of the isolates were identical to those of the other types of b. abortus except that they were oxidase negative.	1994	7770659
influence of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus concentration in camel milk.		1994	7829760
kinetic disposition of flunixin meglumine in the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the kinetic disposition of flunixin meglumine was investigated in 5 camels after a single intravenous administration (1.1 mg/kg bwt). the plasma clearance was 1.012 ml.min-1.kg-1, the steady-state volume of distribution 0.168 l/kg and the elimination half-life 2.51 h. the results are discussed and compared with those reported in cattle and horses.	1994	8142960
sequence and structure of vh domain from naturally occurring camel heavy chain immunoglobulins lacking light chains.	we cloned 17 different pcr fragments encoding vh genes of camel (camelus dromedarius). these clones were derived from the camel heavy chain immunoglobulins lacking the light chain counterpart of normal immunoglobulins. insight into the camel vh sequences and structure may help the development of single domain antibodies. the most remarkable difference in the camel vh, consistent with the absence of the vl interaction, is the substitution of the conserved leu45 by an arg or cys. another noteworth ...	1994	7831284
stimulation of attachment in a camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae): the unintended result of sublethal exposure to permethrin-impregnated fabric.	the susceptibility of a camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (koch), to permethrin-impregnated military uniform fabric was studied to determine the effects of laundering and contact time. separate contact toxicity tests were conducted with laboratory-colonized male and female ticks of uniform age. unfed, unmated ticks were exposed for periods of 5, 10, 30, and 60 min to each of five fabrics: unwashed-untreated, unwashed-treated, and 1, 2, or 3 times washed after treatment (1-, 2-, 3-wash-treated). tr ...	1994	8158625
suspicion of a case of lymphocytic leukaemia in a camel (camelus dromedarius) in sultanate of oman.	the peripheral blood picture of a suspected case of lymphocytic leukaemia in a dromedary camel is described. the authors discuss their findings. this condition seems rare in comparison with the results of a large number of blood samples examined during the last ten years.	1994	7863062
the camel jockey's tibial fracture.	an isolated fracture of the middle and lower third of the tibia occurred with marked regularity in a large number of camel-racing jockeys. the mechanism of this fracture was analysed. it was concluded that the compression-rotation of the leg below the knee between the trunks of adjacent racing camels produced this injury, but the sparing of the fibula could not be explained. simple measures are described such that the incidence of these and other injuries sustained by the jockeys can be markedly ...	1994	8168885
first observation of camel (camelus dromedarius) lymphadenitis in libya. a case report.	the clinical signs of lymphadenitis in camels in libya were investigated. four animals 6 to 8 years old were inappetent, emaciated and slightly anemic. the disease was characterized by swelling and abscess formation in the inferior cervical lymph nodes at the base of the neck. corynebacterium pyogenes was the causative microorganism of this diseased condition.	1994	7709033
an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons.	tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ...	1994	7737889
cholesteryl esters on the body surfaces of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (koch, 1844) and the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).	cholesteryl esters were found to constitute a major component of the lipids coating the body cuticle of females of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii and the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. one or more cholesteryl esters, alone or in combination, have been shown to serve as the mounting sex pheromone of several species of ixodid ticks. consequently, knowledge of these compounds is important for an understanding of the mating behavior of these ticks. based on thin layer chromatography, ...	1994	7628247
effect of milking interval on secretion rate and composition of camel milk in late lactation.	the effect of milking interval on secretion rates of milk and milk constituents was studied in four milking camels during late lactation. an interval of 4 h produced the highest milk secretion rate compared with 8, 12 and 16 h intervals, and rates tended to decline with increasing milking intervals. secretion rates of organic (lactose, snf, fat and protein) and inorganic milk constituents (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) generally followed similar patterns of decreasing secretion with ...	1994	7829750
evaluation of halothane as an anaesthetic in camels (camelus dromedarius).	halothane as an anaesthetic was evaluated in 12 adult camels, thiopentone being used as an induction agent. in six camels, clinical signs and haematological and blood biochemical changes were investigated while in other six haemodynamic, acid base and blood gas changes were monitored. the dose of thiopentone required to ensure intubation for halothane anaesthesia was 7.25 +/- 0.33 mg/kg. a modified technique of tracheal intubation was found to be safe and quick. during halothane administration a ...	1994	7817638
trypanosoma simiae in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	trypanosoma simiae was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) introduced to tsavo east national park, confirming the susceptibility of camels to this pathogen. t. simiae was also isolated from a new host, the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) through xenodiagnosis with a susceptible tsetse species (glossina morsitans centralis). a white rhinoceros showed some evidence of anaemia and lymphopaenia when harbouring t. simiae, but did not suffer a ...	1994	7975114
[camel trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma evansi (steel 1885), balbiani 1888, in islamic republic of mauritania: results of surveys in the trarza region].	a first survey concerning camel trypanosomiasis due to trypanosoma evansi was carried out in the trarza region (south-western mauritania). blood smears were made from 218 animals and 160 were submitted to an indirect immunofluorescence test. young calves below one year old seem to be free of t. evansi infection, while in dairy females, average rates of infection of 7.3% (blood smears) and 24.5% (serological results) were found. the type of herd management seems to be an important risk factor: th ...	1994	7991900
the racing camel (camelus dromedarius). physiology, metabolic functions and adaptations. general materials and methods.		1994	8010121
haematology in the racing camel at rest: seasonal and training variations.		1994	8010122
some physiological responses to incremental treadmill exercise in the racing camel.		1994	8010124
oxygen uptake in the racing camel at rest and during treadmill exercise.		1994	8010125
metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in the racing camel.		1994	8010126
metabolic responses to maximal intensity exercise in the racing camel.		1994	8010127
adaptations to training in the racing camel.		1994	8010128
some comparative aspects on the camel as a racing animal.		1994	8010129
the racing camel (camelus dromedarius). physiology, metabolic functions and adaptations. background and general introduction.		1994	8010130
dromedary pancreatic lipase: purification and structural properties.	dromedary pancreatic lipase was purified from delipidated pancreases. pure dromedary pancreatic lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.3) was obtained after ammonium sulfate fractionation, sephadex g-100 gel filtration, anion-exchange (mono q sepharose) and size exclusion column using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the pure lipase is a monomer and has a molecular mass of about 45 kd and a pi of around 4.8. a specific activity of 5900 u/mg was measured on tributyrin as substra ...	1994	8025121
some aspects of macroscopic studies of the placentation in the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the paper presents some salient aspects of a study on the placentation of camel at gross, light and electron microscopic levels. the study involved factors analysis on five pregnant uteri from camel slaughter house in yazd, iran. the experimental observations confirmed that unlike other animals, in camel, the fetus only developed in the left horn of the uterus. based on the distribution type of the chorionic villi, in camel, similar to horse, the placenta was found to be in diffused form. at lig ...	1994	7887485
an outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern sudan.		1994	7900226
normal concentrations of some blood constituents in young najdi camels (camelus dromedarius).	normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in young male najdi (saudi) camels. the mean values were as follows: total protein = 62.3 +/- 8.9 g/l, albumin = 33.5 +/- 8.9 g/l, bilirubin = 8.7 +/- 1.7 mumol/l, urea = 6.6 +/- 1 mumol/l, uric acid = 232 +/- 35.7 mumol/l, iron = 10.4 +/- 5.7 mumol/l, total iron binding capacity = 40.4 + 7.3 mumol/l, ast = 12 +/- 5 iu/l alt = 9 +/- 4 iu/l and alp = 42.6 + 21.3 iu/l. these values were compared with those reported by other investiga ...	1994	7915662
molecular genetic characterization of the cervid strain ('northern form') of echinococcus granulosus.	we have used a number of molecular genetic approaches to characterize the cervid strain ('northern form') of echinococcus granulosus. pcr-rflp analysis of the nuclear its1 region of the rdna repeat can readily distinguish the cervid form from other strains of e. granulosus. the complexity of the rflp patterns obtained suggests that a number of distinct its1 types are present in this strain which may represent an inter-strain e. granulosus hybrid. mitochondrial co1 sequence of the cervid genotype ...	1994	7916152
efficacy of cymelarsan in the treatment of natural chronic trypanosoma evansi infection in camels in the sudan.	the efficacy of cymelarsan, administered by intramuscular (i/m) injection in the treatment of chronic cases of camel trypanosomosis due to trypanosoma evansi, was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. it was confirmed that cymelarsan is a safe drug for use in dromedary camels when administered i/m at dose rates of 0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg body weight. during the 90 days post-treatment no relapses occurred at either dose rate. hence, the drug was found to be fully effective against the chronic ...	1994	7770663
studies on the relationship between sway disease of bactrian camels and copper status in gansu province.	the clinical signs of camel sway disease in the hexi corridor of gansu province were defined. the contents of eight minerals in soils, in forage and in the blood and hair of bactrian camels from this region were determined. the related blood indices were also measured. the concentration of molybdenum in soils and forage was 4.8 +/- 0.02 and 4.8 +/- 0.25 micrograms/g (dry matter), respectively, the copper to molybdenum ratio in the forage being only 1.3. the concentration of copper in blood and h ...	1994	7831754
swelling disease of dromedary camels.		1994	7856040
multiple fractures following camel bite of the face (a case report).	a rare case of multiple fractures following camel bite of the face in a young male, producing facial deformity and open bite is described. fractures were confirmed by x-rays and ct scan. treatment consisted of an open reduction and interosseous wiring of fractures to attain normal occlusion which was maintained by intermaxillary and suspension wire fixation followed by soft tissue repair. this corrected the open bite, collapse of maxillary arches and facial deformity. the behaviour of camels dur ...	1994	7618412
first isolation of trichophyton verrucosum as the aetiology of ringworm in the sudanese camels (camelus dromedarius).	a survey was conducted to study camel ringworm in eastern sudan. ringworm was diagnosed in 217 out of 498 young camel calves under two years old examined during a whole year (43.5%). the peak incidence of the disease was found to be in autumn and winter. the disease was observed more frequently among young growing calves (1-2 years) than older animals but the prevalence among male and female animals was found to be similar. lesions were observed mainly on the head, neck and shoulder with frequen ...	1994	7863069
[mange in domestic animals and methods of control].	the author reviews the control of various types of mange, principally in production animals (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, dromedaries, equines, pigs, rabbits and poultry). an account of the taxonomy, morphology and biology of the mange-causing parasites is followed by a study of the epidemiology and pathology of the various forms of mange. the author then examines the methods for control of these highly contagious cutaneous parasitic diseases, which cause considerable losses to animal productio ...	1994	7711311
physiological studies in the south american camelid llama (lama guanicoe f. d. glama). i. body water spaces and water turnover.	body water (bw) and extracellular water (ecw), were determined with tritiated water (tho) and 82br injected into the vein, to 8 mature animals of both sexes during the winter season. the biological half-time of tho (t1/2 tho) and the daily water turnover (wt) were measured and the intracellular water (icw) calculated. the studies with tho were repeated in the same animals and in 2 lactating females in spring and summer. two calves were also studied during spring. the values obtained in winter we ...	1994	7640403
liegeverhalten und diurnale verteilung der liegeperioden von dromedaren*.	zusammenfassung: in kenia und in indien wurde je eine dromedarherde von ca. 70 bzw. ca. 85 tieren tagsüber und nachts beobachtet. ermittelt wurde in 30 min abständen die zahl der liegenden tiere. die übliche liegeposition von kamelen ist in zusammenhang mit besonderen morphologischen strukturen zu sehen. die dromedare lagen fast ausschließlich (kenia) bzw. weit überwiegend (indien) nachts. das liegen nahm in beiden herden bei den stuten fast die hälfte des 24-stunden-tages ein. es werden verglei ...	1994	21395795
fatty acid composition of the meat and fat of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the fatty acid composition of lean raw meat taken from the hind leg of seven young (1-3 years of age) male one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) has been determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography; fat samples taken from the hump of these seven camels were also analysed. the saturated fatty acids in the meat account for 51·5% of the total fatty acids, while the monosaturated and polyunsaturated chains constitute 29·9 and 18·6%, respectively. the major fatty acids in camel meat are palmi ...	1994	22059419
small families mean better health for mothers and kids.	the practice of family planning (fp) has been used since time immemorial to solve community, individual, and familial problems. there are biblical references to incest being used to ensure the conception of children and to coitus interruptus being used to prevent conception. pastoralists used cessation of breastfeeding of male calves to promote the conception and birth of more desirable female calves. the condom has ancient precursors made of animal intestines, and the iud has a prototype in ...	1994	12318959
real lives 2: sudan.	the great sudan famine of the mid-1980s caused social dislocation and political chaos which ultimately toppled the long-time military leader. hundreds of thousands of farmers and pastoralists were displaced, driven from the western provinces into urban feeding stations and squatter settlements. camps at abu zayd and mwellih near umdurman filled with over 100,000 refugees in a matter of months, while camps at ed debba on the nile river's nubian reach filled with tribesmen desperate to sell shee ...	1994	12319114
reproductive physiology of the male camelid.	the physiology of reproduction with emphasis on endocrinology of llamas and alpacas is addressed. information regarding male anatomy, puberty, testicular function, semen description, and sexual behavior is also included.	1994	7953959
nutrient composition of najdi-camel meat.	the proximate composition, amino-acid composition, and inorganic nutrients of different wholesale cuts and organs of 18 (six each at eight, 16, and 26 months) najdi male camels have been determined. skeletal muscles contained 68·8-76% moisture; 19·4-20·5% protein; 4·1-10·6% fat, and 1·0-1·1% ash. in proximate composition, camel meat is generally similar to beef. significant differences (p < 0·05) in moisture, fat, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and zinc were found between samples. the meat ...	1995	22059764
physical and sensory characteristics of najdi-camel meat.	steaks were fabricated from three wholesale cuts: rib, chuck and leg of 18 najdi male camels averaging eight, 16 and 26 months of age. the influence of age, type of cut, freezing and cooking method on the physical and palatability traits of meat has been investigated. the results indicated that age had a significant influence on cooking loss and shear value, but there was no significant effect on drip loss, expressible moisture and organoleptic properties (tenderness, juiciness and flavour). how ...	1995	22059763
immunoblot evaluation of the 100 and 130 kda antigens in camel hydatid cyst fluid for the serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis in libya.	two high molecular weight antigens with molecular masses approximately 100 kda and 130 kda were identified by immunoblotting camel hydatid cyst fluid, with 94% sensitivity in sera from surgically confirmed libyan cystic echinococcosis cases. 40% of sera from surgically confirmed alveolar echinococcosis cases cross-reacted with the 100 and 130 kda antigens, as did 5.3% of sera from human taenia solium cysticercosis patients. no cross-reaction occurred with sera from human schistosomiasis mansoni ...	1995	7660432
distribution of enzymes between different organs of the camel (camelus dromedarius).		1995	7661823
spontaneous hyperlipoproteinaemia in the arabian dromedary.		1995	7672308
the ovarian follicular wave pattern in the mated and non-mated dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).		1995	7623346
purification and characterization of a novel acid-soluble nuclear protein from developing embryos of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acarina: ixodidae).	a novel acid-soluble protein has been extracted from nuclei of developing embryos of h. dromedarii ticks and purified to homogeneity. this tick embryo basic protein (tebp) was predominant during the cleavage stage of tick embryogenesis, whereas the complete set of histones was detectable at the late cleavage stage. the amount of tebp reaches a maximum value at day 9 after oviposition. thereafter, the original n-terminal dipeptide (leucine-serine) is eliminated. this coincides with the start of o ...	1995	7766687
purification and characterization of zeta-crystallin from the camel lens.	zeta-crystallin a novel nadph: quinone oxidoreductase was purified from the cortex of the camel (camelus dromedarius) lens to homogeneity by sepharose cl-6b gel filtration column and 2', 5' adp-sepharose 4b affinity column chromatography in the presence of dithiothreitol. the purified zeta-crystallin has a molecular weight of 140 kda, as determined by superose 12 gel filtration column. sds-page showed a single polypeptide band of molecular weight 35 kda, suggesting that the native enzyme is comp ...	1995	7488002
potential hazards associated with influenza virus vaccines.	there is general agreement that human reassortant vaccine strains should be used only for the preparation of the viral glycoproteins (split vaccine), and not in toto after uv-inactivation. live vaccines with lowered pathogenicity obtained by reassortment between human and avian strains may carry a risk of causing epizootics in other species, even though they are useful for the host for which they were designed. it has been argued that this dangerous situation is avoided when both parent strains ...	1995	7796968
evolution of the bovine lysozyme gene family: changes in gene expression and reversion of function.	recruitment of lysozyme to a digestive function in ruminant artiodactyls is associated with amplification of the gene. at least four of the approximately ten genes are expressed in the stomach, and several are expressed in nonstomach tissues. characterization of additional lysozymelike sequences in the bovine genome has identified most, if not all, of the members of this gene family. there are at least six stomachlike lysozyme genes, two of which are pseudogenes. the stomach lysozyme pseudogenes ...	1995	7563116
ecological, morphological and genetic characterization of sympatric haemonchus spp. parasites of domestic ruminants in mauritania.	the 4 species of ruminants (dromedary, zebu cattle, sheep and goat) in arid areas of mauritania harboured haemonchus spp. as the most frequent internal parasite. this was a rare situation where the 3 putative species, h. longistipes (dromedary), h. placei (zebu cattle) and h. contortus (sheep and goat) occurred sympatrically. the study was undertaken on hosts slaughtered at the nouakchott abattoir, on the basis of monthly collection of worms. the environment was very unfavourable to h. placei an ...	1995	7753587
seasonal changes in the intertubular tissue of the camel testis (camelus dromedarius).	the morphology and morphometry of camel testicular intertubular tissue are reported for different seasons of the year. the intertubular tissue occupies a comparatively large portion of the camel testis ranging from about 24% in autumn to about 39% in spring. the volume percentages of the different intertubular tissue constituents, namely leydig cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels and various connective tissue components, also display clear seasonal changes. early in winter, the intertubular tiss ...	1995	7598217
seasonal prevalence of onchocerca-like microfilaria in camels in kuwait.	infection of the camel (camelus dromedarius) with onchocerca-like microfilaria is recorded for the first time in kuwait. throughout a period of 14 months, the blood of 284 camels were examined, of these 32 (11%) were found infected with the microfilaria. infections were recorded in all months except during summer, july to september, and in february. the highest monthly incidence (27%) was detected in june at the end of spring. it is suggested that harsh environmental conditions in kuwait during ...	1995	7602162
monoclonal antibodies against camel (camelus dromedarius) igg, igm and light chains.	monoclonal antibodies specific for camel igg and igm heavy chains and immunoglobulin light chains were produced by a simple, time-saving and efficient method. popliteal lymph nodes isolated 9 days after a primary foot-pad immunisation were used as the source of antibody producing hybridoma cells. ascites was induced in mice and ascitic fluid collected. the specificity of anti-igg and anti-igm monoclonal antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blotting. ...	1995	7604534
determination of l-carnitine, acylcarnitine and total carnitine levels in plasma and tissues of camel (camelus dromedarius).	the total, free and acyl carnitine levels were measured in plasma and tissues of the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius). significant variation in carnitine concentrations were observed in plasma and tissues of the camel when compared with other animal species. a higher proportion of acyl carnitine was found in plasma and skeletal muscle of the camel than other animal species. among the camel tissues, skeletal muscle possessed the highest amount of carnitine while the lowest amount was found in ...	1995	7613767
trials of traps and attractants for stomoxys spp. (diptera: muscidae).	five blue and black cloth traps designed for tsetse were tested for their ability to catch stomoxys spp. in kenya. significantly greatest catches were obtained with vavoua traps, which then were used to compare odor baits at nairobi park. acetone, lactic acid, and animal urine (cow, buffalo, waterbuck, camel) or dung (rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus) did not increase catches. however, 1-octen-3-ol dispensed at 0.2-2.0 mg/h increased catches up to 3.7-fold. vavoua traps were highly specific fo ...	1995	7616518
studies on the haemolytic complement of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). i. classical pathway haemolytic activity in serum.	classical pathway haemolytic complement (cphc) of the dromedary was assayed under standardised conditions. a total of 14 indicator systems of red blood cells (rbc) and haemolysins were investigated. highest ch50 titre was obtained with rabbit rbc sensitised with goat haemolysin. among the factors investigated were: ionic strength, mg2+, ca2+, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) concentration, ph, incubation time and temperature. the standard system of titrating the hc levels consisted of rabb ...	1995	7502492
antipyrine disposition in the dehydrated camel.	in the present study the effects of water deprivation in the camel (camelus dromedarius) on the pharmacokinetic profile of antipyrine were assessed. a cross-over design was used. the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in adult and young camels were compared. antipyrine was administered intravenously to young and adult female camels when water was available ad libitum and to the adult camels after 14 days of dehydration. the elimination half-life of antipyrine in watered adult camels was 136.5 +/- 16 ...	1995	7629928
evolution of protamine p1 genes in mammals.	protamine p1 genes have been sequenced following pcr amplification from 11 mammals representing five major mammalian orders: rodentia (rat and guinea pig), carnivora (cat and bear), proboscidea (elephant), perissodactyla (horse), and artiodactyla (camel, deer, elk, moose, and gazelle). the predicted amino acid sequence for these genes together with previously reported sequences results in a data set of 25 different p1 genes and 30 different p1 amino acid sequences. the alignment of all these seq ...	1995	7643410
laparoscopic anatomy of the llama abdomen.	paralumbar laparoscopy was performed, caudal to the last rib, in seven llamas. all animals were anesthetized, instrumented, and placed in sternal recumbency. systematic exploration was performed in six donated llamas dividing the abdomen into right and left, cranial and caudal quadrants. the main structures of diagnostic significance that could be observed from the right side were the parietal and visceral surface of the liver, diaphragm, first compartment of the stomach (c1), caudal aspect of t ...	1995	7653039
a camel is a horse...		1995	7749453
reconstructing the evolutionary history of the artiodactyl ribonuclease superfamily.	the sequences of proteins from ancient organisms can be reconstructed from the sequences of their descendants by a procedure that assumes that the descendant proteins arose from the extinct ancestor by the smallest number of independent evolutionary events ('parsimony'). the reconstructed sequences can then be prepared in the laboratory and studied. thirteen ancient ribonucleases (rnases) have been reconstructed as intermediates in the evolution of the rnase protein family in artiodactyls (the m ...	1995	7532788
effect of storage on some constituents of camel serum.	effects of storage at room temperature (23-25 degrees c) and refrigeration (4-5 degrees c) on various biochemical constituents of camel serum were investigated. albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alkaline phosphatase (ap) and gamma glutamyltransferase (ggt) did not change over 9 days when stored at 4-5 degree c. at 4-5 degree c, creatinine, iron and glucose in camel sera remained stable for 6 days; total protein for 7 days; and blood urea nitro ...	1995	8526813
[blood parameters and enzyme values of healthy and sick racing camels (camelus dromedarius)].	camel races have a long tradition in arabia. since the oil boom of the 1960s a tremendous revival of the old bedouin tradition of camel racing has occurred in the united arab emirates. these camel races are comparable to horse races in europe and the u.s.a. since 1985 the most valuable racing camels of dubai are routinely tested in the central veterinary research laboratory (cvrl) for their stamina and endurance. blood and serum enzyme values, which have been statistically ascertained through te ...	1995	7624863
characterization of a glycam1-like gene (glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1) which is highly and specifically expressed in the lactating bovine mammary gland.	a bovine cdna library, derived from the mammary gland of a lactating cow, was screened for identifying transcripts that specifically occur during lactation by means of differential hybridisation. several of the clones isolated by this procedure shared 55 and 57% similarity with the mouse and rat glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (glycam1) cdnas, respectively. although the mouse and cattle proteins showed an overall similarity of only 41%, two specific regions of the proteins showe ...	1995	7607540
polypeptide profiles and antigenic characterization of cell membrane and flagellar preparations of different stocks of trypanosoma evansi.	polypeptides and antigens of cell membrane (cm) and flagellar (fl) preparations of seven different stocks of trypanosoma evansi were studied using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by western blotting. the stocks were collected from bareilly, bikaner, hisar karnal, lucknow and ludhiana localities of northern india and were isolated from either buffalo, equids or camel. between two and five polypeptides with molecular weights (mw) ranging from 48.4 to 80.2 kda (except ...	1995	7754604
studies on the haemolytic complement of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). ii. alternate complement pathway haemolytic activity in serum.	fresh camel serum caused lysis of unsensitised red blood cells (rbc) of chicken, rabbit and guinea pig. homologous rbc were resistant to lysis. there was only minimal lysis of goat, sheep, rat and cattle rbc. lysis of heterologous rbc was attributed to the presence of alternate complement activity (acp) in the serum as adsorption with respective rbc and addition of 10 mm ethylene glycol-bistetraacetate (egta) in the svbs diluent did not abrogate the haemolytic activity. guinea pig rbc were the m ...	1995	8533311
a probable outbreak of rabies in a group of camels in niger.	seven camels in a herd of approximately 40 camels belonging to nomadic people in niger died over a short period. no diagnostic samples were obtained. brain was obtained from the eighth camel in the group, which died after a clinical illness manifested by unusual behaviour, aggression, pica, ptyalism and terminal paralysis. rabies virus was demonstrated in the brain of this camel by immunofluorescent staining. before the deaths of the camels a feral dog had joined the nomadic encampment and died ...	1995	8545966
immune responses of the camel (camelus dromedarius) to contagious ecthyma (orf) virus infection.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed together with a western blotting technique for the detection of total and specific igg and igm antibodies to the contagious ecthyma (orf) virus in camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. an outbreak of generalised contagious ecthyma in camels was diagnosed for the first time in libya; the seropositivity rate in a herd with clinically affected camels was 37.9% (and was related to clinic ...	1995	8604544
mammalian erythrocytes as physiological carriers of fluorescent exogenous agents: a comparative study of bovine and camel red blood cells.	recently attention has been focused on the investigation of new and effective routes for drug administration in order to avoid their side effects in the human body. red blood cells (rbcs) exhibit many advantages, i.e., they are naturally occurring, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic. their use as drug carriers has many potential applications, including slow drug delivery to the body tissue and drug targeting to a specific site. in this work, the fluorescent exogenous agent sodium fluorescein (ur ...	1995	8526795
lama glama (the south american camelid, llama): a unique model for evaluation of xenogenic islet transplants in a cerebral spinal fluid driven artificial organ.		1995	8539964
isolation of tissue cysts of toxoplasma, isospora, hammondia and sarcocystis from camel (camelus dromedarius) meat in saudi arabia.	meat samples were collected from the oesophagus and tongue of 38 camels slaughtered at the main abattoir of al-ahsa city, saudi arabia. five cats and three dogs, conventionally reared and coccidia-free, were caged individually in steel cages. camel meat was pooled, minced and fed to four cats and two dogs. one cat and one dog were not fed meat and were kept as noninfected controls. faecal samples from infected and control animals were examined daily for a period of 2 months after feeding the mea ...	1995	8533274
senile plaques in an aged two-humped (bactrian) camel (camelus bactrianus).	senile plaques with beta-protein as a major constituent are a conspicuous feature in the brains of aged humans, monkeys, dogs, and bears. we found cerebral senile plaques of the diffuse and primitive type, but not the classical type, in an aged female camel of more than 20 years old. the senile plaques and a few cortical capillaries were immunoreactive with anti-beta-protein serum. congophilic amyloid deposition was detected in a small number of the capillaries, but not in the senile plaques. we ...	1995	8546033
characterization of the camel skin cell line dubca.	a skin fibroblast cell culture was established from a 2-month-old dromedary foetus. the cells were transformed by infection with sv40 and cloned in soft agar. the established cell line is now designated dubca cells (dubai camel) and has been in permanent culture for 95 passages. the cell culture was examined morphologically, chromosome preparations made and dna fingerprinting performed by hybridization with the oligonucleotide probe (gtg)5. sv40 large t antigen was detected by western blotting. ...	1995	8556315
lidocaine elimination and monoethylglycinexylidide formation in the dehydrated camel.	the elimination kinetics and the formation of the monoethylglycinexylidide (megx), a major metabolite of lidocaine, were studied in camels deprived of water for 14 days. the study was conducted on four camels in a crossover design. lidocaine was administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg to adult female camels when water was given ad libitum (stage 1) and to the same camels after 14 days of dehydration. blood samples were taken up to 6 h after dosing. serum lidocaine and megx levels were an ...	1995	8789697
fine structure of nerve endings and junctions in the superior cervical ganglion of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the superior cervical ganglion of the one humped camel was studied using an electron microscope. the ganglion contained presumptive cholinergic endings, presumptive aminergic endings, and presumptive sensory endings. presumptive cholinergic endings contained numerous small clear vesicles, a few large dense-cored vesicles, and mitochondria. they frequently made synaptic junctions with dendritic processes and, occasionally, with axons in transit. there were few presumptive aminergic endings and th ...	1995	8588702
hypertrophic z-line observed in aged one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from 3 aged one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) was examined to see if aged camels also develop hypertrophic z-lines as observed in the heart of aged humans and other animals. the results proved that the aged camel heart develops hypertrophic z-lines together with other age-associated alterations, including loss of myofibrils and myofilaments, increase of intermyofibrillar spaces and intercellular spaces, and disruption of mitochondrial cristae and interc ...	1995	8984831
effect of water deprivation on the disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin in camels.	concentrations of enrofloxacin equivalent activity were determined (by microbiological assay) in the serum of normal camels and camels at the end of a 14-day water-deprivation period following single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations at 2.5 mg/kg. also, normal camels were given an oral drench of the drug at 5 mg/kg. pharmacokinetic variables were determined using compartmental and non-compartmental analytical methods. camels lost on average 12.5% of ...	1995	8587150
control of brucella melitensis infection in a large camel herd in saudi arabia using antibiotherapy and vaccination with rev. 1 vaccine.	the authors describe an attempt to control brucella melitensis infection in a large camel herd in saudi arabia. sera from the entire herd (2,536) were examined by the rose bengal and standard united states of america buffered plate agglutination tests. the overall brucella seroprevalence was 8%. milk samples from the 120 seropositive milking camels were cultured on brucella-selective media. b. melitensis biovars 1, 2 and 3 were isolated from 41 camels (34%). seropositive camels (202) were treate ...	1995	8593404
influence of injection site on the absorption of benzylpenicillin sodium in the dromedary.	benzylpenicillin absorption was compared in four dromedaries following injection subcutaneously and at three different intramuscular sites (neck, semitendinous and gluteal muscles). the rate of absorption (t1/2ab and tmax) was slower after subcutaneous compared to intramuscular injection, but the extent of absorption (auc) was similar for both routes of administration. following intramuscular injection, the data suggest that the extent of absorption was highest from the semitendinous site and lo ...	1995	8594836
a historical analysis of tobacco marketing and the uptake of smoking by youth in the united states: 1890-1977.	this article presents evidence for sex-specific temporal associations between major cigarette marketing campaigns and increases in youth smoking initiation using national survey data for 1910-1977 (n = 165,876). considerable smoking initiation occurred in males under 18 and born before 1890 when marketing focused only on males. initiation in male youth increased greatly during 1910-1919; in 1912, r.j. reynolds launched its unprecedented campaign for camel brand. initiation in female youth began ...	1995	8565924