| comparison of african swine fever virus prevalence and risk in two contrasting pig-farming systems in south-west and central kenya. | we describe a horizontal survey of african swine fever virus (asfv) prevalence and risk factors associated with virus infection in domestic pigs in two contrasting production systems in kenya. a free range/tethering, low input production system in ndhiwa district of south-western kenya is compared with a medium input stall fed production system in kiambu district of central kenya. analysis of variance (anova) of data derived from cluster analysis showed that number of animals, number of breeding ... | 2013 | 23219357 |
| cellular immunity in asfv responses. | african swine fever virus (asfv) infection usually results in an acute haemorrhagic disease with a mortality rate approaching 100% in domestic pigs. however, pigs can survive infection with less-virulent isolates of asfv and may become chronically infected. surviving animals are resistant to challenge with homologous or, in some cases, closely related isolates of the virus indicating that pigs can develop protective immunity against asfv. during asymptomatic, non-virulent asfv infections natural ... | 2013 | 23201582 |
| african swine fever virus controls the host transcription and cellular machinery of protein synthesis. | throughout a viral infection, the infected cell reprograms the gene expression pattern in order to establish a satisfactory antiviral response. african swine fever virus (asfv), like other complex dna viruses, sets up a number of strategies to evade the host's defense systems, such as apoptosis, inflammation and immune responses. the capability of the virus to persist in its natural hosts and in domestic pigs, which recover from infection with less virulent isolates, suggests that the virus disp ... | 2013 | 23154157 |
| african swine fever virus eradication in africa. | african swine fever was reported in domestic pigs in 26 african countries during the period 2009-2011. the virus exists in an ancient sylvatic cycle between warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and argasid ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex in many of the countries reporting outbreaks and in two further countries in the region. eradication of the virus from the countries in eastern and southern africa where the classic sylvatic cycle occurs is clearly not an option. however, the virus has be ... | 2013 | 23142552 |
| review of the sylvatic cycle of african swine fever in sub-saharan africa and the indian ocean. | african swine fever (asf) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in sub-saharan africa and the indian ocean. in the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. in selected countries of southern and east africa, the association between ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. however, for many other countries in the regi ... | 2013 | 23142551 |
| african swine fever virus serodiagnosis: a general review with a focus on the analyses of african serum samples. | african swine fever (asf) is an infectious disease that causes heavy mortality in domestic pigs. at present there is no vaccine against asf, and eradication in countries where the disease is endemic is based only on competent diagnosis programs and the sacrifice of infected animals. due to the presence of natural attenuated strains, certain infection conditions may result in reduced mortality. in these situations, the disease can be diagnosed by detection of specific antibodies. the use of class ... | 2013 | 23131491 |
| african swine fever virus infection in ornithodoros ticks. | african swine fever virus (asfv) is an arbovirus which is vectored by soft ticks of the ornithodoros spp. and in the sylvatic cycle infects wart hogs and bush pigs. asfv infection of domestic swine causes a high mortality disease. on the other hand, asfv infection of the tick can result in a high-titered and persistent infection depending upon the asfv isolate and the tick combination. recently, morphological, classical virology (titration) and recombinant asfv have been used to study the cellul ... | 2013 | 23085123 |
| development of a suspension microarray for the genotyping of african swine fever virus targeting the snps in the c-terminal end of the p72 gene region of the genome. | african swine fever virus (asfv) causes one of the most dreaded transboundary animal diseases (tads) in suidae. african swine fever (asf) often causes high rates of morbidity and mortality, which can reach 100% in domestic swine. to date, serological diagnosis has the drawback of not being able to differentiate variants of this virus. previous studies have identified the 22 genotypes based on sequence variation in the c-terminal region of the p72 gene, which has become the standard for categoriz ... | 2013 | 22776009 |
| pathology of porcine peripheral white blood cells during infection with african swine fever virus. | african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of african swine fever (asf) that is the significant disease of domestic pigs. several studies showed that asfv can influence on porcine blood cells in vitro. thus, we asked ourselves whether asfv infection results in changes in porcine blood cells in vivo. a series of experiments were performed in order to investigate the effects of asfv infection on porcine peripheral white blood cells. nine pigs were inoculated by intramuscular injection ... | 2012 | 22373449 |
| monitoring of african swine fever in the wild boar population of the most recent endemic area of spain. | wild boars are natural hosts for african swine fever (asf). the asf virus (asfv) can persist for long periods in the environment, such as in ticks and contaminated products, which may be sources of infection for wild boar populations. african swine fever was eradicated in domestic pig populations in spain in 1995, after 35 years of significant effort. to determine whether asfv can persist in wild boar hosts after it has been eradicated from domestic pigs and to study the role of wild boar in hel ... | 2012 | 22248024 |
| experimental schmallenberg virus infection of pigs. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a newly emerged virus responsible for an acute non-specific syndrome in adult cattle including high fever, decrease in milk production and severe diarrhea. it also causes reproductive problems in cattle, sheep and goat including abortions, stillbirths and malformations. the role of pigs in the epidemiology of sbv has not yet been evaluated while this could be interesting seen their suggested role in the epidemiology of the closely related akabane virus. to address th ... | 2014 | 24679959 |
| alaria alata mesocercariae among feral cats and badgers, denmark. | | 2015 | 26402302 |
| incidence of ascaris suum-specific antibodies in austrian patients with suspected larva migrans visceralis (vlm) syndrome. | the pig roundworm, ascaris suum, is commonly found in domestic pigs all over the world. the transmission to humans takes place by ingestion of infective a. suum eggs present in soil because pig manure is widely used as fertilizer. the possible role of a. suum in the human visceral larva migrans (vlm) syndrome has been discussed controversially during past decades, even though various case reports, particularly from japan document pulmonal, hepatic and even cerebral symptoms caused by migrating a ... | 2016 | 26637313 |
| anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for seven consecutive days (100 µg/kg/day), against nematodes in naturally infected pigs. | the present study aimed to evaluate ivermectin and abamectin, both administered orally in naturally infected domestic swine, as well as analysing if the epg (eggs per gram of faeces) values were equivalent with the ivermectin and abamectin efficacy obtained by parasitological necropsies. the animals were randomly selected based on the average of three consecutive epg counts of strongylida, ascaris suum and trichuris for experiment i, and of strongylida and trichuris for experiment ii. after the ... | 2014 | 25278142 |
| experimental infection of collared peccary ( dicotyles tajacu angulatus ) with swine kidney worm ( stephanurus dentatus ). | two captive-born juvenile collared peccaries ( dicotyles tajacu angulatus ) were given 3000 infective larvae of stephanurus dentatus per os. one peccary harbored viable s. dentatus sub-adults in the liver 50 days post-infection. the other peccary had no larvae but did have diffuse fibrotic hepatic lesions and bile duct hyperplasia 213 days post-infection; however, the lesions may have been partially due to a concurrent ascaris suum infection. a domestic pig ( sus scrofa domesticus ) infected as ... | 1977 | 24228971 |
| chinese border disease virus strain jsls12-01 infects piglets and down-regulates the antibody responses of classical swine fever virus c strain vaccination. | during 2012 and 2013, several border disease virus (bdv) strains were identified from chinese goat and sheep herds. at the same time, pigs from the same areas were found to be seropositive to bdv by elisa, without showing clinical signs (unpublished data). to examine the susceptibility of pigs to the chinese bdv strains, bdv isolate jsls12-01, isolated from naturally infected sheep, was used to infect pigs. antibody responses, viremia, clinical signs and pathological changes of the infected anim ... | 2015 | 26117151 |
| comparative [corrected] codon usage between the three main viruses in pestivirus genus and their natural susceptible livestock. | classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus can cause serious livestock diseases. the relative synonymous codon usage value, the "effective number of codons" (enc), the ratio of k(s) value to k(a) value and the principle component analysis were employed to analyze the genetic characteristics of open reading frame (orf) and the four genes (the n(pro), erns, e1, e2 genes) of the three viruses and the relationship of codon usage pattern between each vir ... | 2012 | 22395914 |
| the domestic pig as a potential model for borrelia skin infection. | the skin lesion erythema migrans is a characteristic early manifestation of lyme borreliosis in humans. however, the pathomechanisms leading to development of this erythema are not fully understood. models that mimic human skin would enhance research in this field. human and porcine skin structures strongly resemble each other. therefore, we attempted to induce erythema migrans lesions in experimental borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in the skin of domestic pigs. the formation of erythe ... | 2017 | 27986402 |
| two newly developed e(rns)-based elisas allow the differentiation of classical swine fever virus-infected from marker-vaccinated animals and the discrimination of pestivirus antibodies. | new generations of classical swine fever virus (csfv) marker vaccines have recently been developed in order to make emergency vaccination in case of a csf outbreak more feasible. however, the application of a marker vaccine is dependent on the availability of an accompanying discriminatory test allowing differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). cp7_e2alf, the most promising live marker vaccine candidate currently available, is a genetically modified bovine viral diarrhea virus ... | 2013 | 22902189 |
| evaluating the risk of pathogen transmission from wild animals to domestic pigs in australia. | wild animals contribute to endemic infection in livestock as well as the introduction, reintroduction and maintenance of pathogens. the source of introduction of endemic diseases to a piggery is often unknown and the extent of wildlife contribution to such local spread is largely unexplored. the aim of the current study was to quantitatively assess the probability of domestic pigs being exposed to different pathogens from wild animals commonly found around commercial piggeries in australia. spec ... | 2016 | 26711303 |
| boar hunting and brucellosis caused by brucella suis. | brucellosis remains as a significant public health concern in many areas where the infection persists in domestic hosts (i.e. goats, cattle, and domestic swine) with subsequent risk of transmission to human populations. brucellosis caused by b. suis remains an important threat to human populations in many countries exposed to domestic and feral swine. in the u.s., swine brucellosis has been under control for many years. meanwhile, it is a widespread infection among feral swine, particularly in t ... | 2017 | 28300645 |
| whole-genome mapping reveals a large chromosomal inversion on iberian brucella suis biovar 2 strains. | optical mapping is a technology able to quickly generate high resolution ordered whole-genome restriction maps of bacteria, being a proven approach to search for diversity among bacterial isolates. in this work, optical whole-genome maps were used to compare closely-related brucella suis biovar 2 strains. this biovar is the unique isolated in domestic pigs and wild boars in portugal and spain and most of the strains share specific molecular characteristics establishing an iberian clonal lineage ... | 2016 | 27527786 |
| brucella suis bacteremia misidentified as ochrobactrum anthropi by the vitek 2 system. | ochrobactrum and brucella are genetically related genera of the family brucellaceae, sharing 98.8% rrna similarity. because of their phenotypic similarity, ochrobactrum can be miscoded as brucella by automated identification systems. the misidentification on blood cultures (bcs) of b. suis as o. anthropi by the vitek 2 system is herein described. a 67-year-old male with a prosthetic mitral valve and fever was admitted with bacteremia due to a gram-negative coccobacillus identified as o. anthropi ... | 2016 | 27131010 |
| a serosurvey for brucellosis in wild boar (sus scrofa) in sardinia, italy. | porcine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by brucella suis and hosted by pigs (sus scrofa). both domestic pigs and wild boars are affected. we measured the prevalence of antibody to brucella spp. in wild boars in sardinia, italy. during 1 november 2009 to 31 january 2010, we collected 570 serum samples from legally hunted wild boars and tested them using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. sex and age class of the sampled wild boars were also recorded. thirty-five ... | 2015 | 26267463 |
| brucella suis infection in domestic pigs in sardinia (italy). | during a 4-year (2007-2010) survey, the presence of brucella suis infection in domestic pigs in sardinia was investigated. serum samples were collected from breeding pigs located on 108 commercial farms with documented reproductive problems and analysed using the rose bengal (rbt) and complement fixation (cft) tests for screening and confirmation of brucella, respectively. of the 1251 serum samples analysed by rbt, 406 sera, originating from 36 farms, were positive for b. suis. cft was positive ... | 2015 | 25530227 |
| genetic relatedness of brucella suis biovar 2 isolates from hares, wild boars and domestic pigs. | porcine brucellosis generally manifests as disorders in reproductive organs potentially leading to serious losses in the swine industry. brucella suis biovar 2 is endemic in european wild boar (sus scrofa) and hare (lepus europeus, lepus capensis) populations, thus these species may play a significant role in disease spread and serve as potential sources of infection for domestic pigs. the aim of this study was an epidemiologic analysis of porcine brucellosis in hungary and a comparative analysi ... | 2014 | 24962519 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a natural rough mutant of brucella suis as a vaccine for swine. | the objective of the current study was to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and clearance of the natural rough mutant of brucella suis strain 353-1 (353-1) as a vaccine in domestic swine. in three studies encompassing 105 animals, pigs were inoculated with 353-1 by conjunctival (5 × 10(7) cfu) or im (1-2 × 10(10) cfu) routes. clearance, tissue distribution, and pathology of the vaccine strain were determined by periodic blood culture, collection of tissues at periodic necropsy times after vacc ... | 2013 | 23659743 |
| high-density dependence but low impact on selected reproduction parameters of brucella suis biovar 2 in wild boar hunting estates from south-western spain. | porcine brucellosis is a disease caused by brucella suis, which is characterized by reproductive disorders in pigs. the number of cases of swine brucellosis has risen in many european countries, likely because of the presence of a wild reservoir of b. suis in wild boar. this study aimed at evaluating factors that may influence the probability of infection with brucella spp. in wild boar and at assessing the impact of a previous contact with brucella spp. on reproductive parameters of wild boar. ... | 2014 | 23347330 |
| a serosurvey for brucella suis, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and pseudorabies virus in feral swine (sus scrofa) of eastern north carolina. | as feral swine (sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. from september 2007 to march 2010, in 13 north carolina, usa, counties and at howell woods environmental learning center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (prv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); the samples obtained at howell ... | 2012 | 22493123 |
| pathogen presence in european starlings inhabiting commercial piggeries in south australia. | the majority of bacterial diarrhea-causing illnesses in domestic pigs result from infection with escherichia coli, salmonella spp., or campylobacter spp. these bacterial enteropathogens also correspond with the most-common bacteria isolated from wild birds. additionally, viral pathogens such as avian influenza virus (aiv), west nile virus (wnv, including kunjin disease), and newcastle disease virus (ndv) may also be carried and transmitted by birds in australia. introduced european starlings (st ... | 2016 | 27309283 |
| chlamydial antibiotic resistance and treatment failure in veterinary and human medicine. | the chlamydiaceae are widespread pathogens of both humans and animals. chlamydia trachomatis infection causes blinding trachoma and reproductive complications in humans. chlamydia pneumoniae causes human respiratory tract infections and atypical pneumonia. chlamydia suis infection is associated with conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight in domestic swine. chlamydial infections in humans and domesticated animals are generally controlled by antibiotic treatment-particularly macrolid ... | 2017 | 27218014 |
| assessment of chlamydia suis infection in pig farmers. | chlamydia suis infections are endemic in domestic pigs in europe and can lead to conjunctivitis, pneumonia, enteritis and reproductive failure. currently, the knowledge on the zoonotic potential of c. suis is limited. moreover, the last decades, porcine tetracycline resistant c. suis strains have been isolated, which interfere with treatment of chlamydial infections. in this study, the presence of c. suis was examined on nine belgian pig farms, using chlamydia culture and a c. suis specific real ... | 2015 | 26576707 |
| visual detection and differentiation of classic swine fever virus strains using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and g-quadruplex dnazyme assay. | the split g-quadruplex dnazyme has emerged as a valuable tool for visual dna detection. here, we successfully integrated colorimetric split g-quadruplex dnazyme assay with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification to generate a novel detection approach, allowing visual and rapid detection for the rna of shimen and hclv strains of classic swine fever virus (csfv). csfv is a rna virus that causes a highly contagious disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. with this method, we were able to detect a ... | 2017 | 28287135 |
| quasispecies composition and diversity do not reveal any predictors for chronic classical swine fever virus infection. | classical swine fever (csf) can run acute, chronic, and prenatal courses in both domestic pigs and wild boar. although chronic infections are rare events, their epidemiological impact is very high due to the long-term shedding of virus. so far, little is known about the factors that influence disease course and outcome from either the host or virus's perspective. to elucidate the viral determinants, we analyzed the role of the viral populations for the development of chronic csf virus (csfv) inf ... | 2017 | 27885563 |
| alteration of a second putative fusion peptide of structural glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus alters virus replication and virulence in swine. | e2, the major envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is involved in several critical virus functions, including cell attachment, host range susceptibility, and virulence in natural hosts. functional structural analysis of e2 based on a wimley-white interfacial hydrophobicity distribution predicted the involvement of a loop (residues 864 to 881) stabilized by a disulfide bond ((869)ckwggnwtcv(878), named fpii) in establishing interactions with the host cell membrane. this lo ... | 2016 | 27605674 |
| antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus yc11wb isolates from wild boar. | classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. the present study examined the virulence and transmission of strain yc11wb (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. virulence in domestic pigs was also examined. based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain yc11wb resembled that of typical acute csf. surprisingly, in contrast ... | 2016 | 27515269 |
| the challenge of detecting classical swine fever virus circulation in wild boar (sus scrofa): simulation of sampling options. | classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs ( sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boar ( sus scrofa ). for at least 4 decades, several european union member states were confronted with outbreaks among wild boar and, as it had been shown that infected wild boar populations can be a major cause of primary outbreaks in domestic pigs, strict control measures for both species were implemented. to guarantee early detection and to demonstrate freedom from diseas ... | 2016 | 27479901 |
| different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. the proteins e(rns), e1, and e2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. they are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of csfv. the results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different ... | 2016 | 26911308 |
| evolution and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus during a multi-annual outbreak amongst european wild boar. | classical swine fever is a viral disease of pigs that carries tremendous socio-economic impact. in outbreak situations, genetic typing is carried out for the purpose of molecular epidemiology in both domestic pigs and wild boar. these analyses are usually based on harmonized partial sequences. however, for high-resolution analyses towards the understanding of genetic variability and virus evolution, full-genome sequences are more appropriate. in this study, a unique set of representative virus s ... | 2016 | 26684209 |
| molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus isolates from kerala, india. | classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important disease of pigs caused by csf virus (csfv) belonging to the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. the disease is endemic in many countries including india. a comprehensive study was carried out to assess the type of csfv circulating in the south indian state of kerala. during the period 2013-2014, clinical samples were collected from 19 suspected csf outbreaks of domestic pigs in different districts of kerala. the samples were t ... | 2015 | 26645036 |
| evaluation of an erns-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to distinguish classical swine fever virus-infected pigs from pigs vaccinated with cp7_e2alf. | infections with classical swine fever virus (csfv) are a major economic threat to pig production. to combat csf outbreaks and to maintain trade, new marker vaccines were developed that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva principle). the chimeric pestivirus cp7_e2alf was shown to be safe and efficacious. its diva strategy is based on the detection of csfv e(rns)-specific antibodies that are only developed on infection. however, for the new marker vaccine to be consider ... | 2015 | 26179095 |
| transfection of rna from organ samples of infected animals represents a highly sensitive method for virus detection and recovery of classical swine fever virus. | translation and replication of positive stranded rna viruses are directly initiated in the cellular cytoplasm after uncoating of the viral genome. accordingly, infectious virus can be generated by transfection of rna genomes into susceptible cells. in the present study, efficiency of conventional virus isolation after inoculation of cells with infectious sample material was compared to virus recovery after transfection of total rna derived from organ samples of pigs infected with classical swine ... | 2015 | 25961582 |
| studying classical swine fever virus: making the best of a bad virus. | classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars. outbreak of csf can cause heavy economic losses to the pig industry. the strategies to prevent, control and eradicate csf disease are based on containing the disease through a systematic prophylactic vaccination policy and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy. the quest for prevention, control and eradication of csf has moved research forward in academia and industry, and has pr ... | 2015 | 25510481 |
| emergence of 2.1. subgenotype of classical swine fever virus in pig population of india in 2011. | limited studies are available on molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in india and are restricted to domestic pigs. these studies show the presence of 1.1. genotype. | 2014 | 25365116 |
| comparative analyses of host responses upon infection with moderately virulent classical swine fever virus in domestic pigs and wild boar. | classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. clinical signs may vary from almost inapparent infection to a hemorrhagic fever like illness. among the host factors leading to different disease courses are age, breed, and immune status. the aim of this study was to compare host responses of different pig breeds upon infection with a recent moderately virulent csf virus (csfv) strain, and to assess their impact on the clinical outcome and the efficiency of immune ... | 2014 | 25073480 |
| complete genome sequence of classical swine fever virus genotype 2.2 strain bergen. | the complete genome sequence of the genotype 2.2 classical swine fever virus strain bergen has been determined; this strain was originally isolated from persistently infected domestic pigs in the netherlands and is characterized to be of low virulence. | 2014 | 24874676 |
| discovering up-regulated vegf-c expression in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells by classical swine fever virus shimen. | infection of domestic swine with the highly virulent shimen strain of classical swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic lymphadenitis and diffuse hemorrhaging in infected swine. we analyzed patterns of gene expression for csfv shimen in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (suvecs). transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) c gene (vegf-c) and translation of the corresponding protein were significantly up-regulated in suvecs. our findings suggest that vegf-c is involved in me ... | 2014 | 24758593 |
| screening of cellular proteins that interact with the classical swine fever virus non-structural protein 5a by yeast two-hybrid analysis. | classical swine fever virus (csfv), the pathogen of classical swine fever (csf), causes severe hemorrhagic fever and vascular necrosis in domestic pigs and wild boar. a large number of evidence has proven that non-structural 5a (ns5a) is not only a very important part of viral replication complex, but also can regulate host cell's function; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. in the current study, aiming to find more clues in understanding the molecular mechanisms of csf ... | 2014 | 24499791 |
| efficacy of marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf against challenge with classical swine fever virus isolates of different genotypes. | classical swine fever (csf) is among the most important viral disease of domestic and feral pigs and has a serious impact on animal health and pig industry. in most countries with industrialized pig production, prophylactic vaccination against csf is banned, and all efforts are directed towards eradication of the disease, e.g. by culling of infected herds and animal movement restrictions. nevertheless, emergency vaccination remains an option to minimize the socio-economic impact of outbreaks. fo ... | 2014 | 24411658 |
| the challenges of classical swine fever control: modified live and e2 subunit vaccines. | classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. csf is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), and domestic pigs and wild boars are its only natural hosts. the two main strategies used to control csf epidemic are systematic prophylactic vaccination and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy. this review compares the protective efficacy of the routinely used modified live vaccine (mlv) and e2 subunit vaccines and summarizes the factors ... | 2014 | 24211665 |
| molecular tracing of classical swine fever viruses isolated from wild boars and pigs in france from 2002 to 2011. | there were three outbreaks of classical swine fever (csf) in north-eastern france between 2002 and 2011. the first two occurred in april 2002 in the moselle department, in a wild boar and pig herd, respectively, while the third occurred in april 2003, in the bas-rhin department, in a wild boar. a survey was subsequently implemented in wild boar and domestic pig populations, during which 43 csf viruses (csfvs) were genetically characterized to provide information on virus sources, trace virus evo ... | 2013 | 23891170 |
| complete genome sequences of classical swine fever virus strains isolated from wild boars in south korea. | classical swine fever is a disease that is devastating the pig industry worldwide. here, we report the complete genome sequences of two classical swine virus strains (yc11wb and pc11wb), isolated from korean wild boars in 2011. both strains belong to subgenotype 2.1b. the complete genome sequences of pc11wb and yc11wb are more similar to that of strain zj0801 (isolated in china) than to that of the sw03 strain isolated from domestic pigs in south korea. | 2013 | 23599291 |
| a t-cell epitope on ns3 non-structural protein enhances the b and t cell responses elicited by dendrimeric constructions against csfv in domestic pigs. | it has been recently reported by our group that dendrimeric constructs combining b- and t-cell epitopes from classical swine fever virus (csfv) provided partial protection against experimental infection. this research evaluated four newly designed constructions while taking into account our previous work, including the direct implication that a t-cell epitope from the ns3 protein contributes to the generation of the immune response against csfv. to this end, the dendrimeric constructions, includ ... | 2012 | 22959286 |
| prevalence of classical swine fever virus in domestic pigs in south korea: 1999-2011. | the major policy for eradication of classical swine fever (csf) in south korea has focused on the implementation of compulsory vaccination of the susceptible pig population. a vaccine strain of csf virus, the lom strain, is used to maintain high herd seroconversion, a practice complementary to the 'stamping-out policy' and restriction of animal movement during disease outbreaks. to survey for the prevalence of csf in domestic pigs in south korea over the past 13 years (1999-2011), we tested 4 19 ... | 2013 | 22925439 |
| prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar. | the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ... | 2012 | 22516920 |
| epidemiology, clinical, immune, and molecular profiles of microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis among hiv/aids patients. | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites, with special emphasis on microsporidia and cryptosporidium, as well as their association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) symptoms, risk factors, and other digestive parasites. we also wish to determine the molecular biology definitions of the species and genotypes of microsporidia and cryptosporidium in hiv patients. | 2012 | 22924007 |
| serological evidence of ebola virus infection in indonesian orangutans. | ebola virus (ebov) and marburg virus (marv) belong to the family filoviridae and cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. despite the discovery of ebov (reston virus) in nonhuman primates and domestic pigs in the philippines and the serological evidence for its infection of humans and fruit bats, information on the reservoirs and potential amplifying hosts for filoviruses in asia is lacking. in this study, serum samples collected from 353 healthy bornean orangutans (pongo ... | 2012 | 22815803 |
| diagnostics and epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in slaughtered pigs from large-scale husbandries in germany. | by means of the official meat inspection of domestic pigs, exceptionally high proportions of livers affected by encapsulated nodules containing whitish to light yellow, viscous to pasty material ("microabscesses") were detected. the swine had been raised on four different farms, being located in distinct regions of germany (brandenburg, thuringia, upper franconia). macroscopical and histological examination of 77 samples of livers revealed granulomatous to necrotizing hepatitis with attendance o ... | 2013 | 23093207 |
| prevalence and diversity of encephalitozoon spp. and enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild boars (sus scrofa) in central europe. | from 2011 to 2012, the occurrence of enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon spp. was surveyed at 29 randomly selected localities (both forest areas and enclosures) across four central european countries: austria, the czech republic, poland, and the slovak republic. isolates were genotyped by pcr amplification and characterization of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region using enterocytozoon and encephalitozoon-specific protocols. pcr revealed 16 mono-infections of encephalitozoon cun ... | 2014 | 24292543 |
| occurrence, source, and human infection potential of cryptosporidium and enterocytozoon bieneusi in drinking source water in shanghai, china, during a pig carcass disposal incident. | in march 2013, thousands of domestic pig carcasses were found floating in the huangpu river, a drinking source water in shanghai, china. to investigate the impact of the pig carcass incident on microbial water quality, 178 river water samples were collected from the upper huangpu river from march 2013 to march 2014. samples were concentrated by calcium carbonate flocculation and examined for host-adapted cryptosporidium and enterocytozoon bieneusi by ploymerase chain reaction (pcr). positive pcr ... | 2014 | 25383482 |
| the survey of porcine teschoviruses, sapeloviruses and enteroviruses b infecting domestic pigs and wild boars in the czech republic between 2005 and 2011. | this study presents results of epidemiological survey and genetic characterisation of porcine enteric picornaviruses belonging to the genera teschovirus, sapelovirus, and porcine enterovirus b. faecal or gut content samples from domestic pigs (sus scrofa f. domestica) and the cecal content of wild boars (sus scrofa) of different ages (collected between 2005 and 2011) were analysed by molecular methods. porcine enterovirus b was the most prevalent virus detected in both domestic pigs and wild boa ... | 2012 | 22579481 |
| diversity of picornaviruses in rural bolivia. | the family picornaviridae is a large and diverse group of viruses that infect humans and animals. picornaviruses are among the most common infections of humans and cause a wide spectrum of acute human disease. this study began as an investigation of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) in a small area of eastern bolivia, where surveillance had identified a persistently high afp rate in children. stools were collected and diagnostic studies ruled out poliovirus. we tested stool specimens from 51 afp cas ... | 2013 | 23804569 |
| recombinant expression of porcine spermadhesin awn and its phospholipid interaction: indication for a novel lipid binding property. | awn is a porcine (sus scrofa domestica) seminal plasma protein and has been linked to a variety of processes related to fertilization. to acquire the protein in sufficient amount and purity for functional studies, we established its recombinant expression in e. coli and a three-step purification protocol based on different chromatographies. the test for awn-phospholipid interaction revealed phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin as potential binding partners. as phosphatidic acid is surmised to play ... | 2017 | 28326614 |
| analysis of polymorphisms in the fut1 and tap1 genes and their influence on immune performance in pudong white pigs. | fut1 and tap1 have been identified as candidate genes that offer resistance against escherichia coli f18 infection, with the aa genotype in fut1 and the gg genotype in tap1 conferring resistance. in order to confirm polymorphisms at fut1 m307 and tap1 g729, and evaluate their influence on immunity performance in pudong white pigs, we performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, measured immune indices, and compared the results with those observed in larg ... | 2015 | 26681213 |
| approaches to characterize extended spectrum beta-lactamase/beta-lactamase producing escherichia coli in healthy organized vis-a-vis backyard farmed pigs in india. | the study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and to characterize the esbl/beta-lactamase producing-escherichia coli in healthy pigs of organized and backyard farms in west bengal, india. total 200 rectal swabs were collected randomly from healthy pigs maintained in four organized farms and 10 backyard farms (n=100 each) and 76 isolates were identified as e. coli from organized (48/100, 48%) and backyard pigs (28/100, 28%). twelve e. coli isolates (6%) in the present study were detected ... | 2015 | 26423671 |
| clonal transmission of a colistin-resistant escherichia coli from a domesticated pig to a human in laos. | | 2015 | 26283671 |
| experimental evaluation of faecal escherichia coli and hepatitis e virus as biological indicators of contacts between domestic pigs and eurasian wild boar. | domestic pigs and eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) share several important viral and bacterial pathogens. therefore, direct and indirect contacts between domestic pigs and wild boar present a risk of pathogen spillover and can lead to long-term perpetuation of infection. biological indicators could be a powerful tool to understand and characterize contacts between wild boar and domestic pigs. here, faecal escherichia coli and hepatitis e virus (hev) were explored as potential biological indicator ... | 2017 | 26190581 |
| functional characterization of a novel lytic phage ecsw isolated from sus scrofa domesticus and its potential for phage therapy. | in this study, multi-drug resistant escherichia coli sw1 (e. coli sw1) and active lytic phage ecsw was isolated from feces samples of sus scrofa domesticus (piglet) suffering from diarrhea. transmission electron microscopy (tem) indicated that isolated ecsw belongs to the myoviridae family with an icosahedral head (80 ± 4) and a long tail (180 ± 5 nm). the ecsw phage genome size was estimated to be approximately 75 kb of double-stranded dna (dsdna). phage dynamic studies show that the latent per ... | 2015 | 25805216 |
| shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in swine: the public health perspective. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains are food-borne pathogens that are an important public health concern. stec infection is associated with severe clinical diseases in human beings, including hemorrhagic colitis (hc) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), which can lead to kidney failure and death. cattle are the most important stec reservoir. however, a number of stec outbreaks and hus cases have been attributed to pork products. in swine, stec strains are known to be associated ... | 2014 | 24397985 |
| porcine e. coli: virulence-associated genes, resistance genes and adhesion and probiotic activity tested by a new screening method. | we established an automated screening method to characterize adhesion of escherichia coli to intestinal porcine epithelial cells (ipec-j2) and their probiotic activity against infection by enteropathogenic e. coli (epec). 104 intestinal e. coli isolates from domestic pigs were tested by pcr for the occurrence of virulence-associated genes, genes coding for resistances to antimicrobial agents and metals, and for phylogenetic origin by pcr. adhesion rates and probiotic activity were examined for c ... | 2013 | 23658605 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence of domestic pigs in germany determined by a novel in-house and two reference elisas. | autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) infections by zoonotic transmission of genotype 3 (gt3) have been reported increasingly from industrialized countries. in this paper the development and validation of an igg elisa for the detection of hev-specific antibodies in domestic pigs is described. comparison of the diagnostic value of escherichia coli-expressed hev-gt3 capsid protein (cp) derivatives revealed a carboxy-terminal derivative as most suitable. validation of the in-house assay using a com ... | 2013 | 23523888 |
| effect of transgastric peritoneal access on peritoneal innate cellular immunity: experimental study in swine. | one of the main concerns of natural orifice surgery is the local and systemic impact on physiology. few studies have compared natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (notes) with other surgical modalities. most studies are based on systemic variables such as postoperative serum cytokines, with conflicting results. surgical trauma induces an early inflammatory response, release of cytokines, and local leukocyte activation and oxidative burst. major surgical trauma is related to impairment ... | 2013 | 23239288 |
| analyses of intestinal commensal escherichia coli strains from wild boars suggest adaptation to conventional pig production conditions. | to test the hypothesis that escherichia coli populations have adapted to conventional pig production practices, we comparatively tested intestinal commensal e. coli from wild boars versus isolates from domestic pigs by analyzing virulence-associated factors, adhesion, and metabolic activities. virulence-associated genes typical for intestinal pathogenic e. coli (invags) were sporadically detected among e. coli from wild boars except the adhesion-related gene paa and the enterotoxin-encoding gene ... | 2012 | 22857976 |
| detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna and capsid protein in lymphoid tissues of convalescent pigs does not indicate existence of a carrier state. | a systematic study was performed to investigate the potential of pigs to establish and maintain persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection. infectious virus could not be recovered from sera, oral, nasal or oropharyngeal fluids obtained after resolution of clinical infection with any of five fmdv strains within serotypes a, o and asia-1. furthermore, there was no isolation of live virus from tissue samples harvested at 28-100 days post-infection from convalescent pigs recovered from ... | 2016 | 24943477 |
| a serological survey for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in domestic pigs during outbreaks in kenya. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in kenya and has been well studied in cattle, but not in pigs, yet the role of pigs is recognised in fmd-free areas. this study investigated the presence of antibodies against fmd virus (fmdv) in pigs sampled during a countrywide random survey for fmd in cattle coinciding with sat 1 fmdv outbreaks in cattle. a total of 191 serum samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs in 17 districts. forty-two of the 191 sera were from pigs vaccinated against ... | 2014 | 24442573 |
| experimental infection of wild boar and domestic pigs with a foot and mouth disease virus strain detected in the southeast of bulgaria in december of 2010. | foot and mouth disease (fmd) was detected in a wild boar in southeastern bulgaria in december 2010. the occurrence and spread of the disease in wild cloven-hoofed animals may pose an unexpected and significant threat to fmd virus (fmdv)-free areas within and outside the european union. so far, only one well documented experimental infection with fmd in wild boar has been published. in order to obtain more epidemiologically relevant data regarding the disease in wild boar we conducted an experime ... | 2012 | 22503391 |
| gastrointestinal helminths of wild hogs and their potential livestock and public health significance in jamaica. | an investigation into the potential for transmission of gastrointestinal helminths from wild hogs to livestock and humans was prompted by concerns of recreational wild-hog hunting in the caribbean region and the recent practice, by livestock farmers in jamaica, of co-rearing wild and domesticated swine. thirty-one wild hogs from the hellshire hills, a dry limestone forest in southern jamaica, were necropsied during the period june 2004 to august 2006. thirteen of the captured animals were male a ... | 2016 | 26821705 |
| complete genome sequence of an h10n5 avian influenza virus isolated from pigs in central china. | an avian h10n5 influenza virus, a/swine/hubei/10/2008/h10n5, was isolated from pigs in the hubei province of central china. homology and phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments demonstrated that the strain was wholly of avian origin and closely homologous to the eurasian lineage avian influenza virus. to our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transmission of an avian h10n5 influenza virus to domestic pigs under natural conditions. | 2012 | 23166264 |
| influenza a virus infection in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax). | serum samples were collected from 385 wild boars between 2010 and 2013 to examine the seroprevalence of influenza a virus (iav) in japan. antibodies against iav were identified using a commercial kit in 13 wild boars (3.4%). to identify the serotypes, positive sera were examined by virus-neutralization test using representative serotypes and strains. three wild boars in yamaguchi and four in tochigi showed the highest antibody titers against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus and classical swine h1n1 ... | 2017 | 28321029 |
| rapid detection and subtyping of european swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific tetra- and triplex real-time rt-pcrs. | a diversifying pool of mammalian-adapted influenza a viruses (iav) with largely unknown zoonotic potential is maintained in domestic swine populations worldwide. the most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by a virus with genes originating from iav isolated from swine. swine influenza viruses (siv) are widespread in european domestic pig populations and evolve dynamically. knowledge regarding occurrence, spread and evolution of potentially zoonotic siv in europe is poorly underst ... | 2016 | 27397600 |
| a novel m2e-multiple antigenic peptide providing heterologous protection in mice. | swine influenza viruses (swivs) cause considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs, resulting in a significant economic burden. moreover, pigs have been considered to be a possible mixing vessel in which novel strains loom. here, we developed and evaluated a novel m2e-multiple antigenic peptide (m2e-map) as a supplemental antigen for inactivated h3n2 vaccine to provide cross-protection against two main subtypes of swivs, h1n1 and h3n2. the novel tetra-branched map was constructed by fus ... | 2016 | 27051342 |
| evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant h1n2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources. | in 2011-2012, contemporary north american-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) possessing the 2009 pandemic h1n1 matrix gene (h3n2pm-like virus) were detected in domestic pigs of south korea where h1n2 siv strains are endemic. more recently, we isolated novel reassortant h1n2 sivs bearing the eurasian avian-like swine h1-like hemagglutinin and korean swine h1n2-like neuraminidase in the internal gene backbone of the h3n2pm-like virus. in the present study, we clearly provide evidence on the ... | 2015 | 26051886 |
| epidemiological survey of swine influenza a virus in the wild boar population of two italian provinces. | an epidemiological survey was carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of the role of wild boars in the epidemiology of the influenza virus. | 2013 | 24224815 |
| genomic analysis of influenza a virus from captive wild boars in brazil reveals a human-like h1n2 influenza virus. | influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. in brazil, h1n1, h3n2 and 2009 pandemic h1n1 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza a viruses (iav) circulate in domestic swine herds. wild boars are also susceptible to iav infection but in brazil until this moment there are no reports of iav infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. herein the occurrence of iav in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. ... | 2014 | 24238665 |
| emergence of h3n2pm-like and novel reassortant h3n1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the a (h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, korea. | human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 [a(h1n1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide. | 2013 | 24034626 |
| experimental infection of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) with pandemic 2009 h1n1 and swine h1n1 and h3n2 triple reassortant influenza viruses. | european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) are common peridomestic passerine birds that are often associated with domestic animal production facilities. this association provides a potential means for pathogen transmission between facilities. we inoculated european starlings and house sparrows with three non-avian influenza virus strains: two swine isolates (h1n1 and h3n2) and one human isolate representing the h1n1 pandemic strain that originated from swine. no ... | 2013 | 23568924 |
| review: influenza virus in pigs. | influenza virus disease still remains one of the major threats to human health, involving a wide range of animal species and pigs play an important role in influenza ecology. pigs were labeled as "mixing vessels" since they are susceptible to infection with avian, human and swine influenza viruses and genetic reassortment between these viruses can occur. after the h1n1 influenza pandemic of 2009 with a swine origin virus, the most recent research in "influenzology" is directed at improving knowl ... | 2013 | 23523121 |
| conserved synthetic peptides from the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses induce broad humoral and t-cell responses in a pig model. | outbreaks involving either h5n1 or h1n1 influenza viruses (iv) have recently become an increasing threat to cause potential pandemics. pigs have an important role in this aspect. as reflected in the 2009 human h1n1 pandemia, they may act as a vehicle for mixing and generating new assortments of viruses potentially pathogenic to animals and humans. lack of universal vaccines against the highly variable influenza virus forces scientists to continuously design vaccines à la carte, which is an expen ... | 2012 | 22815759 |
| restored pb1-f2 in the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus has minimal effects in swine. | pb1-f2 is an 87- to 90-amino-acid-long protein expressed by certain influenza a viruses. previous studies have shown that pb1-f2 contributes to virulence in the mouse model; however, its role in natural hosts-pigs, humans, or birds-remains largely unknown. outbreaks of domestic pigs infected with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1) have been detected worldwide. unlike previous pandemic strains, ph1n1 viruses do not encode a functional pb1-f2 due to the presence of three stop codons re ... | 2012 | 22379102 |
| [serological detection of emerging viral infections in wild boars from different hunting regions of southern germany]. | wild boars represent a possible virus reservoir for notifiable diseases of farm animals, including aujeszky's disease (ad) and classical swine fever (csf). monitoring of the epidemiological situation in the wild boar population is especially relevant in countries that are officially free from these diseases. apart from oie-notifiable diseases, other viral agents that are widely distributed and play a significant role in farm animals, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viru ... | 2012 | 22331288 |
| serological evidence for avian h9n2 influenza virus infections among romanian agriculture workers. | in recent years, wild birds have introduced multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections in romanian poultry. in 2005 hpai infections were widespread among domestic poultry and anecdotal reports suggested domestic pigs may also have been exposed. we sought to examine evidence for zoonotic influenza infections among romanian agriculture workers. between 2009 and 2010, 363 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study. confined animal f ... | 2013 | 23999337 |
| complete genome sequence of an avian-like h4n8 swine influenza virus discovered in southern china. | we report here the complete genomic sequence of an avian-like h4n8 swine influenza virus containing an h5n1 avian influenza virus segment from swine in southern china. phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral rna segments demonstrated that these are wholly avian influenza viruses of the asia lineage. to our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transmission of an avian h4n8 influenza virus to domestic pigs under natural conditions. | 2012 | 22879613 |
| fatal infection due to haemophilus parasuis in a young wild boar (sus scrofa). | haemophilus parasuis is a recognized pathogen in domestic pigs; the pathogen has been also isolated from healthy wild boar (sus scrofa). in the current report, a case of fatal h. parasuis infection in a wild boar piglet from central spain is described. the affected animal presented severe pneumonic lesions, inflammation in tarsal joints with presence of fibrinous deposits, and epidural hemorrhage in the atlanto-occipital joint. pure growth of h. parasuis was obtained from lungs and tarsal joints ... | 2013 | 23512924 |
| prevalence and determinants of cryptosporidium infection in an underdeveloped rural region of southwestern china. | few studies have focused on the epidemiology of cryptosporidium in resource-challenged settings in china. we report a community-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection and its risk factors and associations with hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections. the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection was 12.6% (95% confidence interval = 11.0-14.3). individuals living in households with ≥ 5 family ... | 2017 | 28093538 |
| serological and molecular evidence of hepadnavirus infection in swine. | recently, investigations in a swine herd identified evidence of the existence of a novel member of the hepadnavirus family endemic in swine. the aim of this study was to investigate the serological and molecular markers of hepadnavirus circulation in brazilian domestic swine and wild boar herds, and to evaluate the identity with hbv and other hepadnaviruses reported previously. | 2015 | 25780820 |
| risk analysis and occurrence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in domestic swine in northeast brazil. | anti-hev antibodies were detected in animals from abattoir and in farms from northeast brazil. our results suggest that hev is highly disseminated in the swine population and might present a great risk to animal handlers and for consumption of raw or undercooked meat and meat products in northeast brazil. | 2017 | 28349492 |
| autochthonous sporadic acute hepatitis e caused by two distinct subgenotype 3b hepatitis e virus strains with only 90% nucleotide identity. | hepatitis e, which is caused by hepatitis e virus (hev), is a public health concern in japan, where the zoonotic food-borne transmission of hev from domestic pigs and wild boars plays an important role. a 44-year-old japanese man with autochthonous sporadic acute hepatitis e was admitted with general fatigue and moderate liver dysfunction. in the present study, two distinct hev strains were recovered from the patient, who had consumed the raw or undercooked pig liver and intestine two or three t ... | 2017 | 28205112 |
| hepatitis e: discovery, global impact, control and cure. | hepatitis e was identified as an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis from kashmir, india in 1978. hepatitis e virus (hev), the etiological agent is the sole member of family hepeviridae. the virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. hepatitis e is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. hepatitis e is an imperative health issue in developing nations, t ... | 2016 | 27610014 |
| possible foodborne transmission of hepatitis e virus from domestic pigs and wild boars from corsica. | | 2016 | 27437570 |
| [hepatitidis e virus]. | the number of detected cases of hepatitis e (he) shows an increasing trend in the czech republic, probably due the introduction of new diagnostic methods and greater awareness of he. in most cases, the source of infection has remained unconfirmed or entirely unclear. the causative agent, the hepatitis e virus (hev), belongs to the hepeviridae family. recently, many isolates from mammals, birds, and fish have been identified. hev is widespread among farm pigs and wild boar populations all over th ... | 2016 | 27246639 |