Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| biosynthetic nanostructured cellulose patch for chest wall reconstruction: five-month follow-up in a porcine model. | ideal approaches and materials for reconstruction of large chest wall defects remain a topic of debate. we sought to explore the suitability of a reinforced nanostructured cellulose (nc) patch for chest wall reconstruction in an animal model. | 2017 | 27768401 |
| establishment and characterization of porcine focal cerebral ischemic model induced by endothelin-1. | due to well-developed circle of willis in pigs, it is technically challenging to make persistent focal ischemic stroke based on occlusion of cerebral arteries. endothelin-1 could cause a focal lesion by forcing transient but strong vasoconstriction in the circumscribed injected area. its use in porcine stroke model has drawn attention lately. however, all the porcine endothelin-1 induced models were euthanized soon after surgery. whether the brain lesion is persistent, and whether they could cau ... | 2016 | 27773792 |
| new polymorphism of the influenza virus resistance mx1 gene in iberian domestic pigs. | mx1 (myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78) gene has been implicated in the resistance to a wide range of rna viruses including influenza a in several species such as sus scrofa. in the present study a 28-bp deletion in exon 14 of the mx1 gene has been identified in iberian domestic pigs but not in other domestic breeds neither in wild boars. the mutation produces a frameshift giving a protein with 6 amino acid substitutions and the extension of the c-termina ... | 0 | 27774491 |
| mortality due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in immunocompromised göttingen minipigs (sus scrofa domestica). | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection was diagnosed in 6 göttingen minipigs (sus scrofa domestica) with severe interstitial pneumonia. the virus was defined as a north american (na) subtype virus, which is common in the commercial pig population and might be derived from a widely used attenuated live-virus vaccine in europe. the orf5 sequence of the isolated prrsv was 98% identical to the vaccine virus. the affected pigs were part of a lung transplantation model a ... | 2016 | 27780006 |
| diaphragmatic hernia of the stomach with gastric rupture in a domestic pig. | a 5.5-mo-old castrated, male red duroc pig presented acutely with depression and abdominal pain 9 d after an altercation with another pig. a ct examination indicated right pneumothorax and herniation of the stomach into the thoracic cavity. due to a poor prognosis, the pig was euthanized. a necropsy and gross examination revealed a tear of the diaphragmatic muscle in the region of the esophageal hiatus through which the stomach was displaced into the right side of the thoracic cavity. in additio ... | 2016 | 27780007 |
| a generic quantitative risk assessment framework for the entry of bat-borne zoonotic viruses into the european union. | bat-borne viruses have been linked to a number of zoonotic diseases; in 2014 there have been human cases of nipah virus (niv) in bangladesh and ebola virus in west and central africa. here we describe a model designed to provide initial quantitative predictions of the risk of entry of such viruses to european union (eu) member states (mss) through four routes: human travel, legal trade (e.g. fruit and animal products), live animal movements and illegal importation of bushmeat. the model utilises ... | 2016 | 27788234 |
| piglets learn to use combined human-given visual and auditory signals to find a hidden reward in an object choice task. | although animals rarely use only one sense to communicate, few studies have investigated the use of combinations of different signals between animals and humans. this study assessed for the first time the spontaneous reactions of piglets to human pointing gestures and voice in an object-choice task with a reward. piglets (sus scrofa domestica) mainly use auditory signals-individually or in combination with other signals-to communicate with their conspecifics. their wide hearing range (42 hz to 4 ... | 2016 | 27792731 |
| simultaneous deletion of the 9gl and uk genes from the african swine fever virus georgia 2007 isolate offers increased safety and protection against homologous challenge. | african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the control of african swine fever (asf) has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. successful experimental vaccines have been derived from naturally occurring, cell culture-adapted, or genetically modified live attenuated asfv. recombinant viruses harboring engineered deletions of specific virulence ... | 2017 | 27795430 |
| evaluation of dry feeding and liquid feeding to lactating sows under high temperature environment. | liquid feeding system has been introduced to domestic swine farms, but negative cognition about liquid feeding system has been remained for feed waste decay related with poor management and microbial contamination. for these reasons, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding method in lactating sows. | 2016 | 27795834 |
| in-depth proteomic analysis of the porcine retina by use of a four step differential extraction bottom up lc ms platform. | the eye of the house swine (sus scrofa domestica linnaeus, 1758) represents a promising model for the study of human eye diseases encircling neurodegenerative retina disorders that go along with proteomic changes. to provide an in-depth view into the "normal" (untreated & healthy) porcine retina proteome as an important reference, a proteomic strategy has been developed encircling stepwise/differential extraction, lc ms and peptide de novo sequencing. accordingly, pooled porcine retina homogenat ... | 2016 | 27796761 |
| geometric features of pig airways using computed tomography. | accurate knowledge of the airway geometry is needed when constructing physical models of the airway tree and for numerical modeling of flow or sound propagation in the airways. human and animal experiments are conducted to validate these models. many studies documented the geometric details of the human airways. however, information about the geometry of pig airways is scarcer. earlier studies suggested that the morphology of animal airways can be significantly different from that of humans. the ... | 2016 | 27798351 |
| the influence of root surface distance to alveolar bone and periodontal ligament on periodontal wound healing. | the purpose of this animal study was to perform a 3-dimensional micro-computed tomography (micro-ct) analysis in order to investigate the influence of root surface distance to the alveolar bone and the periodontal ligament on periodontal wound healing after a guided tissue regeneration (gtr) procedure. | 2016 | 27800213 |
| endoscopic ultrasonography-guided placement of a transhepatic portal vein stent in a live porcine model. | percutaneous portal vein (pv) stent placement is used to manage pv occlusion or stenosis caused by malignancy. the use of endoscopic ultrasonography (eus) has expanded to include vascular interventions. the aim of this study was to examine the technical feasibility and safety of eus-guided transhepatic pv stent placement in a live porcine model. | 0 | 27803904 |
| septic porcine blood does not further activate coagulation during in vitro membrane oxygenation. | for patients with a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) represents a life-saving measure. frequently, patients with severe ards also show signs of severe sepsis. as blood contact with the membrane oxygenator surface leads to adverse effects due to insufficient biocompatibility partly caused by activation of platelets, coagulation factors and leucocytes, we hypothesized that these adverse effects would be amplified if septic blood in a pre ... | 2017 | 27806995 |
| genomic analysis reveals selection in chinese native black pig. | identification of genomic signatures that help reveal mechanisms underlying desirable traits in domesticated pigs is of significant biological, agricultural and medical importance. to identify the genomic footprints left by selection during domestication of the enshi black pig, a typical native and meat-lard breed in china, we generated about 72-fold coverage of the pig genome using pools of genomic dna representing three different populations of enshi black pigs from three different locations. ... | 2016 | 27808243 |
| [detection of salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf in a fattening pig with septicaemic salmonellosis. a case report]. | the present case reports the detection of salmonella (s.) choleraesuis var. kunzendorf and porcine circovirus type 2 in an organic fattening pig suffering from septicaemic salmonellosis and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. six weeks after pigs had been housed in an organic fattening farm, an increase in mortality, diarrhea and coughing was observed. in recent years, s. choleraesuis var. kunzendorf has been frequently detected in wild boars in germany, whereas the same serovar did not ... | 2016 | 27808343 |
| molecular detection of torque teno sus virus and coinfection with african swine fever virus in blood samples of pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria. | torque teno sus virus 1 (ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b) infection is present in pig herds worldwide. this study investigated the prevalence of ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b infections in domestic pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria as well as coinfection with african swine fever virus (asfv) and described the phylogeny in relation to global strains. one hundred and eighty-one (181) blood samples from four slaughterhouses were used for the study and viral nucleic acid detection was carried out by pcr. comparative sequ ... | 2016 | 27833640 |
| creation of an animal model for long gap pure esophageal atresia. | long gap pure esophageal atresia (lgpea) is a congenital disorder in which the esophagus is in discontinuity, and the proximal and distal ends cannot be anastomosed in a primary fashion. no animal model for pure esophageal atresia exists. here we describe a survival animal model for lgpea, which will ultimately serve to test novel devices and techniques to restore continuity. | 2017 | 27838766 |
| str profiling for discrimination between wild and domestic swine specimens and between main breeds of domestic pigs reared in belarus. | a panel comprising 16 short tandem repeats (strs) and a gender-specific amelogenin marker was worked out and tested for robustness in discrimination between wild and domestic swine subspecies encountered in europe, between regional populations of wild boars and between main breeds of domestic pigs reared in belarus. the str dataset comprised 310 wild boars, inhabiting all administrative regions of belarus, and 313 domestic pigs, representing three local and three cosmopolitan lines. additionally ... | 2016 | 27851802 |
| mood and personality interact to determine cognitive biases in pigs. | cognitive bias has become a popular way to access non-human animal mood, though inconsistent results have been found. in humans, mood and personality interact to determine cognitive bias, but to date, this has not been investigated in non-human animals. here, we demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in a non-human animal, the domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus), that mood and personality interact, impacting on judgement. pigs with a more proactive personality were more l ... | 0 | 27852940 |
| comparison of bipolar radiofrequency ablation zones in an in vivo porcine model: correlation of histology and gross pathological findings. | continuing research ex vivo and in vivo with animal models is performed to advance the oncological safety of radiofrequency ablation (rfa) of liver tumors. in these experiments, frequently imaging modalities (e.g. mri or ct) or macro-morphological measurements are used to determine the full extent of the different ablation zones inside of rfa lesions. however, no systematic study has been performed so far, which verified the accuracy of the macro-morphological findings. therefore, the present st ... | 2016 | 27858704 |
| a comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials. | the use of porcine islets to replace insulin-producing islet β-cells, destroyed during the diabetogenic disease process, presents distinct challenges if this option is to become a therapeutic reality for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. these challenges include a thorough evaluation of the microbiological safety of the islets. in this study, we describe a robust porcine islet-screening program that provides a high level of confidence in the microbiological safety of porcine islets suitable for ... | 2016 | 27862363 |
| xenon protects left ventricular diastolic function during acute ischemia, less than ischemic preconditioning. | anesthetics modify regional left ventricular (lv) dysfunction following ischemia/reperfusion but their effects on global function in this setting are less clear. aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that xenon would limit global lv dysfunction as caused by acute anterior wall ischemia, comparable to ischemic preconditioning. in an open-chest model under thiopental anesthesia, 30 pigs underwent 60-minute left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, followed by 120 minutes of reperf ... | 2016 | 27867480 |
| abstract: prs psrc podium proofs 2016. | 2016 | 27867775 | |
| first report of the occurrence of trichinella-specific antibodies in domestic pigs in central and eastern uganda. | previous research on trichinellosis in africa focused on isolating trichinella from wildlife while the role of domestic pigs has remained highly under-researched. pig keeping in uganda is historically recent, and evidence on zoonotic pig diseases, including infection with trichinella species, is scarce. a cross-sectional survey on trichinella seroprevalence in pigs was conducted in three districts in central and eastern uganda from april 2013 to january 2015. serum from a random sample of 1125 p ... | 2016 | 27870858 |
| heterogeneous antigenic properties of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an arterivirus responsible for a widespread contagious disease of domestic pigs with high economic impact. switzerland is one of the rare prrsv-free countries in europe, although sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past. the prrsv isolate ivi-1173 from the short outbreak in switzerland in 2012 was entirely sequenced, and a functional full-length cdna clone was constructed. genetic and antigenic characterization of ivi-1173 reveal ... | 2016 | 27871316 |
| open versus thoracoscopic rfa-assisted lung resection. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate radio frequency ablation (rfa)-assisted lung parenchymal transection through thoracotomy and thoracoscopy. twelve domestic pigs underwent rfa-assisted lingulectomy: six through thoracotomy (group a), and six with thoracoscopy (group b). there was no mortality, no bleeding, or air leak intra- or postoperatively in either of the groups, and no conversion to open thoracotomy in group b. group a had longer operating period and more pleural adhesions. a barot ... | 2017 | 27875060 |
| influence of age and dose of african swine fever virus infections on clinical outcome and blood parameters in pigs. | african swine fever (asf) is a fatal disease for domestic pigs, leading to serious economic losses in countries where asf is endemic. despite extensive research, efficient vaccines against asf are lacking. since peripheral blood cells are important mediators for vaccines, we study the impact of asf on blood parameters in pigs with different ages and infected with different doses of asf virus. four different groups were studied: (1) 12 weeks of age/low virus dose; (2) 12 weeks of age/high virus d ... | 2017 | 27875662 |
| neuronal and glial changes in the brain resulting from explosive blast in an experimental model. | mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi) is the signature injury in warfighters exposed to explosive blasts. the pathology underlying mtbi is poorly understood, as this condition is rarely fatal and thus postmortem brains are difficult to obtain for neuropathological studies. here we report on studies of an experimental model with a gyrencephalic brain that is exposed to single and multiple explosive blast pressure waves. to determine injuries to the brain resulting from the primary blast, experimenta ... | 2016 | 27884214 |
| quasispecies composition and diversity do not reveal any predictors for chronic classical swine fever virus infection. | classical swine fever (csf) can run acute, chronic, and prenatal courses in both domestic pigs and wild boar. although chronic infections are rare events, their epidemiological impact is very high due to the long-term shedding of virus. so far, little is known about the factors that influence disease course and outcome from either the host or virus's perspective. to elucidate the viral determinants, we analyzed the role of the viral populations for the development of chronic csf virus (csfv) inf ... | 2017 | 27885563 |
| the assessment of facial expressions in piglets undergoing tail docking and castration: toward the development of the piglet grimace scale. | many piglets are exposed to potentially painful husbandry procedures within the first week of life, including tail docking and castration, without the provision of either anesthesia or analgesia. the assessment methods used to evaluate pain experienced by piglets are often affected by low specificity and practical limitations, prompting the investigation of alternative methodologies. the assessment of changes in facial expression following a painful event has been successfully applied to several ... | 2016 | 27896270 |
| preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of african swine fever virus spread in pig farming systems. | african swine fever (asf) is one of the most severe diseases of pigs; it has a drastic impact on the pig industry, causing serious socio-economic consequences to pig farmers and pork producers. in europe, there are currently two main clusters of infection; one in sardinia caused by strains of african swine fever virus (asfv) belonging to genotype i and another in eastern europe caused by strains of asfv belonging to genotype ii. the latter is inducing an acute form of asf and it represents a ser ... | 2016 | 27899125 |
| early and sustained vasopressin infusion augments the hemodynamic efficacy of restrictive fluid resuscitation and improves survival in a liver laceration model of hemorrhagic shock. | current management of hemorrhagic shock favors restrictive fluid resuscitation before control of the bleeding source. we investigated the additional effects of early and sustained vasopressin infusion in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock produced by liver laceration. | 2017 | 27906869 |
| variations in clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions of african swine fever in domestic pigs in the southern highlands of tanzania: a field experience. | african swine fever is a contagious viral disease responsible for up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs. a longitudinal study was carried out to determine the clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions in affected pigs in mbeya region, tanzania during the 2010 to 2014 outbreaks. data were collected during clinical and postmortem examination by field veterinarians and using a structured questionnaire. a total of 118 respondents (100%) showed awareness about african swin ... | 2017 | 27915438 |
| percutaneous externally assembled laparoscopic vs laparoendoscopic single-site nephrectomy in a porcine model: a prospective, randomized, blinded, study. | to compare the outcomes between laparoendoscopic single-site (less) and a novel percutaneous externally assembled laparoscopic (peal) nephrectomy in an in vivo porcine model. | 2017 | 27917649 |
| somatic cell nuclear transfer followed by cripsr/cas9 microinjection results in highly efficient genome editing in cloned pigs. | the domestic pig is an ideal "dual purpose" animal model for agricultural and biomedical research. with the availability of genome editing tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) and associated nuclease cas9 (crispr/cas9), it is now possible to perform site-specific alterations with relative ease, and will likely help realize the potential of this valuable model. in this article, we investigated for the first time a combination of somatic cell nuclear tran ... | 2016 | 27918485 |
| control of african swine fever epidemics in industrialized swine populations. | african swine fever (asf) is a notifiable infectious disease with a high impact on swine health. the disease is endemic in certain regions in the baltic countries and has spread to poland constituting a risk of asf spread toward western europe. therefore, as part of contingency planning, it is important to explore strategies that can effectively control an epidemic of asf. in this study, the epidemiological and economic effects of strategies to control the spread of asf between domestic swine he ... | 2016 | 27938676 |
| sheep carrying pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica bioserotypes 2/o:9 and 5/o:3 in the feces at slaughter. | yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous species including non-pathogenic strains belonging to biotype 1a and pathogenic strains belonging to biotypes 1b and 2-5. pathogenic strains of biotypes 2-4 carrying the ail virulence gene have frequently been isolated from domestic pigs at slaughter. in sheep, mostly non-pathogenic biotype 1a strains have been reported. in our study, the prevalence of ail-positive y. enterocolitica was studied by pcr and culturing in 406 young sheep (<1year of age) and ... | 2016 | 27938687 |
| social support modulates stress-related gene expression in various brain regions of piglets. | the presence of an affiliative conspecific may alleviate an individual's stress response in threatening conditions. however, the mechanisms and neural circuitry underlying the process of social buffering have not yet been elucidated. using the domestic pig as an animal model, we examined the effect of a 4-h maternal and littermate deprivation on stress hormones and on mrna expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (gr), mineralocorticoid receptor (mr), 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-hsd) ... | 2016 | 27965550 |
| azoospermia and testicular hypoplasia in a boar carrier of a novel y-autosome translocation. | few sex-autosome chromosome abnormalities have been documented in domestic animal species. in humans, y-autosome chromosome abnormalities may occur at a rate of 1/2,000 live births, whereas in the domestic pig only 2 y-autosome reciprocal translocations have been previously described. during a routine cytogenetic screening of young boars, we identified a new y-autosome translocation carrier, which after puberty showed semen devoid of sperm and testicular hypoplasia with spermatogenesis arrest. w ... | 2017 | 27974725 |
| comparable vascular response of a new generation sirolimus eluting stents when compared to fluoropolymer everolimus eluting stents in the porcine coronary restenosis model. | novel sirolimus eluting stents (ses) have shown non-inferior clinical outcomes when compared to everolimus eluting stents (ees), however only limited preclinical data have been published. therefore, we evaluate vascular response of a new generation biodegradable polymer ses (bp-ses: alex plus, balton) and fluoropolymer ees (ees: xience pro, abbott) in the porcine coronary restenosis model. | 2016 | 27976797 |
| the domestic pig as a potential model for borrelia skin infection. | the skin lesion erythema migrans is a characteristic early manifestation of lyme borreliosis in humans. however, the pathomechanisms leading to development of this erythema are not fully understood. models that mimic human skin would enhance research in this field. human and porcine skin structures strongly resemble each other. therefore, we attempted to induce erythema migrans lesions in experimental borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in the skin of domestic pigs. the formation of erythe ... | 2017 | 27986402 |
| anemia tolerance during normo-, hypo-, and hypervolemia. | restrictive intraoperative fluid management has been demonstrated to improve outcome of visceral and lung surgery in several studies. however, subsequent hypovolemia (hov) may be accompanied by a decrease of anemia tolerance, resulting in increased transfusion needs. we therefore investigated the effect of volume status on anemia tolerance. | 2017 | 27990642 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: a large scale epidemiological study. | since their commercialization, vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) have been the cornerstone control strategy. nevertheless, the periodic emergence of new genotype waves and the recent reports of vaccine failure outbreaks have raised the question if widespread vaccination strategies could have driven viral evolution and affected different genotype fitness. to investigate this issue an in-deep analysis, based on a bioinformatics and biostatistics approach, has been implemented. orf2 ... | 2016 | 27991573 |
| low-dose lithium stabilizes human endothelial barrier by decreasing mlc phosphorylation and universally augments cholinergic vasorelaxation capacity in a direct manner. | lithium at serum concentrations up to 1 mmol/l has been used in patients suffering from bipolar disorder for decades and has recently been shown to reduce the risk for ischemic stroke in these patients. the risk for stroke and thromboembolism depend not only on cerebral but also on general endothelial function and health; the entire endothelium as an organ is therefore pathophysiologically relevant. regardless, the knowledge about the direct impact of lithium on endothelial function remains poor ... | 2016 | 27999548 |
| impact of synthetic elements on aortic root haemodynamics: computed fluid dynamics of aortic root reconstruction and valve reimplantation. | the aim was to evaluate the impact of the aortic valve reimplantation (david) and of the aortic root (aor) remodelling (yacoub) on the aor haemodynamics. | 2017 | 28013289 |
| exploring the cockatiel (nymphicus hollandicus) fecal microbiome, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide pet. | cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to australia; now they are popular pets with a global distribution. it is now possible to conduct detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals. these studies show that bacteria are an essential part of the metabolic capacity of animals. there are few studies on bird microbiomes and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the cockatiel m ... | 2016 | 28028487 |
| normal values for heart electrophysiology parameters of healthy swine determined on electrophysiology study. | swine are a well-recognized animal model for human cardiovascular diseases. despite the widespread use of porcine model in experimental electrophysiology, still no reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters determined during an invasive electrophysiology study (eps) have been developed in this species thus far. | 2017 | 28028980 |
| electrical impedance tomography for non-invasive assessment of stroke volume variation in health and experimental lung injury. | functional imaging by thoracic electrical impedance tomography (eit) is a non-invasive approach to continuously assess central stroke volume variation (svv) for guiding fluid therapy. the early available data were from healthy lungs without injury-related changes in thoracic impedance as a potentially influencing factor. the aim of this study was to evaluate svv measured by eit (svveit) against svv from pulse contour analysis (svvpc) in an experimental animal model of acute lung injury at differ ... | 2017 | 28039243 |
| occurrence and first molecular characterization of sarcocystis spp. in wild boars (sus scrofa) and domestic pigs (sus scrofa domesticus) in romania: public health significance of the isolates. | domestic and wild pigs, as intermediate hosts, can harbor tissue cysts of three sarcocystis species namely s. miescheriana, s. suihominis and s. porcifelis. out of them, s. suihominis is zoonotic. romania is a country with high consumption of raw and/or undercooked traditional pork products. this fact may greatly favor the acquiring of the zoonotic sarcocystis infections by humans, as definitive host. based on this consideration and in order to investigate the occurrence and public health signif ... | 2017 | 28041999 |
| genomewide association studies for hematological traits and t lymphocyte subpopulations in a duroc × erhualian f resource population. | it has been shown that hematological traits can act as important indicators of immune function in both humans and livestock. t lymphocytes are key components of the adaptive immune system, playing a critical role in immune response. to identify genomic regions affecting hematological traits and t lymphocyte subpopulations, we performed both a snp-based genomewide association study (gwas) and a haplotype analysis for 20 hematological traits and 8 t cell subpopulations at 3 different time points ( ... | 2016 | 28046140 |
| rope-based oral fluid sampling for early detection of classical swine fever in domestic pigs at group level. | non-invasive sampling techniques based on the analysis of oral fluid specimen have gained substantial importance in the field of swine herd management. methodological advances have a focus on endemic viral diseases in commercial pig production. more recently, these approaches have been adapted to non-invasive sampling of wild boar for transboundary animal disease detection for which these effective population level sampling methods have not been available. in this study, a rope-in-a-bait based o ... | 2017 | 28056961 |
| regional level risk factors associated with the occurrence of african swine fever in west and east africa. | african swine fever (asf) causes severe socio-economic impacts due to high mortality and trade restrictions. many risk factors of asf have been identified at farm level. however, understanding the risk factors, especially wild suid hosts, determining asf transmission at regional level remains limited. | 2017 | 28061875 |
| presence of zoonotic cryptosporidium scrofarum, giardia duodenalis assemblage a and enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive eurasian wild boars (sus scrofa) in china: potential for zoonotic transmission. | cryptosporidium spp., giardia duodenalis and enterocytozoon bieneusi are the main causal pathogens of gastrointestinal disease. however, there are limited reports about the prevalence of these organisms in captive eurasian wild boars worldwide. therefore, we examined the occurrence and identified the species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens in captive eurasian wild boars, and estimated the zoonotic potential. | 2017 | 28061911 |
| risks posed by reston, the forgotten ebolavirus. | out of the five members of the ebolavirus family, four cause life-threatening disease, whereas the fifth, reston virus (restv), is nonpathogenic in humans. the reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear. in this review, we analyze the currently available information to provide a state-of-the-art summary of the factors that determine the human pathogenicity of ebolaviruses. restv causes sporadic infections in cynomolgus monkeys and is found in domestic pigs throughout the philippines and china. ... | 2017 | 28066813 |
| accuracy of echocardiographic area-length method in chronic myocardial infarction: comparison with cardiac ct in pigs. | we evaluated echocardiographic area-length methods to measure left ventricle (lv) volumes and ejection fraction (ef) in parasternal short axis views in comparison with cardiac computed tomography (ct) in pigs with chronic myocardial infarction (mi). | 2017 | 28069008 |
| generation of germline ablated male pigs by crispr/cas9 editing of the nanos2 gene. | genome editing tools have revolutionized the generation of genetically modified animals including livestock. in particular, the domestic pig is a proven model of human physiology and an agriculturally important species. in this study, we utilized the crispr/cas9 system to edit the nanos2 gene in pig embryos to generate offspring with mono-allelic and bi-allelic mutations. we found that nanos2 knockout pigs phenocopy knockout mice with male specific germline ablation but other aspects of testicul ... | 2017 | 28071690 |
| utility of (11)c-methionine and (11)c-donepezil for imaging of staphylococcus aureus induced osteomyelitis in a juvenile porcine model: comparison to autologous (111)in-labelled leukocytes, (99m) tc-dpd, and (18)f-fdg. | the aim of this study was to compare (11)c-methionine and (11)c-donepezil positron emission tomography (pet) with (111)in-labeled leukocyte and (99m) tc-dpd (tc-99m 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanedicarboxylic acid) single-photon emission computed tomography (spect), and (18)f-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)f-fdg) pet to improve detection of osteomyelitis. the tracers' diagnostic utility where tested in a juvenile porcine hematogenously induced osteomyelitis model comparable to osteomyelitis in children. fi ... | 2016 | 28078182 |
| evaluation of five serologic assays for bovine tuberculosis surveillance in domestic free-range pigs from southern spain. | in countries where bovine tuberculosis (btb) is still prevalent the contact among different animal species in extensive systems contributes to the circulation of mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and other members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc). thus, free-range pigs can develop subclinical infections and may contribute to disease spread to bovine and wildlife. serodiagnosis has been proposed as a screening tool for detecting infected pig herds; however, the value of this method to ... | 2017 | 28089289 |
| prevalence and determinants of cryptosporidium infection in an underdeveloped rural region of southwestern china. | few studies have focused on the epidemiology of cryptosporidium in resource-challenged settings in china. we report a community-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection and its risk factors and associations with hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections. the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection was 12.6% (95% confidence interval = 11.0-14.3). individuals living in households with ≥ 5 family ... | 2017 | 28093538 |
| novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) variants with large deletions in the spike (s) gene coexist with pedv strains possessing an intact s gene in domestic pigs in japan: a new disease situation. | since late 2013, after an absence of seven years, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection have reemerged and swept rapidly across japan, resulting in significant economic losses. in this study, we report the emergence, mixed infection, and genetic characterization of 15 novel field pedv variants with large genomic deletions. the sizes of deletion varied between 582 nt (194 aa) and 648 nt (216 aa) at positions 28-714 (10-238) on the s gene (protein). among 17 pedv samples is ... | 2017 | 28095455 |
| radiosynthesis and evaluation of [11c]3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid as potential pet ligand for the high-affinity γ-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites. | γ-hydroxybutyric acid (ghb) is an endogenous neuroactive substance and proposed neurotransmitter with affinity for both low- and high-affinity binding sites. a radioligand with high and specific affinity toward the high-affinity ghb binding site would be a unique tool toward a more complete understanding of this population of binding sites. with its high specific affinity and monocarboxylate transporter (mct1) mediated transport across the blood-brain barrier in pharmacological doses, 3-hydroxyc ... | 2017 | 28095676 |
| dantrolene versus amiodarone for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized, double-blinded experimental study. | dantrolene was introduced for treatment of malignant hyperthermia. it also has antiarrhythmic properties and may thus be an alternative to amiodarone for the treatment of ventricular fibrillation (vf). aim of this study was to compare the return of spontaneous circulation (rosc) with dantrolene and amiodarone in a pig model of cardiac arrest. vf was induced in anesthetized pigs. after 8 min of untreated vf, chest compressions and ventilation were started and one of the drugs (amiodarone 5 mg kg( ... | 2017 | 28098197 |
| conserved gene expression in sperm reservoirs between birds and mammals in response to mating. | spermatozoa are stored in the oviductal functional sperm reservoir in animals with internal fertilization, including zoologically distant classes such as pigs or poultry. they are held fertile in the reservoir for times ranging from a couple of days (in pigs), to several weeks (in chickens), before they are gradually released to fertilize the newly ovulated eggs. it is currently unknown whether females from these species share conserved mechanisms to tolerate such a lengthy presence of immunolog ... | 2017 | 28100167 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the indigenous i pig (sus scrofa) in vietnam. | the i pig is a long nurtured longstanding breed in vietnam, and contains excellent indigenous genetic resources. however, after 1970s, i pig breeds have become a small population because of decreasing farming areas and increasing pressure from foreign breeds with a high growth rate. thus, there is now the risk of the disappearance of the i pigs breed. the aim of this study was to focus on classifying and identifying the i pig genetic origin and supplying molecular makers for conservation activit ... | 2017 | 28111450 |
| the importance of the altricial - precocial spectrum for social complexity in mammals and birds - a review. | various types of long-term stable relationships that individuals uphold, including cooperation and competition between group members, define social complexity in vertebrates. numerous life history, physiological and cognitive traits have been shown to affect, or to be affected by, such social relationships. as such, differences in developmental modes, i.e. the 'altricial-precocial' spectrum, may play an important role in understanding the interspecific variation in occurrence of social interacti ... | 2017 | 28115975 |
| osteochondrosis, synovial fossae, and articular indentations in the talus and distal tibia of growing domestic pigs and wild boars. | articular osteochondrosis (oc) often develops in typical locations within joints, and the characterization of oc distribution in the pig tarsus is incomplete. prevalence of oc is high in domestic pigs but is presumed to be low in wild boars. postmortem and computed tomography (ct) examinations of the talus and distal tibia from 40 domestic pigs and 39 wild boars were evaluated for the locations and frequencies of oc, synovial fossae, and other articular indentations, and frequency distribution m ... | 2017 | 28129094 |
| a domestic porcine model for studying the effects of radiation on head and neck cancers. | radiation therapy (rt) of the head and neck region is often accompanied by serious side effects. research in this area is needed to improve treatment outcomes and ameliorate therapy tolerance. laboratory rodents are barely matching today's clinical standards in rt research. yet domestic swine (sus scrofa domestica) have previously proved suitable for various advanced tests in clinical research and training. we therefore investigated whether s. scrofa domestica is also appropriate for irradiation ... | 2017 | 28130028 |
| continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring study using pigs for the prevention of mechanical recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in esophageal surgery. | during esophageal surgery, clamping injury and injury associated with the use of energy devices are common mechanisms underlying intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve (rln) damage. recently, intraoperative neuromonitoring (ionm) has been applied to prevent rln injury. this study was aimed at investigating the changes in the emg signals associated with clamping injury of the rln caused by picking up of the nerve with tweezers in domestic pigs. | 2017 | 28142325 |
| endemic infection of stranded southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) with novel parvovirus, polyomavirus, and adenovirus. | over the past century, the southern sea otter (sso; enhydra lutris nereis) population has been slowly recovering from near extinction due to overharvest. the sso is a threatened species under federal law and a fully protected species under california law. through a multiagency collaborative program, stranded animals are rehabilitated and released, while deceased animals are necropsied and tissues are cryopreserved to facilitate scientific study. here, we processed archival tissues to enrich part ... | 2017 | 28192039 |
| targeted gene knock-in by crispr/cas ribonucleoproteins in porcine zygotes. | the domestic pig is an important "dual purpose" animal model for agricultural and biomedical applications. there is an emerging consensus in the biomedical community for the use of large animal models such as pigs to either serve as an alternative, or complement investigations from the mouse. however, the use of pig has not proven popular due to technical difficulties and time required in generating models with desired genetic modifications. in this regard, the ability to directly modify the gen ... | 2017 | 28195163 |
| autochthonous sporadic acute hepatitis e caused by two distinct subgenotype 3b hepatitis e virus strains with only 90% nucleotide identity. | hepatitis e, which is caused by hepatitis e virus (hev), is a public health concern in japan, where the zoonotic food-borne transmission of hev from domestic pigs and wild boars plays an important role. a 44-year-old japanese man with autochthonous sporadic acute hepatitis e was admitted with general fatigue and moderate liver dysfunction. in the present study, two distinct hev strains were recovered from the patient, who had consumed the raw or undercooked pig liver and intestine two or three t ... | 2017 | 28205112 |
| genetic assessment of african swine fever isolates involved in outbreaks in the democratic republic of congo between 2005 and 2012 reveals co-circulation of p72 genotypes i, ix and xiv, including 19 variants. | african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of domestic pigs. it is a socioeconomically important disease, initially described from kenya, but subsequently reported in most sub-saharan countries. asf spread to europe, south america and the caribbean through multiple introductions which were initially eradicated-except for sardinia-followed by re‑introduction into europe in 2007. in this study of asf within the democratic republic of the congo, 62 domestic pig samples, collected between 20 ... | 2017 | 28218698 |
| prevalence of muscular sarcosporidiosis in slaughtered domestic pigs in perak, peninsular malaysia. | sarcosporidiosis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites, namely, sarcocystis spp. in pigs, three species of sarcocystis spp. have been recognised, including sarcocystis meischeriana, sarcocystis porcifelis and sarcocystis suihominis. the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of muscular sarcosporidiosis in pigs using the pepsin digestion technique. a total of 150 fresh heart, oesophagus and thigh muscle samples from 50 yorkshire and landrace pigs were collected from ... | 2017 | 28228924 |
| iridescence in meat caused by surface gratings. | the photonic structure of cut muscle tissues reveals that the well-ordered gratings diffract light, producing iridescent colours. cut fibrils protruding from the muscle surface create a two-dimensional periodic array, which diffract light at specific wavelengths upon illumination. however, this photonic effect misleads consumers in a negative way to relate the optical phenomenon with the quality of the product. here we discuss the fundamentals of this optical phenomenon and demonstrate a methodo ... | 2013 | 28239133 |
| the 'real welfare' scheme: benchmarking welfare outcomes for commercially farmed pigs. | animal welfare standards have been incorporated in eu legislation and in farm assurance schemes, based on scientific information and aiming to safeguard the welfare of the species concerned. recently, emphasis has shifted from resource-based measures of welfare to animal-based measures, which are considered to assess more accurately the welfare status. the data used in this analysis were collected from april 2013 to may 2016 through the 'real welfare' scheme in order to assess on-farm pig welfar ... | 2017 | 28249629 |
| sequential activation of different pathway networks in ischemia-affected and non-affected myocardium, inducing intrinsic remote conditioning to prevent left ventricular remodeling. | we have analyzed the pathway networks of ischemia-affected and remote myocardial areas after repetitive ischemia/reperfusion (r-i/r) injury without ensuing myocardial infarction (mi) to elaborate a spatial- and chronologic model of cardioprotective gene networks to prevent left ventricular (lv) adverse remodeling. domestic pigs underwent three cycles of 10/10 min r-i/r by percutaneous intracoronary balloon inflation/deflation in the mid left anterior descending artery, without consecutive mi. sh ... | 2017 | 28266659 |
| how much does it cost to look like a pig in a wild boar group? | hybridization between domestic and wild species is known to widely occur and it is reported to be one of the major causes of the current biodiversity crisis. despite this, poor attention has been deserved to the behavioural ecology of hybrids, in particular in relation to their social behaviour. we carried out a camera trap study to assess whether phenotypically anomalous colouration in wild boar, i.e. potentially introgressed with domestic pigs, affected the hierarchical structure of wild boar ... | 2017 | 28274764 |
| cardioprotective effect of nicorandil against myocardial injury following cardiac arrest in swine. | nicorandil, a vasodilatory drug used to treat angina, was reported to protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in various animal models. however, its cardioprotective action following cardiac arrest is unknown. we examined the cardioprotective effects of nicorandil in a porcine model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. | 2017 | 28285861 |
| visual detection and differentiation of classic swine fever virus strains using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and g-quadruplex dnazyme assay. | the split g-quadruplex dnazyme has emerged as a valuable tool for visual dna detection. here, we successfully integrated colorimetric split g-quadruplex dnazyme assay with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification to generate a novel detection approach, allowing visual and rapid detection for the rna of shimen and hclv strains of classic swine fever virus (csfv). csfv is a rna virus that causes a highly contagious disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. with this method, we were able to detect a ... | 2017 | 28287135 |
| phosphorylated pullulan coating enhances titanium implant osseointegration in a pig model. | to investigate the effect of coating a titanium implant surface with a phosphorylated exopolysaccharide, pullulan, on the peri-implant bone formation and implant osseointegration. | 2017 | 28291848 |
| effects of different iron supply to pregnant sows (sus scrofa domestica l.) on reproductive performance as well as iron status of new-born piglets. | the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different iron (fe) supply to sows during gestation on their reproductive performance and placental fe load. additionally, the fe status of the corresponding offspring was assessed. twenty multiparous sows were fed from insemination to farrowing with isoenergetic and isonitrogenic balanced diets differing in fe content. the diet low in fe (group -fe) was mainly composed of soybean meal and maize meal and had a fe content of 114 mg/kg dm. for ... | 2017 | 28293962 |
| peri-conceptional under-nutrition alters the expression of trim28 and zfp57 in the endometrium and embryos during peri-implantation period in domestic pigs. | dna methylation is maintained by the main elements of methylation complex-tripartite motif containing 28 (trim28) and zinc finger protein 57 (zfp57). previously, it was found that the activity of trim28 and zfp57 determines the process of dna methylation and preserves over-expression of genes. we hypothesized that restricted diet applied during peri-conceptional period may induce changes in the expression of methylation complex in porcine endometrium and embryos during the peri-implantation peri ... | 2017 | 28295703 |
| understanding african swine fever infection dynamics in sardinia using a spatially explicit transmission model in domestic pig farms. | african swine fever virus (asfv) has been endemic in sardinia since 1978, resulting in severe losses for local pig producers and creating important problems for the island's veterinary authorities. this study used a spatially explicit stochastic transmission model followed by two regression models to investigate the dynamics of asfv spread amongst domestic pig farms, to identify geographic areas at highest risk and determine the role of different susceptible pig populations (registered domestic ... | 2017 | 28296281 |
| co-circulation of multiple genotypes of african swine fever viruses among domestic pigs in zambia (2013-2015). | during 2013-2015, several and severe outbreaks of african swine fever (asf) affected domestic pigs in six provinces of zambia. genetic characterization of asf viruses (asfvs) using standardized genotyping procedures revealed that genotypes i, ii and xiv were associated with these outbreaks. molecular and epidemiological data suggest that genotype ii asfv (georgia 2007/1-like) detected in northern province of zambia may have been introduced from neighbouring tanzania. also, a genotype ii virus de ... | 2017 | 28299893 |
| insights into early pig domestication provided by ancient dna analysis. | pigs (sus scrofa) were first domesticated between 8,500 and 8,000 cal bc in the near east, from where they were subsequently brought into europe by agriculturalists. soon after the arrival of the first domestic pigs in northern europe (~4500 bc), farmers are thought to have started to incorporate local wild boars into their swine herds. this husbandry strategy ultimately resulted in the domestication of european wild boars. here, we set out to provide a more precise geographic and temporal frame ... | 2017 | 28300151 |
| boar hunting and brucellosis caused by brucella suis. | brucellosis remains as a significant public health concern in many areas where the infection persists in domestic hosts (i.e. goats, cattle, and domestic swine) with subsequent risk of transmission to human populations. brucellosis caused by b. suis remains an important threat to human populations in many countries exposed to domestic and feral swine. in the u.s., swine brucellosis has been under control for many years. meanwhile, it is a widespread infection among feral swine, particularly in t ... | 2017 | 28300645 |
| assessment of the risk of african swine fever introduction into finland using nora-a rapid tool for semiquantitative assessment of the risk. | the nora rapid risk assessment tool was developed for situations where there is a change in the disease status of easily transmissible animal diseases in neighbouring countries or in countries with significant interactions with finland. the goal was to develop a tool that is quick to use and will provide consistent results to support risk management decisions. the model contains 63 questions that define the potential for entry and exposure by nine different pathways. the magnitude of the consequ ... | 2017 | 28303673 |
| domestic pig unlikely reservoir for mers-cov. | we tested the suitability of the domestic pig as a model for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection. inoculation did not cause disease, but a low level of virus replication, shedding, and seroconversion were observed. pigs do not recapitulate human mers-cov and are unlikely to constitute a reservoir in nature. | 2017 | 28318484 |
| influenza a virus infection in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax). | serum samples were collected from 385 wild boars between 2010 and 2013 to examine the seroprevalence of influenza a virus (iav) in japan. antibodies against iav were identified using a commercial kit in 13 wild boars (3.4%). to identify the serotypes, positive sera were examined by virus-neutralization test using representative serotypes and strains. three wild boars in yamaguchi and four in tochigi showed the highest antibody titers against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus and classical swine h1n1 ... | 2017 | 28321029 |
| cardiovascular disease and resuscitated septic shock lead to the downregulation of the h2s-producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase in the porcine coronary artery. | downregulation of the hydrogen sulfide (h2s)-producing enzymes cystathionine-γ-lyase (cse), cystathionine-β-synthase (cbs), and/or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-mst) is associated with chronic cardiovascular pathologies. nevertheless, equivocal data are available on both the expression and function of these enzymes in coronary arteries (ca). we recently reported that atherosclerotic pigs subjected to sepsis developed impaired cardiac function, which coincided with decreased myocardial ... | 2017 | 28321823 |
| intra-luminal gene therapy in the porcine artery using a recombinant adeno-associated virus 9. | the ability to improve or restore blood flow and promote healing in ischemic tissue has many potential clinical applications. augmentation by direct delivery of growth factors may further enhance results, but requires a method for sustained delivery. in this study, we have tested the ability of adeno-associated virus 9 (aav9) delivered within the lumen of a porcine artery to transfect the vessel and produce a desired product. the marker chosen was green fluorescent protein (gfp) (ke et al., 2011 ... | 2017 | 28322993 |
| localization of the corticospinal tract within the porcine spinal cord: implications for experimental modeling of traumatic spinal cord injury. | spinal cord injury (sci) researchers have predominately utilized rodents for sci modeling and experimentation. unfortunately, a large number of novel therapies developed in rodent models have failed to demonstrate efficacy in human clinical trials which suggests that improved animal models are an important translational tool. recently, porcine models of sci have been identified as a valuable intermediary model for preclinical evaluation of promising therapies to aid clinical translation. however ... | 2017 | 28323088 |
| recombinant expression of porcine spermadhesin awn and its phospholipid interaction: indication for a novel lipid binding property. | awn is a porcine (sus scrofa domestica) seminal plasma protein and has been linked to a variety of processes related to fertilization. to acquire the protein in sufficient amount and purity for functional studies, we established its recombinant expression in e. coli and a three-step purification protocol based on different chromatographies. the test for awn-phospholipid interaction revealed phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin as potential binding partners. as phosphatidic acid is surmised to play ... | 2017 | 28326614 |
| the early-life environment of a pig shapes the phenotypes of its social partners in adulthood. | social interactions among individuals are abundant, both in natural and domestic populations, and may affect phenotypes of individuals. recent research has demonstrated that the social effect of an individual on the phenotype of its social partners may have a genetic component, known as an indirect genetic effect (ige). little is known, however, of nongenetic factors underlying such social effects. early-life environments often have large effects on phenotypes of the individuals themselves later ... | 2017 | 28327581 |
| histological and anatomical structure of the nasal cavity of bama minipigs. | the nasal mucosa is equipped with abundant lymphatic tissues, serving as the first line of defense against invasion by microorganisms. in this study, we characterized the features of the nasal mucosa of bama minipigs (sus scrofa domestica) via histological analysis. | 2017 | 28339502 |
| risk analysis and occurrence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in domestic swine in northeast brazil. | anti-hev antibodies were detected in animals from abattoir and in farms from northeast brazil. our results suggest that hev is highly disseminated in the swine population and might present a great risk to animal handlers and for consumption of raw or undercooked meat and meat products in northeast brazil. | 2017 | 28349492 |
| defective postsecretory maturation of muc5b mucin in cystic fibrosis airways. | in cystic fibrosis (cf), airway mucus becomes thick and viscous, and its clearance from the airways is impaired. the gel-forming mucins undergo an ordered "unpacking/maturation" process after granular release that requires an optimum postsecretory environment, including hydration and ph. we hypothesized that this unpacking process is compromised in the cf lung due to abnormal transepithelial fluid transport that reduces airway surface hydration and alters ionic composition. using human tracheobr ... | 2017 | 28352653 |
| featured article: pyruvate preserves antiglycation defenses in porcine brain after cardiac arrest. | cardiac arrest (ca) and cardiocerebral resuscitation (ccr)-induced ischemia-reperfusion imposes oxidative and carbonyl stress that injures the brain. the ischemic shift to anaerobic glycolysis, combined with oxyradical inactivation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), provokes excessive formation of the powerful glycating agent, methylglyoxal. the glyoxalase (glo) system, comprising the enzymes glyoxalase 1 (glo1) and glo2, utilizes reduced glutathione (gsh) supplied by glutathio ... | 2017 | 28361585 |
| novel effects of identified snps within the porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family (ppags) on the major reproductive traits in hirschmann hybrid-line sows. | this is the first study describing identification of snps within the multiple and polymorphic pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family (pags) in the genome of the domestic pig (ppags). we identified ppag-like (ppag-l) genotypes in primiparous and multiparous farmed hybrid-line jsr hirschmann (hrn) sows (n=159), in which various novel associations with their phenotypes for the major reproductive traits have been discovered. genomic dna templates were isolated from the blood and different ppa ... | 2017 | 28371694 |