Publications

the closed-loop nature of the tymbal response in the dogbane tiger moth, cycnia tenera (lepidoptera, arctiidae).	the dogbane tiger moth, cycnia tenera, emits ultrasonic sounds by rhythmically buckling a pair of tymbals when stimulated by pulsed sounds resembling bat echolocation. we monitored the central pattern generator governing this response by recording the motor output of the tymbal branch of the metathoracic leg nerve. the rhythm of the tymbal motor pattern can be altered midway (500 m/sec from its initiation) by changing the period and, to a lesser degree, the intensity of the stimulus. the tymbal ...	1996	8872318
brittle and sparse hair with normal cystine content caused by methionine deficiency?	the unusual case of an 8-year-old girl with a hair disorder is presented, characterized by brittle, short and sparse hair. on polarizing microscopy the latter reveals a "tiger tail" pattern, whereas severe cuticular defects are detected on scanning electron microscopy. the patient's hair has a normal cystine content but is completely devoid of methionine and reveals distinct changes of its visoelastic parameters. it is presently unknown whether the lack of methionine may be implicated in the pat ...	1996	8721497
distention and sugar feeding induce autogenous egg development by the asian tiger mosquito (diptera:culicidae).	mechanisms initiating autogenous egg development were studied using a selected strain of asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse), that required a sugar meal to develop eggs autogenously. caloric intake and the abdominal distention produced by ingesting sucrose solutions were interrelated in their effects on autogeny. distention of the abdomen with 2 microliters of saline, with no caloric intake, induced autogenous egg maturation in 66% of the females. abdominal distention produced by 2 mi ...	1996	8667383
response sensitivity and voltage gain of the rod- and cone-horizontal cell synapses in dark- and light-adapted tiger salamander retina.	1. rods, cones, and horizontal cells (hcs) were recorded in superfused, flat-mounted isolated retinas of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum, under dark- and light-adapted conditions. 2. under dark-adapted conditions, hc responses to dim 500-nm light stimuli were mediated only by rods. in the linear voltage range (near the dark potentials), the average response to a light step of 0.5 s (500 nm, 0.438 photons per micron2 per s) was 0.41 +/- 0.06 (sd) mv for rods and 1.86 +/- 0.52 mv f ...	1996	8985884
receptive field of the retinal bipolar cell: a pharmacological study in the tiger salamander.	1. it is widely believed that signals contributing to the receptive field surrounds of retinal bipolar cells pass from horizontal cells to bipolar cells via gabaergic synapses. to test this notion, we applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) agonists and antagonists to isolated, perfused retinas of the salamander ambystoma tigrinum while recording intracellularly from bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and photoreceptors. 2. as we previously reported, administration of the gaba analogue d-aminovaler ...	1996	8890310
molecular cloning of a rhodopsin gene from salamander rods.	salamander photoreceptor cells have been used widely as models in vision research. however, the salamander opsin genes had not been cloned. the purpose of this study was to clone a salamander rhodopsin and to determine its primary structure and cell type-specific expression.	1996	8759361
serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo.	a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ...	1996	9017871
chemical modification of notexin from notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake) venom with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.	notexin from notechis scutatus scutatus snake venom was subjected to lys modification with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp), and one major modified derivative was purified on a cation-exchanger sp-8hr column. the results of amino acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that only 2 lys residues at positions 82 and 115 out of 11 lys residues in notexin were modified. the incorporation of plp into the protein was accompanied by the loss of 53% lethal toxicity, but the modified notexin showed ...	1996	8895093
summation of activation: evidence from multiple primes that converge and diverge within semantic memory.	six experiments addressed the combinatorial influence of multiple related primes in naming, lexical decision and relatedness judgment performance. primes either converged on a single semantic representation (e.g., lion-stripes-tiger) or diverged onto distinct semantic representations (e.g., kidney-piano-organ). the facilitatory influence of 2 related primes was well predicted by the sum of the influences from the single-related-prime conditions (a) for both convergent and divergent primes, (b) i ...	1996	8708602
myotoxic activity of the toxic phospholipase, notexin, from the venom of the australian tiger snake.	notexin is a neurotoxic and myotoxic phospholipase a2 derived from the venom of the australian tiger snake, notechis scutatus. though the phospholipase activity has been implicated in the toxicity of notexin, little is understood of its site and mode of action. in this study we investigated the myotoxicity of notexin on the skeletal muscle of the rat. using immunogold labeling both in vivo and in vitro, we demonstrated that notexin bound exclusively to the sarcolemma. at the early stages when no ...	1996	8957446
equivalence of background and bleaching desensitization in isolated rod photoreceptors of the larval tiger salamander.	psychophysical experiments have shown an equivalence between sensitivity reduction by background light and by bleaches for the human scotopic system. we have compared the effects of backgrounds and bleaches on the light-sensitive membrane-current responses of isolated rod photoreceptors from the salamander ambystoma tigrinum. the quantum catch loss was factored out from the desensitization due to bleaching to give the fraction of "extra" desensitization due to adaptation. for backgrounds, desens ...	1996	8894981
conservation of living resources in a changing world	/ conservation of living resources is no longer parochial in scope; it is a global challenge. ecological, social, political, and business interests operate in a network that reaches across seas, continents, and nations. industries, including the electric utility industry, are diversifying in products and expanding into international markets. they soon discover that, while all nations have common goals for their peoples, conservation and environmental issues in less-developed nations have differe ...	1996	8895415
inter- and intraspecific variation in resistance to desiccation by adult aedes (stegomyia) spp. (diptera: culicidae) from indonesia.	desiccation survival times of adult mosquitoes were studied for yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (6 strains), asian tiger mosquito, ae. albopictus (skuse) (5 strains), and ae. paullusi stone & farmer (1 strain) colonized from south sulawesi, indonesia. at both 90 and 70% rh, ae. aegypti males and females outlived the other species. the forest species ae. paullusi was least resistant to desiccation. strains of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus from urban areas were more resistant to desicca ...	1996	8906905
aspirin: tiger or pussy cat?		1996	8935643
isolation and characterization of vibrio alginolyticus isolated from diseased kuruma prawn, penaeus japonicus.	outbreaks of serious mortality among cultured kuruma prawns (penaeus japonicus) with white spotted syndrome in the carapace occurred in the summer of 1993 in i-lan, taiwan. a swarming bacterium, strain swy, was isolated from the hepatopancreas of the moribund prawns using tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1% nacl and/or thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar. this strain was characterized and identified as vibrio alginolyticus on the basis of a number of biochemical tests. the swy strain w ...	1996	8936369
timing of ovulation after gonadotrophin induction and its importance to successful intrauterine insemination in the tiger (panthera tigris).	the ovarian response to equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg), the effect of timing of ovulation relative to hcg injection and the use of laparoscopic intrauterine artificial insemination (ai) were examined in two subspecies of tiger (panthera tigris). adult female tigers were subjected to the same ecg/hcg treatment followed by laparoscopy under xylazine/diazapam/ketamine hcl anaesthesia at 39-42 h (group i, n = 9), 46-49 h (group ii, n = 5) or 51-55 h (gro ...	1996	8699434
efficacy and potency of antivenoms in neutralizing the procoagulant effects of australian snake venoms in dog and human plasma.	the efficacy and potency of commonwealth serum laboratories (csl) snake antivenoms in neutralizing the procoagulant action of australian snake venoms was studied in vitro. the procoagulant action of venoms from tiger, brown and taipan snakes were measured in pooled canine or pooled human plasma. mixtures of the venoms and their appropriate antivenoms, ranging from 0.1 to 15 times the recommended neutralizing dose of antivenom were then added to pooled canine or pooled human plasma and the effica ...	1996	8805896
a fatal infection in a bengal tiger resembling cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats.	a young bengal tiger born and kept in a german zoo had died of an unknown protozoal infection in 1984. retrospective histological and electron microscopical examination of the organs showed the changes to be identical with those of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats. this is the first report of fatal cytauxzoonosis in a tiger.	1996	8814537
fatal cytauxzoonosis in a captive-reared white tiger (panthera tigris).	fatal (panthera tigris) cytauxzoonosis was diagnosed in a 7-year-old female white tiger. the tiger presented with a 2-day history of anorexia and lethargy. she was mildly dehydrated, with a temperature of 105.2 f and a hematocrit of 26%. over the next day, icterus developed, and her physical condition progressed to recumbency, coma, and death. hematologic findings obtained shortly before death included icteric plasma, severe thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, hematuria, and parasites consistent with ...	1996	8826011
virulence of vibrio alginolyticus isolated from diseased tiger prawn, penaeus monodon.	outbreaks of mass mortality among cultured tiger prawns (penaeus monodon) with white spotted syndrome (wss) in the carapace occurred in the summer of 1994 in i-lan, taiwan. a swarming strain val was isolated from hemolymph of the moribund prawns with tryptic soy agar (tsa, supplemented with 1% nacl, oxoid) and/or thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose (tcbs, difco) agar. this strain was characterized and identified to be vibrio alginolyticus. the strain was susceptible to antibiotics such as chlo ...	1996	8867464
snake envenomation in cats and its detection by rapid immunoassay.	to determine the usefulness of a snake venom detection kit (svdk) in the management of envenomed cats.	1996	8894022
significant versus insignificant prostate cancer--can we identify the tigers from the pussy cats?		1996	8709309
effect of changing temperature on the ionic permeation through the cyclic gmp-gated channel from vertebrate photoreceptors.	native cgmp-gated channels were studied in rod outer segments of the larval tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum. the alpha subunit of the cgmp-gated channel from bovine rods, here referred to as the wild type (w.t.), and mutant channels were heterologously expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. these channels were studied in excised membrane patches in the inside-out configuration and were activated by the addition of 100 or 500 microm cgmp. the effect of temperature on the ionic permeation was st ...	1996	8744300
acute, flaccid quadriplegia in three cats with suspected coral snake envenomation.	three cats were evaluated for acute, ascending, flaccid quadriplegia; depression; and reduced nociception. complete or partial neuromuscular junction blockade was found on nerve stimulation studies during electromyographic examinations. two of the cases had wounds on the chin or paw compatible with coral snake bites. although a coral snake was found in only one case, coral snake envenomation was suspected because potential for exposure, clinical signs, and electrodiagnostic findings were similar ...	1996	8784725
big cat attack: a case study.	a 28-year-old man was attacked by a large female tiger at an exotic animal farm, sustaining penetrating injuries to the neck and pharynx as well as a cervical spine fracture. this case and review of the literature demonstrates the ability of these animals to cause significant trauma and occult injuries. furthermore, this case demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion when treating these patients, as serious underlying bony and soft tissue damage can easily be overlooked.	1996	8614090
origin and implications of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	all spongiform encephalopathies in animals, including humans, are slow developing infectious diseases. the current working theory links the origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) to the feeding of cattle with meat and bone meal prepared from scrapie-infected sheep remains. recycling of cattle meat and bones (mbm) essentially resulted in the selection of a single strain from the "wild type", a mixture of 20 strains. the bse agent is easily transmitted through ingestion, with some eviden ...	1996	8618936
isolation of vibrio harveyi from diseased kuruma prawns penaeus japonicus.	outbreaks of high mortality among the cultured kuruma prawn penaeus japonicus without overt gross signs occurred during august and december of 1994 in i-lan, taiwan. eleven luminous bacterial strains were isolated from the hepatopancreas of moribund prawns from five different farms by use of tryptic soy agar (tsa, supplemented with 2% nacl) and/or thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose (tcbs) agar. these strains, together with our two previously unpublished isolates, were characterized and identi ...	1996	8662185
experimental evidence against replication or dissemination of hepatitis c virus in mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) using detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.	in 3 laboratory experiments, mosquitoes were fed hepatitis c virus (hcv)-rna positive blood by using membrane feeders, separated into head, thorax, and abdomen, and tested by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for hcv-rna. hcv did not replicate or disseminate in mosquitoes that had ingested blood from patients that were hcv-viremic positive. when yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l.), were held for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after feeding, hcv-rna was detected in the abdomens of ...	1996	8667387
amino acid sequence of a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake).	the complete amino acid sequence of notexin, a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. the protein consists of a single chain of 119 amino acids cross-linked by seven disulfide bridges and has a formula weight of 13,578. the main fragmentation of the peptide chain was accomplished with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. a cyanogen bromide fragment and tryptic peptides were used to align the five major ...	1996	1158892
developmental synchrony of ascogregarina taiwanensis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) within aedes albopictus (diptera: cuclicidae).	development of ascogregarina taiwanensis lien & levine was synchronized with its host, the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse). trophozoites of the parasite migrate to the malpighian tubules where the gamonts fuse to form gametocysts and later mature oocysts. in this study, we observed that water temperature, which alters the development time of mosquito larvae, also affected parasite development. a. taiwanensis developed in a shorter time at 29 degrees c, whereas at 14 degrees c, the ...	1996	8742523
genomic classification of fish nodaviruses by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene.	a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 25 isolates of fish nodaviruses, the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis of marine fish, was performed based on the nucleotide sequences (427 bases) of the coat protein gene. these fish nodaviruses were classified into four clusters: tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus, striped jack nervous necrosis virus, berfin flounder nervous necrosis virus, and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus.	1997	9097459
endogenous nitric oxide in the airways of different animal species.	high amounts of endogenous nitric oxide (no) have been demonstrated in the human upper airway, but the role of nasal no is still unclear. the present study aims to describe nasal no excretion in different animal species with special living conditions or anatomy.	1997	9366933
in vitro cultivation of wolbachia pipientis in an aedes albopictus cell line.	a continuous cell line, aa23, was established from eggs of a strain of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, naturally infected with the intracellular symbiont wolbachia pipientis. the resulting cell line was shown to be persistently infected with the bacterial endosymbiont. treatment with antibiotics cured the cells of the infection. in the course of establishing this cell line it was noticed that rflps in the pcr products of two wolbachia genes from the parental mosquitoes were fixed in ...	1997	9013253
nature and origin of polymorphism in feline mhc class ii dra and drb genes.	transcripts of the mhc class ii dra and drb gene homologues of the domestic cat (felis catus) were cloned and sequenced to compare the pattern and process of dr gene divergence. homologous drb exon 2 sequences from 36 feral domestic cats throughout the world plus from three species of felidae (tiger cat, iriomote cat, and geoffroy's cat) were also determined. limited variation in the domestic cat feca-dra gene was observed, but abundant variation in the feca-drb gene was seen comprising 61 disti ...	1997	9058818
distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers.	in light of recent canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemics, we set out to determine the historical significance of cdv infection in captive lions and tigers in switzerland. the retrospective case material consisted of 42 lion and tiger necropsy cases from 1972 to 1992. necropsy reports for all lions and tigers were reviewed. all existing paraffin tissues were immunohistochemically examined with a polyclonal antibody raised against cdv. the results for 19 of the 42 lions and tigers were classified ...	1997	9067652
demonstration of helicobacter pylori-like organisms in the gastric mucosa of captive exotic carnivores.	samples of gastric tissue from the cardiac, fundic and pyloric region of 30 carnivores comprising 12 tigers (panthera tigris), 10 lions (panthera leo), three pumas (felis concolor), two leopards (panthera pardus), one serval (felis serval), one wolf (canis lupus) and one hyena (crocuta crocuta) kept at german zoological gardens were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. selected tissue specimens of 12 animals were examined also by electron microscopy. the purpose of ...	1997	9076597
parasites of the asian tiger mosquito and other container-inhabiting mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) in northcentral florida.	seven microorganisms including 4 protozoans, 2 fungi, and a bacterium infected aedes albopictus (skuse) larvae collected from 12 counties in northecentral florida. ae albopictus and 14 other species of mosquitoes were collected from tires, flower-holding vases in cemeteries, other types of artificial containers, and treeholes. ascogregarina taiwanensis (lien & levine) was the most common parasite of ae. albopictus throughout the year. the microsporidium vavraia culicis (weiser) infected aedes ae ...	1997	9103767
effects of extracellular products of vibrio alginolyticus on penaeid prawn plasma components.	the effects of both crude extracellular products (ecp) and a partially purified protease of vibrio alginolyticus on the plasma components of kuruma prawn (penaeus japonicus) and tiger prawn (p. monodon) were studied using crossed immunoelectrophoresis (cie). a component of the plasma, tentatively identified as coagulogen, apparently disappeared after incubation with the ecp, while the amount of a component tentatively identified as haemocyanin decreased. the coagulogen and an unknown component ( ...	1997	9281857
aedes albopictus in the united states: ten-year presence and public health implications.	since its discovery in houston, texas, in 1987, the asian "tiger mosquito" aedes albopictus has spread to 678 counties in 25 states. this species, which readily colonizes container habitats in the peridomestic environment, was probably introduced into the continental united states in shipments of scrap tires from northern asia. the early pattern of dispersal followed the interstate highway system, which suggests further dispersal by human activities. the public health service act of 1988 require ...	1997	9284377
purification and characterization of a cysteine protease produced by pathogenic luminous vibrio harveyi.	the purification and characterization of an extracellular protease produced by pathogenic luminous vibrio harveyi strain 820514, originally isolated from diseased tiger prawn (penaeus monodon), was presented in this paper. the purification steps included ammonium sulfate precipitation, with columns of hydrophobic interaction chromatography and anion exchange on fast protein liquid chromatography. the protease is an alkaline cysteine protease, heat labile, inhibited by iodoacetamide, iodoacetic a ...	1997	9175557
random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers for determination of genetic variation in wild populations of the black tiger prawn (penaeus monodon) in thailand.	random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis was used to amplify the genome of black tiger prawns (penaeus monodon) to detect dna markers and assess the utility of the rapd method for investigating genetic variation in wild p. monodon in thailand. a total of 200 ten-base primers were screened, and 84 primers yielded amplification products. six positive primers that gave highly reproducible rapd patterns were selected for the analysis of three geographically different samples of thai p. monod ...	1997	9200837
a strain of calicivirus isolated from lions with vesicular lesions on tongue and snout.	in december 1992, 17 african lions and 7 siberian tigers in a safari park in japan became sick with characteristic clinical symptoms of acute vesicular formations on tongue and snout. the disease was highly contagious since all of these animals showed similar symptoms within two days after the onset of the first case. swabs were taken from affected animals in rubbing tongues, snouts and some from rectums. cytopathic viruses were isolated on crfk cell culture by virological tests. the physicochem ...	1997	9208424
immunocytochemical localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporters in the tiger salamander retina.	gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) plasma membrane transporters (gats) play an important role in regulating gaba neurotransmission in the nervous system. the distribution of two gats, gat 1 and gat 3, in salamander retina was investigated by using affinity-purified polyclonal antisera directed to the predicted c-terminals of rat gat 1 and rat gat 3. gat 1-immunoreactivity (-ir) was found in type ib and iib orthotopic bipolar cells (bcs) located in the distal and middle of the inner nuclear layer (in ...	1997	9390763
isolation and molecular identification of planctomycete bacteria from postlarvae of the giant tiger prawn, penaeus monodon.	bacteria phenotypically resembling members of the phylogenetically distinct planctomycete group of the domain bacteria were isolated from postlarvae of the giant tiger prawn, penaeus monodon. a selective medium designed in the light of planctomycete antibiotic resistance characteristics was used for this isolation. planctomycetes were isolated from both healthy and monodon baculovirus-infected prawn postlarvae. the predominant colony type recovered from postlarvae regardless of viral infection s ...	1997	8979353
the structure and precision of retinal spike trains.	assessing the reliability of neuronal spike trains is fundamental to an understanding of the neural code. we measured the reproducibility of retinal responses to repeated visual stimuli. in both tiger salamander and rabbit, the retinal ganglion cells responded to random flicker with discrete, brief periods of firing. for any given cell, these firing events covered only a small fraction of the total stimulus time, often less than 5%. firing events were very reproducible from trial to trial: the t ...	1997	9144251
thyroid hormone receptor genes of neotenic amphibians.	since thyroid hormones play a pivotal role in amphibian metamorphosis we used pcr to amplify dna fragments corresponding to a portion of the ligand-binding domain of the thyroid hormone receptor (tr) genes in several neotenic amphibians: the obligatory neotenic members of the family proteidea the mudpuppy necturus maculosus and proteus anguinus as well as two members of the facultative neotenic ambystoma genus: the axolotl ambystoma mexicanum and the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum. in addit ...	1997	9169551
passive immunization of the tiger prawn, penaeus monodon, using rabbit antisera to vibrio harveyi.	passive immunization, toxicity neutralization and the persistence of passive protection in the tiger prawn (penaeus monodon) were investigated using rabbit antisera to the formalinized extracellular products (ecp) (r alpha ecp) and/or formalinized bacterial cells (r alpha bc) of luminescent vibrio harveyi strain 820514 originally isolated from diseased tiger prawns. rabbit antiserum to bovine serum albumin (r alpha bsa) or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs, ph 7.2) both served as controls. the toxi ...	1997	9248078
[anatomo-functional consideration of an aponeurosis on the caudal radiocarpus in the tiger, lion and domestic cat (panthera tigris, panthera leo and felis catus)].	this study describes a strong aponeurosis on the caudal surface of the antebrachium, between the mm. flexoris and the m. pronator quadratus. this aponeurosis has not been experimentally validated. by dissection and macroscopic examination of formaldehyde-prepared material, and experimental surgical transection of the structure in f. catus, the aponeurosis is described and its functional capacity is determined. the origin of the aponeurosis is the facies caudalis, margo medialis of the radius and ...	1997	9454511
glucan-induced disease resistance in tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon).	non-specific disease resistance induced by yeast cell wall extract, beta-1,3-1,6-glucan, was demonstrated in the tiger shrimp. in this study beta-1,3-1,6-glucan was administered to shrimps by immersion before culturing and orally during the culturing period. challenge of the treated shrimps with the virulent pathogens, vibrio vulnificus and viral agents extracted from the white spot syndrome victims, yielded promising results. the tolerance of glucan-treated shrimps was slightly enhanced to stre ...	1997	9270870
genetic variation in asiatic lions and indian tigers.	previous reports have suggested that asiatic lions and tigers are highly inbred and exhibit very low levels of genetic variation. our analyses on these species have shown much higher degrees of polymorphism than reported. randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis of 38 asiatic lions, which exist as a single population in the gir forest sanctuary in india, shows an average heterozygosity of 25.82% with four primers. sperm motility studies by our colleagues corroborate this data. in india ...	1997	9378147
isolation and characterization of cyp6b4, a furanocoumarin-inducible cytochrome p450 from a polyphagous caterpillar (lepidoptera:papilionidae).	papilio glaucus (tiger swallowtail) is a generalist that rarely encounters plants containing furanocoumarins yet is constitutively capable of metabolizing low levels of these highly toxic allelochemicals. in larvae of this species, metabolism of linear (xanthotoxin, bergapten), and angular (angelicin, sphondin), furanocoumarins can be induced up to 30-fold by the presence of xanthotoxin in their diet. degenerate primers corresponding to conserved amino acid sequences in three insect p450s, musca ...	1997	9219364
rapid classical conditioning of odor response in a physiological model for olfactory research, the tiger salamander.	in recent years there have been a number of important advances in the understanding of cellular mechanisms related to olfactory function. hypotheses regarding the complex relationships among odorant structure, physiological activity and behavioral outcome generated by these findings, however, remain largely untested due to a paucity of psychophysical data on stimulus discrimination in the same experimental species. comparisons between behavioral and physiological responses are essential for eluc ...	1997	9218140
maintenance of the adh polymorphism in ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum (tiger salamanders). i. genotypic differences in time to metamorphosis in extreme oxygen environments.	populations of gilled tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) living in ephemeral ponds were studied in order to determine what evolutionary processes might be affecting genetic variation at the alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) locus. ponds frequently dried in late summer; salamanders that did not metamorphose and leave drying ponds died of desiccation. low levels of water oxygen significantly slowed metamorphosis of tiger salamanders in both natural and laboratory populations. adh- ss frequ ...	1997	16397643
response sensitivity and voltage gain of the rod- and cone-bipolar cell synapses in dark-adapted tiger salamander retina.	response sensitivity and voltage gain of the rod- and cone-bipolar cell synapses in dark-adapted tiger salamander retina. j. neurophysiol. 78: 2662-2673, 1997. rods, cones, and bipolar cells were recorded in superfused, flat-mounted isolated retinas of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum, under dark-adapted conditions. voltage responses of 24 rods, 15 cones, and 41 bipolar cells in dark-adapted retinas to 500 nm light steps of various intensities were listed and fitted with hyperboli ...	1997	9356416
differential effects of mate competition and mate choice on eastern tiger salamanders	male tiger salamanders, ambystoma tigrinum tigrinumare slightly larger in body size and have considerably higher and longer tails than females. to determine how these dimorphic traits affected reproductive performance and success, we conducted breeding trials using 12 males and six females per trial and monitored male-female and male-male interactions. larger males had an advantage in most aspects of mate competition investigated. males with higher tails had no advantage in either mate competiti ...	1997	9236030
interactions of androgens and estradiol on sex accessory ducts of larval tiger salamanders, ambystoma tigrinum.	immature tiger salamander larvae were treated with 12.5 or 25 micrograms of estradiol, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone (dht), or 12.5 micrograms of estradiol combined with 12.5 micrograms of either testosterone or dht. müllerian duct epithelium was more stimulated by combined steroid treatment than by any steroid alone. estradiol antagonized the action of dht in the wolffian duct. both of the androgens and estradiol when administered alone at the higher dose stimulated enlargement of connec ...	1997	9204368
[a brief discussion on ancient chinese infectious hospital and setting down for the patients with infectious diseases].	the medical care and treatment of patients with infectious diseases began in the yin-sang dynasty is the earliest in chinese character, indicating an idea of patients with infectious diseases kept in isolation ward. this character was found in bronze inscriptious dated 3350 years ago. in the spring and autumn period, isolation ward for infectious disease patients was mentioned in lun yu. in the qin dynasty, isolation ward for leprosy patients was mentioned by qinjian from yunmeng (cloudy dreams ...	1997	11618963
ampa-preferring receptors mediate excitatory synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells.	pharmacological studies were performed to determine whether alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazoleprionic acid (ampa)- and/or kainate (ka)-preferring receptors mediate excitatory synaptic inputs to tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells. excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs), evoked either by light or by stimulating bipolar cells with puffs of k+, were measured using whole cell recording techniques in the tiger salamander retinal slice. the ampa/ka component of the epscs was isolated by i ...	1997	9120596
l-glutamic acid decarboxylase- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive bipolar cells in tiger salamander retina are of on- and off-response types as inferred from lucifer yellow injection.	the bipolar cells in vertebrate retinas are considered to be excitatory in nature and use l-glutamate as their neurotransmitter. our earlier studies have provided evidence demonstrating that a small but significant population of orthotopic bipolar cells in salamander retina may be gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)ergic. in this work, the stratification levels of axon terminals in the inner plexiform layer (ipl) of single l-glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive (gad-ir) and gaba-immunoreactive ...	1997	9302111
phylogeny of north american cicindela tiger beetles inferred from multiple mitochondrial dna sequences.	tiger beetles in the genus cicindela (coleoptera: cicindelidae) have been used as a model system for studies in ecology and conservation biology. work on this group will greatly benefit from the availability of a phylogenetic hypothesis. we selected a representative sample of 23 north american cicindela and 6 outgroups to reconstruct a phylogeny based on 1896 nucleotide positions from three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase iii, and 16s rrna). cladistic analysis of these thre ...	1997	9299227
schizophrenia: a tameable tiger?		1997	9293280
restorative dental treatments of abraded canine teeth in a sumatran tiger (panthera tigris sumatrae).	a sumatran tiger had developed severely abraded canine teeth by biting on cage-bars. this resulted in weakening and marked sensitivity of the teeth. indications for, techniques of and complications of restorative dental treatments are described. the outcome of different restorative dental treatments indicates that endodontic treatment should be carried out first if the fracture of a weakened tooth is anticipated. to improve retention, the acid-etch technique is preferred in combination with macr ...	1997	9571900
[hallervorden-spatz disease].	based on the history of a 5-year-old boy, the clinical picture and the natural history of hallervorden-spatz disease are reviewed. in the past, the diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz disease has usually been made only post mortem. in the t2 weighted mri images "eye of the tiger" sign is seen. this is due to iron-accumulation in the pallidum and it makes the earlier, in vivo diagnosis of the disease possible.	1997	9441268
the typical 'tiger tail' pattern of the hair shaft in trichothiodystrophy may not be evident at birth.		1997	9072956
ecological origin of morphological diversity: a study of alternative trophic phenotypes in larval salamanders.	the role of ecological factors in promoting morphological diversity within and among species is an area of debate among evolutionary biologists. using morphological differences between sympatric species as evidence that competition promotes divergence (e.g., character displacement), has, in particular, drawn harsh criticism because morphological differences may have evolved during allopatry. in contrast to species, alternative phenotypes within a species have a common phylogenetic history, so di ...	1997	28568596
a case of local tissue necrosis following a bite by the australian tiger snake notechis scutatus.		1997	9193276
normative models and healthcare planning: network-based simulations within a geographic information system environment.	network analysis to integrate patient, transportation and hospital characteristics for healthcare planning in order to assess the role of geographic information systems (gis). a normative model of base-level responses of patient flows to hospitals, based on estimated travel times, was developed for this purpose.	1997	9180618
from the sway of the pleasure principle: ghost of a tiger.		1997	9211590
characterization of glutamate transporter function in the tiger salamander retina.	glutamate transporters in the tiger salamander retina were studied by autoradiographic and intracellular recording techniques. when the retina was incubated with 15 microm l-[3h]glutamate, photoreceptors and muller cells were labeled, indicating that these cells had high-affinity glutamate uptake transporters. a much higher dose of glutamate than kainate was required in the bath to produce the same membrane depolarization in horizontal cells (hcs), and the time course of glutamate-induced depola ...	1997	9156180
use of videofluoroscopy in zoo dentistry: endodontic procedure in a tiger.	videofluoroscopy was used as a radiographic technique to visualize a canine tooth during root canal therapy in a siberian tiger. videofluoroscopy was useful because the procedure was performed in a zoo setting with no access to an on-site darkroom. the fluoroscopic screen and videotape allowed for immediate viewing of the root canal system.	1997	9571894
photoperiodism and control of summer diapause in the mediterranean tiger moth cymbalophora pudica.	photoperiodic responses to both constant and changing photoperiods were studied in the mediterranean tiger moth cymbalophora pudica. embryos, larval instars and prepupae were all sensitive to photoperiod, and the responses of larvae and prepupae to changing photoperiods were similar. at 23+/-2 degrees c, constant 24-h photoperiods with short photophases (11, 12h) induced a long diapause (mean 88days) whereas long photophases (14, 16h) induced a short diapause (mean 52days). a change to a longer ...	1997	12770455
toxins isolated from the venom of the brazilian coral snake (micrurus frontalis frontalis) include hemorrhagic type phospholipases a2 and postsynaptic neurotoxins.	toxins isolated from the venom of the brazilian coral snake (micrurus frontalis frontalis) include hemorrhagic type phospholipases a2 and postsynaptic neurotoxins. toxicon 35, 1193-1203, 1997.-two sets of proteins have been purified from the venom of the brazilian coral snake, micrurus frontalis frontalis. one set has mol. wts, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), in the 8000-13,000 range and includes some proteins which are toxic to mice and others w ...	1997	9278969
towards taming the tiger: reflections on prothanasia: personal fulfillment and readiness to die.		1997	16729410
decoding visual information from a population of retinal ganglion cells.	decoding visual information from a population of retinal ganglion cells. j. neurophysiol. 78: 2336-2350, 1997. this work investigates how a time-dependent visual stimulus is encoded by the collective activity of many retinal ganglion cells. multiple ganglion cell spike trains were recorded simultaneously from the isolated retina of the tiger salamander using a multielectrode array. the stimulus consisted of photopic, spatially uniform, temporally broadband flicker. from the recorded spike trains ...	1997	9356386
phylogenetic analysis of slippage-like sequence variation in the v4 rrna expansion segment in tiger beetles (cicindelidae).	sequence variation in the middle part of the small-subunit rrna was studied for representatives of the major groups in the family cicindelidae (coleoptera). all taxa exhibited a much expanded segment in variable region v4 compared to d. melanogaster. this expanded segment was not found in other groups of beetles, including three taxa in the closely related carabidae. secondary structure predictions indicate that the expanded segment folds into a single stem-loop structure in all taxa. despite it ...	1997	9000749
behavioral response to ultrasound by the tiger beetle cicindela marutha dow combines aerodynamic changes and sound production.	tethered flying tiger beetles, cicindela marutha, respond to trains of bat-like ultrasonic pulses with a short-latency, multi-component behavior. the head rolls to one side, the metathoracic legs kick to the opposite side, the elytra swing backwards towards the hindwings and pronate, the hindwings increase their stroke excursion and frequency, and the plane of the hindwing motion tilts forward. in addition, the beetles produce trains of ultrasonic clicks typically containing 100-200 clicks in re ...	1997	9057313
a tympanal hearing organ in scarab beetles.	we describe the paired hearing organ of the scarab beetle euetheola humilis. the auditory structures of the beetle are typical of other insect ears in that they have a thinned tympanic membrane backed by a tracheal airsac with associated chordotonal sensory structures. the tympanic membranes of the beetle are part of its cervical membrane and are located behind the head, where the cervix attaches dorsally and laterally to the pronotum. each membrane is approximately 3 microns thick. the chordoto ...	1997	9057310
taming the paper tiger: computerized hazcom systems.		1997	10165569
impulse encoding mechanisms of ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina.	a study of nerve impulse generation in ganglion cells of the tiger salamander retina is carried out through a combination of experimental and analytic approaches, including computer simulations based on a single-compartment model. whole cell recordings from ganglion cells were obtained using a superfused retina-eyecup preparation and studied with pharmacological and electrophysiological techniques, including phase plot analysis. experimental efforts were guided by computer simulation studies of ...	1997	9325362
'tiger tail' pattern on polarized hair microscopic examination is found in healthy infants.		1997	9382577
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists evoke calcium waves in isolated müller cells.	glutamate is the most prominent excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina and brain. it has become clear that the physiology of many glial cells, including retinal müller cells, is modified by a host of neurotransmitters, including glutamate. the experiments presented here demonstrate that müller cells isolated from the tiger salamander retina have metabotropic glutamate receptors that, when activated, lead to the release of calcium ions (ca2+) from intracellular stores. the ca2+-sensitive fluor ...	1997	9336234
proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in steele-richardson-olszewski syndrome.	proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, localized to the lentiform nucleus, was carried out in nine patients with a clinical diagnosis of steele-richardson-olszewski syndrome (sro) and in eight healthy age-matched controls. three of the nine sro patients had a so-called "eye of the tiger sign" with high signal in the globus pallidus surrounded by a ring of low signal on t2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging previously only reported in hallervorden-spatz disease. one of these patients had pathol ...	1997	9380064
cdc takes a large tiger by the tail: how to handle post-exposure treatment. centers for disease control and prevention.	guidelines for post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) for occupational exposures and sexual and injection drug use exposures continue to be controversial. occupational exposures are usually single exposures, whereas sexual and drug use exposures may be the result of repeated exposures. occupational exposure risk is unavoidable for health care workers and pep can reduce the risk. patients for whom pep may be appropriate include rape victims, high-risk couples who have had risky sexual relations, and inj ...	1997	11364588
regulating reproductive technologies: panacea or paper tiger?		1997	12680374
gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-mediated current from bipolar cells in tiger salamander retinal slices.	about 10% of bipolar cells in salamander retina synthesize and take up gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), and may use gaba as a neurotransmitter. as gaba uptake is electrogenic, bipolar cells expressing gaba transporters (gats) should give transport current (igat) to extracellular gaba. using whole-cell patch recording, 28 bipolar cells responded to 30-200 microm gaba puffed to the axon terminals with a picrotoxin (ptx)-sensitive chloride current (ici) only. another three bipolar cells had, in addi ...	1998	12116699
physiology of drought tolerance and cold hardiness of the mediterranean tiger moth cymbalophora pudica during summer diapause.	prepupae of the arctiid moth cymbalophora pudica spend spring and summer months in a summer diapause (aestivation), the duration of which is photoperiodically controlled. cold hardiness, drought tolerance and some physiological and biochemical parameters were measured in aestivating prepupae. large amounts of metabolic reserves, in the form of lipids and glycogen, accumulated prior to aestivation. glycogen served as the main metabolic fuel for aestivating prepupae. metabolic rate decreased rapid ...	1998	12769889
cytochrome p450 and dependent activities in unexposed and pah-exposed terrestrial annelids.	the cytochrome p450 system of the oligochaetes eisenia f. fetida (tiger worm) and enchytraeus crypticus (pot worm) was analysed using ethoxy-, pentoxy- and benzoxyresorufin as substrates for monooxygenase activity. whole body microsomes of the earthworm e.f. fetida displayed pentrod activity in the range from 0.26 to 1.05 pmol mg protein-1 min-1 and benzrod activity in the range from 0.14 to 0.30 pmol mg protein-1 min-1. exposure of the animals for up to four weeks to 100 mg fluoranthene or benz ...	1998	9972476
let's at least look good. gop seen as proposing managed-care paper tiger.		1998	10180462
golf related head injuries in children: the little tigers.	head injury is a major cause of morbidity in western society and sport related incidents account for approximately 11% of all head injured patients attending accident and emergency departments. golf was shown to be one of the sports most commonly associated with head injury requiring referral to a regional neurosurgical centre. previous studies have demonstrated that it is predominantly children who sustain golf related head injuries which present either to an accident and emergency department o ...	1998	9854298
amino acid neurotransmitters in the retina: a functional overview.	physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of glutamatergic, gabaergic and glycinergic synapses in the tiger salamander retina were studied. we used immunocytochemical and autoradiographic methods to study localizations of these neurotransmitters and their uptake transporters; and electrophysiological methods (intracellular, extracellular and whole cell patch electrode recordings) to study the light responses, miniature postsynaptic currents and neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic currents i ...	1998	9667005
metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors regulate calcium channel currents in salamander retinal ganglion cells.	1. glutamate suppressed high-voltage-activated barium currents (iba, hva) in tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells. both ionotropic (iglur) and metabotropic (mglur) receptors contributed to this calcium channel inhibition. 2. trans-acpd (1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1s,3r-dicarboxylic acid), a broad-spectrum metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, suppressed a dihydropyridine-sensitive barium current. kainate, an ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist, reduced an omega-conotoxin gvia-sensitive cu ...	1998	9660896
rescuing healthcare from the paper tiger.		1998	10182975
metastatic malignant mesothelioma in a tiger (panthera tigris).	an 8-yr-old female tiger (panthera tigris) died following a 2-wk history of progressive depression, anorexia, respiratory insufficiency, and exercise intolerance. at the time of necropsy, numerous coalescing, 4-20-mm, tan, firm nodules were scattered throughout the pleural surfaces of the thoracic wall and the mediastinum, giving a velvety appearance to these surfaces. histologically, the nodules were diagnosed as malignant pleural mesothelioma. secondary metastasis to the regional tracheobronch ...	1998	9638633
protein kinases modulate two glycine currents in salamander retinal ganglion cells.	1. protein kinase modulation of glycine-activated currents was examined in acutely dissociated ganglion cells from tiger salamander retina using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. 2. glycine (100 microm) induced an outward chloride current in cells clamped at 0 mv. co-application of 50 microm forskolin made the glycine-induced current more transient. the combination of forskolin and glycine reduced the later portion of current response without changing the initial peak amplitude. 3. 3-isobutyl ...	1998	9518725
postsynaptic responses of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina are mediated by ampa-preferring receptors.	the postsynaptic responses of sign-preserving second-order retinal neurons (horizontal cells (hcs) and off-bipolar cells) are mediated by cnqx-sensitive ampa/ka glutamate receptors. in this study we used receptor-specific allosteric regulators of desensitization and selected antagonists to determine the glutamate receptor subtypes in tiger salamander horizontal cells. two approaches were employed in this study. the first was to measure postsynaptic currents induced by exogenously applied glutama ...	1998	9630565
envenoming and antivenom use in australia.	australia has a diverse and rich venomous fauna, both terrestrial and marine, including some of the most venomous species in each class. antivenom is the principal therapy for the majority of medically significant envenomings and is currently supplied through a single source, csl, melbourne. cases of envenoming reported to australian poisons information centers (pics) are dominated by spiderbite and insect stings, respectively accounting for 53.7% and 39.3% of all bite/sting calls. marine animal ...	1998	9792162
characterization of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents in salamander retinal ganglion cells.	spontaneous and light-evoked postsynaptic currents (spscs and lepscs, respectively) in retinal ganglion cells of the larval tiger salamander were recorded under voltage-clamp conditions from living retinal slices. the focus of this study is to characterize the spontaneous inhibitory pscs (sipscs) and their contribution to the light-evoked inhibitory pscs (leipscs) in on-off ganglion cells. sipscs were isolated from spontaneous excitatory pscs (sepscs) by application of 10 microm 6,7-dinitroquino ...	1998	9772236
a prominence account of syllable reduction in early speech development: the child's prosodic phonology of tiger and giraffe.	when young children produce multiword utterances and words that are polysyllabic in adult speech, they are most likely to omit unstressed syllables. because unstressed syllables are omitted more often in weak-strong (iambic) than in strong-weak (trochaic) environments, a trochaic metrical theory has been proposed to account for the asymmetrical omission pattern. this paper presents an alternative explanation based on the notion of relative prosodic prominence. i propose that syllable prominence ...	1998	9771638
severe rhabdomyolysis after tiger snake bite.		1998	9764082
sri lanka. political violence and ethnic conflict.	in recent years, sri lanka has experienced 2 violent rebellions in which youths have played a prominent role, 1 in the majority sinhala community and 1 in the minority tamil community. the former was crushed, but the latter remains ongoing, with the liberation tigers of tamil eelam, who claim to represent the tamil minority, battling the sinhala-dominated government. prospects for peace in the short- and medium term appear poor. these events have generated an impressive body of interdisciplinary ...	1998	9735059