Publications

a north american model to contain the spread of aedes albopictus through tire legislation.	the introduction, spread, and establishment of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, in the united states has been facilitated by used or waste tires. this species has not only caused considerable concern among public health officials but also highlighted that the growing accumulations of used tires are a serious solid waste problem and a challenge to the recycling industry. this paper illustrates how the state of illinois addressed the public health and solid waste problems associated wit ...	1995	8778655
nitric oxide synthase in tiger salamander retina.	previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide, a labile freely diffusible biological messenger synthesized by nitric oxide synthase, may modulate light transduction and signal transmission in the retina. in the present work, the large size of retinal cells in tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) allowed the utilization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph)-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry to delineate the cell-specific intracellular lo ...	1995	8550897
ancestry of an isolated subspecies of salamander, ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi lowe: the evolutionary significance of hybridization.	most phylogenetic systematists assume speciation results in dichotomously branching phylogenies. hybridization that gives rise to a new lineage can produce character homoplasty that might obscure a species' true history. we report the results of a restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation in three tiger salamander subspecies (ambystoma trigrinum mavortium, ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, and ambystoma trigrinum stebbinsi) and compare the results to studies of morphological ...	1995	7663764
separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial dna haplotypes in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	nonrandom associations of alleles or haplotypes with geographical location can arise from restricted gene flow, historical events (fragmentation, range expansion, colonization), or any mixture of these factors. in this paper, we show how a nested cladistic analysis of geographical distances can be used to test the null hypothesis of no geographical association of haplotypes, test the hypothesis that significant associations are due to restricted gene flow, and identify patterns of significant as ...	1995	7498753
individual responses to population size structure: the role of size variation in controlling expression of a trophic polyphenism.	we investigated how size structure affects development of alternative larval phenotypes in arizona tiger salamanders, ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, by testing the hypothesis that population size structure per se is a significant component of an individual's environment. larvae of this subspecies exhibit one of two feeding phenotypes; typical larvae eat zooplankton and macroinvertebrates and cannibalistic larvae feed primarily on conspecifics. previous laboratory experiments showed that larval de ...	1994	28307011
gating, selectivity and blockage of single channels activated by cyclic gmp in retinal rods of the tiger salamander.	1. patches in the inside-out configuration were excised from the membrane of outer and inner segments of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. the current flowing through single channels opened by cyclic gmp was studied with the voltage clamp technique. 2. amplitude histograms of current recordings from patches containing only one flickering channel, excised from the inner segment and in the presence of 100 microm cyclic gmp, could be fitted by a theoretical scheme in which the single ...	1994	7516427
aquatic prey transport and the comparative kinematics of ambystoma tigrinum feeding behaviors	four definable feeding behaviors used during the metamorphic life history of tiger salamanders are terrestrial prey capture and transport (as adults) and aquatic prey capture and transport (as larvae). previous studies have focused primarily on the first three of these behaviors and thus aquatic prey transport is poorly understood. these studies have indicated that terrestrial prey capture has unique kinematic and motor patterns, whereas the other behaviors are quite similar to one another. usin ...	1994	9317549
the composition and function of the pulmonary surfactant system during metamorphosis in the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum.	mammalian lungs secrete a mixture of surface-active lipids (surfactant), which greatly reduces the surface tension of the fluid coating the inner lung surface, thereby reducing the risk of collapse upon deflation and increasing compliance upon inflation. during foetal lung maturation, these lipids become enriched in the primary and active ingredient, a disaturated phospholipid. however, disaturated phospholipids exist in their inactive gel-like form at temperatures below 37 degrees c and thus ar ...	1994	7983248
jamming bat echolocation: the dogbane tiger moth cycnia tenera times its clicks to the terminal attack calls of the big brown bat eptesicus fuscus.	certain tiger moths emit high-frequency clicks to an attacking bat, causing it to break off its pursuit. the sounds may either orient the bat by providing it with information that it uses to make an attack decision (aposematism) or they may disorient the bat by interrupting the normal flow of echo information required to complete a successful capture (startle, jamming). at what point during a bat's attack does an arctiid emit its clicks? if the sounds are aposematic, the moth should emit them ea ...	1994	7964403
[changes in the lungs in mice caused by migration of toxocara canis larvae].	the influence of t. canis larvae migration on the lung tissue of paratenic host (inbred mice, strain c57bl6/j) was evaluated. first macroscopic manifestation was already observed on day 2 in the time of the highest larval recovery. larvae entering the lung tissue caused numerous small extravasations. their migration from the lungs was manifested from day 6 with an increase in the number and extent of extravasations. the lungs assumed tiger spot appearance (fig. 1). the larval recovery was decrea ...	1994	7863576
the expression of vimentin in satellite cells of regenerating skeletal muscle in vivo.	the expression of the intermediate filament protein, vimentin, was studied in skeletal muscle during a cycle of degeneration and regeneration. venom from the australian tiger snake, notechis scutatus scutatus, was used to initiate the breakdown of the soleus muscle of young, mature rats in vivo. cryosections and western blots of muscle samples were labelled using antibodies to vimentin, and examined at fixed time points after venom injection. vimentin was absent in control adult muscle fibres, b ...	1994	7896567
aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis.	canine distemper (cd) is a frequently fatal, systemic morbillivirus infection in the dog and other carnivores: encephalomyelitis is the common cause of death. susceptibility to canine distemper virus (cdv) is now recognized in a wide range of non-domestic animals, most recently in captive lions, tigers and leopards. furthermore, closely related viruses have produced cd-like diseases in marine mammals. cdv induces an inclusion-body encephalomyelitis in the dog and demyelination is often a conspic ...	1994	7898614
parasites of south african freshwater fish. vi. nematode parasites of some fish species in the kruger national park.	the nematode parasites of 30 spot-tailed robbers, brycinus imberi, five tiger-fish, hydrocynus vittatus, 77 large-scaled yellowfish. barbus marequensis, two mudsuckers, labeo molybdinus, 114 catfish, clarias gariepinus, 46 silver barbel, schilbe intermedius, 66 squeakers, synodontis zambezensis, three eels, anguilla spp., 83 mozambique bream, oreochromis mossambicus, 81 red-breasted bream, tilapia rendalli swierstrae and 32 large-mouthed bream, serranochromis meridianus, caught in the sabie, cro ...	1994	7898896
replacement of the natural wolbachia symbiont of drosophila simulans with a mosquito counterpart.	inherited rickettsial symbionts of the genus wolbachia occur commonly in arthropods and have been implicated in the expression of parthenogenesis, feminization and cytoplasmic incompatibility wolbachia from the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, to replace the natural infection of drosophila simulans by means of embryonic microinjection techniques. the transferred wolbachia infection behaves like a natural drosophila infection with regard to its inheritance, cytoskeleton interactions and ab ...	1994	7906391
parasites of wild felidae in thailand: a coprological survey.	ninety-two fecal samples were collected from leopards (panthera pardus, n = 54), tigers (p. tigris, n = 19), and leopard cats (felis bengalensis, n = 3) in huai kha wildlife sanctuary, thailand; four samples that may have come from clouded leopards (neofelis nebulosa) or asian golden cats (felis temminicki) were identified as from small to medium cats. twelve samples were identified as from large cats. samples preserved in 10% formalin were examined for parasite eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts ...	1994	7933301
canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in north america.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infection occurred in captive leopards (panthera pardus), tigers (panthera tigris), lions (panthera leo), and a jaguar (panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. an epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the wildlife waystation, san fernando, california, with 17 mortalities. cdv-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. two black leopards died at the naibi zoo, coal valley, illinois, and 2 tigers died at the shambala preserve, acton, calif ...	1994	7948195
immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) hemocytes for generation of microbicidal substances: analysis of reactive oxygen species.	nbt staining was used to determine the presence of superoxide anions (o2-) produced by tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) hemocytes attached to a coverslip. when cells were treated with beta-glucan, blue granules were observed in 41% of studied hemocyte cytoplasm. for zymosan-treated, pma-treated, and control cells, the percentages of hemocytes showing similar blue granules were 31, 9, and 5%, respectively. a comparison of stimulative effects on 15 hemocyte suspensions, each collected from a single ...	1994	8001699
laboratory study of predation by solenopsis invicta (hymenoptera: formicidae) on eggs of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	the red imported fire ant, solenopsis invicta buren, punctured and fed on the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse), eggs in the laboratory. the presence and actions of the ants, especially the minima workers, reduced the hatching of egg populations.	1994	7966185
studies on the formation of perceptually based basic-level categories in young infants.	a series of experiments examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants to form categorical representations to exemplars of natural kinds--cats and horses. these experiments also permitted assessment of the relative exclusivity of these representations--the extent to which they exclude exemplars from contrasting basic-level categories from the same superordinate category. we found that categorical representations could be formed for horses that excluded cats, zebras, and giraffes, and for c ...	1994	8045176
[bacterial infections in felines in zoological gardens].	the significance of selected bacterial infections of felines in zoological gardens is discussed. anthrax and malleus are in germany of historical interest only, tuberculosis went down very strongly. isolated cases of pseudotuberculosis must be expected in future. infections with bacteria of the genera chlamydia, pasteurella and of the family enterobacteriaceae are also considered. the significance of clostridium perfringens in the so called tiger disease is discussed.	1994	8129702
sodium channels aggregate at former synaptic sites in innervated and denervated regenerating muscles.	the role of innervation in the establishment and regulation of the synaptic density of voltage-activated na channels (nachs) was investigated at regenerating neuromuscular junctions. rat muscles were induced to degenerate after injection of the australian tiger snake toxin, notexin. the loose-patch voltage clamp technique was used to measure the density and distribution of nachs on muscle fibers regenerating with or without innervation. in either case, new myofibers formed within the original ba ...	1994	8294497
myotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom in the dog.	the myotoxicity and neurotoxicity of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom are major factors in the pathogenesis of envenomation in the dog. histological examination of the tissues of experimentally envenomed dogs has demonstrated the importance of muscle damage in affecting the clinical syndrome of tiger snake envenomation. within one hour of injection of the venom into dogs, there was selective involvement of some muscles. cardiac and smooth muscles were not significantly affected. the ...	1994	8067946
common tiger snake envenomation in dogs and mice--relationship between the amount of venom injected and the onset of clinical signs.	common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom was injected into mice and dogs at various dose rates calculated on the known lethal dose (ld) for each species. the larger the dose of venom, the earlier was the onset of clinical signs and the more rapid and severe the course of the disease in both species. in dogs injected with 32 ld of venom, there was sudden collapse and death in about one hour from the time of injection without recovery from premonitory depression and before mydriasis occurred. ...	1994	8067944
some toxicity thresholds for the clinical effects of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) envenomation in the dog.	common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom was administered experimentally to dogs at doses from 0.25 lethal dose (ld) to 20 ld. haemolysis and increased creatine kinase values occurred rapidly after injection of sublethal (subparalytic) doses, but the clotting time of blood was extended and blood became incoagulable only when dogs were dosed with 10 ld or more of venom. haemolysis, although of a low threshold of toxicity, was not severe and should not greatly affect the lethality of the venom ...	1994	8067945
aedes albopictus in mexico.	data relating to the discovery and identification of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, in coahuila state, mexico, are presented. infestations are reported for piedras negras and ciudad acuña. samples from a third community were negative for ae. albopictus.	1994	8965073
the people and the tiger.	wildlife protection activities in ranthambhore in rajasthan state in 1993, and conditions of overpopulation and expanded grazing were described. project tiger is an ambitious program begun in the 1970s to protect the habitat of the tiger in ranthambhore national park. forest park protection is limited by corrupt, poorly trained staff, who are unmotivated to protect the established sanctuaries. tiger counts declined from 45 in the 1980s to 25 in 1993. between 1988 and 1993, the ranthambhore f ...	1994	12318865
cyclic amp regulation of tylosin biosynthesis and secondary metabolism in streptomyces fradiae.	adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate seems to regulate antibiotic biosynthesis and secondary metabolism in tylosin-producing cultures of streptomyces fradiae c373.1. a dose-dependent response is observed by exogenous additions of dibutyryl cyclic amp (camp), and is related to the nutritional status of the culture. addition of camp to cultures growing in nutritionally lean media caused higher cumulative antibiotic tigers and some cellular differentiation compared with the control. in nutritionall ...	1994	18618744
taming the tiger: the economics of health care reform.		1994	10133328
taming the tiger. the economics of health care reform: an h&hn study.	though legislators, regulators and policy-makers have tried to control it for years, health care spending continues to spiral out of control. the question is: will federal health care reform tame it? using a specially developed survey of health care providers, contributing editor alden solovy has developed an analysis of various economic scenarios coming out of the reform process.	1994	8111446
effects of different leaf traits on growth rates of insect herbivores on willows.	we examined relative effects of traits of leaf quality of ten willow species (salix: salicaceae) on growth rates of five species of insect herbivores found in interior alaska (a willow sawfly, nematus calais; the tiger swallowtail butterfly, papilio canadensis; and three species of chrysomelid beetles, gonioctena occidentalis, calligrapha verrucosa, and chrysomela falsa). leaf traits examined were water content, toughness, total nitrogen contnet, pubescence, and presence or absence of phenolic g ...	1994	28307038
dopamine enhances a glutamate-gated ionic current in off bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina.	the transmitter glutamate is thought to be used by all vertebrate photoreceptors to drive the second-order neurons of the retina, horizontal and bipolar neurons. dopamine, an endogenous retinal neurotransmitter localized to amacrine and interplexiform cells, has previously been shown to enhance glutamate-gated currents in retinal horizontal cells. in the present study we demonstrate that bipolar cells, like horizontal cells, possess glutamate receptors that are modulated by dopamine. we then ide ...	1994	7931565
a metrical template account of children's weak syllable omissions from multisyllabic words.	young children learning english as well as many other languages frequently omit weakly stressed syllables from multisyllabic words. in particular, they are more likely to omit weak syllables from word-initial positions than from word-internal or -final positions. for example, the weak syllable of a weak-strong (ws) word like giraffe is much more likely to be omitted than the weak syllable of a sw word like tiger. three hypotheses for this omission pattern have been offered. in two, children's we ...	1994	7852473
a novel gaba receptor modulates synaptic transmission from bipolar to ganglion and amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina.	we investigated the mechanisms underlying the modulation of transmitter release from bipolar cells. three currents, measured under whole-cell patch clamp in the tiger salamander retinal slice, were used to identify the sites of modulation and to establish their pharmacological profile. (1) a light-elicited inhibitory current was measured in bipolar cells that could be blocked by picrotoxin. this input probably arrives via gabaergic amacrine cells since there is high gaba sensitivity at the bipol ...	1994	7907138
mechanism of ba2+ block of m-like k channels of rod photoreceptors of tiger salamanders.	ikx is a voltage-dependent k+ current in the inner segment of rod photoreceptors that shows many similarities to m-current. the depression of ikx by external ba2+ was studied with whole-cell voltage clamp. ba2+ reduced the conductance and voltage sensitivity of ikx tail currents and shifted the voltage range over which they appeared to more positive potentials. these effects showed different sensitivities to ba2+: conductance was the least sensitive (k0.5 = 7.6 mm), voltage dependence intermedia ...	1994	8169597
[hair dysplasia in oculo-dento-digital syndrome. apropos of a mother-daughter case].	oculo-dento-digital syndrome (sodd) as defined by meyer-schwickerath in 1957 is a rare entity (84 cases) which belongs to ectodermal dysplasias. it consists of: the characteristic features (long face, pinched nose); syndactyly; ocular, dental and bone abnormalities. this entity is usually transmitted on the autosomal dominant mode. we report two cases (a mother and daughter) with polymalformations which we classed as sodd. furthermore, agenesis of lacrimal duct and genitourinary abnormalities we ...	1994	7793757
nbqx suppresses inhibitory glycine currents in retinal ganglion cells.	the quinoxaline nbqx (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (f) quinoxaline) is a potent non-nmda receptor antagonist, which appears to be relatively free of antagonistic action at the glycine binding site of the nmda receptor. however, we report here that at 50 microm, nbqx significantly attenuated the inhibitory currents induced by the exogenous application of 100 microm glycine as observed using whole-cell recordings from ganglion cells in a slice preparation of the tiger salamander retina. ...	1994	7529589
modulation of ion channels in rod photoreceptors by nitric oxide.	subcellular compartments in the outer retina of the larval tiger salamander were identified as likely sites of production of nitric oxide (no), a recently recognized intercellular messenger. nadph diaphorase histochemistry and no synthase immunocytochemistry labeled photoreceptor ellipsoids and the distal regions of bipolar and glial cells apposing photoreceptor inner segments, suggesting a role for no in visual processing in the outer retina. we investigated the actions of no on several rod pho ...	1994	7520253
saving the tiger in the wild.		1994	8196759
evolution and phylogenetic information content of the its-1 region in the tiger beetle cicindela dorsalis.	sequence divergence in the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (its-1) of the ribosomal dna locus was assessed in subspecies of the coastal north american tiger beetle, cicindela dorsalis. the spacer region was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned for sequencing. of a total of 50 clones obtained from 12 specimens, 42 clones were different in at least one nucleotide position. in a parsimony analysis of these sequences, the main phylogenetic distinction was found to separate s ...	1994	8015434
meniscal ossification. ii. the normal pattern in the tiger knee.	examination of knee menisci of bengal tigers revealed ossicles within the cartilaginous anterior horn of each medial meniscus. this ossification was not evident in the neonatal animal, but was present in animals aged 20 months or older. the ossicle appeared prior to the completion of skeletal maturation at the knee, and was composed of normal remodeling trabecular bone. while most animals had a single, variably sized ossicle, multiple ossicles also occurred. the meniscal cartilage apposed to the ...	1994	7517071
counter-transport of potassium by the glutamate uptake carrier in glial cells isolated from the tiger salamander retina.	1. to investigate the transport of potassium on the glutamate uptake carrier, the glutamate uptake current in isolated retinal müller cells was monitored by whole-cell clamping, while measuring changes of potassium concentration outside the cells ([k+]o) with an ion-sensitive microelectrode. 2. activating glutamate uptake led to an accumulation of potassium outside the cells, consistent with the hypothesis, based on less direct evidence, that the glutamate uptake carrier transports potassium out ...	1994	7837095
miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina.	the synapse between photoreceptor and bipolar cell is important for at least three reasons: (1) it is the first synapse in the visual pathway; (2) it is the best-known tonic chemical synapse; and (3) it has perhaps the most complex and highly organized synaptic morphology in the entire brain. yet little is known about how neurotransmitter is released from this synapse. we present in this report evidence which suggests that the release of photoreceptor neurotransmitter, presumably glutamate, is p ...	1994	7975276
a novel gaba receptor on bipolar cell terminals in the tiger salamander retina.	we studied the pharmacology of the gaba receptors on bipolar cell terminals in the retinal slice preparation. whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from the somas of bipolar cells and gaba was puffed near their terminals, after synaptic transmission was blocked. gaba puffs evoked a large chloride current that was reduced by picrotoxin, but in many cells this current was insensitive to blockade by the competitive gabaa receptor antagonists bicuculline and sr95531. pentobarbital, an enhancer ...	1994	8120620
using molecular and ecological data to diagnose endangered populations of the puritan tiger beetle cicindela puritana.	populations of the puritan tiger beetle cicindela puritana in the eastern united states were found to be highly threatened at the connecticut river, whereas several large populations on the western shore and newly discovered populations on the eastern shore of the chesapeake bay appeared to be less endangered. we assessed if the disjunct c. puritana subgroups are genetically distinct and therefore should be treated as separate units for conservation purposes. a total of 13 individuals from the c ...	1993	7909261
national project aimed at making it the leading tiger.		1993	17789929
interfacing u.s. census map files with statistical graphics software: application and use in epidemiology.	in 1990, the united states bureau of the census released detailed geographic map files known as tiger/line (topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing). the tiger files, accessible through purchase or federal repository libraries, contain 24 billion characters of data describing various geographic features including coastlines, hydrography, transportation networks, political boundaries, etc. for the entire united states. many of these physical features are of potential interest ...	1993	8272673
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist binding in tiger salamander nasal cavity.	binding of the iodinated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) agonist, buserelin, was examined in the nasal cavities of tiger salamanders using in vitro autoradiography. binding of [125i]buserelin was seen within the chemosensory epithelium of the main nasal cavity and jacobson's (vomeronasal) organ. highest levels of binding were observed over the chemosensory neuron dendrites. given the apparent lack of gnrh-immunoreactive fibers within the chemosensory epithelium as we have observed in a pre ...	1993	8247354
phylogeographic patterns in coastal north american tiger beetles (cicindela dorsalis say) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences.	genetic variation was assessed in the tiger beetle, cicindela dorsalis, by sequencing of three regions of the mtdna genome. populations of four morphologically distinguishable subspecies were sampled from 28 representative locations covering almost the entire geographic range of the species in coastal north america. in 78 individuals analyzed for 656 base pairs from four different genes, 17 different haplotypes could be distinguished. a cladistic analysis grouped the haplotype sequences into two ...	1993	28564287
double-label analyses of the coexistence of somatostatin with gaba and glycine in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	to investigate the possible gabaergic nature of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the larval tiger salamander retina, somatostatin immunocytochemistry was combined with either gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of gaba high-affinity uptake. a total of 1,062 somatostatin cells were visualized in these studies. double-label immunocytochemistry revealed that 96.3% of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells expressed gaba immunoreactivity. double-label studies combi ...	1993	8104080
effects of gaba on horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina.	application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) slows down the horizontal cell response time course (hcrrt) and induces membrane depolarization in horizontal cells (hcs) after synaptic inputs are blocked by co2+. we present evidence that suggests both effects are probably mediated by gabaa receptors which open chloride channels in the hc membrane. in any given concentration of gaba, ranged from 0 to 100 microm, the hc membrane potential (vhc) in saturating light and in the presence of 100 microm c ...	1993	8333157
neutralization of tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom by serum from other australian elapids.	sera from four australian elapids and one boidid (python) were tested for their ability to protect neonatal mice against the toxic action of tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom. of the five serum samples tested, only serum from pseudechis australis and pseudechis porphyriacus were capable of neutralizing the tiger snake venom. in addition, neutralization was shown to be highly variable within serum taken from individual snakes of the same species (p. porphyriacus). previously, only viperid and ...	1993	8212036
synaptic transmission from rods to rod-dominated bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina.	synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and bipolar cells was studied in dark-adapted tiger salamander retinas. based on the relative light sensitivity, bipolar cells, either depolarizing (dbc) or hyperpolarizing (hbc), fell into two groups: one receives inputs primarily from rods (rod-dominated bipolar cells, dbcr and hbcr) and the other receives inputs primarily from cones (cone-dominated bipolar cells, dbcc and hbcc). the input-output relations of the rod-dbcr and rod-hbcr synapses were ...	1993	8186975
relative contribution of rod and cone inputs to bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina.	1. the relative contribution of rod and cone inputs to bipolar and ganglion cells were studied by comparing the response-irradiance relations, spectral sensitivities, and response waveforms of these neurons recorded from the isolated, flat-mounted tiger salamander retina under dark-adapted conditions. 2. bipolar cells could be differentiated both on the basis of the polarity of the light response and on their relative rod/cone input. thus some depolarizing bipolar cells appeared more strongly in ...	1993	8350133
a new case of isolated trichothiodystrophy.	we describe a new case of isolated trichothiodystrophy. this entity is characterized by sparse and brittle hair, low sulfur hair content, tiger tail pattern of the hair under polarizing microscopy, clean transverse fractures through the hair shaft and absent or defective hair cuticles. to our knowledge there are only two reported cases of isolated trichothiodystrophy without associated additional ectodermal or neuroectodermal dysplasias. polarized microscopy of cut hair showed transverse fractur ...	1993	8453147
characterization of the glutamate transporter in retinal cones of the tiger salamander.	l-glutamate elicits an inwardly rectifying current at hyperpolarized potentials in isolated retinal cones of the tiger salamander, as measured under whole-cell patch clamp. evidence presented in this article supports the notion that cones possess a high-affinity glutamate transporter. this glutamate-elicited current shows no desensitization over a period of several minutes, and has an affinity (km) of 10 microm. the inward current is mimicked by the amino acids l-aspartate, d-aspartate, l-cystea ...	1993	8093715
identification of glutamate receptor subtypes mediating inputs to bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina.	1. the effects of glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists on bipolar cells and ganglion cells were studied with the use of intracellular and extracellular recording in the superfused, isolated, flat-mounted tiger salamander retina. the goal of the experiments was to correlate glutamate receptor subtypes with their localization at specific synaptic sites in the tiger salamander retina. the drugs tested were the kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (ampa) receptor a ...	1993	7688801
taming the paper tiger.		1993	8334400
contribution of the ciliary cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance to olfactory transduction in the salamander.	1. flash photolysis of caged cyclic nucleotides was used to examine the contribution of the ciliary cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance to olfactory transduction in the tiger salamander. brief illumination of solitary olfactory receptor cells loaded with 100 microm caged cyclic amp caused a large inward current (peak amplitude 355 +/- 200 pa; mean +/- s.d. for eleven cells) under whole-cell voltage clamp at -50 mv. 2. the photolysis response was initiated after a latency of 4-12 ms, whereas an o ...	1993	8392566
synaptic organization of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina.	the ultrastructural features and synaptic interactions of tyrosine hydroxylase-like-immuno-reactive amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina were examined using routine immunoelectron microscopy. the somas of tyrosine hydroxylase-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells were immunostained evenly throughout their cytoplasm. their nuclei were generally unstained and possessed indented nuclear membranes. the processes of tyrosine hydroxylase-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells were homogeneous ...	1993	8098517
quantitative analyses of the coexistence of gamma-aminobutyric acid in substance p-amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	the present study was performed as part of a systematic examination of gamma-aminobutyric acid's (gaba) coexistence with other classical transmitters and neuropeptides in neuronal populations of the larval tiger salamander retina. substance p immunocytochemistry was combined with either gaba immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of high-affinity gaba uptake to examine for the presence of gaba in substance p-amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina. double-label analyses revealed two ...	1993	7680935
[contribution of nuclear magnetic imaging in the diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz syndrome].	the manifestations of the hallervorden-spatz disease (hsd) usually appear during childhood or in adults. they are not specific and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) has improved its diagnosis.	1993	8507137
the permeability of the cgmp-activated channel to organic cations in retinal rods of the tiger salamander.	1. the permeability of the channel activated by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cgmp) to many organic monovalent cations was determined by recording macroscopic currents in excised inside-out patches of plasma membrane from isolated retinal rod outer segments of the tiger salamander. 2. current-voltage relations were measured when the nacl of the bathing medium was replaced by salts of organic cations. permeability ratios relative to na+ ions were calculated with the goldman-hodgkin-katz p ...	1993	7683718
tiger cubs and little flowers.	short vignettes are related to show the conditions for girls and women in morocco. descriptions are given for child labor, literacy, the government's education campaign, youth group efforts to enhance family planning (fp) knowledge, the impact of fp outreach in rural areas, and unmarried mothers. in morocco's cities, young boys can be seen hawking cigarettes and working in market stalls; in the countryside, boys herd goats or do other farm work. in rural areas girls are hidden by having them ...	1993	12318178
proteins isolated from the venom of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus) promote hypotension and hemorrhage.	notechis scutatus scutatus venom contains several toxic acidic proteins called hta-i which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. they have apparent mol. wts in the 18,000-21,000 range, i.v. ld50 values between 0.5 and 1.5 micrograms/g, and no detectable phospholipase, arginine esterase, proteolytic or hemolytic activities. a polyclonal antibody raised against htg binds to other purified proteins, suggesting that they are isoforms of the same protein. many other elapid crude venoms contain ...	1993	8503133
aedes albopictus: the tyre-travelling tiger.		1993	8370933
hallervorden-spatz disease: mr and pathologic findings.	to compare the mr findings of eight cases with clinical diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz disease (hsd) with the pathologic findings of two other cases of hsd.	1993	8427079
peripheral projections of nervus terminalis lhrh-containing neurons in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	the peripheral projections of the nervus terminalis (nt) have been difficult to examine due to the weak immunoreactivity of the processes to various antibodies. we performed two experimental manipulations in the tiger salamander in an attempt to increase the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (lhrh-ir) labelling in the peripheral processes of the nt:1) the nt was sectioned centrally, or 2) a 100 mg melatonin pellet was embedded subcutaneously for 3 days prior to sacrifice. foll ...	1993	8364959
mammalian spinal biomechanics. i. static and dynamic mechanical properties of intact intervertebral joints.	four-point bending was used to apply pure extension and flexion moments to the ligamentous lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle of monkey (macaca fascicularis), rabbit (domestic and wild, oryctolagus cuniculus), badger (meles meles), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), sheep (ovis aries), seal (phoca vitulina) and tiger (panthera tigris). the absolute ranges of angular change in lumbar-lumbar joints (from x-radiographs) were considerable and similar in monkey and wallaby (greater in flexion) a ...	1993	8440968
mammalian spinal biomechanics. ii. intervertebral lesion experiments and mechanisms of bending resistance.	three-point cyclic bending was applied to intervertebral joint complexes (three vertebrae with two intervertebral discs) of monkey (macaca fascicularis), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), tiger (panthera tigris), jaguar (panthera onca) and seal (halichoerus grypus). force-displacement loops were recorded for intact specimens in both extension and flexion. reductions in peak forces at given displacements were measured, following lesions of ventral ligaments, superspinous ligaments, interspin ...	1993	8440969
[chronic gastritis caused by ollulanus tricuspis (leuckart, 1865) in a tiger].	a chronic gastritis caused by an infestation with o. tricuspis is described. the differential-diagnostic importance of this parasitosis in chronic maldigestive diseases is emphasized. conventional coproscopic diagnostic procedures fail as the life cycle of the parasite is confined to the gastrum of the host.	1993	8457185
aedes albopictus in europe: a new challenge for dermatologists.	a patient is reported who was bitten by aedes albopictus, commonly known as tiger mosquito. the biology of the insect, originally living in the forests of southeastern asia, and its role in transmitting exotic infectious agents is discussed. up to this day, only albania and northern italy have been colonized, but the biologic characteristics of the insect make its spreading all over europe highly probable, unless serious attempts to eradicate it are quickly undertaken. dermatologists should thin ...	1993	8324281
notechis scutatus venom increases the yield of proliferating muscle cells from biopsies of normal and dystrophic canine muscle--a possible source for myoblast transfer studies.	the injection of 1 micrograms notechis scutatus (australian tiger snake) venom (notexin) induces localized necrosis in the muscles of normal and dystrophic dogs. biopsies taken from the muscles on the second day of postnecrotic regeneration provide about 8-16 x 10(6) cells capable of proliferation per g tissue, about 100 fold more than the untreated adult dog muscles. muscle specific markers, such as the capacity of the cells to fuse, surface labelling with n-cam antibodies (leu-19 and 5.1.h11), ...	1993	8329886
effects of prolactin, growth hormone, and triiodothyronine on prolactin receptors in larval and adult tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum).	the effects of porcine growth hormone (pgh) or ovine prolactin (oprl) alone and in combination with triiodothyronine (t3) on renal prl receptors were determined in both pre- and post-metamorphic tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum). the protein hormones were given at a dose of 1.0 micrograms/gm body weight/day and the t3 was given at 10.0 ng/gm body weight/day. the duration of treatment was 7 days. effects on growth, and plasma thyroid hormone levels were also determined. ovine prl increased g ...	1993	8354992
chronic cryptosporidiosis in australian elapid snakes: control of an outbreak in a captive colony.	an outbreak of chronic cryptosporidiosis resulting in hypertrophic gastritis occurred in a captive colony of australian elapid snakes. two species of the genus notechis were involved: notechis ater (black tiger snake) and notechis scutatus (eastern or mainland tiger snake). the infection was eventually fatal in all 9 affected snakes. typical histopathological findings of the stomach included mucosal thickening with cystic dilatation of gastric glands, moderate oedema and fibrosis of the lamina p ...	1993	8216094
measurements of faecal oestradiol and progesterone in non-pregnant and pregnant domestic and exotic cats.	faecal samples collected for variable periods from 12 animals and five species of cats were assayed for progesterone and oestradiol content by application of standard radioimmunoassays to aliquots (50 microliters) of methanol extracts (4 ml) of a mixture of 0.5 g sample, 0.5 ml water and 1 g aluminium oxide, following partitioning of the total extract with petroleum ether (3 ml), further dilution of assay aliquots and drying. recoveries averaged 100 and 72% for oestradiol and progesterone, respe ...	1993	8229917
a comparative study on the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venoms.	1. the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snakes (notechis scutatus) were compared. 2. the lethality, procoagulant activity and enzymatic activities of the juvenile venom were not substantially different from those of the adult venom. 3. electrophoretic studies, however, indicated some minor differences in the protein composition of the juvenile and adult venoms.	1993	8281760
toxic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on the tiger prawn, penaeus monodon.	the toxic effects of linear alkybenzene sulfonate (las) on the larvae and juveniles of tiger prawn penaeus monodon were tested. the 24-hr lc50 values of las were 0.06, 0.10, and 3.11 ppm for the zoea 2nd substage, mysis 2nd substage (m2), and postlarva 12th substage (pl12) of the tiger prawn, respectively. the 48-hr lc50 values of las were 0.07, 1.03, and 4.36 ppm for m2, pl12, and postlarva 15th substage of the tiger prawn, respectively. the hepatopancreatic glutathione (gsh) in juvenile tiger ...	1993	7507819
structural description of agrammatic comprehension.	the trace-deletion hypothesis (grodzinsky, 1990) holds that the comprehension deficit apparent in most agrammatic aphasics results from the absence of traces at the level of s-structure. this paper reports a test of this hypothesis in a case study of an agrammatic aphasic. two experiments--one using a sentence-picture matching task, one using the truth-value judgment task-examined the comprehension of the matrix clause in center-embedded relatives such as, the tiger that chased the lion is big. ...	1993	8269331
modulation of transmission gain by protons at the photoreceptor output synapse.	synaptic transmission of the light response from photoreceptors to second-order cells of the retina was studied with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) retinal slices. synaptic strength is modulated by extracellular ph in a striking manner: light-sensitive postsynaptic currents in horizontal and bipolar cells were found to be exponential functions of ph, exhibiting an e-fold increase per 0.23 ph unit over the ph range from 7 to 8. calcium channel curren ...	1993	7694280
the relation between stimulus and response in olfactory receptor cells of the tiger salamander.	1. olfactory receptor cells were isolated from the adult tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum and the current in response to odorant stimuli was measured with the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique while odorants at known concentrations were rapidly applied for controlled exposure times. 2. three odorants, cineole, isoamyl acetate and acetophenone, were first applied at 5 x 10(-4) m. out of forty-nine cells tested, 53% responded to one odorant only, 22% to two odorants and 25% to all three odoran ...	1993	8254501
distribution and morphology of motoneurons innervating different muscle fiber types in an amphibian muscle complex.	the distribution and morphology of motoneurons innervating specific types of muscle fibers in the levator scapulae superior (lss) muscle complex of the bullfrog (rana catesbeiana) and tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) were studied by retrograde labelling with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (ct-hrp). the lss muscle complex in both of these amphibians has a segregated pattern of muscle-fiber types (tonic; fast oxidative-glycolytic twitch [fog]; fast glycolytic twitch [fg]) alo ...	1993	8315651
divalent cations block the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel of olfactory receptor neurons.	1. the effects of external divalent cations on odor-dependent, cyclic amp-activated single-channel currents from olfactory receptor neurons of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) were studied in inside-out membrane patches taken from dendritic regions of freshly isolated sensory cells. 2. channels were reversibly activated by 100 microm cyclic amp. in the absence of divalent cations, the channel had a linear current-voltage relation giving a conductance of 45 ps. with increasing concentrat ...	1993	7685377
kinship affects morphogenesis in cannibalistic salamanders.	inclusive fitness theory predicts that organisms can often increase their fitness by helping relatives. indeed, many animals modify their behaviour towards kin in a fashion consistent with theory. morphogenesis may also be sensitive to kinship environment, especially in species that facultatively produce distinct morphs that differ in their ability to harm relatives, such as those that produce alternative cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic phenotypes. we tested this hypothesis by examining whet ...	1993	8479520
fine structure of the retinal photoreceptors of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum).	the retinal photoreceptors of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) have been studied by light and electron microscopy in both light- and dark-adaptation. rods and cones are present in this duplex retina in a ratio of about 20:1. as in other urodele species these photoreceptors are very large cells. the rod outer segment is composed of bi-membranous discs of uniform diameter displaying several very deep incisures. the rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria and a myoid region ...	1993	8490253
fine structure of the retinal epithelium of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum).	the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) consists of a single layer of large squamous-shaped cells. these rpe cells are but minimally infolded basally (sclerally) but show numerous apical (vitreal) processes that interdigitate with the photoreceptor cells. a series of apically-located tight junctions joins the rpe cells to form part of the blood-ocular barrier. internally the rpe nucleus is large, vesicular and flattened. smooth endoplasmic reticulum pred ...	1993	8490252
carnivore fecal chemicals suppress feeding by alpine goats (capra hircus).	the efficacy of carnivore and ungulate fecal chemicals in suppressing the feeding behavior of alpine goats (capra hircus) was examined. in the first four experiments, goats were offered food covered with paper strips treated with fecal extracts of the bengal tiger, siberian tiger, african lion, and brown bear, respectively; food covered with solvent-treated and untreated (plain) papers served as controls in each experiment. goats made fewer head entries into, and ate less food from, buckets cont ...	1993	24248787
ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of the neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum (urodela, amphibia).	light and electron microscopy of the lungs of ambystoma tigrinum (urodela) revealed a relatively complex pattern of the neuroendocrine (ne) cells. in the apical parts of smaller septa single ne cells not associated with nerve fibres were covered and surrounded by pneumocytes. the larger septa possessed small areas of ciliated epithelium, in which the ne cells were grouped in a form of neuroepithelial bodies (neb) consisting of 3-5 cells and covered by goblet cells. ne cells possessed a large nuc ...	1992	1443667
properties of depolarizing bipolar cell responses to central illumination in salamander retinal slices.	the voltage and current responses of depolarizing bipolar cells to central illumination were studied by means of whole-cell recording in retinal slices of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. to stabilize the responses, it was necessary to limit exchanges between the cytosol and the solution in the patch pipette by reducing the diameter of the pipette tip opening. the current-voltage relationship of the cell membrane in darkness displayed a strong outward rectification, and the inwar ...	1992	1515915
neurofilaments are prominent in bullfrog olfactory axons but are rarely seen in those of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	bullfrog olfactory axons show variable numbers (0-29) of structurally typical neurofilaments (nfs) about 10 nm in diameter. in studies tracking these nfs through serial sections of axons in cross section, they were found to be discontinuous, with a calculated average length of about 118 microns. in contrast to olfactory axons in bullfrogs, those of the tiger salamander ambystoma trigrinum rarely show nfs. to be certain that the absence of nfs is a specific characteristic of olfactory axons, piec ...	1992	1578003
site of action potential initiation in amphibian retinal ganglion cells.	1. we applied morphological, pharmacological, electrophysiological, and computer simulation techniques to analyze the origin of impulse initiation in amphibian retinal ganglion cells. 2. morphological studies of retinal ganglion cells in the mudpuppy (necturus maculosus) and larval tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) were carried out with the use of either retrograde or intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase. these studies identified a characteristic thinning of the axon that begin ...	1992	1569462
effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid on cells in the distal layers of the tiger salamander's retina.	1. we studied the effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (apb) on the response properties of rods, horizontal cells and bipolar cells in the isolated, perfused retina of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. a concentration of 100 microm was found to be sufficient to elicit maximal effects. 2. rods hyperpolarized slightly upon exposure to 100 microm-apb and their response amplitudes were slightly reduced. the amplitude of the cone-generated component of the rod's response to 700 nm light ...	1992	1501153
synapse-specific expression of acetylcholine receptor genes and their products at original synaptic sites in rat soleus muscle fibres regenerating in the absence of innervation.	to test the hypothesis that synaptic basal lamina can induce synapse-specific expression of acetylcholine receptor (achr) genes, we examined the levels mrna for the alpha- and epsilon-subunits of the achr in regenerating rat soleus muscles up to 17 days of regeneration. following destruction of all muscle fibres and their nuclei by exposure to venom of the australian tiger snake, new fibres regenerated within the original basal lamina sheaths. northern blots showed that original mrna was lost du ...	1992	1282861
correlation of sperm viability with gamete interaction and fertilization in vitro in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	sperm-oocyte interaction in vitro was studied in the cheetah, a species known to produce poor quality ejaculates and to experience low rates of fertility. twelve female cheetahs were injected (i.m.) with ecg followed by hcg 84 h later. twenty-four to 26 h post hcg, each was subjected to laparoscopic oocyte aspiration. a sperm motility index (smi) was calculated for each of 9 cheetah sperm donors that produced ejaculates averaging 41.3 +/- 22.9 x 10(6) motile sperm and 28.4 +/- 4.9% structurally ...	1992	1391303
changes in carbohydrate metabolism of pila globosa in response to crustacean hyperglycemic hormone.	hyperglycemia was caused in the snail pila globosa by the injection of the hyperglycemic hormones obtained from fresh water crabs (oziotelphusa senex senex) and marine tiger prawns (penaeus monodon). tissue glycogen and total carbohydrates presented a significant decrease which indicated that the source of hyperglycemia was the tissue carbohydrates. the hyperglycemic principles also increased the tissue phosphorylase activity and provided evidence for a possible action of the crustacean hypergly ...	1992	1382680
bi-directional transmission of molecular information by photon or electron beams passing in the close vicinity of specific molecules, and its clinical and basic research applications: 1) diagnosis of humans or animal patients without any direct contact; 2) light microscopic and electron microscopic localization of neuro-transmitters, heavy metals, oncogen c-fos (ab2), etc. of intracellular fine structures of normal and abnormal single cells using light or electro-microscopic indirect bi-digital o-ring test.	in 1985, omura, y. discovered that, when specific molecules were placed anywhere in the close vicinity of the path of a light beam (laser), their molecular information, as well as information on electrical & magnetic fields, is transmitted bi-directionally along the path of this light beam. namely, this information is transmitted in the direction the light beam is projected and towards the direction from which the light beam is coming. this finding was applied to the following clinical and basic ...	1992	1351338
ability of thawed tiger (panthera tigris) spermatozoa to fertilize conspecific eggs and bind and penetrate domestic cat eggs in vitro.	electroejaculates from tigers were collected and half was used fresh to inseminate tiger eggs in vitro and domestic cat eggs stored in a hypertonic salt solution. the remainder was pelleted, frozen in a solution of 20% egg yolk, 11% lactose and 4% glycerol, thawed and cultured with tiger and domestic cat eggs. the motility index ((sperm % motility)+(status rating x 20))/2 for thawed spermatozoa was about 86% of that in fresh aliquots. of the 49 tiger oocytes inseminated in vitro with fresh sperm ...	1992	1339836
retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus.	an african lioness from the zoo of zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. the serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (felv) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibodies by elisa and western blot. when her only offspring and mate were tested for fiv, high antibody titers to fiv were also found in their serum. lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions a ...	1992	1337398
localization of gabaa receptor subtypes in the tiger salamander retina.	dry autoradiography was used to determine the distribution of gabaa binding sites in tiger salamander retina. high-affinity binding of [3h]-flunitrazepam [( 3h]-fnz) was used to localize benzodiazepine receptors (bzr) and [3h]-muscimol was used to localize the gabaa recognition site. specific [3h]-fnz binding was present only in the inner retina, primarily in the inner plexiform layer (ipl). co-incubation with gaba enhanced [3h]-fnz binding by 20-50%. [3h]-muscimol binding was found throughout t ...	1992	1310871
species differences in amphibian olfactory neuron reactivity to a monoclonal antibody.	a monoclonal antibody immunostained a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in cryostat sections of the olfactory mucosa of the grass frog, rana pipiens, and the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana. however, in the olfactory tissues of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, only mucus and mucus-secreting components were stained, and no cell-specific immunoreactivity was seen in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. this antibody is a useful marker of olfactory neuronal subpopulations in some a ...	1992	1617462
[immunological identification of tiger-bone].	anti-tiger sera were prepared by using tiger serum proteins to immunize the rabbits. tiger-bone can be identified by the specific serological reaction between the anti-tiger sera and the tiger-bone proteins.	1992	1418546