Publications

complete amino acid sequence of myoglobin from the pilot whale, globicephala melaena.	the complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the pilot whale, globicephala melaena, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. the apomyoglobin was selectively cleaved at the two methionyl residues with cyanogen bromide and the acetimidated apomyoglobin was cleaved at the three arginyl residues by trypsin. from the sequence analysis of four of these peptides and the apoprotein, over ...	1978	656376
ultrasonic studies on the head oil of the north atlantic pilot whale (globicephala melaena melaena).		1976	977837
variations in lipid composition and sound velocity in melon from the north atlantic pilot whale, globicephala melaena melaena.	nonpolar lipids and sound velocity at different distances from the skin surface within a sample of pilot whale melon were studied. thin layer chromatography, sensitive radioisotopic methods, and an ultrasonic echo scanner were used. wax esters had a maximum concentration at 11-12 cm from the skin surface. non- and monoisovalero triglycerides both exhibited a minimum at 8-10 cm, whereas the diisovalero species increased steadily from the skin surface towards the center of the pilot whale head. a ...	1976	1250078
organomercury determination in biological reference materials: application to a study on mercury speciation in marine mammals off the faröe islands.	the potential use of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (gf-aas) for the organic mercury determination in marine biological tissues was evaluated. following its isolation by acid extraction in toluene, organic mercury was recovered in aqueous thiosulfate and measured by gf-aas. the detection limit was 0.01 microgram hg/g (as methyl mercury). analyses were conducted on three reference standard materials certified for their methyl mercury content, dolt-1, dorm-1, and tort-1, provided ...	1992	1385082
breeding behaviour of pilot whales revealed by dna fingerprinting.	most species of whale spend the majority of their lives well away from land, are capable of migrating over large distances and are difficult to identify individually. however, conservation measures require a detailed understanding of their social structure, breeding behaviour and migration patterns. the advent of dna fingerprinting permits a systematic investigation of such parameters. in the faeroe islands there exists a traditional harvest of long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas), in w ...	1991	1917551
conservation of polymorphic simple sequence loci in cetacean species.	length polymorphisms within simple-sequence loci occur ubiquitously in non-coding eukaryotic dna and can be highly informative in the analysis of natural populations. simple-sequence length polymorphisms (sslp) in the long-finned pilot whale globicephala melas (delphinidae) have provided useful information on the mating system as well as on the genetic structure of populations. we have therefore tested whether the polymerase chain reaction primers designed for globicephala could also be used to ...	1991	1944571
ultrastructure of synapses and golgi analysis of neurons in neocortex of the lateral gyrus (visual cortex) of the dolphin and pilot whale.	qualitative and computerized quantitative analyses of ultrastructural features of synapses in different layers of the primary visual cortex in the dolphin (stenella coeruleoalba) and the pilot whale (globicephala melaena) were carried out. also, golgi and cytoarchitectonic analyses were performed in the same species of cetaceans and, additionally, in tursiops truncatus and phocaena phocaena. it was found that on a synaptic level, as well as in cytoarchitectonic and golgi features, the neocortex ...	1990	2337821
organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (globicephala melaena) from the coast of newfoundland, canada.		1988	3214191
the karyotype of the long-finned pilot whale, globicephala melaena.		1988	3230026
unusual lipids. ii. head oil of the north atlantic pilot whale, globicephala melaena melaena.		1974	4366536
heterogeneity of lipid composition within the cephalic melon tissue of the pilot whale (globicephala melaena).		1973	4776442
[composition of the neutral lipids and the fatty acids from whale brains. 3. brains from pilot whales (globicephala melaena)].		1968	5688037
pathology of the pilot whale. globicephala melaena. a comparative survey.		1966	5949961
helminth parasites of the pilot whale globicephala melaena (traill 1809).		1967	6066760
candidiasis in captive cetaceans.	disseminated candida albicans infections were found or suspected in 4 captive cetaceans. ketoconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, bid, administered orally for 18 days, followed by 8 biweekly oral doses of levamisole hydrochloride at the rate of 9 mg/kg, resulted in regression of clinical signs of candidiasis in an adult male atlantic bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus). a higher dosage of ketoconazole (6 mg/kg, bid) was effective in eliminating the shedding of c albicans from an adult male bel ...	1982	6294033
the polar lipids from keratinized tissues of some vertebrates.	1. the lipids from a variety of keratinized tissues from terrestrial vertebrates were extracted with chloroform:methanol and the nonpolar and saponifiable lipids were removed. the composition of the remaining polar lipids was examined by thin layer chromatography and color reactions. 2. the tissues studied included: hair from a monkey (macacca fascicularis), dog (canis familiaris), raccoon (procyon lotor) and cow (bos taurus); full-thickness epidermis from a pig (sus scrofa) and pilot whale (glo ...	1982	7172624
bronchopneumonia caused by streptococcus equi in a north atlantic pilot whale (globicephala melaena).	bronchopneumonia was observed at the necropsy of a north atlantic pilot whale (globicephala melaena). the areas of necrosis were well circumscribed clusters, disseminated throughout the left lung. streptococcus equi was isolated in pure culture from the lung parenchyma, pharynx and pericardial fluid.	1980	7411735
distribution of dopaminergic fibers and neurons in visual and auditory cortices of the harbor porpoise and pilot whale.	the distribution of putative dopaminergic fibers in two sensory cortical areas in the brain of the harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena) and pilot whale (globicephala melaena) was analyzed at the light and electron microscopic levels using tyrosine hydroxylase (th) immunohistochemistry. the quantitative analysis of the distribution of labeled fibers demonstrates that the primary visual cortex located in the lateral gyrus and entolateral sulcus contains a denser dopaminergic innervation than the au ...	1995	7697381
growth-related changes in testicular mass and plasma testosterone concentrations in long-finned pilot whales, globicephala melas.	blood samples and testes were collected from long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas) off the faroe islands at irregular intervals over a period of 3 years (july 1986-december 1989). changes in testis mass (n = 674) and plasma testosterone concentrations (n = 214), measured by radioimmunoassay, were examined with respect to age, bodylength and bodymass of the animals. corresponding to a rapid testicular growth (from 0.25 kg up to 1.9 kg), puberty occurred in male pilot whales of 4.6-5.7 m i ...	1994	7799319
relative abundance and behavior of marine mammals exposed to transmissions from the heard island feasibility test.	the heard island feasibility test source transmitted a hum at 209-220 db re: 1 micropa at 175-m depth, centered on 57 hz with a maximum bandwidth of 30 hz for 1 h of every 3. experienced marine mammal observers conducted line-transect surveys and monitored marine mammal behavior visually and acoustically in a 70 x 70 km square centered on the transmission site. thirty-nine groups of cetaceans and 19 of pinnipeds were sighted from both vessels before the start of transmissions. thirty-nine groups ...	1994	7963037
the use of microsatellites for genetic analysis of natural populations.	microsatellites, tandemly repeated units of 2 to 5 bp are distributed throughout eukaryotic genomes. length variation within microsatellites, caused by dna slippage, can be amplified by pcr and used for dna profiling. in this paper potential applications and limitations of this technique are discussed. two case studies for pilot whales (globicephala melas) and sheep (ovis aries) exemplify the suitability of microsatellites for analyzing natural populations. other currently available profiling te ...	1994	7994107
organochlorines and mercury in pilot whale blubber consumed by faroe islanders.	some 22,000 pilot whales (globicephala melaena) were taken in the faroe islands between 1970 and 1992. it is known that tissues from these animals are widely consumed by the islanders. the position of these animals at the apex of a direct marine food chain renders them liable to accumulate toxic chemicals, such as metals and organochlorines. although the consumption of contaminating metals in pilot whale tissues has been studied, the significance of blubber as a dietary source of organochlorine ...	1994	8029711
epidermal lipid in several cetacean species: ultrastructural observations.	the ultrastructure of the skin of four cetacean species, bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melaena), humpback whale (megaptera novaeangliae), and fin whale (balaenoptera physalus) was investigated with particular reference to epidermal lipid. it has already been established that massive lipid reservoirs exist in whales, that the biochemical structures of cetacean lipids are unique, and that unusual intracellular lipid droplets appear in the epidermis. ...	1993	8250278
calcium-binding protein-containing neuronal populations in mammalian visual cortex: a comparative study in whales, insectivores, bats, rodents, and primates.	this study is focused on comparative analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acid-positive (gabaergic) neuronal populations in primary visual cortex of totally aquatic toothed whales and select terrestrial mammals with different evolutionary histories and various ecological adaptations. the distribution of neuronal populations containing the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and parvalbumin, which are recognized markers for the gabaergic neurons in cerebral cortex, is compared in five species of toothed ...	1993	8324371
social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical dna profiling.	long-finned pilot whales swim in large, extremely cohesive social groups known as pods. molecular typing revealed that pod members form a single extended family. mature males neither disperse from nor mate within their natal pods, a situation unusual for mammals. such behavior could be explained in terms of inclusive fitness benefits gained by adult males helping the large number of female relatives with which they swim.	1993	8480176
intestinal helminth communities of the long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) off the faroe islands.	the intestines of 170 long-finned pilot whales, globicephala melas, caught off the faroe islands (n.e. atlantic) were examined for helminth parasites. eight species were detected but only 4 occurred in at least 10% of the sample. no core or recurrent group of species were identified and no correlations between abundances of species were significant. diversity values were far below those reported for other endotherms. colonization by helminths was random, whales not being readily colonized. these ...	1993	8488068
trace element concentrations in cetacean liver tissues archived in the national marine mammal tissue bank.	the national biomonitoring specimen bank (nbsb), a collaborative project of several u.s. government agencies, includes marine mammal tissues collected for the alaska marine mammal tissue archival project (ammtap) and the national marine mammal tissue bank (nmmtb). tissues were collected from 139 animals representing 13 species of marine mammals from around the u.s. recently, concentrations for up to 30 elements in liver tissues of nine long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas), six harbor po ...	1995	8560237
morbilliviruses in aquatic mammals: report on round table discussion.	a workshop was organised to ascertain the current situation with regard to morbillivirus infections in aquatic animals. the great interest generated by the discovery of these new virus infections in 1988 has to some extent abated but much high quality research has continued in this field as the workshop showed. there is some serological evidence that the viruses have continued to circulate in most areas since the initial epizootics. as to their origin, it appears that the most likely source of t ...	1995	8588320
hepatocyte vacuolation and autolytic changes in the liver of pilot whales, globicephala melas, stranded on cape cod, ma, usa.	most cetacea available for internal sampling in recent times have died through mass or single stranding events. it is important to know how the time elapsed between death and sampling affect quality of tissues. this study evaluated histological quality in the liver of long-finned pilot whales that either died or were euthanased after mass stranding events. histological detection of significant autolysis was found in animals when 2 or more hours elapsed between death and sampling. in addition, he ...	1996	8685702
mercury in pilot whales: possible limits to the detoxification process.	the ability of pilot whales (globicephala melas) to concentrate cadmium and mercury is well established. the levels of these metals were generally higher than those encountered in other species of marine mammals. the biological data have not revealed a major toxic problem in the population, and this suggests a remarkable tolerance of this species to heavy metals. cellular distribution of mercury was carried out in liver samples. the presence of metallothionein-like proteins in the soluble fracti ...	1996	8685711
epidemiological analysis of persistent organochlorine contaminants in cetaceans.	information is provided to test the hypothesis that organochlorines introduced into the environment since the early 1940s could threaten the reproductive potential of baleen whales and other cetaceans. comparisons are made using data on the role of organochlorines in a model system, the great lakes region of north america, and in model animals, including humans, pinnipeds, and other wildlife. ddt and pcb are used as model organochlorines with the caveat that there may be thousands of other chemi ...	1996	8714222
marine mammals as global pollution indicators for organochlorines.	blubber tissues of the following marine mammals differing in their geographic distribution (north atlantic, north pacific, bering sea/arctic ocean), trophic level, and feeding habits were analyzed for their organochlorine contents: two seal species (harbor seals--phoca vitulina, northern fur seals--callorhinus ursinus), three toothed whale species (belukha whales--delphinapterus leucas, one common dolphin--delphinus delphis, one pilot whale--globicephala melaena), and one baleen whale species (a ...	2013	9134673
concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace elements in marine mammal tissues archived in the u.s. national biomonitoring specimen bank.	the u.s. national biomonitoring specimen bank (nbsb) provides for the long term storage of well documented and preserved specimens representing several types of environmental matrices. a major part of this inventory consists of marine mammal tissues (e.g., blubber, liver, kidney, and muscle). within the nbsb selected specimens are periodically analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace elements. although only 20% of the 560 marine mammal specimens in the nbsb have been analyzed, the databas ...	1997	9159906
antibodies to brucella in marine mammals around the coast of england and wales.	following the isolation of previously unrecognised species of brucella from stranded seals and cetaceans in scotland and northern england, a serological survey was carried out to investigate the range of marine mammal species which may have been exposed to brucella species around the coasts of england and wales, the prevalence of infection and the temporal and geographical distribution of seropositive animals. serum collected from 153 stranded marine mammals from the coasts of england and wales ...	1997	9416675
macroparasites in cetaceans stranded on the northwestern spanish atlantic coast.	an extensive parasitological survey was carried out during autopsy of 80 cetaceans representing 8 species within 4 families (delphinus delphis, stenella coeruleoalba, tursiops truncatus, grampus griseus, globicephala melas, kogia breviceps, phocoena phocoena and megaptera novaeangliae) collected on the northwestern spanish atlantic coast from february 1991 to october 1996. two species of tetraphyllidean cestodes (phyllobothrium delphini and monorygma grimaldii), 2 ascaridoid nematodes (anisakis ...	1998	9676247
identification of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) from the atlantic.	nineteen tetra- to hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were identified at ppb concentration in the blubber of pilot whale caught off the coast of the faroe islands in 1994 and 1996. higher total concentrations were found in the pooled samples of young males (3,160 ng/g lipid) and females (3,038 ng/g lipid) compared to adult females (843 ng/g and 1,048 ng/g lipid) and males (1,610 ng/g lipids). the predominant isomers in all samples were 2,2',4,4'-tebde (pbde #47) and 2,2',4,4', 5-pebde (pbde #99) acc ...	1999	10047605
organochlorines in stranded pilot whales (globicephala melaena) from the coast of massachusetts.	pilot whales strand periodically along the u.s. coast, and these strandings offer an opportunity for the collection of tissues for biomonitoring of contaminant exposure in cetaceans, as well as for specimen archiving. concentrations of organochlorine (oc) contaminants (e.g., pcb congeners, pesticides, ddts) were measured in tissue samples from pilot whales that stranded in 1986 and 1990 along the massachusetts coast. adult and fetal samples of blubber, liver, brain, and kidney were collected, as ...	1999	10341050
molecular genetic evidence of a novel morbillivirus in a long-finned pilot whale (globicephalus melas).	a long-finned pilot whale with morbilliviral disease was stranded in new jersey. an immunohistochemical stain demonstrated morbilliviral antigen. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for morbillivirus p and n genes was positive. novel sequences most closely related to, but distinct from, those of dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses suggest that this virus may represent a third member of the cetacean morbillivirus group.	2000	10653568
population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the north atlantic: a correlation with sea surface temperature?	the long-finned pilot whale, globicephala melas, is a social, pelagic odontocete distributed widely in the cold temperate waters of the north atlantic. despite genetic, morphometric, physiological and observational studies, it remains unclear whether any population substructure exists. we have used eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to analyse samples from four disparate sampling sites: usa east coast (cape cod), west greenland, the faeroe islands and the uk. our results indicate that ...	2000	10886657
cellular localization of cyp3a proteins in various tissues from pilot whale (globicephala melas).	the in situ expression of cytochrome p450 3a- (cyp3a) like proteins in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues from a marine mammal, pilot whale (globicephala melas), was investigated. polyclonal antibodies (pab) raised against either rat cyp3a1 or trout cyp3a27 both recognized a microsomal protein band in liver, lung, kidney and heart. the protein band observed in liver and lung had slightly lower molecular weight than that observed in kidney and heart, suggesting the existence of two cyp3a forms in p ...	2000	10996544
in vitro metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by beluga whale (delphinapterus leucas) and pilot whale (globicephala melas) and relationship to cytochrome p450 expression.	we measured rates of oxidative metabolism of two tetrachlorobiphenyl (tcb) congeners by hepatic microsomes of two marine mammal species, beluga whale and pilot whale, as related to content of selected cytochrome p450 (cyp) forms. beluga liver microsomes oxidized 3,3',4,4'-tcb at rates averaging 21 and 5 pmol/min per mg for males and females, respectively, while pilot whale samples oxidized this congener at 0.3 pmol/min per mg or less. however, rates of 3,3',4,4'-tcb metabolism correlated with im ...	2000	11048677
an insight into the epidemiology of dolphin morbillivirus worldwide.	serum samples from 288 cetaceans representing 25 species and originating from 11 different countries were collected between 1995 and 1999 and examined for the presence of dolphin morbillivirus (dmv)-specific antibodies by an indirect elisa (ielisa) (n = 267) or a plaque reduction assay (n = 21). a total of 35 odontocetes were seropositive: three harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) and a common dolphin (delphinus delphis) from the northeastern (ne) atlantic, a bottlenose dolphin (tursiops trunc ...	2001	11390111
an efficient clean-up method for the gc-ms determination of methylsulfonyl-pcbs/ddes extracted from various marine mammal tissues.	existing methods for analyzing methylsulfonyl-pcbs in animal tissues require multiple laborious clean-up steps prior to quantitation. in this paper, we report a new, efficient method for the isolation and determination of methylsulfonyl-pcb metabolites in the blubber, liver, kidney, lung, and milk from mammals of marine origin using: solvent extraction, gpc fractionation, and clean-up on an adsorption chromatography column prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the method is ...	2001	11525427
the influence of parental relatedness on reproductive success.	the relationship between fitness and parental similarity has been dominated by studies of how inbreeding depression lowers fecundity in incestuous matings. a widespread implicit assumption is that adult fitness (reproduction) of individuals born to parents who are not unusually closely related is more or less equal. examination of three long-lived vertebrates, the long-finned pilot whale, the grey seal and the wandering albatross reveals significant negative relationships between parental simila ...	2001	11571049
a zymogel enhances the self-cleaning abilities of the skin of the pilot whale (globicephala melas).	enzyme activity in the stratum corneum of the pilot whale globicephala melas was investigated employing colorimetric enzyme screening assays combined with native page, size exclusion chromatography (sec) and histochemical staining procedures. applying different substrates, several enzymes were detected. the histochemical demonstration of some selected hydrolytic enzymes enriched in the stratum corneum showed high extracellular accumulation. as demonstrated by size exclusion chromatography, high ...	2001	11691619
cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in five toothed whale species of the mediterranean sea.	the cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc levels were measured in six organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, and bone) from 18 specimens of toothed whales, belonging to five species, found stranded along the corsican coast between november 1993 and december 1998. the five species examined were the bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin delphinus delphis, the striped dolphin stenella coeruleoalba, the pilot whale globicephala melas, and the risso's dolphin grampus griseus. the va ...	2017	11797815
lingual ultrastructure of the long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melas).	microscopic studies on the cetacean tongue are limited and, to date, only a few ultrastructural reports on dolphins have been published. this report presents the initial description of the lingual ultrastructure of the long-finned pilot whale. the lingual integumental surface was smooth, lacking papillae, although flaking of outer stratum corneum cells could be observed at high resolution. the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis resembled those of cetacean skin on other region ...	2001	11820406
stenurus globicephalae baylis et daubney, 1925 (nematoda: pseudaliidae) from a false killer whale, pseudorca crassidens (cetacea: delphinidae), stranded on the coast of uruguay.	stenurus globicephalae baylis et daubney, 1925 (nematoda: pseudaliidae) was found in the cranial air sinuses of a false killer whale, pseudorca crassidens (owen), stranded on the coast of uruguay in 1999. although this species has been reported once in p. crassidens from the north atlantic, this is the first record for south america. a total of 920 specimens were obtained, of which 663 were females (body length: 4.34 +/- 0.45 cm) and 257 were males (2.99 +/- 0.18 cm). morphometric details are pr ...	2002	12016448
perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the baltic and the mediterranean seas.	perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos; c8f17so3-), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (fosa; c8f17so2nh2), perfluorohexanesulfonate (pfhxs; c6f13so3-), and perfluorooctanoate (pfoa; c7f15co2-) were detected in 175 samples of liver and blood of bluefin tuna (thunnus thynnus), swordfish (xiphias gladius), common cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo), bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba), common dolphins (delphinus delphi), fin whales (balenoptera physalus), and long-finne ...	2002	12188342
a covalently cross-linked gel derived from the epidermis of the pilot whale globicephala melas.	the rheological properties of the stratum corneum of the pilot whale (globicephala melas) were investigated with emphasis on their significance to the self-cleaning abilities of the skin surface smoothed by a jelly material enriched with various hydrolytic enzymes. the gel formation of the collected fluid was monitored by applying periodic-harmonic oscillating loads using a stress-controlled rheometer. in the mechanical spectrum of the gel, the plateau region of the storage modulus g' (<1200 pa) ...	2002	12454437
autometallographic tracing of mercury in pilot whale tissues in the faroe islands.	autometallography (amg) was applied for tracing mercury in long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas) harvested in the faroe islands.	2003	12862181
the arterial vessels of the neck in the pilot-whale (globicephala melaena traill) and the porpoise (phocaena phocaena l.) in relation to the carotid body.		1959	13660638
surface properties of the skin of the pilot whale globicephala melas.	on the skin surface of delphinids small biofoulers are challenged to high shear water flow and liquid-vapor interfaces of air-bubbles during jumping. this state of self-cleaning is supported by the even, nano-rough gel-coated epidermal surface of the skin. the present study focussed on the intercellular evolution of gel formation and the chemical composition of the gel smoothing the skin surface of the pilot whale, globicephala melas, using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) in combination w ...	2003	14618718
growth, fecundity and sex ratio of adult whaleworm (anisakis simplex; nematoda, ascaridoidea, anisakidae) in three whale species from the north-east atlantic.	the growth rate, fecundity, and sex ratio of anisakis simplex in minke whales (balaenoptera acutorostrata), porpoises (phocoena phocoena) and long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas) was studied on the basis of material from the north atlantic. a total of 8,135 mature a. simplex were collected from 24 minke whales, 11 porpoises and eight pilot whales. for both males and females, the prevalence was 100% for all three host species, with a mean intensity of 1,727, 262 and 139, respectively. th ...	2004	14999465
strouhal numbers and optimization of swimming by odontocete cetaceans.	swimming efficiencies of fish and cetaceans have been related to a certain synchrony between stroke cycle frequency, peak-to-peak tail/fluke amplitude and mean swimming speed. these kinematic parameters form a non-dimensional wake parameter, referred to as a strouhal number, which for the range between 0.20 and 0.40 has been associated with enhanced swimming efficiency for fish and cetaceans. yet to date there has been no direct experimental substantiation of what strouhal numbers are preferred ...	2004	15073196
age trends and reproductive transfer of organochlorine compounds in long-finned pilot whales from the faroe islands.	total ddt and pcb concentrations were determined in blubber of 130 long-finned pilot whales, globicephala melas (100 females and 30 males) from the faroe islands (northern north-east atlantic). in males and immature females no relation was observed between age and organochlorine concentrations or the ratio of tddt (total ddt)/pcb; in contrast, concentrations and ratios in mature females declined with age, which is attributed to reproductive transfer to their offspring during gestation and lactat ...	1995	15091540
distribution of mercury in the organs and tissues of five toothed-whale species of the mediterranean.	mercury levels were determined in the tissues and organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, bone) of five toothed-whales stranded along the corsican coast between november 1993 and february 1996. the species taken into consideration were the bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin delphinus delphis, the striped dolphin stenella coeruleoalba, the pilot whale globicephala melas and the risso's dolphin grampus griseus. the variation in mercury levels between the different tissues ...	2000	15092940
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild dolphins from the spanish mediterranean coast.	although toxoplasma gondii infection has been found occasionally in cetaceans, little is known of the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii in wild dolphins. antibodies to t. gondii were determined in serum samples from 58 dolphins stranded in the spanish mediterranean coast. modified agglutination test was used to determine t. gondii antibodies, and a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. gondii infection. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 4 of 36 striped dolphins (stenella coeruleo ...	2004	15270114
polybrominated diphenyl ethers and traditional organochlorine pollutants in fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) from the faroe islands.	the observed high-level burdens of organohalogens among the residents of the faroe islands, needs to be explained. long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) blubber and meat are known sources of environmental exposure. the present study focus on the organohalogen contamination of the fulmar (fulmarus glacialis). the compounds quantified in fulmar muscle, fat, and egg are pcbs, ddts, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes). the dominating pollutants are the 4,4'-ddt ...	2005	15992590
the use of a shotgun for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans.	a 12-gauge shotgun, loaded with either a solid 28 g lead slug or buckshot consisting of nine individual lead pellets with a total mass of 28 g, was used to shoot the heads of one dead common dolphin (delphinus delphis) and five dead long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melaena) varying in length from 2.5 m to 5 m. the dolphin and the smallest pilot whale were shot with both projectiles from the dorsal surface of the head. the projectiles penetrated the head and dorsal surface of the skull, but ...	1995	16031838
reproductive transfer of organochlorines in viviparous surfperch, ditrema temmincki.	to discuss the maternal-fetal transfer of persistent organic pollutants (pops) in viviparous fish, the whole-body burdens of pops were determined in gravid surfperches from otsuchi bay, japan, and in their fetuses. the concentrations were 2.75-15.5 times higher in the maternal tissue. to compare the characteristics of the maternal-fetal transfer between species with different gestation systems, reports on the striped dolphin and long-finned pilot whales were studied. the transfer rates of pops i ...	2006	16360249
spondylitic changes in long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas) stranded on cape cod, massachusetts, usa, between 1982 and 2000.	the primary bone pathology diagnoses recognized in cetacea are osteomyelitis and spondylosis deformans. in this study, we determined the prevalence, type, and severity of vertebral pathology in 52 pilot whales, a mass stranding species that stranded on cape cod, massachusetts, between 1982 and 2000. eleven whales (21%) had hyperostosis and ossification of tendon insertion points on and between vertebrae, chevron bones, and costovertebral joints, with multiple fused blocks of vertebrae. these les ...	2005	16456160
distribution of pholeter gastrophilus (digenea) within the stomach of four odontocete species: the role of the diet and digestive physiology of hosts.	we compared the distribution of the digenean pholeter gastrophilus in the stomach of 27 harbour porpoises, phocoena phocoena, 27 striped dolphins, stenella coeruleoalba, 18 bottlenose dolphins, tursiops truncatus, and 100 long-finned pilot whales, globicephala melas. the stomach of these species is composed of 4 chambers of different size, structure and function. in all species, p. gastrophilus was largely restricted to the glandular region of the stomach, but the parasite tended to favour the f ...	2006	16719957
comparative anatomy of the foramen ovale in the hearts of cetaceans.	the structure of the cardiac foramen ovale from 17 species representing six cetacean families, the monodontidae, phocoenidae, delphinidae, ziphiidae, balaenidae and the balaenopteridae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. eight white whale fetuses (delphinapterus leucas) and a narwhal fetus (monodon monoceros) represented the monodontidae; one fetal and nine neonatal harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) and a finless porpoise fetus (neophocoena phocoenoides) represented the phoc ...	2007	17532800
observations on the ovary and reproductive tract of the ca'aing whale, globicephala melaena.		1949	18224828
mortality rate acceleration and post-reproductive lifespan in matrilineal whale species.	the strength of selection to increase the span of a life stage is dependent upon individuals at that stage being able to contribute towards individual fitness and the probability of their surviving to that stage. complete reproductive cessation and a long post-reproductive female lifespan as found in humans are also found in killer whale (orcinus orca) and short-finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus), but not in the long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melaena). each species forms kin- ...	2008	18252662
morbillivirus and pilot whale deaths, mediterranean sea.	an outbreak of a lethal morbillivirus infection of long-finned pilot whales occurred in the mediterranean sea from the end of october 2006 through april 2007. sequence analysis of a 426-bp conserved fragment of the morbillivirus phosphoprotein gene indicates that the virus is more closely related to dolphin morbillivirus than to pilot whale morbillivirus.	2008	18439363
distribution patterns suggest biomagnification of halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (mbps).	the halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (mbps) are a suite of marine natural products that have been detected in marine mammals worldwide. although their concentrations are similar to persistent organic pollutants that biomagnify, such as 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (cb-153), it is notyet clearthat these natural products also biomagnify. here we analyze mbps and cb-153 isolated from the blubber and liver of marine mammals stranded on the eastern coast of massachusetts. four odontocete sp ...	2009	19209594
postmortem evidence of interactions of bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) with other dolphin species in south-west england.	reports of violent interactions between bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) and harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) in the coastal waters of the uk are well documented. examination of stranded cetaceans by the cornwall wildlife trust marine strandings network and the uk cetacean strandings investigation programme has indicated that seven animals, of four other species, found stranded in south-west england, had pathology consistent with bottlenose dolphin interaction, including two juvenil ...	2009	19820259
comparative feeding kinematics and performance of odontocetes: belugas, pacific white-sided dolphins and long-finned pilot whales.	cetaceans are thought to display a diversity of feeding modes that are often described as convergent with other more basal aquatic vertebrates (i.e. actinopterygians). however, the biomechanics of feeding in cetaceans has been relatively ignored by functional biologists. this study investigated the feeding behavior, kinematics and pressure generation of three odontocetes with varying feeding modes (belugas, delphinapterus leucas; pacific white-sided dolphins, lagenorhynchus obliquidens; and long ...	2009	19946072
mortality trends of stranded marine mammals on cape cod and southeastern massachusetts, usa, 2000 to 2006.	to understand the cause of death of 405 marine mammals stranded on cape cod and southeastern massachusetts between 2000 and 2006, a system for coding final diagnosis was developed and categorized as (1) disease, (2) human interaction, (3) mass-stranded with no significant findings, (4) single-stranded with no significant findings, (5) rock and/or sand ingestion, (6) predatory attack, (7) failure to thrive or dependent calf or pup, or (8) other. the cause of death for 91 animals could not be dete ...	2010	20225675
host specificity of oschmarinella rochebruni and brachycladium atlanticum (digenea: brachycladiidae) in five cetacean species from western mediterranean waters.	we investigated patterns of specificity of liver flukes (fam. brachycladiidae) in a community of cetaceans from the western mediterranean. the liver and pancreas of 103 striped dolphins, stenella coeruleoalba, 18 risso's dolphins, grampus griseus, 14 bottlenose dolphins, tursiops truncatus, 8 common dolphins, delphinus delphis, and 5 long-finned pilot whales, globicephala melas, were analysed for brachycladiid species. two species were found: oschmarinella rochebruni in striped dolphins (prevale ...	2011	20359374
presence of herpesvirus in striped dolphins stranded during the cetacean morbillivirus epizootic along the mediterranean spanish coast in 2007.	a screening for herpesvirus (hv) was carried out using a tissue bank obtained from the cetacean morbillivirus (cemv) mortality episode that occurred along the mediterranean spanish coast in 2007. a total of 14 cetaceans, including six long-finned pilot whales and eight striped dolphins, were studied using histopathology and molecular analysis to detect hv and cemv. in five of the eight dolphins (62.5%) infected with cemv, eight novel hv sequences were also detected. no hv lesions were found in a ...	2010	20495987
phylogenetic analysis of a new cetacean morbillivirus from a short-finned pilot whale stranded in the canary islands.	cetacean morbillivirus (cemv) is considered the most pathogenic virus in cetaceans. three strains have been already described: the dolphin morbillivirus (dmv), the porpoise morbillivirus (pmv) and the tentatively named pilot whale morbillivirus (pwmv). this study describes the molecular characterization of a strain of cemv detected in the brain of a short-finned pilot whale that had stranded in the eastern atlantic ocean around the canary islands and that showed lesions compatible with morbilliv ...	2011	20576281
audiogram of a formerly stranded long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) measured using auditory evoked potentials.	long-finned pilot whales are highly social odontocetes found in temperate and subpolar regions. this species is particularly known for its interaction with fisheries as well as its mass strandings. recent tagging work has provided some information about pilot whales in the wild but, even though they have been successfully kept in captivity, little is known about their sensory capabilities. this study investigates the hearing abilities of a rehabilitated 2 year old male long-finned pilot whale. a ...	2010	20802115
biopsy wound healing in long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas).		2011	21257599
comparison of echolocation clicks from geographically sympatric killer whales and long-finned pilot whales (l).	the source characteristics of biosonar signals from sympatric killer whales and long-finned pilot whales in a norwegian fjord were compared. a total of 137 pilot whale and more than 2000 killer whale echolocation clicks were recorded using a linear four-hydrophone array. of these, 20 pilot whale clicks and 28 killer whale clicks were categorized as being recorded on-axis. the clicks of pilot whales had a mean apparent source level of 196 db re 1 μpa pp and those of killer whales 203 db re 1 μpa ...	2011	21786872
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in marine mammals from arctic and north atlantic regions, 1986-2009.	a selection of pbde congeners was analyzed in pooled blubber samples of pilot whale (globicephala melas), ringed seal (phoca hispida), minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin whale (balaenoptera physalus), harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (cystophora cristata) and atlantic white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus acutus), covering a time period of more than 20 years (1986-2009). the analytes were extracted and cleaned-up using open column extraction and multi-layer silica gel co ...	2012	21802148
genetic comparison among dolphin morbillivirus in the 1990-1992 and 2006-2008 mediterranean outbreaks.	in 1990, dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) killed thousands of striped dolphins in the mediterranean. subsequently, the prevalence of the infection declined in this species. in 2006-2008, the virus killed not only numerous striped dolphins but also long-finned pilot whales. all partial sequences of the phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein genes obtained thus far from different host species during the 2006-2008 outbreak show 100% identity, suggesting that a single virus was involved, and these sequences ar ...	2011	21888991
static inflation and deflation pressure-volume curves from excised lungs of marine mammals.	excised lungs from eight marine mammal species [harp seal (pagophilus groenlandicus), harbor seal (phoca vitulina), gray seal (halichoerus grypush), atlantic white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus acutus), common dolphin (delphinus delphis), risso's dolphin (grampus griseus), long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) and harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena)] were used to determine the minimum air volume of the relaxed lung (mav, n=15), the elastic properties (pressure-volume curves, n=24) of the ...	2011	22031747
increasing levels of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (pfcas) in arctic and north atlantic marine mammals, 1984-2009.	temporal variations in concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (pfcas) and sulfonic acids (pfsas), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) and perfluorooctanoate (pfoa) structural isomers, were examined in livers of pilot whale (globicephala melas), ringed seal (phoca hisida), minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata), harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (cystophora cristata), atlantic white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus acutus) and in muscle tissue of fin whales (balaen ...	2012	22051347
methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (meo-pbdes) are major contributors to the persistent organobromine load in sub-arctic and arctic marine mammals, 1986-2009.	a selection of meo-bde and bde congeners were analyzed in pooled blubber samples of pilot whale (globicephala melas), ringed seal (phoca hispida), minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin whale (balaenoptera physalus), harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (cystophora cristata), and atlantic white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus acutus), covering a time period of more than 20 years (1986-2009). the analytes were extracted and cleaned-up using open column extraction and multi-layer ...	2012	22225820
polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns) in sub-arctic and arctic marine mammals, 1986-2009.	a selection of pcn congeners was analyzed in pooled blubber samples of pilot whale (globicephala melas), ringed seal (phoca hispida), minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin whale (balaenoptera physalus), harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (cystophora cristata) and atlantic white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus acutus), covering a time period of more than 20 years (1986-2009). a large geographical area of the north atlantic and arctic areas was covered. pcn congeners 48, 52, 5 ...	2012	22356752
the role of synchronized swimming as affiliative and anti-predatory behavior in long-finned pilot whales.	synchronized swimming in cetaceans has been hypothesized to play a role in affiliative processes as well as anti-predatory responses. we compared observed variation in synchronized swimming at two research sites in relation to disturbance exposure to test these two hypotheses. this study describes and quantifies pair synchronization in long-finned pilot whales at the strait of gibraltar, spain and cape breton, canada. synchronization differed depending on the behavioral state and the response is ...	2012	22561079
investigating the potential use of environmental dna (edna) for genetic monitoring of marine mammals.	the exploitation of non-invasive samples has been widely used in genetic monitoring of terrestrial species. in aquatic ecosystems, non-invasive samples such as feces, shed hair or skin, are less accessible. however, the use of environmental dna (edna) has recently been shown to be an effective tool for genetic monitoring of species presence in freshwater ecosystems. detecting species in the marine environment using edna potentially offers a greater challenge due to the greater dilution, amount o ...	2012	22952587
changes in dive behavior during naval sonar exposure in killer whales, long-finned pilot whales, and sperm whales.	anthropogenic underwater sound in the environment might potentially affect the behavior of marine mammals enough to have an impact on their reproduction and survival. diving behavior of four killer whales (orcinus orca), seven long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas), and four sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) was studied during controlled exposures to naval sonar [low frequency active sonar (lfas): 1-2 khz and mid frequency active sonar (mfas): 6-7 khz] during three field seasons (2006 ...	2012	23087648
what are the toxicological effects of mercury in arctic biota?	this review critically evaluates the available mercury (hg) data in arctic marine biota and the inuit population against toxicity threshold values. in particular marine top predators exhibit concentrations of mercury in their tissues and organs that are believed to exceed thresholds for biological effects. species whose concentrations exceed threshold values include the polar bears (ursus maritimus), beluga whale (delphinapterus leucas), pilot whale (globicephala melas), hooded seal (cystophora ...	2013	23231888
pilot whales attracted to killer whale sounds: acoustically-mediated interspecific interactions in cetaceans.	in cetaceans' communities, interactions between individuals of different species are often observed in the wild. yet, due to methodological and technical challenges very little is known about the mediation of these interactions and their effect on cetaceans' behavior. killer whales (orcinus orca) are a highly vocal species and can be both food competitors and potential predators of many other cetaceans. thus, the interception of their vocalizations by unintended cetacean receivers may be particu ...	2012	23300613
genetic evidence of multiple matrilines and spatial disruption of kinship bonds in mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales, globicephala melas.	mass strandings of whales and dolphins have puzzled biologists since aristotle. although environmental factors are often assumed to initiate strandings, social forces must also influence the dynamics of many of these events, particularly for the primary species involved in mass strandings, the long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas). here, we test two hypotheses derived from common assumptions about the social dynamics of long-finned pilot whales by identifying maternal lineages from mtdna ...	2013	23493607
assessing levels of halogenated organic compounds in mass-stranded long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas) from australia.	pollution is a threat to the health of marine mammals worldwide. mass-strandings are poorly understood, but often involve pilot whales. however, there is limited information regarding pollution in long-finned pilot whales from australia. consequently, the profiles and levels of several pollutant classes were investigated in blubber of tasmanian long-finned pilot whales. ddx levels were highest in all groups, followed by pcbs or meo-pbdes and lowest for pbdes. the concentrations of all pollutants ...	2013	23714247
body contact and synchronous diving in long-finned pilot whales.	synchronous behavior, as a form of social interaction, has been widely reported for odontocete cetaceans observed at the sea surface. however, few studies have quantified synchronous behavior underwater. using data from an animal-borne data recorder and camera, we described how a pair of deep-diving odontocetes, long-finned pilot whales, coordinated diving behavior. diving data during overlapping periods of 3.7 h were obtained from two whales within a stable trio. the tagged whales made highly s ...	2013	23769937
interspecific introgression in cetaceans: dna markers reveal post-f1 status of a pilot whale.	visual species identification of cetacean strandings is difficult, especially when dead specimens are degraded and/or species are morphologically similar. the two recognised pilot whale species (globicephala melas and globicephala macrorhynchus) are sympatric in the north atlantic ocean. these species are very similar in external appearance and their morphometric characteristics partially overlap; thus visual identification is not always reliable. genetic species identification ensures correct i ...	2013	23990883
lifetime pcb 153 bioaccumulation and pharmacokinetics in pilot whales: bayesian population pbpk modeling and markov chain monte carlo simulations.	physiologically based pharmacokinetic (pbpk) models for wild animal populations such as marine mammals typically have a high degree of model uncertainty and variability due to the scarcity of information and the embryonic nature of this field. parameters values used in marine mammals models are usually taken from other mammalian species (e.g. rats or mice) and might not be entirely suitable to properly explain the kinetics of pollutants in marine mammals. therefore, several parameters for a pbpk ...	2014	24080004
genetic and morphological approaches distinguish the three sibling species of the anisakis simplex species complex, with a species designation as anisakis berlandi n. sp. for a. simplex sp. c (nematoda: anisakidae).	numerous specimens of the 3 sibling species of the anisakis simplex species complex (a. pegreffii, a. simplex (senso stricto)), and a. simplex sp. c) recovered from cetacean species stranded within the known geographical ranges of these nematodes were studied morphologically and genetically. the genetic characterization was performed on diagnostic allozymes and sequences analysis of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [its] of ribosomal [r]dna) and mitochondrial (mitochondrial [mt]dna cox2 and ...	2014	24224764
the use of dna barcoding to monitor the marine mammal biodiversity along the french atlantic coast.	in the last ten years, 14 species of cetaceans and five species of pinnipeds stranded along the atlantic coast of brittany in the north west of france. all species included, an average of 150 animals strand each year in this area. based on reports from the stranding network operating along this coast, the most common stranding events comprise six cetacean species (delphinus delphis, tursiops truncatus, stenella coeruleoalba, globicephala melas, grampus griseus, phocoena phocoena)and one pinniped ...	2013	24453548
an assessment of contaminant concentrations in toothed whale species of the nw iberian peninsula: part ii. trace element concentrations.	concentrations of ag, as, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, mn, ni, pb, se, v and zn were investigated in the liver and kidney of the five most common toothed whales off the northwest iberian peninsula (nwip), specifically common dolphin, long-finned pilot whale, harbour porpoise, striped dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. differences were observed in the bioaccumulation of the above elements between the five species. the differences are probably related to biological factors such as age and sex and/or to ec ...	2014	24702724
an assessment of contaminant concentrations in toothed whale species of the nw iberian peninsula: part i. persistent organic pollutants.	concentrations and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the blubber of the five most common toothed whales off the northwest iberian peninsula (nwip), specifically common dolphin, long-finned pilot whale, harbour porpoise, striped dolphin and bottlenose dolphin, were investigated. the study revealed that differences in pcb and pbde concentrations among the species are highly dependent on age and sex but also on ecological factors such as trop ...	2014	24726511
high thresholds for avoidance of sonar by free-ranging long-finned pilot whales (globicephala melas).	the potential effects of exposing marine mammals to military sonar is a current concern. dose-response relationships are useful for predicting potential environmental impacts of specific operations. to reveal behavioral response thresholds of exposure to sonar, we conducted 18 exposure/control approaches to 6 long-finned pilot whales. source level and proximity of sonar transmitting one of two frequency bands (1-2 khz and 6-7 khz) were increased during exposure sessions. the 2-dimensional moveme ...	2014	24820645
quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex.	possessing large brains and complex behavioral patterns, cetaceans are believed to be highly intelligent. their brains, which are the largest in the animal kingdom and have enormous gyrification compared with terrestrial mammals, have long been of scientific interest. few studies, however, report total number of brain cells in cetaceans, and even fewer have used unbiased counting methods. in this study, using stereological methods, we estimated the total number of cells in the neocortex of the l ...	2014	25505387
how effectively do horizontal and vertical response strategies of long-finned pilot whales reduce sound exposure from naval sonar?	the behaviour of a marine mammal near a noise source can modulate the sound exposure it receives. we demonstrate that two long-finned pilot whales both surfaced in synchrony with consecutive arrivals of multiple sonar pulses. we then assess the effect of surfacing and other behavioural response strategies on the received cumulative sound exposure levels and maximum sound pressure levels (spls) by modelling realistic spatiotemporal interactions of a pilot whale with an approaching source. under t ...	2015	25795075