Publications

the ovarian follicular wave pattern and induction of ovulation in the mated and non-mated one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	ovarian follicular wave patterns were studied ultrasonographically in three groups of dromedary. group 1 camels (n = 20) were teased daily with a vasectomized male but mating was prevented; group 2 camels (n = 8) ran freely with a vasectomized male camel for 10 h each day and group 3 camels (n = 8) were kept completely separate from any males. in a second experiment (n = 63), when the diameter of the dominant follicle reached 0.5-0.9 cm, 1.0-1.9 cm, 2.0-2.9 cm or > 3 cm, the camel was given one ...	1996	8699400
characterization of camel leukocytes by flow cytometry and microscopic evaluation of granulocyte phagocytosis of fluorescent bacteria.	peripheral blood was obtained from four lactating camels (camelus bactrianus) and flow cytometry was used to characterize cell populations. the ability of the granulocytes to engulf fluorescent bacteria was studied in vitro using fluorescence microscopy. three clusters of blood cells (mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils) were identified by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. milk, on the other hand, was dominated by cell fragments and no distinct cluster formation was found. th ...	1996	8701632
the keyboard and the camel.		1996	8719293
the sterilizing effect of pour-on flumethrin on the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae).	the relationship between the efficacy of 1% flumethrin in pour-on formulation on the fertility of engorged female hyalomma dromedarii and exposure time was investigated. using a contact method, ticks were exposed in vitro to 87 micrograms active ingredient for 1, 5, 10, 30 or 720 min. fertility inhibition was related to the exposure time. no significant effect was obtained after 1 min exposure, but 5 or 10 min exposure reduced the percentage of females ovipositing, egg mass weight, number of egg ...	1996	8720571
the haematological and biochemical effects of the gastrointestinal nematodes prevalent in camels (camelus dromedarius) in central saudi arabia.	coprological examinations on 1200 najdi camels (camelus dromedartus) in the gassim region of central saudi arabia between october 1992 and september 1993 revealed the presence of strongyle-type, nematodirus and strongyloides eggs. in addition, examination of the gastrointestinal tracts of 240 camels slaughtered in different abattoirs in the gassim region from march to august 1994 revealed 11 species of helminths. infection with gastrointestinal trichostronglyes resulted in normocytic, normochrom ...	1996	8739524
implantation and early placentation in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the ovaries and uteri were removed from four pregnant camels on days 14, 25, 35 and 56 after ovulation. the day 14 and 25 uteri were perfuse-fixed with 3 per cent glutaraldehyde: 3 per cent paraformaldehyde whereas the day 35 and 56 specimens were opened dorsally for photography before biopsies of allantochorion attached to endometrium were taken and fixed in either 3 per cent glutaraldehyde: 3 per cent paraformaldehyde or bouin's fluid. samples of each uterus were then processed and sectioned f ...	1996	8761970
immunoglobulins of camel (camelus dromedarius) colostrum.	immunoglobulins g, m and a were identified in dromedary camel colostra by acid precipitation, gel filtration and fast-protein liquid chromatography (ion exchange). heavy and light chains were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. igg subclasses (igg1, igg2 and igg3) were isolated by deae ion-exchange chromatography and shown to have different electrophoretic mobilities. cross-reactivity of camel iga with iga of other species was determined by enzyme-linked immuno ...	1996	8762585
[effect of the beta receptor blockader carazolol on the dropping and retention of the placenta in the camel (c. dromedarius)].	the current study was conducted to estimate the time needed for placental dropping and the effect of beta-blocker carazolol (suacron, praemix, mannheim) on placental retention. carazolol was injected to enhance the placental dropping and also as a prophylactic measure to minimize the incidence of retained foetal membrane in the she-camel. normal dropping of placenta engaged 49.27 +/- 6.76 minutes. in the treated animals the time needed for normal placental dropping was 33.00 +/- 10.05 minutes wh ...	1996	8767196
effect of camel urine on the cytological and biochemical changes induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.	camel urine treatment was found to cause a significant cytotoxic effect in the bone marrow cells of mice. this cytotoxicity at higher doses was comparable with that of standard drug cyclophosphamide (cp). however, unlike cp, the camel urine treatment failed to induce any clastogenicity. the cytotoxicity induced by camel urine treatment was substantiated by the reduction of liver nucleic acids and glutathione levels and increased malondialdehyde (mda) contents in the same animals. cp treatment wa ...	1996	8771453
profile and characteristics of animals bites in india.	animal bites and so also the incidence of rabies in india are on rise. there are regional differences in the animal responsible for the bite. different practices including use of traditional remedies are prevalent for wound treatment. in india this report analyses the profile and characteristics of animal bites in 869 patients from various regions. apart from dog and cat, other animals such as cow, monkey, horse, pigs, camel were responsible for bite and could be possible vectors in transmission ...	1996	8773093
crystal structure of a camel single-domain vh antibody fragment in complex with lysozyme.	the camelidae is the only taxonomic family known to possess functional heavy-chain antibodies, lacking light chains. we report here the 2.5 a resolution crystal structure of a camel vh in complex with its antigen, lysozyme. compared to human and mouse vh domains, there are no major backbone rearrangements in the vh framework. however, the architecture of the region of vh that interacts with a vl in a conventional fv is different from any previously seen. moreover, the cdr1 region, although in se ...	1996	8784355
lidocaine elimination and monoethylglycinexylidide formation in the dehydrated camel.	the elimination kinetics and the formation of the monoethylglycinexylidide (megx), a major metabolite of lidocaine, were studied in camels deprived of water for 14 days. the study was conducted on four camels in a crossover design. lidocaine was administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg to adult female camels when water was given ad libitum (stage 1) and to the same camels after 14 days of dehydration. blood samples were taken up to 6 h after dosing. serum lidocaine and megx levels were an ...	1995	8789697
comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats.	paracetamol was administered at dosages of 5 mg/kg to camels and 10 mg/kg to goats by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. parent paracetamol had a significantly slower clearance (21.9 +/- 1.4 ml/min.kg. vs. 52.8 +/- 7.3 ml/min.kg) (p < 0.01) in camels than in goats. in camels the predominant metabolite in plasma was the sulphate, although the ratios of glucuronide:paracetamol and sulphate:paracetamol were similar (5.20 +/- 0.50 vs. 6.59 +/- 0.51) following intravenous administration. in go ...	1996	8803883
inhibition of zeta-crystallin by coumarins: a structure-activity study.	a structure-activity study was carried out to determine the important groups of coumarin derivatives in inhibiting the oxidoreductase activity of the camel lens zeta-crystallin. coumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, dicoumarol, and warfarin were screened for their inhibitory effect on zeta-crystallin activity. the sequence of potency for the inhibitors was dicoumarol > 4-hydroxycoumarin > warfarin > > coumarin. 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin was ineffective as an inhibitor. only d ...	1996	8804573
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and lymphadenitis (taloa or mala) in the camel.	pure cultures of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were obtained from 11 cases of lymphadenitis (known locally as taloa or mala) in camels. camel isolates produced typical taloa in camels experimentally inoculated subcutaneously at the base of the external ear with 10(10) colony forming units. a sheep strain of c. pseudotuberculosis inoculated into camels produced a local abscess at the site of inoculation but did not produce taloa. re-infection of camels recovered from experimental inoculation ...	1996	8809979
mastitis in camelus dromedarius and the somatic cell content of camels' milk.	seven hundred and sixty-three camels from 400 herds of local sudanese camel breeds were investigated for the prevalence of mastitis, identification of its bacterial causes and determination of the leucocyte contents of camel's milk. one hundred and forty-nine (19.5 per cent) of the 763 camels examined were diagnosed as mastitis cases based on clinical signs. one hundred and fifty-nine (47.3 per cent) of the 336 randomly selected milk samples were reactive in a rapid mastitis test and 16 of the 1 ...	1996	8819195
milk n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase and serum albumin as indicators of subclinical mastitis in the camel.	nagase activity (nagase) and serum albumin concentrations were determined in milk from 101 traditionally managed camels in the sudan. nagase, a lysosomal enzyme released from damaged epithelial cells as well as other somatic cells in milk, was recorded for quarter milk samples from camels (n = 353) using the fluoroscan method. nagase activity in major pathogen-infected quarters was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in minor pathogen-infected and non-infected quarters. means for minor pathogen ...	1995	8822188
kinetic properties of purified carnitine acetyltransferase from the skeletal muscle of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius).	the kinetic properties of carnitine acetyltransferase from the skeletal muscle of the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) were studied. the enzyme showed an optimum ph between 7.2 and 8.2. reciprocal plots of data obtained by varying one substrate concentration while keeping the other constant revealed lines that converged on the abscissa, indicating that the enzyme possible follows a random mechanism of catalysis. the kms for l-carnitine and acetyl-coenzyme a were 244 and 44 microm respectively ...	1996	8831953
camel lens zeta-crystallin kinetics and its inhibition by dicoumarol.	zeta-crystallin a novel nadph quinone oxidoreductase of the camel lens is capable of reducing a non quinone compound such as 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (dcip) which is mediated by nadph. a classical michaelis-menten kinetics were exhibited for both dcip and nadph with km values of 15.3 microm and 7.0 microm respectively, at ph 7.8. the vmax was 1.60 mumol./min.mg protein. the results of steady-state kinetic analysis indicated that the reaction proceeds through a ping-pong mechanism. dicoumarol ...	1996	8850520
previous h1n1 influenza a viruses circulating in the mongolian population.	four influenza a viruses of the subtype h1n1, isolated from mongolian patients in ulaanbaatar between 1985 and 1991, were analysed by sequencing of various rna segments. the isolate from 1985 was found to be highly related in all genes sequenced to strains isolated from camels in the same region and at about the same time. these camel isolates were presumably derived from a uv-light inactivated reassortant vaccine (pr8 x ussr/77) prepared in leningrad in 1978 and used in the mongolian population ...	1996	8856033
comparison of camelpox viruses isolated in dubai.	between october 1993 and march 1994, outbreaks of pox-like exanthemas were observed in several camel raising farms in dubai. scabs from twenty camels with either local or generalized lesions were examined, seven of them had previously been vaccinated with a modified live camelpox virus vaccine. inspection of scabs by electron microscopy confirmed an infection with orthopox viruses (opv) in 10 animals and with parapox virus in one camel. investigation of the scabs by polymerase chain reaction and ...	1996	8861650
single antibody domains as small recognition units: design and in vitro antigen selection of camelized, human vh domains with improved protein stability.	folding stabilities of camelized human antibody vh domains were studied through the determination of their melting points in thermodenaturation experiments. the melting point of a vh domain originating from a synthetic library of human vhs, which had been optimized for the use as small recognition units through the mimicking of camelid antibody heavy chains occurring naturally without light chain, was 56.6 degrees c compared with 71.2 degrees c of the original human vh. its stability was improve ...	1996	8862554
investigation of the effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine on turnover kinetics of camel (camelus dromedarius) retina acetylcholinesterase.	the effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine (tha) on turnover kinetics of camel retina acetylcholinesterase has been investigated. the turnover number (kcat) and specificity constant (ksp) were 62.1 min-1 and 9.92 x 10(5) (m. min)-1 in the control system while the values for both parameters were lowered by 25-68% and 48-87% in the tha (0.05-0.4 microm) treated systems respectively. therefore, tha's effect on turnover number must be considered at the time of therapy to the alzheimer's disease patients.	1996	8866008
inhibition studies of the carnitine acetyltransferase from skeletal muscle of the camel (camelus dromedarius) by sulfhydryl reagents and metal ions.	the effect of certain sulfhydryl reagents and metal ions were studied on the carnitine acetyltransferase (cat) activity from the skeletal muscle of the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius). dtnb and iodoacetamide caused concentration and time dependent inhibition of cat activity. the inhibition seen with these sulfhydryl reagents could be protected with prior incubation of the enzyme with acetyl-co a, suggesting that these reagents might interact with the same site. among the various metal ions t ...	1996	8866009
the bioavailability of febantel in dehydrated camels.	in the present study the bioavailability of febantel paste and febantel suspension was investigated in the fully hydrated and the dehydrated camel. the serum concentrations of febantel and its metabolites, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulfone were determined by high performance liquid chromatography following extraction with ether. the exposure to febantel and its metabolites in fully hydrated camels was significantly higher in camels dosed with febantel paste compared to febantel ...	1996	8866457
inhibition of camel lens zeta-crystallin/nadph:quinone oxidoreductase activity by cibacron blue.	camel lens zeta-crystallin/nadh:quinone oxidoreductase activity was inhibited by cibacron blue 3ga (cb) with 9.10-phenanthrenequinone (pq) as an electron acceptor and nadph as an electron donor in a time-independent and concentration dependent manner. the ic50 value of cb was 50 nm. the lineweaver-burk plots and the secondary plots indicated that the inhibition was linear mixed type (partial competitive and pure noncompetitive) with respect to nadph and noncompetitive with respect to pq. the est ...	1996	8872746
patterns of hormone secretion throughout pregnancy in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	peripheral serum samples were collected from 8 pregnant dromedary camels and hormone secretion patterns were examined at specific time intervals. mean serum progesterone concentrations began to rise 3-4 days after ovulation and remained reasonably constant at 3-5 ng ml-1 for the first 90-100 days of gestation. concentrations then showed a definite fall, but thereafter remained constant again at 2-4 ng ml-1 throughout the rest of pregnancy. in contrast, serum oestrogen concentrations showed prono ...	1996	8876045
echinococcus granulosus antigen b and seroreactivity in natural ovine hydatidosis.	hydatid cyst fluid from sheep and camels infected with echinococcus granulosus, together with partially purified preparations of hydatid fluid antigen b and a recombinant antigen b product, were tested in an elisa for their ability to detect igg antibodies against e granulosus in the serum of naturally infected sheep. the antibody activity in sera from sheep naturally infected with taenia hydatigena cysticercosis or fasciola hepatica was also tested. all the antigen preparations from native hyda ...	1996	8880977
total, free, short-chain and long-chain acyl carnitine levels in arabian camel milk (camelus dromedarius).	the total, free, short-chain acyl and long-chain acyl carnitine levels were measured in milk of the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius). significant variation in carnitine concentrations were observed in milk of the camel when compared with other mammalian milk species. the result shows that arabian camel milk possesses a higher than usual concentration of the average percent contribution of free carnitine to total carnitine that is found in most mammalian milk species. a higher proportion of to ...	1996	8886250
phylogenetically conserved epitopes of leukocyte antigens.	the occurrence of conserved epitopes in the immune system was investigated on the leukocytes of cattle, river buffalo, sheep, camel, swine and humans by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. the distribution of the most conservative epitopes on leukocyte sub-populations suggests that the expression pattern of the proteins is similar. western blotting experiments indicate that the recognized antigens are structural homologues.	1996	8896233
distribution of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols within blood fractions of ruminants.	this is a comparative study of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in plasma, red blood cells, and in lipoprotein fractions, and their interrelationships with plasma cholesterol and total lipids were studied in camel, cattle, and in sheep. plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in cattle were significantly higher than in camel or sheep (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05). erythrocytes of the three species contained similar amounts of both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. plasma tocopherols distributed equall ...	1996	8896343
ciliate protozoa in the forestomach of the dromedary camel, (camelus dromedarius), in egypt, with description of a new species.	the composition of ciliates obtained from the forestomachs of eleven dromedary (one-humped) camels in egypt was examined. as a result, eight genera containing 24 species with 11 forms were identified. of them, one species was concluded to be new, then described as dasytricha kabanii n. sp. this new species was clearly distinguished from d. ruminantium, the other species of the genus, by its lack of somatic cilia on the posterior one-fifth of the body surface. entodinium nanellum and epidinium ec ...	1996	8898279
tocopherols in camel's plasma and tissues.	plasma and tissues' concentration of alpha- gamma- and delta-tocopherol were estimated in 25 male camels. alpha-tocopherol was the predominant form of vitamin e in plasma and tissues. gamma-tocopherol was present in all studied tissues, except skeletal muscle and plasma. while delta-tocopherol was found only in the hump, no traces of beta-tocopherol were detected in plasma or in tissues. plasma vitamin e level in camel was found to be lower than in other ruminants, which may be attributed to nut ...	1996	8899453
kinetics for camel (camelus dromedarius) retina acetylcholinesterase inhibition by methotrexate in vitro.	this work addresses the kinetic analysis of the interaction of methotrexate (mtx) with camel retina acetylcholinesterase (a che, ec 3.1.1.7). it was found that the mtx effect was reversible in nature. the ic50 was determined, by two methods, to be 1.362 mm. the michaelis-menten constant (ks) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide (asch) by ache was 0.123 mm in the control system, and the mtx-treated systems showed a 10-35% decrease in this value. the vmax was 0.789 mumol/min/mg protein f ...	1996	8902599
the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on camel retina acetylcholinesterase activity.	kinetic parameters for the effect of cyclophosphamide (cp) on the camel retina acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity were investigated for the first time in the present study. it was found that 18 micrograms of retina protein and an incubation time of 4.0 min were suitable conditions for linear of ache activity. the cp effect was independent of time of incubation with ache before the addition of substrate, which shows it reversible action. moreover, dilution data prove that cp is a reversible inh ...	1996	8914613
innervation of the pancreas of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) by neuropeptide-y, galanin, calcitonin-gene-related-peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide and cholecystokinin.	the distribution of neuropeptide-y (npy), galanin (gal), cholecystokinin-8 (cck-8), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in the pancreas of the camel was investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. npy-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the pancreatic ganglia and also in the interacinar regions of the exocrine pancreas. npy was discernible in fine varicose nerve fibres ending on npy-negative cells and in the walls of blood vessels. anp immunorea ...	1996	8923501
pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the camel (camelus dromedarius).		1996	8923719
kinetic properties of camel lens zeta-crystallin.	camel lens zeta-crystallin is an nadph:quinone oxidoreductase, showing limited quinone substrate specificity: among the quinones tested, the orthoquinones were the best substrates. the kinetic mechanism of nadph:quinone oxidoreductase activity of zeta-crystallin was investigated by steady-state initial velocity and product-inhibition studies. the results were consistent with the enzyme having a ping-pong mechanism and the intrinsic k(m) values for nadph and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (pq) were est ...	1996	8930141
the nature of the inhibition of camel retina acetylcholinesterase (ec 3.1.1.7) activity by tetrahydroaminoacridine.	the nature of the inhibition of camel retina acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity by tetrahydro-aminoacridine (tha, tacrine) has been investigated in the present study. the non-significant change of the percent inhibition of ache by tha with respect to various lengths of the preincubation period showed the type of the reversible inhibition. tha reversibly inhibited ache activity in a concentration dependent manner; ic50 was 0.23 microm while the ic100 was 14.22 microm. the k(m) for the hydrolysi ...	1996	8951687
joe camel beware as doctors strike back.		1996	8956692
purification of carnitine acetyltransferase from skeletal muscle of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the enzyme carnitine acetyltransferase (cat) catalyzes the reversible transfer of short-chain acyl groups between coenzyme a and l-carnitine, and hence, plays an important role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. purification and characterization of cat from desert animal species may help in explaining the involvement of secondary pathways for energy production in these species. in this paper, we report the purification and partial characterization of cat from the arabian camel. cat was purifi ...	1996	8979257
pharmacokinetic considerations in the camel (camelus dromedarius): a review.	in this article the pharmacokinetic profile of several antibacterial, antiparasitic and antiinflammatory agents in camels has been reviewed. the effect of dehydration on the kinetics of these drugs has also been discussed.	1996	8983164
hypertrophic z-line observed in aged one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from 3 aged one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) was examined to see if aged camels also develop hypertrophic z-lines as observed in the heart of aged humans and other animals. the results proved that the aged camel heart develops hypertrophic z-lines together with other age-associated alterations, including loss of myofibrils and myofilaments, increase of intermyofibrillar spaces and intercellular spaces, and disruption of mitochondrial cristae and interc ...	1995	8984831
[multifrequency tympanometry in meniere's disease: preliminary results].	tympanometry with 220 hz probe tone mainly measures compliance related components of the middle ear. only higher frequency probe tones provide information on mass related components. in order to study the behavior of the mass related components in endolymphatic hydrops, the authors tested 15 ménière's disease patients and 10 healthy subjects using multifrequency tympanometry. in both groups tympanometry with 220 and 678 hz probe tone was employed to evaluate resonance frequency. the presence of ...	1996	8984834
water restriction and bone metabolism in camels.	'krafft disease', occurring in camels living in the very arid areas of north africa, is characterized by spontaneous fractures of costal and/or appendicular bones. to better understand the mechanisms of this, we studied the influence of water restriction on plasma and urinary markers of bone metabolism in camels. eight 2-year-old nonpregnant, nonlactating camels were studied at the research station of laâyoune (morocco). after a 10 day period of daily watering, five animals were watered only eve ...	1996	8987106
immunohistochemical identification of pancreatic hormones, neuropeptides and cytoskeletal proteins in pancreas of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the patterns of distribution of insulin (ins), glucagon (glu), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), neuropeptide-y (npy), cholecystokinin-octapeptide (cck-8), neurofilament-200 protein (nf), s-100 protein (s-100), and vimentin (vim) in the pancreas of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. ins-immunoreactive cells were observed in the central and peripheral parts of the islets of langerhans, but some solitary ins-positive cells were found ...	1997	8989875
pattern of distribution of neuropeptides in the camel lacrimal gland.	the pattern of distribution of neuropeptides, including neuropeptide-y (npy), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip), neurotensin (nt), serotonin (5-ht), galanin (gal), leucine-enkephalin (leu-enk) and calcitoningene-related-peptide (cgrp), in the nerves of the camel lacrimal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. fresh lacrimal gland segments, obtained from adult camels slaughtered in the local abattoir, were used for the immunohistochemical techniques. npy and leu-enk im ...	1996	9004254
in vivo and in vitro characterization of two camelpoxvirus isolates with decreased virulence.	two camelpoxvirus (cpv) strains isolated from camels with generalized skin-disease were serially passaged on vero cells. various phenotypic properties were investigated in vitro and in vivo and compared with those of the corresponding wildtype strains. in many aspects no differences were observed. however, in a mouse model both passaged strains proved to be highly attenuated. in addition, both strains failed to replicate in a cell line derived from camel skin cells. comparison of physical maps e ...	1996	9008960
the coronary arteries of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	the pattern of distribution of the coronary arteries of the camel was studied by combining dissection and vinyl acetate casts. the results showed that in the camel the right coronary artery supplies the interventricular subsinuosal artery, characteristic of a right coronary pattern. the septal branch that supplied the interventricular septum originated from the paraconal interventricular artery. a muscular bridge was observed crossing each of the paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteri ...	1996	9011107
camel tick (acari:ixodidae) control with pour-on application of flumethrin.	the pyrethroid flumethrin (bayticol) was tested in camels (camelus dromedarius) as a pour-on for the control of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii. two, small, naturally infested camel herds, one heavily infested and the other lightly infested, each composed of eight head of animals, were used for this field trial. in each herd, four camels were randomly selected for treatment and the other four untreated camels were kept as controls. the heavily infested herd was treated with 2 ml 10kg-1 body ...	1996	9017876
adaptation to arid environment: haemonchus longistipes in dromedaries of saharo-sahelian areas of mauritania.	the adaptations of the trichostrongylid nematode haemonchus longistipes of dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) to the harsh environment of saharo-sahelian climate were assessed by means of (i) an epidemiological survey of dromedary infection in the south-west of mauritania, (ii) an estimate over a 3 year period of parasite distribution within the host population and of prolificacy of h. longistipes females recovered from natural populations of infected dromedaries sampled at nouakchott's slaughter ...	1996	9017882
the inhibitory effect of the neuromuscular blocking agent, gallamine triethiodide, on camel retina acetylcholinesterase activity.	the present investigation addresses the mode of inhibition of the camel retinal acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity by gallamine triethiodide, which is known to be a specific non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent and polar cholinergic antagonist. this study gave the following results: it was found that gallamine (ga) reversibly inhibited the ache activity in a concentration dependent manner, the ic50 being about 0.633 mm. the km for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide by ache was ...	1997	9020401
encapsulated sensory receptors within intraorbital skeletal muscles of a camel.	the occurrence of encapsulated sensory receptors in extrinsic ocular muscles differs among and within orders of mammals. beyond indications that neuromuscular and neurotendinous spindles are present in extraocular muscles of the family camilidae, little is known of their distributional characteristics. in fact there appear to be no distribution maps for any animal that show both major types of encapsulated muscle receptor in a full set of intraorbital skeletal muscles.	1997	9025998
high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres.	the combined solid-phase extraction (isolute prs columns) and reversed-phase gradient hplc method presented provides a sensitive, reproducible and selective quantification of carnosine, balenine, homocarnosine, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. recoveries were 91-115%. lower limits of detection were 0.005-0.010 mmol kg-1 dry muscle. the compounds were isolated from other physiological amino acids and small peptides and res ...	1997	9029312
the fda: a dromedary tale.		1997	9035089
phenylbutazone pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	phenylbutazone was administered intravenously and intramuscularly at a dosage rate of 4.4 mg/kg to a group of 6 female camels in a two-period crossover study. after intravenous (i.v.) administration, disposition was characterised by a two-compartment open model, with a low volume of distribution (0.174 l.kg-1), and distribution and elimination half-lives of 0.43 and 12.51 h, respectively. after intramuscular (i.m.) dosing absorption was relatively rapid with absorption half-time and time of maxi ...	1997	9049950
"peptabody": a new type of high avidity binding protein.	a new type of high avidity binding molecule, termed "peptabody" was created by harnessing the effect of multivalent interaction. a short peptide ligand was fused via a semi-rigid hinge region with the coiled-coil assembly domain of the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, resulting in a pentameric multivalent binding molecule. in the first peptabody (pab-s) described here, a peptide (s) specific for the mouse b-cell lymphoma bcl1 surface ig idiotype, was selected from a phage display library. a ...	1997	9050835
uterine activity after induction of hypocalcaemia in the ovariectomized camel (camelus dromedarius).	bilateral ovariectomy was performed in three parous, non-pregnant camels. intrauterine and intraabdominal pressure changes were recorded using balloon-tipped catheters. uterine contractions were induced and maintained in the ovariectomized camels by daily intramuscular injections of 5 mg oestradiol benzoate throughout the experimental period. the frequency of uterine contractions varied from 6 to 9 per minute, whereas the amplitude varied from 2 to 3 kpa in all the animals. inducing hypocalcaemi ...	1997	9060142
inhibition of camel lens zeta-crystallin/nadph:quinone oxidoreductase activity by chloranilic acid.	camel lens zeta-crystallin/nadph:quinone oxidoreductase activity was inhibited by chloranilic acid (2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) with nadph as an electron donor and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (pq) as an electron acceptor in a time-independent but concentration dependent manner. the ic50 of chloranilic acid was 1 microm. the inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to both nadph and pq as deduced by lineweaver-burk plots. the estimated inhibition constant (ki) was 0.8 microm for b ...	1997	9063582
respiratory burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from the mammary glands and blood of camels (camelus bactrianus).	the oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from camel blood and mammary glands was studied using a chemiluminescence (cl) assay. the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmnl) isolated from camel blood mounted a luminol-dependent cl response upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan or opsonized staphylococcus aureus. these responses showed an overall similarity to those described in other mammalian species. the leucocytes isolated from the mammary glands mounted cl responses similar to th ...	1997	9084231
rabies in a camel--a case report.		1997	9090016
fungal flora and aflatoxin contamination of feedstuff samples in beida governorate, libya.	fungi of 19 genera, 30 species, and one variety were isolated from 25 samples of sheep-, cattle- and camel feedstuffs collected from different farms in the beida governorate, libya. aspergillus, penicillium and fusarium were the most common genera in the three substrates tested. tlc was used to establish the identity of aflatoxins in the chloroform extract of all samples and the ability to produce aflatoxins by aspergillus flavus in a synthetic liquid medium. twenty samples out of 25 tested were ...	1996	9090825
[preliminary study of the safety and immunogenicity of the attenuated vd47/25 strain of camelpoxvirus].	the safety and immunogenicity of the attenuated vd47/25 strain of camelpoxvirus were tested on 30 camel calves in mauritania. post-inoculation clinical symptoms were absent during the 40 days of observation. serum samples collected during this period showed low levels of neutralizing antibodies (1/4-1/16). in vivo titration of a virulent strain of camelpoxvirus in vaccinated camels and control animals enabled the calculation of the pd50 (50% protective dose) which contained the equivalent of 10( ...	1996	9091989
intraspecific variation of echinococcus granulosus and related species with emphasis on their infectivity to humans.	four species are presently recognised within the genus echinococcus, namely echinococcus granulosus, e. multilocularis, e. oligarthrus and e. vogeli, which are infective to humans. evidence for strain diversity within the species e. granulosus, previously mainly based on morphological, biological and biochemical features, has been principally confirmed by recent genetic studies. several molecular techniques are now available which allow the identification of e. granulosus strains. epidemiologica ...	1997	9095286
t-lymphocyte cytokine mrna expression in cystic echinococcosis.	in the present study we investigated cytokine mrna expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from patients with cystic echinococcosis (ce) after stimulation with different antigens. by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) we could demonstrate that restimulation with crude echinococcus granulosus antigen (eg-ag) induced or enhanced th2 cytokine mrna expression, especially il-5 (by using antigen from sheep cyst fluid) in 23 out of 26 investigated ce patients ...	1997	9095287
sero diagnosis of hydatid disease.	two serological test, double agar gel diffusion test (dd5t) and indirect haemagglutination test (ihat) were performed for diagnosis of hydatid disease. correlation of their results with eosinophilia were also made. dd5t gave higher sensitivity (100%) than ihat which gave 95%. out of the serologically positive patients, only 50% had eosinophilia. sheep hydatid antigen was more potent than camel antigen. the supernatant lyophilized sheep antigen was the best antigen used.	1997	9097528
first compartment cannulation of the dromedary camel.	this study presents and discusses a relatively simple, successful method for the long term cannulation of the first compartment of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	1997	9112740
effect of tactile stimulation on serum lactate in the newborn rat.	maturation of the cns in neonatal animals is dependent upon both sensory input and the constant availability of metabolic fuel. previous reports indicate that the preferred metabolic substrate for the developing rat brain is lactate. in this study, we used the neonatal sprague-dawley rat to investigate a possible interactive role between touch and the regulation of serum lactate. two hundred and fifty rats (postnatal d 0-7) were exposed to a standard tactile stimulation (ts) regimen to mimic non ...	1997	9167199
pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in camels.	to document disposition variables of phenylbutazone and its metabolite, oxyphenbutazone, in camels (camelus dromedarius) after single i.v. bolus administration of phenylbutazone, with a view to making recommendation on avoiding violative residues in racing camels.	1997	9185972
evaluation of various diagnostic techniques for trypanosoma evansi infections in naturally infected camels.	one hundred and eight camels (camelus dromedarius) from trypanosoma evansi endemic areas of the thar desert of rajasthan state, india, were evaluated by various diagnostic tests including parasitological tests (wet blood film-wbf, stained thick blood film), chemical test (mercuric chloride), biological test (mouse subinoculation-msi), and immunodiagnostic tests based on antibody detection (double immunodiffusion test-did, card agglutination test-catt), antigen detection (double antibody sandwich ...	1997	9187029
kids, cancer, and the joe camel connection.		1997	9196129
isolation of streptococcus equi subspecies equi (strangles agent) from an ethiopian camel.		1997	9203321
inhibition kinetics of camel lens zeta-crystallin: multiple inhibition studies.	the inhibition of camel lens zeta-crystallin by nitrofurantoin (nf) was uncompetitive with respect to co-factor nadph, (ki = 90 microm) and competitive with respect to the substrate 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (pq), (ki = 50 microm). inhibition at micromolar concentrations was also observed with dicoumarol, nadp+ and cibacron blue (cb). theorell-yonetani double-inhibition analysis showed that nf and dicoumarol were mutually exclusive inhibitors against pq. however, analysis of nf and nadp+ by a dou ...	1996	9204392
thermodynamic investigation of camel retina acetylcholinesterase inhibition by cyclophosphamide.	the present work addresses the estimation of energy parameters such as gibb's free energy change (delta g), enthalpy change (delta h); entropy change (delta s) and activation energy (e a) of acetylcholinesterase (ache, ec 3.1.1.7) from camel retina in the absence and presence of the antineoplastic drug cyclophosphamide (cp). a spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of ache activity, which was the basis for determination of these parameters. the pz factor (number of sterically a ...	1997	9208370
early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (lama pacos) and llama (lama glama) by ultrasound.	an ultrasonography study of early pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in 19 alpacas and 12 llamas, after controlled matings. the aim was to determine the earliest gestational age at which pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography could be achieved, and to generate an empirical formula for gestational sac diameter (gsd) growth as a function of gestational age (ga), allowing an estimate of ga during the first month of pregnancy. we found that pregnancy diagnosis may be carried out as earl ...	1997	9233511
effect of sevin on kinetic parameters of camel retina acetylcholinesterase.	the present investigation addresses the effect of sevin (insecticide) on kinetic parameters of camel retina membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (ache, ec 3.1.1.7). the michaelis-menten constant (ks) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide (asch) by ache was 0.072 mm in the control system, a value decreased by 38-55% in the sevin treated systems. the vmax was 0.967 mumole/min/mg protein for the control system while it was decreased by 50-84% in the sevin treated systems. the lineweaver-bur ...	1997	9238521
changes in classical pathway complement activity in dromedary camels experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi.	the complement system is known to have important effector functions in immune responses. however, its role in camel trypanosomosis has not been determined. the present study was undertaken to evaluate haemolytic complement activity in trypanosoma evansi-infected and uninfected camels. five dromedary camels were experimentally infected with t. evansi and classical pathway haemolytic complement activity was assayed. parasitaemia and packed cell volume were also monitored. following infection, clas ...	1997	9239845
oestrus ovis (sheep nasal fly) infesting the eyes and the nose of a camel keeper family.	myiasis is a medical and veterinary health problem in many animal rearing countries. it is not a new problem in egypt. a family of five persons were infested in the eyes (5) and nose (2) with the larvae of oestrus ovis. it is concluded that the physicians in the moh rural health units should keep in mind opthalmomyiasis when dealing with non specific catarrhal conjunctivitis particularly those people who are concerned with rearing of farm animals.	1997	9257988
the distribution of total, free, short-chain acyl and long-chain acyl carnitine in ocular tissues of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	carnitine (ca) plays an important role in the metabolism of fatty acids. its presence is considerable in tissues that utilize fatty acids as an important source of energy, such as the heart and the skeletal muscle. the presence of free, short-chain acyl and long-chain acyl carnitine was shown for the first time in various tissues of the camel eye. the ratio of acyl carnitine (ac) to free carnitine (fc) was high in aqueous humor, indicating a predominance of ac, while it was low in vitreous humor ...	1997	9261773
studies on the age of puberty of male camels (camelus dromedaries) in saudi arabia.	aspects of sexual development and attainment of sexual and breeding maturity were studied in two groups of najdi camels (mojaheem and wadah), maintained in stalls under good nutritional conditions. body weight, testes diameter and degree of penile freedom were recorded weekly. sexual maturity was assessed by the examination of semen collected by an artificial vagina. puberty was defined as the stage when the animal was able to produce viable sperms. mating, followed by strong jerks and ejaculati ...	1997	9265856
preliminary comparative studies on complement fixation, dot enzyme immunoassay, and western blotting for the detection of antibodies to mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides sc in nigerian camel (camelus dromedarius).	the serological prevalence of antibodies to mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc, the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (cbpp), was investigated in nigerian camels. fifty-eight serum samples were collected from slaughtered camels and examined by complement fixation (cft), dot enzyme immunoassay and western blots. fourteen of the slaughtered camels examined had pneumonic lesions. all sera examined were negative by cft but 7 (12.1%) and 4 (6.8%) were positive by dot enzyme ...	1997	9270134
mineral content of camel milk and colostrum.		1997	9275262
camel party zone, passive smoking, pesticide residues, and other pot-pourri.		1997	9291226
carnosine, anserine and taurine contents in individual fibres from the middle gluteal muscle of the camel.	high muscle carnosine und anserine contents contribute significantly to intra-cellular physico-chemical buffering. our aim was to measure carnosine, anserine and taurine contents directly in individual type i, iia and iib fibres from the middle gluteus muscle of the camel. mean carnosine contents in type i, iia and iib were 24.6 +/- 9.2, 39.4 +/- 11.4 and 42.8 +/- 18.8 mmol kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. mean anserine contents in type i, iia and iib fibres were 30.0 +/- 8.4, 37.3 +/- 10.1 a ...	1997	9300536
[the camel and the eye of the needle].		1997	9303864
[ancient chinese camel medicine].		1997	9312846
effect of malathion on kinetic parameters of acetylcholinesterase (ec 3.1.1.7) in vitro.	kinetic analysis of the interaction of malathion with camel erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was investigated in the present study. the michaelis-menten constant (k(m)) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide (asch) was found to be 53.15 microm and the vmax was 0.287 mumol/min/mg protein. the kmapp and vmaxapp were both decreased by increased malathion concentration. dixon as well as lineweaver-burk plots and their secondary replots indicated that the nature of the inhibition was of the p ...	1997	9315286
selection and identification of single domain antibody fragments from camel heavy-chain antibodies.	functional heavy-chain gamma-immunoglobulins lacking light chains occur naturally in camelidae. we now show the feasibility of immunising a dromedary, cloning the repertoire of the variable domains of its heavy-chain antibodies and panning, leading to the successful identification of minimum sized antigen binders. the recombinant binders are expressed well in e. coli, extremely stable, highly soluble, and react specifically and with high affinity to the antigens. this approach can be viewed as a ...	1997	9323027
camel bite injuries of the orofacial region: report of a case.		1997	9331246
[traditional camel medicine in china].		1997	9334000
[veterinary medicine comment on camel medicine in fan-mu tsuan yen-fang].	this short paragraph tries to identify the camel diseases compiled in the old chinese text according to modern veterinary terms. due to the specific terminology of the camel treatise and its overall scarce symptomatology the diseases are difficult to evaluate. the majority of them obviously deal with acute infectious diseases which manifest themselves under such symptoms as high fever, depression, anorexia, cachexia, diarrhoea, general weakness, etc. but there are some diseases and ailments whic ...	1997	9334001
sequencing analysis of prion genes from red deer and camel.	an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (prp) appears to be the agent responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). the normal isoform of prp is host-encoded and expressed in the central nervous system. the recent bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in the uk and the incidence of prion-related diseases in other animals could indicate that ruminants are highly susceptible to infection via ingestion of prion-contaminated food. sequence analysis of prp gene open read ...	1997	9358067
endogenous nitric oxide in the airways of different animal species.	high amounts of endogenous nitric oxide (no) have been demonstrated in the human upper airway, but the role of nasal no is still unclear. the present study aims to describe nasal no excretion in different animal species with special living conditions or anatomy.	1997	9366933
turkey: camel gets through again.		1997	9396097
observations on the fine structure of the liver in the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the structure of macroscopically inconspicuous livers in 23 adult camels (camelus dromedarius) was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. a well-developed connective tissue characterizes the camel liver. thick trabeculae divide the liver parenchyma into lobules. portal tracts and central veins are surrounded by a variable amount of fibrous tissue. in the perisinusoidal space (disse), collagen fibres form a dense three-dimensional network around the sinusoids. a mild to moderate f ...	1997	9400047
some factors affecting the prevalence of trypanosoma evansi in camels in mauritania.	a study was conducted on the epidemiology of camel trypanosomosis in mauritania using 2073 camels of various ages in five regions (trarza, gorgol, adrar, hodh e1 chargui, nouakchott). the prevalence was determined through blood smear and serological tests: card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (catt) and immuno fluorescence antibody test (ifat). the prevalence of the disease was 1.3% using blood smear examinations, 16.2% with catt and 25.2% with ifat. the following variations were observed ...	1997	9404837
cigarette promotional items in public schools.	to assess the prevalence of ownership of cigarette promotional items (cpis) by rural northern new england students and to examine the association between cpi ownership and smoking behavior.	1997	9412593
molecular genetic analyses of parapoxviruses pathogenic for humans.	the current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (orfv), bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). bpsv and pcpv are maintained in cattle while orfv is maintained in sheep and goats, but all three are zoonoses. only the recently reported pvnz has yet to be recorded as infecting humans. tentative members of the genus are camel contagious ecthyma virus, chamois contagious ecthyma virus and sealpoxvirus. the separ ...	1997	9413523
presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos).	attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ...	1997	9415451
enzymes of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism in the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii during embryogenesis. purification and characterization of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenases.	the activity of p5c metabolizing enzymes: oat, p5cr, po, and p5cd, in the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii has been followed throughout embryogenesis. the profiles of enzymatic activity showed clear differences in the four enzymes as the embryos grew older. during purification of p5cd to homogeneity the ion exchange chromatography steps lead to two separate forms (termed a and b) with different molecular weights (60,000-59,000 and 50,000-52,000 for the native and denatured enzymes, respectively), ...	1997	9418013