| monitoring glucocorticoid response to rehabilitation and research procedures in california and steller sea lions. | we used serum and fecal corticosteroid analysis to study the physiological response to a range of invasive and non-invasive procedures in sea lions. four experimental groups of california sea lions (zalophus californianus; group a: restraint only [n=9], group b: gas anesthesia without surgery [n=10], group c: minimally invasive surgery [n=10], and group d: invasive surgery [n=5]) were monitored for adrenal response. feces were collected opportunistically from 72 hr before 72 hr post procedure fo ... | 2008 | 18172847 |
| isotopic tracking of foraging and long-distance migration in northeastern pacific pinnipeds. | we investigated the impact of foraging location (nearshore vs offshore) and foraging latitude (high vs middle) on the carbon (δ(13)c) and nitrogen (δ(15)n) isotope compositions of bone collagen of northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris). nearshore-foraging harbor seals from california had δ(13)c values 2.0‰ higher than female northern elephant seals foraging offsh ... | 1999 | 28307717 |
| uncinariasis in northern fur seal and california sea lion pups from california. | northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) (n = 25) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) (n = 53) pups, found dead on rookeries on san miguel island (california, usa), were examined for adult uncinaria spp. prevalence of these nematodes was 96% in fur seal pups and 100% in sea lion pups. mean intensity of uncinaria spp. per infected pup was 643 in fur seals and 1,284 in sea lions. eggs of uncinaria spp. from dead sea lion pups underwent embryonation in an incubator; development to the f ... | 1997 | 9391970 |
| arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. ii. the california sea lion zalophus californianus and the northern fur seal callorhinus ursinus (pinnipedia: otariidae). | the structure, distribution and density of arteriovenous anastomoses (avas) were studied in body and flipper skin of a california sea lion and a nothern fur seal. in both animals avas consisted of arterial, intermediate and venous segments, and were generally larger and more tortuous in the sea lion than in the fur seal. in the sea lion the majority of avas (72%) occurred in the deeper region of the dermis, and the density was significantly greater in the flippers than in the body. in the northe ... | 1978 | 666020 |
| demodex zalophi sp. nov. (acari : demodicidae) from zalophus californianus, the california sea lion. | | 1980 | 7211143 |
| complete genome sequence of a novel picobirnavirus, otarine picobirnavirus, discovered in california sea lions. | we discovered a novel otarine picobirnavirus in fecal samples of california sea lions. its genome contains a large segment with two open reading frames (orfs), orf1 encoding a putative protein of 163 amino acids with unknown function and orf2 encoding capsid protein, and a small segment with one orf encoding rna-dependent rna polymerase. | 2012 | 22570247 |
| hypervirulent klebsiella pneumoniae in california sea lions ( zalophus californianus): pathologic findings in natural infections. | tissues of stranded california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) naturally infected with a hyperviruluent strain of klebsiella pneumoniae were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry against the k. pneumoniae k2 capsular antigen. in 7 of 8 animals, there was severe purulent bronchopneumonia, sometimes complicated by fibrinonecrotizing pleuritis with pyothorax. in affected areas of lung, large numbers of degenerate neutrophils and macrophages were admixed with rare large extracellul ... | 2017 | 28494709 |
| deep-diving sea lions exhibit extreme bradycardia in long-duration dives. | heart rate and peripheral blood flow distribution are the primary determinants of the rate and pattern of oxygen store utilisation and ultimately breath-hold duration in marine endotherms. despite this, little is known about how otariids (sea lions and fur seals) regulate heart rate (fh) while diving. we investigated dive fh in five adult female california sea lions (zalophus californianus) during foraging trips by instrumenting them with digital electrocardiogram (ecg) loggers and time depth re ... | 2014 | 24790100 |
| metal concentrations in the liver and kidney of aquatic mammals and penguins. | we determined the hepatic and renal concentrations of cd, pb, zn, cu, and fe in (1) marine mammals (three bottle-nosed dolphins, six california sea lions, and one sea otter), (2) freshwater and brackish-water mammals (one oriental short-clawed otter and four european river otters), and (3) sea birds (three rock-hopper penguins, two king penguins, three humboldt penguins, four macaroni penguins, and four magellanic penguins), all of which were kept in a zoo and an aquarium in japan. we investigat ... | 2004 | 14985624 |
| fishing gear-related injury in california marine wildlife. | we reviewed medical records from select wildlife rehabilitation facilities in california to determine the prevalence of injury in california brown pelicans (pelecanus occidentalis), gulls (larus spp.), and pinniped species (zalophus californianus, mirounga angustirostris, and phoca vitulina) due to fishing gear entanglement and ingestion from 2001 to 2006. of 9,668 brown pelican, gull, and pinniped cases described during the 6-yr study period (2001-06), 1,090 (11.3%) were fishing gear-related. p ... | 2009 | 19395745 |
| identification of a polyomavirus in weddell seal (leptonychotes weddellii) from the ross sea (antarctica). | viruses are ubiquitous in nature, however, very few have been identified that are associated with antarctic animals. here we report the identification of a polyomavirus in the kidney tissue of a deceased weddell seal from the ross sea, antarctica. the circular genome (5186 nt) has typical features of polyomaviruses with a small and larger t-antigen open reading frames (orfs) and three orfs encoding vp1, vp2 and vp3 capsid proteins. the genome of the weddell seal polyomavirus (wspyv) shares 85.4% ... | 2017 | 28124141 |
| on urea formation in marine mammals. | ornithine carbamoyltransferase (ec 2.1.3.3) has been determined in homogenates of liver of the sei whale (balaenoptera borealis), the bottle-nose dolphin (porpoise) (tursiops truncatus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). these marine mammals show levels of this ornithine-urea cycle enzyme which are typical of terrestrial mammals. | 1977 | 862778 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| marine mammal blubber reference and control materials for use in the determination of halogenated organic compounds and fatty acids. | the national institute of standards and technology (nist) has a diverse collection of control materials derived from marine mammal blubber, fat, and serum. standard reference material (srm) 1945 organics in whale blubber was recertified for polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) congeners. srm 1945 has also been assigned mass fraction values for compounds not frequently determined in marine samples including toxaphene congene ... | 2010 | 20238106 |
| hydrodynamic drag in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | drag forces acting on steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were investigated from 'deceleration during glide' measurements. a total of 66 glides from six juvenile sea lions yielded a mean drag coefficient (referenced to total wetted surface area) of 0.0056 at a mean reynolds number of 5.5x10(6). the drag values indicate that the boundary layer is largely turbulent for steller sea lions swimming at these reynolds numbers, which are past the point of expected transition from laminar to turbulent ... | 2000 | 10821748 |
| plasma angiotensin ii, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in free ranging and captive seals and sea lions. | we used radioimmunoassay methods to quantify arginine vasopressin (avp), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), and angiotensin ii (ang ii) in plasma samples from harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii), weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), ringed seals (phoca hispida), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). plasma concentrations of avp, anp, and ang ii in these pinniped species were within the ... | 1998 | 9568367 |
| description of uncinaria lyonsi n. sp. (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) from the california sea lion zalophus californianus lesson (carnivora: otariidae). | a new species of hookworm, uncinaria lyonsi n. sp., is described based on morphological studies of the nematodes collected by dr. e. t. lyons from the california sea lion zalophus californianus (lesson) on san miguel island, california, usa. the new species is morphologically similar to three other species of the genus uncinaria frölich, 1789 parasitising pinnipeds, u. lucasi stiles, 1901, u. hamiltoni baylis, 1933 and u. sanguinis marcus, higgins, šlapeta & gray, 2014, in the body dimensions, t ... | 2015 | 25655115 |
| rhythmic cognition in humans and animals: distinguishing meter and pulse perception. | this paper outlines a cognitive and comparative perspective on human rhythmic cognition that emphasizes a key distinction between pulse perception and meter perception. pulse perception involves the extraction of a regular pulse or "tactus" from a stream of events. meter perception involves grouping of events into hierarchical trees with differing levels of "strength", or perceptual prominence. i argue that metrically-structured rhythms are required to either perform or move appropriately to mus ... | 2013 | 24198765 |
| prevalence and characterization of salmonella shed by captive and free-range california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from a rehabilitation center and three state reserves along the california coast. | salmonella is a genus of zoonotic bacteria that can infect a variety of animals, and may cause gastrointestinal disease in marine mammals. many of the same salmonella serotypes are shed by california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and humans, which poses transmission questions and public health concerns. in this study, 454 fecal samples from three free-ranging california sea lion populations along the california coast and from animals undergoing rehabilitation at the marine mammal center, sa ... | 2014 | 25314819 |
| intratracheal injection of antibiotics in the california sea lion, zalophus californianus, and bottlenosed dolphin, tursiops truncatus. | gentamicin and cephaloridine were administered by intratracheal injection to the california sea lion, zalophus californianus, and the bottlenosed dolphin, tursiops truncatus. uptake and clearance of these antibiotics in the blood were monitored. in all cases, absorption through the respiratory mucosa resulted in blood levels approaching therapeutic concentrations despite low dosages. | 1977 | 839623 |
| positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides. | long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 pufa) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into milks following maternal dietary intake. however, little is known about the hydrolysis of these pufa from milk triglycerides (tg) by lipases in suckling young. seals, like humans, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium-chain fatty acids, and are characteriz ... | 1992 | 1491605 |
| organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber and livers of stranded california sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal california, usa. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts (p,p'-dde, p,p'-ddd, p,p'-ddt), chlordanes (chls; cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh), and mono- (mbt), di-(dbt), and tri-butyltin (tbt) were determined in blubber and livers of 15 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 6 northern elephant seals (mirounga augustirost ... | 2001 | 11385594 |
| seals and sea lions are what they eat, plus what? determination of trophic discrimination factors for seven pinniped species. | mixing models are a common method for quantifying the contribution of prey sources to the diet of an individual using stable isotope analysis; however, these models rely upon a known trophic discrimination factor (hereafter, tdf) that results from fractionation between prey and animal tissues. quantifying tdfs in captive animals is ideal, because diet is controlled and the proportional contributions and isotopic values of all prey items are known. | 2016 | 27060839 |
| the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in california sea lions. | pulmonary surfactant has previously been shown to change during development, both in composition and function. adult pinnipeds, unlike adult terrestrial mammals, have an altered lung physiology to cope with the high pressures associated with deep diving. here, we investigated how surfactant composition and function develop in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). phosphatidylinositol was the major anionic phospholipid in the newborn, whereas phosphatidylglycerol was increased in the adu ... | 2005 | 15964230 |
| sexing pinnipeds with zfx and zfy loci. | we developed and tested a protocol for determining the sex of individual pinnipeds using the sex-chromosome-specific genes zfx and zfy. we screened a total of 368 seals (168 crabeater, lobodon carcinophaga; 159 weddell, leptonychotes weddellii; and 41 ross, ommatophoca rossii) of known or unknown sex and compared the molecular sex to the sex assigned at the time of biopsy sample collection in the ross and amundsen seas, antarctica. we also screened 6 captive northern elephant seals (mirounga ang ... | 2007 | 17548861 |
| characterization of trpc2, an essential genetic component of vns chemoreception, provides insights into the evolution of pheromonal olfaction in secondary-adapted marine mammals. | pheromones are chemical cues released and sensed by individuals of the same species, which are of major importance in regulating reproductive and social behaviors of mammals. generally, they are detected by the vomeronasal system (vns). here, we first investigated and compared an essential genetic component of vomeronasal chemoreception, that is, trpc2 gene, of four marine mammals varying the degree of aquatic specialization and related terrestrial species in order to provide insights into the e ... | 2010 | 20142439 |
| killer whales are capable of vocal learning. | the production learning of vocalizations by manipulation of the sound production organs to alter the physical structure of sound has been demonstrated in only a few mammals. in this natural experiment, we document the vocal behaviour of two juvenile killer whales, orcinus orca, separated from their natal pods, which are the only cases of dispersal seen during the three decades of observation of their populations. we find mimicry of california sea lion (zalophus californianus) barks, demonstratin ... | 2006 | 17148275 |
| mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (orcinus orca), false killer whales (pseudorca crassidens) and california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | dolphins (tursiops truncatus) and their relatives might be expected to show mirror-induced contingency checking, a prerequisite to self-recognition, because of their high brain development, their complex social life and their demonstrated abilities in bodily imitation. a study of killer whales'(orcinus orca) behaviour in front of a mirror is presented, including a mark test. shorter investigations of mirror behaviour are also described in false killer whales (pseudorca crassidens) and california ... | 2001 | 11334706 |
| persistent neurological damage associated with spontaneous recurrent seizures and atypical aggressive behavior of domoic acid epileptic disease. | the harmful alga pseudo-nitzschia sp. is the cause of human amnesic shellfish poisoning and the stranding of thousands of sea lions with seizures as a hallmark symptom. a human case study and epidemiological report of hundreds of stranded sea lions found individuals presenting months after recovery with a neurological disease similar to temporal lobe epilepsy. a rat model developed to establish and better predict how epileptic disease results from domoic acid poisoning demonstrated that a single ... | 2013 | 23457124 |
| entanglements of marine mammals and seabirds in central california and the north-west coast of the united states 2001-2005. | entanglement records for seabirds and marine mammals were investigated for the period 2001-2005. the entanglement records were extracted from databases maintained by seven organizations operating along the west coast of the united states of america. their programmes included beach monitoring surveys, rescue and rehabilitation and regional pinniped censuses. records of 454 entanglements were documented in live animals and in carcasses for 31 bird species and nine marine mammal species. the most f ... | 2009 | 19344921 |
| class ii multiformity generated by variable mhc- drb region configurations in the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | in light of the immunological importance of molecules encoded within the major histocompatibility complex ( mhc), there are numerous studies examining the variability of these genes in wildlife populations. an underlying assumption in many of these studies is that mhc diversity invariably arises from a high level of allelic variation at a single gene locus, leading to widespread descriptions of thriving species with apparently limited mhc polymorphism. indeed, in a previous study we failed to fi ... | 2004 | 14997355 |
| phosphatidylcholine composition of pulmonary surfactant from terrestrial and marine diving mammals. | marine mammals are repeatedly exposed to elevated extra-thoracic pressure and alveolar collapse during diving and readily experience alveolar expansion upon inhalation - a unique capability as compared to terrestrial mammals. how marine mammal lungs overcome the challenges of frequent alveolar collapse and recruitment remains unknown. recent studies indicate that pinniped lung surfactant has more anti-adhesive components compared to terrestrial mammals, which would aid in alveolar opening. howev ... | 2015 | 25812797 |
| the distribution of 4-nonylphenol in marine organisms of north american pacific coast estuaries. | one of the chemical breakdown products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, 4-nonylphenol (4-np), accumulates in organisms and is of concern as an environmental pollutant due to its endocrine disrupting effects. we measured 4-np levels in the seawater, sediment, and twelve organisms within the california estuary, morro bay, and examined biomagnification of 4-np using stable isotope abundances (δ(15)n and δ(13)c) to quantify trophic position. 4-np concentrations in organisms from morro bay included 25000± ... | 2012 | 22257992 |
| chemoreceptively active compounds in secretions, excretions and tissue extracts of marine mammals. | semen, prostate glandular extract, perianal glandular secretion, urine, feces and blood from atlantic bottlenose dolphins, tursiops truncatus, were analyzed chemically by gas chromatography. a fecal sample from a california sea lion, zalophus californianus, was analyzed similarly. acids, esters, amino acids, amines, steroids, esters, sugars and alcohols were among the compounds revealed in the analyses. twenty-two identified compounds can be detected gustatorily in aqueous solutions of sufficien ... | 1985 | 2866871 |
| equal latency contours for bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) and california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | loudness perception by non-human animals is difficult to study directly. previous research efforts have instead focused on estimating loudness perception using simple reaction time (rt) data. these data are used to generate equal latency contours that serve as a proxy for equal loudness contours. to aid the design of auditory weighting functions for marine mammals, equal latency contours were generated using rt data for two marine mammal species that are representative of broader functional hear ... | 2015 | 26627745 |
| comparative anatomy of the ophthalmic rete and its relationship to ocular blood flow in three species of marine mammal. | to examine the blood supply to the eyes of bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus), spotted seal (phoca largha), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). emphasis is placed on exploring the anatomic function in the context of aquatic life. | 2014 | 23742618 |
| using reaction time and equal latency contours to derive auditory weighting functions in sea lions and dolphins. | subjective loudness measurements are used to create equal-loudness contours and auditory weighting functions for human noise-mitigation criteria; however, comparable direct measurements of subjective loudness with animal subjects are difficult to conduct. in this study, simple reaction time to pure tones was measured as a proxy for subjective loudness in a tursiops truncatus and zalophus californianus. contours fit to equal reaction-time curves were then used to estimate the shapes of auditory w ... | 2016 | 26610970 |
| skin histology and its role in heat dissipation in three pinniped species. | pinnipeds have a thick blubber layer and may have difficulty maintaining their body temperature during hot weather when on land. the skin is the main thermoregulatory conduit which emits excessive body heat. | 2012 | 22889205 |
| comparative assessment of amphibious hearing in pinnipeds. | auditory sensitivity in pinnipeds is influenced by the need to balance efficient sound detection in two vastly different physical environments. previous comparisons between aerial and underwater hearing capabilities have considered media-dependent differences relative to auditory anatomy, acoustic communication, ecology, and amphibious life history. new data for several species, including recently published audiograms and previously unreported measurements obtained in quiet conditions, necessita ... | 2013 | 23563644 |
| urate nephrolithiasis in a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | nephrolithiasis has rarely been reported in marine mammals. during 2004 and 2005, two cases of nephrolithiasis were diagnosed during routine necropsy examination, one in a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and one in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). nephroliths were found throughout both kidneys during necropsy examination, varying in size from 1-10 mm in diameter in the northern elephant seal and from 1-15 mm in diameter in the california sea lion. necropsy and his ... | 2007 | 17469285 |
| identifying and quantifying prey consumption using stomach temperature change in pinnipeds. | for many marine predators knowledge of foraging behavior is limited to inferences based on changes in diving or movement patterns at sea. this results in an incomplete and potentially inaccurate view of the foraging ecology of a species. this study examined the use of stomach temperature telemetry to identify and quantify prey consumed in both a phocid (northern elephant seal mirounga angustirostris) and an otariid (california sea lion zalophus californianus) species. in addition, we used opport ... | 2006 | 17079722 |
| localization of aerial pure tones by pinnipeds. | in this study, minimum audible angles (maas) of aerial pure tones were measured in and compared between a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). testing was conducted between 0.8 and 16 khz in the elephant seal and 0.8 and 20 khz in the harbor seal and sea lion in a hemi-anechoic chamber using a left/right psychophysical procedure. performance for the same frequencies was also quantified for discrete s ... | 2005 | 16419834 |
| underwater temporary threshold shift in pinnipeds: effects of noise level and duration. | behavioral psychophysical techniques were used to evaluate the residual effects of underwater noise on the hearing sensitivity of three pinnipeds: a california sea lion (zalophus californianus), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris). temporary threshold shift (tts), defined as the difference between auditory thresholds obtained before and after noise exposure, was assessed. the subjects were exposed to octave-band noise centered at 2500 hz at two ... | 2005 | 16334695 |
| auditory masking in three pinnipeds: aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth measurements. | this study expands the limited understanding of pinniped aerial auditory masking and includes measurements at some of the relatively low frequencies predominant in many pinniped vocalizations. behavioral techniques were used to obtain aerial critical ratios (crs) within a hemianechoic chamber for a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). simultaneous, octave-band noise maskers centered at seven test fre ... | 2003 | 14514219 |
| discovery of a polyomavirus in european badgers (meles meles) and the evolution of host range in the family polyomaviridae. | polyomaviruses infect a diverse range of mammalian and avian hosts, and are associated with a variety of symptoms. however, it is unknown whether the viruses are found in all mammalian families and the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses is still unclear. here, we report the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in the european badger (meles meles), which to our knowledge represents the first polyomavirus to be characterized in the family mustelidae, and within a european carnivoran. although ... | 2015 | 27692047 |
| sequence variation and gene duplication at the mhc drb loci of the spotted seal phoca largha. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is one of the most important genetic systems associated with resistance to infectious diseases in vertebrates. the spotted seal (phoca largha) is one of the most endangered species in china. in this study, we present the first step in the molecular characterization of a drb-like locus in the spotted seal by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of the polymorphic exon 2 segments, a 288-nucleotide sequence. by examining the segment from a group of 41 individ ... | 2015 | 25867351 |
| discovery of a polyomavirus in european badgers (meles meles) and the evolution of host range in the family polyomaviridae. | polyomaviruses infect a diverse range of mammalian and avian hosts, and are associated with a variety of symptoms. however, it is unknown whether the viruses are found in all mammalian families and the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses is still unclear. here, we report the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in the european badger (meles meles), which to our knowledge represents the first polyomavirus to be characterized in the family mustelidae, and within a european carnivoran. although ... | 2015 | 25626684 |
| masking in three pinnipeds: underwater, low-frequency critical ratios. | behavioral techniques were used to determine underwater masked hearing thresholds for a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). octave-band white noise maskers were centered at five test frequencies ranging from 200 to 2500 hz; a slightly wider noise band was used for testing at 100 hz. critical ratios were calculated at one masking noise level for each test frequency. above 200 hz, critical ratios incr ... | 2000 | 11008832 |
| first findings of cryptosporidium and giardia in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | we report the detection and identification of cryptosporidium and giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. fecal samples were collected from pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) in the northern california coastal area. by means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from california sea lions, 1 of which also contained giardia c ... | 2000 | 10864244 |
| underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. | pure-tone sound detection thresholds were obtained in water for one harbor seal (phoca vitulina), two california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and one northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) before and immediately following exposure to octave-band noise. additional thresholds were obtained following a 24-h recovery period. test frequencies ranged from 100 hz to 2000 hz and octave-band exposure levels were approximately 60-75 db sl (sensation level at center frequency). each subjec ... | 1999 | 10462817 |
| risk factors associated with cataracts and lens luxations in captive pinnipeds in the united states and the bahamas. | to determine risk factors for lens luxation and cataracts in captive pinnipeds in the united states and the bahamas. | 2010 | 20707754 |
| the use of meperidine hydrochloride for chemical restraint in certain cetaceans and pinnipeds. | meperidine hcl was administered intramuscularly by hand-syringe to a number of individuals representing several species of cetaceans (n = 95) and pinnipeds (n = 36). dosage administered was 0.11 mg/kg, 0.23 mg/kg or 0.45 mg/kg, with the majority of animals receiving the middle dosage. meperidine hcl provided moderate restraint in cetaceans without obvious deleterious effects. restraint was achieved rapidly, with maximum effect occurring 20 min after intramuscular injection and lasting for 2 to 3 ... | 1988 | 3193567 |
| isoflurane anaesthesia in four sea lions (otaria byronia and zalophus californianus). | to (1) evaluate a purpose-built chamber for inducing isoflurane anaesthesia in sea lions and (2) assess isoflurane as an anaesthetic for dental surgery in these species. | 2006 | 16916352 |
| optic nerve, superior colliculus, visual thalamus, and primary visual cortex of the northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | the northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) are members of a diverse clade of carnivorous mammals known as pinnipeds. pinnipeds are notable for their large, ape-sized brains, yet little is known about their central nervous system. both the northern elephant seal and california sea lion spend most of their lives at sea, but each also spends time on land to breed and give birth. these unique coastal niches may be reflected in specific evolu ... | 2017 | 28188622 |
| a bioenergetics approach to understanding the population consequences of disturbance: elephant seals as a model system. | using long-term empirical data, we developed a complete population consequences of acoustic disturbance (pcad) model and application for northern elephant seals. we assumed that the animals would not successfully forage while in a 100-km-diameter disturbance region within their foraging and transit paths. the decrease in lipid gain due to exposure was then translated to changes in birth rate and pup survival. given their large foraging range, elephant seals were resilient to such a disturbance, ... | 2016 | 26610956 |
| evaluation of viruses and their association with ocular lesions in pinnipeds in rehabilitation. | to assess whether corneal lesions in stranded pinnipeds were associated with viral infections, and to identify the potential pathogen(s) associated with the lesions. | 2015 | 25400019 |
| effect of angle on flow-induced vibrations of pinniped vibrissae. | two types of vibrissal surface structures, undulated and smooth, exist among pinnipeds. most phocidae have vibrissae with undulated surfaces, while otariidae, odobenidae, and a few phocid species possess vibrissae with smooth surfaces. variations in cross-sectional profile and orientation of the vibrissae also exist between pinniped species. these factors may influence the way that the vibrissae behave when exposed to water flow. this study investigated the effect that vibrissal surface structur ... | 2013 | 23922834 |
| anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and congenital bicuspid aortic valve in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a 27-year-old captive female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) died suddenly. necropsy findings showed severe hemopericardium, the right coronary artery arose from the sinus of the pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve was composed of two semilunar cusps. coronary artery branches emerging from the epicardium were dilated and tortuous. pampiniform vascular plexus formation existed along the adventitia from the coronal sulcus to the pulmonary trunk. this is the first report of multiple ... | 2017 | 28781293 |
| initial validation of blubber cortisol and progesterone as indicators of stress response and maturity in an otariid; the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | chronic stress can have detrimental effects on an individual's health and reproductive success. the use of cortisol quantification as an indicator of stress in free-ranging cetaceans and phocids is increasing but no studies have applied this technique on blubber in otariids. we measured cortisol concentrations in blubber samples obtained from california sea lions, zalophus californianus, stranded in san diego county and those incidentally killed in the california drift gillnet fishery. we also m ... | 2017 | 28690049 |
| atypical red blood cells are prevalent in california sea lion pups born during anomalous sea surface temperature events. | to date, there is limited knowledge of the effects that abnormal sea surface temperature (sst) can have on the physiology of neonate pinnipeds. however, maternal nutritional deficiencies driven by alimentary restrictions would expectedly impact pinniped development and fitness, as an adequate supply of nutrients is essential for growth and proper functioning of all body systems, including red blood cell synthesis and clearance. here, we investigated red blood cell morphology of california sea li ... | 2017 | 28671858 |
| climatic anomaly affects the immune competence of california sea lions. | the past decades have been characterized by a growing number of climatic anomalies. as these anomalies tend to occur suddenly and unexpectedly, it is often difficult to procure empirical evidence of their effects on natural populations. we analysed how the recent sea surface temperature (sst) anomaly in the northeastern pacific ocean affects body condition, nutritional status, and immune competence of california sea lion pups. we found that pup body condition and blood glucose levels of the pups ... | 2017 | 28658317 |
| auditory discrimination of natural and high-pass filtered bark vocalizations in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a california sea lion performed a psychophysical auditory discrimination task with a set of six stimuli: three barks recorded from conspecific males and high-pass filtered versions of the barks that removed the majority of energy at fundamental frequencies. discrimination performance and subject reaction times (rts) suggested that the vocalizations were all perceived as fairly dissimilar. this preliminary study hints that low-frequency components are a salient part of the california sea lion bar ... | 2016 | 26611026 |
| social associations between california sea lions influence the use of a novel foraging ground. | social relationships define an individual's position in its social network, which can influence the acquisition and spread of information and behavioural variants through the population. thus, when nuisance behaviours spread through wildlife populations, identifying central individuals may provide valuable insights for problem-species management. we studied the effects of network position on california sea lion (zalophus californianus) discovery and foraging success at a novel foraging ground-th ... | 2017 | 28572986 |
| heart rate regulation in diving sea lions: the vagus nerve rules. | recent publications have emphasized the potential generation of morbid cardiac arrhythmias secondary to autonomic conflict in diving marine mammals. such conflict, as typified by cardiovascular responses to cold water immersion in humans, has been proposed to result from exercise-related activation of cardiac sympathetic fibers to increase heart rate, combined with depth-related changes in parasympathetic tone to decrease heart rate. after reviewing the marine mammal literature and evaluating he ... | 2017 | 28424310 |
| personality dimensions of the captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | although the field of animal personality research is growing, information on sea lion personality is lacking. this is surprising as sea lions are charismatic, cognitively advanced, and relatively accessible for research. in addition, their presence in captivity and frequent interactions with humans allow for them to be closely observed in various contexts. these interactions provide a valuable and unique opportunity to assess dimensions of their personality. this study created a personality surv ... | 2017 | 28182486 |
| flipper stroke rate and venous oxygen levels in free-ranging california sea lions. | the depletion rate of the blood oxygen store, development of hypoxemia and dive capacity are dependent on the distribution and rate of blood oxygen delivery to tissues while diving. although blood oxygen extraction by working muscle would increase the blood oxygen depletion rate in a swimming animal, there is little information on the relationship between muscle workload and blood oxygen depletion during dives. therefore, we examined flipper stroke rate, a proxy of muscle workload, and posterior ... | 2017 | 28167807 |
| a robotic platform to study the foreflipper of the california sea lion. | the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. this protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming california sea lion (zalophus californianus). the robot is a model of the animal's foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the 'clap'). the kinem ... | 2017 | 28117769 |
| epidemiological models to control the spread of information in marine mammals. | socially transmitted wildlife behaviours that create human-wildlife conflict are an emerging problem for conservation efforts, but also provide a unique opportunity to apply principles of infectious disease control to wildlife management. as an example, california sea lions (zalophus californianus) have learned to exploit concentrations of migratory adult salmonids below the fish ladders at bonneville dam, impeding endangered salmonid recovery. proliferation of this foraging behaviour in the sea ... | 2016 | 27974523 |
| subconjunctival antimicrobial poloxamer gel for treatment of corneal ulceration in stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | corneal ulcers are commonly encountered in pinnipeds. prolonged oral antibiotics and topical ophthalmic solutions may not be practical to administer, and novel treatment techniques are desired. thermodynamic gels are a potential solution because they hold antimicrobials at the site of injection, slowly releasing drug. this study investigated the clinical efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated poloxamer gel in management of corneal ulceration. | 2017 | 27905668 |
| olfactory enrichment in california sea lions (zalophus californianus): an effective tool for captive welfare? | in the wild, california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are exposed to a wide variety of sensory information, which cannot be replicated in captive environments. therefore, unique procedures are necessary for maintaining physiological and psychological health in nonhuman animals in captivity. the effects of introducing natural scents to captive enclosures have been investigated in a variety of species, yet they have not been examined in marine mammals. this project explored the behavioral eff ... | 2017 | 27827545 |
| updating a gas dynamics model using estimates for california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | theoretical models are used to predict how breath-hold diving vertebrates manage o2, co2, and n2 while underwater. one recent gas dynamics model used available lung and tracheal compliance data from various species. as variation in respiratory compliance significantly affects alveolar compression and pulmonary shunt, the current study objective was to evaluate changes in model output when using species-specific parameters from california sea lions (zalophus californianus). we explored the effect ... | 2016 | 27562522 |
| distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds. | in domestic animal medicine, changes in serum enzyme levels are routinely used as diagnostic tools to detect liver disease. hepatic disease occurs in pinnipeds, but limited data are available on the tissue distribution of serum enzymes in marine mammals. the objectives of this study were to determine the tissue distribution of seven serum enzymes in three pinniped species. enzymes evaluated were alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh), lacta ... | 2008 | 18432090 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern california coast. | little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern california (usa) coast. fourteen pbde congeners were determined by gc-ecni-ms in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. total pbde concentrations (sigmapbde) in california sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). to our knowledge, these are the highest reported pbde levels in marine mammals to dat ... | 2009 | 19487060 |
| contaminants still high in top-level carnivores in the southern california bight: levels of ddt and pcbs in resident and transient pinnipeds. | highly industrialized areas, such as the southern california bight, often have high levels of contaminants in marine sediments, which can cause chronic exposure to organisms long after their use has ceased. tddt and tpcb were analyzed in the blubber of 145 stranded pinnipeds that died at local marine mammal centers between 1994 and 2006. resident species (california sea lion and pacific harbor seal) had significantly higher concentrations of tddt and tpcb than the transient species (northern ele ... | 2008 | 18835609 |
| foraging strategies of a generalist marine predator inhabiting a dynamic environment. | intraspecific variability is increasingly recognized as an important component of foraging behavior that can have implications for both population and community dynamics. we used an individual-level approach to describe the foraging behavior of an abundant, generalist predator that inhabits a dynamic marine ecosystem, focusing specifically on the different foraging strategies used by individuals in the same demographic group. we collected data on movements and diving behavior of adult female cal ... | 2016 | 27651228 |
| natural exposure to domoic acid causes behavioral perseveration in wild sea lions: neural underpinnings and diagnostic application. | domoic acid is a naturally occurring algal toxin that causes neurological symptoms and mortality in exposed marine life. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are the most visible victims, and suffer epilepsy and progressive hippocampal atrophy. despite its reliable neurological effects, little is known about how exposure to domoic acid alters behavior, which is critical for understanding the impact of toxic exposure on long-term survival in sea lions and other exposed animals, including ... | 2016 | 27511874 |
| ectopic pregnancy with associated gestational choriocarcinoma in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a wild-born, captive-reared, 14 yr old, primiparous female california sea lion zalophus californianus presented for anorexia of 14 d duration and abdominal distention. routine complete blood cell count revealed leukocytosis with a neutrophilia, and serum chemistry revealed hypoalbumenemia and hyponatremia. treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories were started, but the animal continued to decline. abdominal radiographs revealed a mature mineralized fetal sku ... | 2016 | 27409239 |
| beat keeping in a sea lion as coupled oscillation: implications for comparative understanding of human rhythm. | human capacity for entraining movement to external rhythms-i.e., beat keeping-is ubiquitous, but its evolutionary history and neural underpinnings remain a mystery. recent findings of entrainment to simple and complex rhythms in non-human animals pave the way for a novel comparative approach to assess the origins and mechanisms of rhythmic behavior. the most reliable non-human beat keeper to date is a california sea lion, ronan, who was trained to match head movements to isochronous repeating st ... | 2016 | 27375418 |
| use of acoustic transmitter-equipped remote sedation to aid in tracking and capture of entangled california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | free-ranging california sea lions ( zalophus californianus ) with marine debris entanglements were darted with a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam by using acoustic transmitter-equipped darts. of the 15 animals sedated, 13 (87%) reentered the water and were tracked by using a unidirectional hydrophone. sea lions that entered the water continued to surface and breathe postsedation. there were three mortalities (20%) during the course of this study due to the following: suspe ... | 2016 | 27243155 |
| post-mortem dti reveals altered hippocampal connectivity in wild sea lions diagnosed with chronic toxicosis from algal exposure. | hundreds of wild california sea lions (zalophus californianus) exposed to the algal neurotoxin domoic acid are treated in veterinary rehabilitation centers each year. common chronic effects of toxic exposure in these animals are seizures and hippocampal damage, and they have been proposed as a natural animal model for human epilepsy. humans with medial temporal lobe epilepsy present with white matter pathology in a number of tracts including the fornix and increased structural connectivity betwe ... | 2017 | 28875534 |
| changes in mucosal and serum immunoglobulin levels of california sea lions during early development. | to date, most studies on pinniped immunoglobulins have focused on circulating antibodies. however, systemic and local immune activities differ in terms of maturation, intensity, and types of effectors that participate. here, we examined levels of three immunoglobulin isotypes, igg, igm and iga, in the blood and mucosal membranes of free-living california sea lion pups. we investigated whether age, body condition and sex influenced their concentration. isotype levels varied among tissues, with ag ... | 2017 | 28811240 |
| intraperitoneal dextrose administration as an alternative emergency treatment for hypoglycemic yearling california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the marine mammal center (tmmc) cares for malnourished california sea lion (csl) (zalophus californianus) pups and yearlings every year. hypoglycemia is a common consequence of malnutrition in young csls. administering dextrose during a hypoglycemic crisis is vital to recovery. traditional veterinary approaches to treat hypoglycemia pose therapeutic challenges in otariids, as vascular access and catheter maintenance can be difficult. the current approach to a hypoglycemic episode at tmmc is to a ... | 2016 | 27010266 |
| pathogenic leptospira serovars in free-living sea lions in the gulf of california and along the baja california coast of mexico. | the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus ), a permanent inhabitant of the gulf of california in mexico, is susceptible to pathogenic leptospira spp. infection, which can result in hepatic and renal damage and may lead to renal failure and death. during summer 2013, we used the microscopic agglutination test (mat) to investigate the prevalence of anti-leptospira antibodies in blood of clinically healthy sea lion pups from seven rookery islands on the pacific coast of baja california (paci ... | 2016 | 26967136 |
| somatosensory brainstem, thalamus, and cortex of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | pinnipeds (sea lions, seals, and walruses) are notable for many reasons, including their ape-sized brains, their adaptation to a coastal niche that combines mastery of the sea with strong ties to land, and the remarkable abilities of their trigeminal whisker system. however, little is known about the central nervous system of pinnipeds. here we report on the somatosensory areas of the nervous system of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). using stains for nissl, cytochrome oxidase, ... | 2016 | 26878587 |
| detection of complex sounds in quiet conditions by seals and sea lions. | to test how accurately baseline audiometric data predict detection of complex stimuli, absolute detection thresholds for frequency-modulated (fm), amplitude-modulated (am), and harmonic stimuli were obtained for one phoca vitulina (harbor seal) and one zalophus californianus (california sea lion) at frequencies spanning the functional range of hearing. these thresholds were then compared with a priori predictions based on the tonal audiograms of these subjects. predicted thresholds were accurate ... | 2016 | 26610958 |
| health status of galápagos sea lions (zalophus wollebaeki) on san cristóbal island rookeries determined by hematology, biochemistry, blood gases, and physical examination. | the galápagos sea lion, zalophus wollebaeki, is an endemic and endangered species subject to population decline associated with environmental variability, such as el niño events, constant feeding stress, and exposure to diseases through contact with introduced species. reference blood parameter intervals have been published for some pinniped species, but baseline biochemical and blood gas values are lacking from z. wollebaeki. we analyzed blood samples from 30 juvenile galápagos sea lions (19 fe ... | 2016 | 26528574 |
| high-frequency hearing in seals and sea lions. | existing evidence suggests that some pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) can detect underwater sound at frequencies well above the traditional high-frequency hearing limits for their species. this phenomenon, however, is not well studied: sensitivity patterns at frequencies beyond traditional high-frequency limits are poorly resolved, and the nature of the auditory mechanism mediating hearing at these frequencies is unknown. in the first portion of this study, auditory sensitivity pattern ... | 2016 | 26519092 |
| california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardii) bites and contact abrasions in open-water swimmers: a series of 11 cases. | to review cases of bites and contact abrasions in open-water swimmers from california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii). | 2015 | 26507612 |
| the use of surrogate data in demographic population viability analysis: a case study of california sea lions. | reliable data necessary to parameterize population models are seldom available for imperiled species. as an alternative, data from populations of the same species or from ecologically similar species have been used to construct models. in this study, we evaluated the use of demographic data collected at one california sea lion colony (los islotes) to predict the population dynamics of the same species from two other colonies (san jorge and granito) in the gulf of california, mexico, for which de ... | 2015 | 26413746 |
| proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis identifies proteins associated with neurodegeneration. | proteomic studies including marine mammals are rare, largely due to the lack of fully sequenced genomes. this has hampered the application of these techniques toward biomarker discovery efforts for monitoring of health and disease in these animals. we conducted a pilot label-free lc-ms/ms study to profile and compare the cerebrospinal fluid from california sea lions with domoic acid toxicosis (dat) and without dat. across 11 samples, a total of 206 proteins were identified (fdr<0.1) using a comp ... | 2015 | 26364553 |
| sentinel california sea lions provide insight into legacy organochlorine exposure trends and their association with cancer and infectious disease. | organochlorine contaminants (ocs), like polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (ddts), are widespread marine pollutants resulting from massive historical use and environmental persistence. exposure to and health effects of these ocs in the marine environment may be examined by studying california sea lions (zalophus californianus), which are long lived, apex predators capable of accumulating ocs. | 2015 | 28616463 |
| pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its metabolite o-desmethyltramadol following a single, orally administered dose in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting, opiate-like analgesic that is structurally related to codeine and morphine. the objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its major active metabolite o-desmethyltramadol (m1) in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). a single dose of tramadol was administered orally in fish at 2 mg/kg to a total of 15 wild california sea lions admitted for rehabilitation. twenty-four total blood samples were c ... | 2015 | 26352950 |
| effects of age, colony, and sex on mercury concentrations in california sea lions. | we measured total mercury (thg) concentrations in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and examined how concentrations varied with age class, colony, and sex. because hg exposure is primarily via diet, we used nitrogen (δ (15)n) and carbon (δ (13)c) stable isotopes to determine if intraspecific differences in thg concentrations could be explained by feeding ecology. blood and hair were collected from 21 adult females and 57 juveniles from three colonies in central and southern californi ... | 2016 | 26259982 |
| activation of an inflammatory response is context-dependent during early development of the california sea lion. | variations in immune function can arise owing to trade-offs, that is, the allocation of limited resources among costly competing physiological functions. nevertheless, there is little information regarding the ontogeny of the immune system within an ecological context, and it is still unknown whether development affects the way in which resources are allocated to different immune effectors. we investigated changes in the inflammatory response during early development of the california sea lion ( ... | 2015 | 26064646 |
| pharmacokinetics of single-dose orally administered ciprofloxacin in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | ciprofloxacin is commonly selected for clinical use due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and is a frequently administered antibiotic at the marine mammal center, a marine mammal rehabilitation facility. ciprofloxacin is used for treatment of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus ) suffering from a variety of bacterial infections at doses extrapolated from other mammalian species. however, as oral absorption is variable both within and across species, a more accurate determination of approp ... | 2015 | 26056878 |
| common cancer in a wild animal: the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) as an emerging model for carcinogenesis. | naturally occurring cancers in non-laboratory species have great potential in helping to decipher the often complex causes of neoplasia. wild animal models could add substantially to our understanding of carcinogenesis, particularly of genetic and environmental interactions, but they are currently underutilized. studying neoplasia in wild animals is difficult and especially challenging in marine mammals owing to their inaccessibility, lack of exposure history, and ethical, logistical and legal l ... | 2015 | 26056370 |
| insights into the life history and ecology of a large shortfin mako shark isurus oxyrinchus captured in southern california. | in june 2013, a record-breaking female isurus oxyrinchus (total length 373 cm, mass 600 kg) was captured by rod and reel off huntington beach, california, where it was subsequently donated to research and provided a rare opportunity to collect the first data for a female i. oxyrinchus of this size. counts of vertebral band pairs estimate the shark to have been c. 22 years old, depending upon assumptions of band-pair deposition rates, and the distended uteri and spent ovaries indicated that this ... | 2015 | 25998058 |
| development of a serological assay for the sea lion (zalophus californianus) anellovirus, zcav. | new diseases in marine animals are emerging at an increasing rate, yet methodological limitations hinder characterization of viral infections. viral metagenomics is an effective method for identifying novel viruses in diseased animals; however, determining virus pathogenesis remains a challenge. a novel anellovirus (zalophus californianus anellovirus, zcav) was recently reported in the lungs of captive california sea lions involved in a mortality event. zcav was not detected by pcr in the blood ... | 2015 | 25965294 |
| microvasculature of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) eye and its functional significance. | to examine the ocular circulation in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | 2017 | 27203420 |
| mhc class ii transcription is associated with inflammatory responses in a wild marine mammal. | inflammation is one of the most important non-specific and rapid responses that a vertebrate can elicit in response to damage or a foreign insult. to date, despite increasing evidence that the innate and adaptive branches of immunity are more intricately related than previously thought, few have examined interactions between the major histocompatibility complex (mhc, a polymorphic region of the vertebrate genome that is involved with antigen presentation) and inflammation, and even less is known ... | 2016 | 27137083 |