| molecular and genome characterization of colistin-resistant escherichia coli isolates from wild sea lions (zalophus californianus). | using molecular and whole-genome sequencing tools, we investigated colistin-resistant escherichia coli isolates from wild sea lions. two unrelated e. coli colistin-resistant isolates, st8259 and st4218, were identified, both belonging to the b2 phylogroup and different serotypes. polymorphisms in pmra, pmrb, and phoq proteins were identified, and the role of pmrb and phoq in contributing to colistin resistance was determined by complementation assays. however, the mutations characterized in the ... | 2020 | 32897511 |
| stress-related and reproductive hormones in hair from three north pacific otariid species: steller sea lions, california sea lions and northern fur seals. | assessing the physiological impact of stressors in pinnipeds is logistically challenging, and many hormones are altered by capture and handling, limiting the utility of metabolically active tissues. hair is increasingly being used to investigate stress-related and reproductive hormones in wildlife populations due to less-invasive collection methods, being metabolically inert once grown and containing multiple biomarkers of ecological interest. we validated enzyme immunoassays for measuring aldos ... | 2020 | 32843968 |
| entanglement rates and haulout abundance trends of steller (eumetopias jubatus) and california (zalophus californianus) sea lions on the north coast of washington state. | entanglements affect marine mammal species around the globe, and for some, those impacts are great enough to cause population declines. this study aimed to document rates and causes of entanglement and trends in local haulout abundance for steller and california sea lions on the north coast of washington from 2010-2018. we conducted small boat surveys to count sea lions and document entangled individuals. rates of entanglement and entangling material occurrence were compared with records of stra ... | 2020 | 32841298 |
| estimating prevalence and test accuracy in disease ecology: how bayesian latent class analysis can boost or bias imperfect test results. | obtaining accurate estimates of disease prevalence is crucial for the monitoring and management of wildlife populations but can be difficult if different diagnostic tests yield conflicting results and if the accuracy of each diagnostic test is unknown. bayesian latent class analysis (blca) modeling offers a potential solution, providing estimates of prevalence levels and diagnostic test accuracy under the realistic assumption that no diagnostic test is perfect.in typical applications of this app ... | 2020 | 32760523 |
| complex virome in a mesenteric lymph node from a californian sea lion (zalophus californianus) with polyserositis and steatitis. | an emaciated subadult free-ranging california sea lion (csl or zalophus californianus) died following stranding with lesions similar to 11 other stranded animals characterized by chronic disseminated granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing steatitis and vasculitis, involving visceral adipose tissues in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. histologically, affected tissues had extensive accumulations of macrophages with perivascular lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fewer neutrophils. using vira ... | 2020 | 32718049 |
| linking longitudinal and cross-sectional biomarker data to understand host-pathogen dynamics: leptospira in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) as a case study. | confronted with the challenge of understanding population-level processes, disease ecologists and epidemiologists often simplify quantitative data into distinct physiological states (e.g. susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered). however, data defining these states often fall along a spectrum rather than into clear categories. hence, the host-pathogen relationship is more accurately defined using quantitative data, often integrating multiple diagnostic measures, just as clinicians do to assess ... | 2020 | 32598393 |
| the demographic decline of a sea lion population followed multi-decadal sea surface warming. | the population growth of top predators depends largely on environmental conditions suitable for aggregating sufficient and high-quality prey. we reconstructed numerically the size of a resident population of california sea lions in the gulf of california during 1978-2019 and its relation with multi-decadal sea surface temperature anomalies. this is the first multi-decadal examination of the sea surface temperature of the gulf of california and of one of its major predators. a three-decade sustai ... | 2020 | 32591624 |
| a novel quantitative real-time pcr diagnostic assay for fecal and nasal swab detection of an otariid lungworm, parafilaroides decorus. | parafilaroides decorus, also known as sea lion lungworm, is a metastrongyloid nematode that infects otariid hosts, such as the charismatic california sea lion, zalophus californianus. p. decorus causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia, respiratory distress, reduced ability to swim, dive and hunt and as a result, increased mortality particularly in young animals. respiratory disease is a leading cause of stranding and admission to rehabilitation centers on the pacific coast. low-coverage genomic seq ... | 2020 | 32489853 |
| plasma concentrations of itraconazole following a single oral dose in juvenile california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the objective of this study was to establish a single-dose pharmacokinetic profile for orally administered itraconazole in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). twenty healthy rehabilitated juvenile california sea lions were included in this study. itraconazole capsules were administered orally with food at a target dose of 5-10 mg/kg. blood samples were collected from each animal at 0 hr and at two of the following timepoints: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr. quantitative ana ... | 2020 | 32286696 |
| characterization of the first genome of porcine mastadenovirus b (hnu1 strain) and implications on its lymphoid and special origin. | porcine adenoviruses (padvs) are classified into three species, padv-a, padv-b, and padv-c. the genomes of padv-a and padv-c have been well characterized. however, the genome of padv-b has never been completely sequenced, and the epidemiology of padv-b remains unclear. in our study, we have identified a novel strain of padv-b, named padv-b-hnu1, in porcine samples collected in china by viral metagenomic assay and general pcr. the genome of padv-b-hnu1 is 31,743 bp in length and highly similar to ... | 2020 | 32236817 |
| mycobacterial disease and subsequent diagnostic investigations in a group of captive pinnipeds in new zealand. | this case series includes a single case of disseminated tuberculous disease due to mycobacterium pinnipedii in a new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri), which was being cared for by a zoo in new zealand. the remaining five pinnipeds in the colony underwent extensive mycobacterial disease surveillance over the following 4 yr, involving a total of 26 anesthetic procedures and numerous diagnostic tests that included comparative intradermal tuberculin skin tests, mycobacterial antibody serolo ... | 2020 | 32212561 |
| filarial infections in california sea lions vary spatially within the gulf of california, mexico. | at least two species of filarial worms, dirofilaria immitis and acanthocheilonema (dipetalonema) odendhali, infect otariid pinnipeds, including the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). to date, evidence of infection in sea lions has come from dead or captive animals, and little is known about filariasis in free-living populations. we sampled 45 california sea lion adults and 197 pups captured at 12 rookeries from different ecological regions within the gulf of california and detected an ... | 2020 | 32166425 |
| stroke effort and relative lung volume influence heart rate in diving sea lions. | the dive response, bradycardia (decreased heart rate) and peripheral vasoconstriction, is the key mechanism allowing breath-hold divers to perform long-duration dives while actively swimming and hunting prey. this response is variable and modulated by factors such as dive duration, depth, exercise and cognitive control. this study assessed the potential role of exercise and relative lung volume in the regulation of heart rate (fh) during dives of adult female california sea lions instrumented wi ... | 2020 | 32098880 |
| pinnipeds orient and control their whiskers: a study on pacific walrus, california sea lion and harbor seal. | whisker touch is an active sensory system. previous studies in pinnipeds have adopted relatively stationary tasks to judge tactile sensitivity, which may not accurately promote natural whisker movements and behaviours. this study developed a novel feeding task, termed fish sweeping to encourage whisker movements. head and whisker movements were tracked from video footage in harbor seal (phoca vitulina), california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and pacific walrus (odobenus rosmarus divergens) ... | 2020 | 32077991 |
| detection, genetic, and codon usage bias analyses of the vp2 gene of mink bocavirus. | mink bocavirus 1 (mibov1), a novel virus detected from the feces of domestic minks in china in 2016, may be related to gastrointestinal diseases. however, its prevalence and genetic characteristics are poorly described. in this study, we examined 192 samples collected from minks in the major mink industry province from northern china. pcr results showed that 10 samples (5.2%) were positive for mibov1, and 60% of mibov1-positive samples were co-infected with aleutian mink disease virus or mink ci ... | 2020 | 32020392 |
| ureaplasma miroungigenitalium sp. nov. isolated from northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) and ureaplasma zalophigenitalium sp. nov. isolated from california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | novel ureaplasma strains have been isolated from the genital tract of both sexes of northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris; six strains) and california sea lions (zalophus californianus; five strains) stranded along the central california coast, usa. these strains were phenotypically and genetically characterized and compared to other seven known ureaplasma species. all novel ureaplasma strains hydrolysed urea, but did not metabolize arginine, and all were isolated and propagated using ... | 2020 | 31617839 |
| neurological deficits in stranded california sea lions. | | 2019 | 31519846 |
| clinical signs and mortality of non-released stranded california sea lions housed in display facilities: the suspected role of prior exposure to algal toxins. | stranded california sea lions considered unable to survive in the wild are often placed in public display facilities. exposure to the biotoxin domoic acid (da) is a common cause of stranding, and chronic effects are observed long after initial exposure. medical records for 171 sea lions placed in us institutions between 2000 and 2016 were reviewed, including results from clinical examinations, histopathology, behavioural testing and advanced imaging. there was a statistically significant increas ... | 2019 | 31427410 |
| innervation patterns of mystacial vibrissae support active touch behaviors in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | vibrissae or follicle-sinus complexes (f-scs) are highly developed mammalian sensory structures. these blood-filled sinuses are richly innervated and possess novel mechanoreceptors. although much is known regarding the function of f-scs in terrestrial mammals, much less is known regarding marine carnivores such as pinnipeds. pinnipeds possess the largest, most highly innervated vibrissae of any mammal. one such pinniped is the california sea lion, which are generalist marine predators that rely ... | 2019 | 31424610 |
| do marine reserves increase prey for california sea lions and pacific harbor seals? | community marine reserves are geographical areas closed to fishing activities, implemented and enforced by the same fishermen that fish around them. their main objective is to recover commercial stocks of fish and invertebrates. while marine reserves have proven successful in many parts of the world, their success near important marine predator colonies, such as the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and the pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardii), is yet to be analyzed. in resp ... | 2019 | 31220168 |
| climate variability and life history impact stress, thyroid, and immune markers in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) during el niño conditions. | wildlife is exposed to a diverse set of extrinsic and intrinsic stressors, such as climatic variation or life history constraints, which may impact individual health and fitness. el niño and climatic anomalies between 2013 and 2016 had major ecological impacts on the california current ecosystem. as top marine predators, california sea lions (csl) experienced decreased prey availability and foraging success, impacting their nutritional state. we hypothesize that chronic stress to juvenile csl in ... | 2019 | 31110762 |
| hair, whole blood, and blood-soaked cellulose paper-based risk assessment of mercury concentrations in stranded california pinnipeds. | mercury (hg) poses a health risk to wildlife populations and has been documented at relatively high concentrations in many marine mammals, including wild-caught pinnipeds along the central california, us coast. we measured total hg concentrations ([thg]) in hair and blood of live-stranded harbor seals (hs; phoca vitulina), california sea lions (csl; zalophus californianus), and northern elephant seals (nes; mirounga angustirostris) in california to quantify species, temporal, and spatial variabi ... | 2019 | 31081740 |
| polyphasic rhabdomyositis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus): pathology and potential causes. | a myositis syndrome has been recognized for more than a decade in california sea lions (csls; zalophus californianus) but a detailed description of the lesions and potential causes of this condition is lacking. the tissues of 136 stranded csls with rhabdomyositis were examined. rhabdomyositis was considered incidental in 67% (91/136) of the csls, and a factor contributing to the animal stranding (significant rhabdomyositis) in 33% (45/136). of the 91 cases with incidental rhabdomyositis, lesions ... | 2019 | 30983529 |
| apex marine predators and ocean health: proactive screening of halogenated organic contaminants reveals ecosystem indicator species. | despite decades-long bans on the production and use of certain chemicals, many halogenated organic compounds (hocs) are persistent and can bioaccumulate in the marine environment with the potential to cause physiological harm to marine fauna. highly lipid-rich tissue (e.g., marine mammal blubber) functions as a reservoir for hocs, and selecting ideal indicator species is a priority for retrospective and proactive screening efforts. we selected five marine mammal species as possible indicators fo ... | 2019 | 30665094 |
| morphological and molecular evidence for synonymy of corynosoma obtuscens lincicome, 1943 with corynosoma australe johnston, 1937 (acanthocephala: polymorphidae). | corynosoma obtuscens lincicome, 1943 (acanthocephala: polymorphidae) is synonymised with corynosoma australe johnston, 1937 based on combined morphological and molecular evidence. morphological comparison of c. obtuscens (24 males and 27 females) collected from a california sea lion zalophus californianus (lesson) in california, usa, with the type-specimens of c. obtuscens and c. australe, and with published data on c. australe collected from different hosts and regions showed no significant dif ... | 2019 | 30523614 |
| domoic acid in california sea lion fetal fluids indicates continuous exposure to a neuroteratogen poses risks to mammals. | domoic acid (da) is a neuroexcitotoxic amino acid that is naturally produced by some species of marine diatoms during harmful algal blooms (habs). the toxin is transferred through the food web from plantivorous fish and shellfish to marine mammals resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. due to the timing and location of da producing habs, it is well documented that pregnant female california sea lions (csl) are regularly exposed to da through their diet thereby posing exposure risks to ... | 2018 | 30420016 |
| vibrissa growth rate in california sea lions based on environmental and isotopic oscillations. | pinniped vibrissae provide information on changes in diet at seasonal and annual scales; however, species-specific growth patterns must first be determined in order to interpret these data. in this study, a simple linear model was used to estimate the growth rate of vibrissae from adult female california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from san esteban island in the gulf of california, mexico. the δ15n and δ13c values do not display a marked oscillatory pattern that would permit direct determ ... | 2018 | 30304057 |
| effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb) on california sea lion (zalophus californianus) lymphocyte functions upon in vitro exposure. | polychorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners are a cause for concern due to their persistence in the environment, their lipophilic properties that cause them to bio-accumulate in top predators, and their adverse effects on mammalian health. for example, the common urogenital carcinoma reported in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) (csl) is associated with high tissue levels of pcbs, but the mechanisms responsible for this association are unknown. this study investigated the effect of expos ... | 2018 | 30236520 |
| metazoan parasites of california sea lions (zalophus californianus): a new data and review. | the population of california sea lion zalophus californianus (csl) has steadily increased during the last several decades. despite extensive research addressing csl biology and ecology performed during the last decades, there has been a minimal number of published papers documenting their parasite fauna. our objective was to analyze the actual list of the metazoan parasites reported from csls and add new data on the age-related differences in the prevalence and biodiversity of the parasite commu ... | 2018 | 30228958 |
| mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in a juvenile california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | a juvenile female california sea lion ( zalophus californianus) presented with a firm subcutaneous mass in the right caudoventral pelvic region, measuring approximately 15 × 15 cm, and edema in the right hind flipper. the initial diagnostic workup included an ultrasound, blood analysis, and fine-needle aspirate of the mass under manual restraint. while the blood analysis was within normal limits, the ultrasound revealed a large discrete hyperechoic homogeneous mass with anastomosing hypoechoic f ... | 2018 | 30212341 |
| parotid carcinoma in a free-ranging california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | a free-ranging juvenile california sea lion ( zalophus californianus) stranded on the coast of vancouver, british columbia, with signs of lethargy and emaciation in april 2016. an asymmetrical skull with a prominent superficial cervical lymph node was found on initial assessment. fine-needle aspirates and biopsies of the lymph node were consistent with neoplasia and the animal was humanely euthanized and presented for necropsy. a metastatic parotid gland adenocarcinoma was diagnosed with regiona ... | 2018 | 30212325 |
| hair mercury concentrations in the spotted seal (phoca largha) pups from the sea of japan. | this publication presents the results of a study of the total mercury (thg) concentration in the fetal hair (lanugo) of the young spotted seals inhabiting the peter the great bay, sea of japan. we analyzed samples from pups that were collected in 2014-2017 at the seal breeding grounds. the concentration of total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. the concentration of thg ranged from 1.52 to 6.68 μg/g dry weight. mercury concentration in the lanugo exceeds that found in the ... | 2018 | 30022391 |
| novel anelloviruses identified in buccal swabs of antarctic fur seals. | viral diversity associated with antarctic wildlife remains poorly studied. nonetheless, over the past 5 years, there has been a concerted effort using viral metagenomics approaches to identify and characterize viruses associated with antarctic pinniped and avian species. here we used a viral metagenomics approach to identify circular dna viruses in buccal swab samples from antarctic fur seals (arctocephalus gazella) breeding on livingston island, antarctica during the 2016/2017 field season. we ... | 2018 | 29971737 |
| drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? | long and deep dives in marine mammals are enabled by high mass-specific oxygen stores and the dive response, which reduces oxygen consumption in concert with increased peripheral vasoconstriction and a lowered heart rate during dives. diving heart rates of pinnipeds are highly variable and modulated by many factors, such as breath holding (apnea), pressure, swimming activity, temperature and even cognitive control. however, the individual effects of these factors on diving heart rate are poorly ... | 2018 | 29773686 |
| hypermucoviscous klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from stranded and wild-caught marine mammals of the us pacific coast: prevalence, phenotype, and genotype. | emergent hypermucoviscous (hmv) strains of klebsiella pneumoniae have been reported in multiple marine mammal species; however, there is limited information regarding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this infection in these species. we determined the prevalence of hmv k. pneumoniae in wild-caught and stranded marine mammal populations on the us pacific coast. samples were collected from 270 free-ranging california sea lions (csls; zalophus californianus) captured at three discrete sampling s ... | 2018 | 29733766 |
| two novel noroviruses and a novel norovirus genogroup in california sea lions. | in this study, two novel noroviruses (novs) were discovered from faecal samples from california sea lions from an oceanarium in hong kong, and named california sea lion nov 1 (csl/nov1) and california sea lion nov 2 (csl/nov2). whole-genome sequencing showed that the genome organization and amino acid motifs of both csl/nov1 and csl/nov2 were typical of those of other novs in their open reading frames (orfs). csl/nov1 possessed only 52.6-52.8 % amino acid identity in vp1 to the closest matches i ... | 2018 | 29722646 |
| the energetic consequences of behavioral variation in a marine carnivore. | intraspecific variability in foraging behavior has been documented across a range of taxonomic groups, yet the energetic consequences of this variation are not well understood for many species. understanding the effect of behavioral variation on energy expenditure and acquisition is particularly crucial for mammalian carnivores because they have high energy requirements that place considerable pressure on prey populations. to determine the influence of behavior on energy expenditure and balance, ... | 2018 | 29721302 |
| vasculitis and thrombosis due to the sea lion lungworm, parafilaroides decorus, in a guadalupe fur seal ( arctocephalus philippii townsendi). | a free-ranging, male, yearling guadalupe fur seal ( arctocephalus philippii townsendi) died due to multifocal verminous vasculitis with thrombosis and several embolic infarcts in liver, kidney, and brain. nematodes extracted from lung blood vessels were identified as parafilaroides decorus, a parasite normally found in alveoli of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus). | 2018 | 29715062 |
| visitor effects on a zoo population of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina). | the effects of visitor presence on zoo and aquarium animals have become increasingly well studied, using measures such as behavioral responses and exhibit usage. many taxa remain underrepresented in this literature; this is the case for marine mammals, despite widespread public concern for their welfare in managed care settings. the current study therefore used behavioral activity budgets and exhibit usage to assess the responses of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals ... | 2018 | 29671895 |
| cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma associated with zalophus californianus papillomavirus 1 in a california sea lion. | papillomaviruses (pvs) are found in many species and infect epithelial cells at both mucosal and cutaneous sites. pvs are generally species-specific and cause benign epithelial proliferations, often forming papillomas or plaques. rarely, these infections can persist, allowing progression to in situ and invasive cancers. we describe herein a case of multiple cutaneous pigmented plaques from a california sea lion ( zalophus californianus) that progressed to in situ and invasive squamous cell carci ... | 2018 | 29629648 |
| characterizing habitat suitability for a central-place forager in a dynamic marine environment. | characterizing habitat suitability for a marine predator requires an understanding of the environmental heterogeneity and variability over the range in which a population moves during a particular life cycle. female california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are central-place foragers and are particularly constrained while provisioning their young. during this time, habitat selection is a function of prey availability and proximity to the rookery, which has important implications for reproduc ... | 2018 | 29531695 |
| ecotoxicoparasitology of the gastrointestinal tracts of pinnipeds: the effect of parasites on the potential bioavailability of total mercury (thg). | acanthocephalans, cestodes, and some species of nematodes acquire nutrients from the lumen contents in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of their definitive host. these parasites are exposed to toxicants, such as mercury (hg), through passive or active feeding mechanisms; therefore, the focus of this study was to determine if there is an effect of parasites on the dietary availability of total mercury (thg) within piscivorous pinniped hosts. thg concentrations ([thg]) in selected host tissues, par ... | 2018 | 29524898 |
| neisseria zalophi sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | three independent strains of neisseria sp. were isolated from the oral cavity of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) that were admitted to the marine mammal center facilities in california, usa. the strains were isolated from oral swabs by cultivation on trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood under aerobic conditions. the 16s rrna gene sequence of these three strains shared 99% similarity, but demonstrated only 97-98% nucleotide similarity to the phylogenetically closest relatives suc ... | 2018 | 29508031 |
| prevalence of urogenital carcinoma in stranded california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) from 2005-15. | urogenital carcinoma is common in wild california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) along the west coast of the us. from 1979 to 1994, this cancer was observed in 18% (66/370) of necropsied subadult and adult sea lions at the marine mammal center in sausalito, california. a retrospective review of records from 1 january 2005 to 31 december 2015 was performed to characterize prevalence and characteristics of cancer over this decade. fourteen percent (263/1917) of necropsied sea lions had cancer ... | 2018 | 29498901 |
| mhc class ii drb diversity predicts antigen recognition and is associated with disease severity in california sea lions naturally infected with leptospira interrogans. | we examined the associations between california sea lion mhc class ii drb (zaca-drb) configuration and diversity, and leptospirosis. as zaca-drb gene sequences are involved with antigen presentation of bacteria and other extracellular pathogens, we predicted that they would play a role in determining responses to these pathogenic spirochaetes. specifically, we investigated whether zaca-drb diversity (number of genes) and configuration (presence of specific genes) explained differences in disease ... | 2018 | 29183820 |
| anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving california sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store and oxygenation during lung collapse. | deep-diving california sea lions (zalophus californianus) can maintain arterial hemoglobin saturation (so2 ) above 90% despite lung collapse (lack of gas exchange) and extremely low posterior vena caval so2 in the middle of the dive. we investigated anterior vena caval po2 and so2 during dives of an adult female sea lion to investigate two hypotheses: (1) posterior vena caval so2 is not representative of the entire venous oxygen store and (2) a well-oxygenated (arterialized) central venous ox ... | 2018 | 29084854 |
| characterisation of north american brucella isolates from marine mammals. | extension of known ecological niches of brucella has included the description of two novel species from marine mammals. brucella pinnipedialis is associated predominantly with seals, while two major brucella ceti clades, most commonly associated with porpoises or dolphins respectively, have been identified. to date there has been limited characterisation of brucella isolates obtained from marine mammals outside northern european waters, including north american waters. to address this gap, and e ... | 2017 | 28934239 |
| antibiotic efficacy in eliminating leptospiruria in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranding with leptospirosis. | stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus) along the california coast have been diagnosed with leptospirosis every year since at least the 1980s. between september 2010 and november 2011, we followed 14 stranded california sea lions that survived to release and evaluated antibiotic efficacy in eliminating leptospiruria (urinary shedding of leptospires). leptospiruria was assessed by real-time pcr of urine and urine culture, with persistence assessed using longitudinally collected sam ... | 2015 | 30792564 |
| mechanics of the limbs of the walrus (odobenus rosmarus) and the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | moment arms and cross-sectional areas of muscles from the forelimbs and hind limbs of odobenus and zalophus were used to estimate relative torques associated with several locomotor movements. odobenus uses predominantly the hind limbs for aquatic propulsion, while zalophus only uses the forelimbs. torques contributing to locomotor movements used during the power and recovery strokes were substantially greater for the hind limbs of odobenus and for the forelimbs of zalophus. apparently, the linea ... | 1983 | 30060637 |
| pinniped entanglement in oceanic plastic pollution: a global review. | oceanic plastic pollution is a growing worldwide environmental concern, endangering numerous marine species. pinnipeds are particularly susceptible to entanglement, especially in abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear and packaging straps. we searched three international databases to compile a comprehensive review of all reported pinniped entanglements over the last 40 years, with the aim to identify areas of concern and foci for mitigation. the majority of published records of entanglement e ... | 2019 | 31590791 |
| respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza a virus in california sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques. | to understand susceptibility of wild california sea lions and northern elephant seals to influenza a virus (iav), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple iav subtypes. we first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human iav. trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 california sea lions, 2 northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains r ... | 2021 | 34037419 |