Publications

effects of different leaf traits on growth rates of insect herbivores on willows.	we examined relative effects of traits of leaf quality of ten willow species (salix: salicaceae) on growth rates of five species of insect herbivores found in interior alaska (a willow sawfly, nematus calais; the tiger swallowtail butterfly, papilio canadensis; and three species of chrysomelid beetles, gonioctena occidentalis, calligrapha verrucosa, and chrysomela falsa). leaf traits examined were water content, toughness, total nitrogen contnet, pubescence, and presence or absence of phenolic g ...	1994	28307038
nbqx suppresses inhibitory glycine currents in retinal ganglion cells.	the quinoxaline nbqx (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (f) quinoxaline) is a potent non-nmda receptor antagonist, which appears to be relatively free of antagonistic action at the glycine binding site of the nmda receptor. however, we report here that at 50 microm, nbqx significantly attenuated the inhibitory currents induced by the exogenous application of 100 microm glycine as observed using whole-cell recordings from ganglion cells in a slice preparation of the tiger salamander retina. ...	1994	7529589
modulation of ion channels in rod photoreceptors by nitric oxide.	subcellular compartments in the outer retina of the larval tiger salamander were identified as likely sites of production of nitric oxide (no), a recently recognized intercellular messenger. nadph diaphorase histochemistry and no synthase immunocytochemistry labeled photoreceptor ellipsoids and the distal regions of bipolar and glial cells apposing photoreceptor inner segments, suggesting a role for no in visual processing in the outer retina. we investigated the actions of no on several rod pho ...	1994	7520253
saving the tiger in the wild.		1994	8196759
evolution and phylogenetic information content of the its-1 region in the tiger beetle cicindela dorsalis.	sequence divergence in the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (its-1) of the ribosomal dna locus was assessed in subspecies of the coastal north american tiger beetle, cicindela dorsalis. the spacer region was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned for sequencing. of a total of 50 clones obtained from 12 specimens, 42 clones were different in at least one nucleotide position. in a parsimony analysis of these sequences, the main phylogenetic distinction was found to separate s ...	1994	8015434
meniscal ossification. ii. the normal pattern in the tiger knee.	examination of knee menisci of bengal tigers revealed ossicles within the cartilaginous anterior horn of each medial meniscus. this ossification was not evident in the neonatal animal, but was present in animals aged 20 months or older. the ossicle appeared prior to the completion of skeletal maturation at the knee, and was composed of normal remodeling trabecular bone. while most animals had a single, variably sized ossicle, multiple ossicles also occurred. the meniscal cartilage apposed to the ...	1994	7517071
taming the tiger: the economics of health care reform.		1994	10133328
taming the tiger. the economics of health care reform: an h&hn study.	though legislators, regulators and policy-makers have tried to control it for years, health care spending continues to spiral out of control. the question is: will federal health care reform tame it? using a specially developed survey of health care providers, contributing editor alden solovy has developed an analysis of various economic scenarios coming out of the reform process.	1994	8111446
mechanism of ba2+ block of m-like k channels of rod photoreceptors of tiger salamanders.	ikx is a voltage-dependent k+ current in the inner segment of rod photoreceptors that shows many similarities to m-current. the depression of ikx by external ba2+ was studied with whole-cell voltage clamp. ba2+ reduced the conductance and voltage sensitivity of ikx tail currents and shifted the voltage range over which they appeared to more positive potentials. these effects showed different sensitivities to ba2+: conductance was the least sensitive (k0.5 = 7.6 mm), voltage dependence intermedia ...	1994	8169597
[hair dysplasia in oculo-dento-digital syndrome. apropos of a mother-daughter case].	oculo-dento-digital syndrome (sodd) as defined by meyer-schwickerath in 1957 is a rare entity (84 cases) which belongs to ectodermal dysplasias. it consists of: the characteristic features (long face, pinched nose); syndactyly; ocular, dental and bone abnormalities. this entity is usually transmitted on the autosomal dominant mode. we report two cases (a mother and daughter) with polymalformations which we classed as sodd. furthermore, agenesis of lacrimal duct and genitourinary abnormalities we ...	1994	7793757
a novel gaba receptor modulates synaptic transmission from bipolar to ganglion and amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina.	we investigated the mechanisms underlying the modulation of transmitter release from bipolar cells. three currents, measured under whole-cell patch clamp in the tiger salamander retinal slice, were used to identify the sites of modulation and to establish their pharmacological profile. (1) a light-elicited inhibitory current was measured in bipolar cells that could be blocked by picrotoxin. this input probably arrives via gabaergic amacrine cells since there is high gaba sensitivity at the bipol ...	1994	7907138
a metrical template account of children's weak syllable omissions from multisyllabic words.	young children learning english as well as many other languages frequently omit weakly stressed syllables from multisyllabic words. in particular, they are more likely to omit weak syllables from word-initial positions than from word-internal or -final positions. for example, the weak syllable of a weak-strong (ws) word like giraffe is much more likely to be omitted than the weak syllable of a sw word like tiger. three hypotheses for this omission pattern have been offered. in two, children's we ...	1994	7852473
jamming bat echolocation: the dogbane tiger moth cycnia tenera times its clicks to the terminal attack calls of the big brown bat eptesicus fuscus.	certain tiger moths emit high-frequency clicks to an attacking bat, causing it to break off its pursuit. the sounds may either orient the bat by providing it with information that it uses to make an attack decision (aposematism) or they may disorient the bat by interrupting the normal flow of echo information required to complete a successful capture (startle, jamming). at what point during a bat's attack does an arctiid emit its clicks? if the sounds are aposematic, the moth should emit them ea ...	1994	7964403
aquatic prey transport and the comparative kinematics of ambystoma tigrinum feeding behaviors	four definable feeding behaviors used during the metamorphic life history of tiger salamanders are terrestrial prey capture and transport (as adults) and aquatic prey capture and transport (as larvae). previous studies have focused primarily on the first three of these behaviors and thus aquatic prey transport is poorly understood. these studies have indicated that terrestrial prey capture has unique kinematic and motor patterns, whereas the other behaviors are quite similar to one another. usin ...	1994	9317549
gating, selectivity and blockage of single channels activated by cyclic gmp in retinal rods of the tiger salamander.	1. patches in the inside-out configuration were excised from the membrane of outer and inner segments of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. the current flowing through single channels opened by cyclic gmp was studied with the voltage clamp technique. 2. amplitude histograms of current recordings from patches containing only one flickering channel, excised from the inner segment and in the presence of 100 microm cyclic gmp, could be fitted by a theoretical scheme in which the single ...	1994	7516427
the composition and function of the pulmonary surfactant system during metamorphosis in the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum.	mammalian lungs secrete a mixture of surface-active lipids (surfactant), which greatly reduces the surface tension of the fluid coating the inner lung surface, thereby reducing the risk of collapse upon deflation and increasing compliance upon inflation. during foetal lung maturation, these lipids become enriched in the primary and active ingredient, a disaturated phospholipid. however, disaturated phospholipids exist in their inactive gel-like form at temperatures below 37 degrees c and thus ar ...	1994	7983248
individual responses to population size structure: the role of size variation in controlling expression of a trophic polyphenism.	we investigated how size structure affects development of alternative larval phenotypes in arizona tiger salamanders, ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, by testing the hypothesis that population size structure per se is a significant component of an individual's environment. larvae of this subspecies exhibit one of two feeding phenotypes; typical larvae eat zooplankton and macroinvertebrates and cannibalistic larvae feed primarily on conspecifics. previous laboratory experiments showed that larval de ...	1994	28307011
the people and the tiger.	wildlife protection activities in ranthambhore in rajasthan state in 1993, and conditions of overpopulation and expanded grazing were described. project tiger is an ambitious program begun in the 1970s to protect the habitat of the tiger in ranthambhore national park. forest park protection is limited by corrupt, poorly trained staff, who are unmotivated to protect the established sanctuaries. tiger counts declined from 45 in the 1980s to 25 in 1993. between 1988 and 1993, the ranthambhore f ...	1994	12318865
aedes albopictus in mexico.	data relating to the discovery and identification of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, in coahuila state, mexico, are presented. infestations are reported for piedras negras and ciudad acuña. samples from a third community were negative for ae. albopictus.	1994	8965073
sodium channels aggregate at former synaptic sites in innervated and denervated regenerating muscles.	the role of innervation in the establishment and regulation of the synaptic density of voltage-activated na channels (nachs) was investigated at regenerating neuromuscular junctions. rat muscles were induced to degenerate after injection of the australian tiger snake toxin, notexin. the loose-patch voltage clamp technique was used to measure the density and distribution of nachs on muscle fibers regenerating with or without innervation. in either case, new myofibers formed within the original ba ...	1994	8294497
myotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom in the dog.	the myotoxicity and neurotoxicity of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom are major factors in the pathogenesis of envenomation in the dog. histological examination of the tissues of experimentally envenomed dogs has demonstrated the importance of muscle damage in affecting the clinical syndrome of tiger snake envenomation. within one hour of injection of the venom into dogs, there was selective involvement of some muscles. cardiac and smooth muscles were not significantly affected. the ...	1994	8067946
canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in north america.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infection occurred in captive leopards (panthera pardus), tigers (panthera tigris), lions (panthera leo), and a jaguar (panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. an epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the wildlife waystation, san fernando, california, with 17 mortalities. cdv-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. two black leopards died at the naibi zoo, coal valley, illinois, and 2 tigers died at the shambala preserve, acton, calif ...	1994	7948195
[changes in the lungs in mice caused by migration of toxocara canis larvae].	the influence of t. canis larvae migration on the lung tissue of paratenic host (inbred mice, strain c57bl6/j) was evaluated. first macroscopic manifestation was already observed on day 2 in the time of the highest larval recovery. larvae entering the lung tissue caused numerous small extravasations. their migration from the lungs was manifested from day 6 with an increase in the number and extent of extravasations. the lungs assumed tiger spot appearance (fig. 1). the larval recovery was decrea ...	1994	7863576
the expression of vimentin in satellite cells of regenerating skeletal muscle in vivo.	the expression of the intermediate filament protein, vimentin, was studied in skeletal muscle during a cycle of degeneration and regeneration. venom from the australian tiger snake, notechis scutatus scutatus, was used to initiate the breakdown of the soleus muscle of young, mature rats in vivo. cryosections and western blots of muscle samples were labelled using antibodies to vimentin, and examined at fixed time points after venom injection. vimentin was absent in control adult muscle fibres, b ...	1994	7896567
aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis.	canine distemper (cd) is a frequently fatal, systemic morbillivirus infection in the dog and other carnivores: encephalomyelitis is the common cause of death. susceptibility to canine distemper virus (cdv) is now recognized in a wide range of non-domestic animals, most recently in captive lions, tigers and leopards. furthermore, closely related viruses have produced cd-like diseases in marine mammals. cdv induces an inclusion-body encephalomyelitis in the dog and demyelination is often a conspic ...	1994	7898614
parasites of south african freshwater fish. vi. nematode parasites of some fish species in the kruger national park.	the nematode parasites of 30 spot-tailed robbers, brycinus imberi, five tiger-fish, hydrocynus vittatus, 77 large-scaled yellowfish. barbus marequensis, two mudsuckers, labeo molybdinus, 114 catfish, clarias gariepinus, 46 silver barbel, schilbe intermedius, 66 squeakers, synodontis zambezensis, three eels, anguilla spp., 83 mozambique bream, oreochromis mossambicus, 81 red-breasted bream, tilapia rendalli swierstrae and 32 large-mouthed bream, serranochromis meridianus, caught in the sabie, cro ...	1994	7898896
replacement of the natural wolbachia symbiont of drosophila simulans with a mosquito counterpart.	inherited rickettsial symbionts of the genus wolbachia occur commonly in arthropods and have been implicated in the expression of parthenogenesis, feminization and cytoplasmic incompatibility wolbachia from the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, to replace the natural infection of drosophila simulans by means of embryonic microinjection techniques. the transferred wolbachia infection behaves like a natural drosophila infection with regard to its inheritance, cytoskeleton interactions and ab ...	1994	7906391
parasites of wild felidae in thailand: a coprological survey.	ninety-two fecal samples were collected from leopards (panthera pardus, n = 54), tigers (p. tigris, n = 19), and leopard cats (felis bengalensis, n = 3) in huai kha wildlife sanctuary, thailand; four samples that may have come from clouded leopards (neofelis nebulosa) or asian golden cats (felis temminicki) were identified as from small to medium cats. twelve samples were identified as from large cats. samples preserved in 10% formalin were examined for parasite eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts ...	1994	7933301
laboratory study of predation by solenopsis invicta (hymenoptera: formicidae) on eggs of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	the red imported fire ant, solenopsis invicta buren, punctured and fed on the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse), eggs in the laboratory. the presence and actions of the ants, especially the minima workers, reduced the hatching of egg populations.	1994	7966185
immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) hemocytes for generation of microbicidal substances: analysis of reactive oxygen species.	nbt staining was used to determine the presence of superoxide anions (o2-) produced by tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) hemocytes attached to a coverslip. when cells were treated with beta-glucan, blue granules were observed in 41% of studied hemocyte cytoplasm. for zymosan-treated, pma-treated, and control cells, the percentages of hemocytes showing similar blue granules were 31, 9, and 5%, respectively. a comparison of stimulative effects on 15 hemocyte suspensions, each collected from a single ...	1994	8001699
studies on the formation of perceptually based basic-level categories in young infants.	a series of experiments examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants to form categorical representations to exemplars of natural kinds--cats and horses. these experiments also permitted assessment of the relative exclusivity of these representations--the extent to which they exclude exemplars from contrasting basic-level categories from the same superordinate category. we found that categorical representations could be formed for horses that excluded cats, zebras, and giraffes, and for c ...	1994	8045176
common tiger snake envenomation in dogs and mice--relationship between the amount of venom injected and the onset of clinical signs.	common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom was injected into mice and dogs at various dose rates calculated on the known lethal dose (ld) for each species. the larger the dose of venom, the earlier was the onset of clinical signs and the more rapid and severe the course of the disease in both species. in dogs injected with 32 ld of venom, there was sudden collapse and death in about one hour from the time of injection without recovery from premonitory depression and before mydriasis occurred. ...	1994	8067944
some toxicity thresholds for the clinical effects of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) envenomation in the dog.	common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom was administered experimentally to dogs at doses from 0.25 lethal dose (ld) to 20 ld. haemolysis and increased creatine kinase values occurred rapidly after injection of sublethal (subparalytic) doses, but the clotting time of blood was extended and blood became incoagulable only when dogs were dosed with 10 ld or more of venom. haemolysis, although of a low threshold of toxicity, was not severe and should not greatly affect the lethality of the venom ...	1994	8067945
[bacterial infections in felines in zoological gardens].	the significance of selected bacterial infections of felines in zoological gardens is discussed. anthrax and malleus are in germany of historical interest only, tuberculosis went down very strongly. isolated cases of pseudotuberculosis must be expected in future. infections with bacteria of the genera chlamydia, pasteurella and of the family enterobacteriaceae are also considered. the significance of clostridium perfringens in the so called tiger disease is discussed.	1994	8129702
cyclic amp regulation of tylosin biosynthesis and secondary metabolism in streptomyces fradiae.	adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate seems to regulate antibiotic biosynthesis and secondary metabolism in tylosin-producing cultures of streptomyces fradiae c373.1. a dose-dependent response is observed by exogenous additions of dibutyryl cyclic amp (camp), and is related to the nutritional status of the culture. addition of camp to cultures growing in nutritionally lean media caused higher cumulative antibiotic tigers and some cellular differentiation compared with the control. in nutritionall ...	1994	18618744
kinematics of feeding in bluegill sunfish: is there a general distinction between aquatic capture and transport behaviors?	despite numerous studies of food transport in terrestrial vertebrates, little is known about this aspect of the feeding repertoire in aquatic vertebrates. previous work had predicted that the kinematics of aquatic prey capture by suction feeding should be similar to those of prey transport. however, recent analyses of aquatic prey capture and transport in the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum have contradicted this hypothesis, and document numerous differences between these two behaviors. in t ...	1995	9318463
n-acetyltransferase, hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase and melatonin in the optic lobes of the giant tiger shrimp penaeus monodon.	the activities of the enzymes n-acetyltransferase (nat) and hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase (hiomt) and the hormone melatonin were studied in the optic lobe of the subadult giant tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. compared with the level in other species, a relatively high level of nat activity that was temperature- and ph-dependent were observed. the nat enzyme had a relatively high maximum velocity (vmax, 100 pmol/hr/micrograms protein) and low michaelis constant (km, 22 microm), when tryptamine ...	1995	8531052
a wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology.	much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. we present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. like the human visual sys ...	1995	7696817
amino acid sequence of a new type of toxic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the australian tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus).	venom from the common tiger snake, notechis scutatus scutatus, contains several toxic acidic proteins which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. one of these toxins, hte, has a phospholipase a2 (pla2) amino acid sequence. it contains 125 amino acids rather than the 119/120 found in other n. s. scutatus pla2s, because it also has the loop of residues (62-66) found in helix d of pancreatic pla2s, the gamma-subunit of taipoxin, and the d-subunit of textilotoxin. high sequence identity is fou ...	1995	7733680
comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (felidae), dogs (canidae), bears (ursidae) and hyaenas (hyaenidae).	the structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the felidae, canidae, ursidae and hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. the felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (panthera leo), a panther neonate (panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. the canidae were represented by ...	1995	7649822
bicuspid evolution of the arterial and venous atrioventricular valves.	atrioventricular valves were studied in pisces (shark), amphibians (frog), reptiles (turtle, snake and crocodile) and aves (duck, chicken and quail). dog shark, tiger shark and hammerhead shark have a contractile common atrioventricular orifice with anterior and posterior bridging leaflets. angel shark resembles the frog in having a contractile oval common atrioventricular orifice guarded by two lateral (right and left) and two central bridging (anterior and posterior) leaflets. in turtles and s ...	1995	7742994
[effectiveness of coils and mats for protection against malaria vectors in cameroon].	the evaluation of the effectiveness of coils and mats on mosquitoes, especially malaria vectors was carried out in the southern cameroon. the study was performed in the nsimalen village from november 1993 to august 1994. two brands of coils: timor and moon tiger containing 0.15% w/w of esbiothrin and two brands of mats: ars mats (containing d-allethrin) and moon tiger (with s biothrin and diethyl-toluamide) were tested. the evaluation was based on night catches on human bait inside houses. a cat ...	1995	7780671
the multi-ion nature of the cgmp-gated channel from vertebrate rods.	1. native cgmp-gated channels were studied in rod outer segments of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. the alpha-subunit of the cgmp-gated channel, here referred to as the wild type (wt), and mutant channels were heterologously expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. these channels were studied in excised membrane patches in the inside-out configuration and were activated by the addition of 100 or 500 microm cgmp. the current carried by monovalent cations was measured under voltage-cl ...	1995	7473247
analysis of human remains recovered from a shark.	trauma caused by marine scavengers and predators, especially sharks, is not well known. this paper describes the effect of shark attack on human remains. they were found in the stomach of a tiger shark caught by fishermen near hollywood beach, florida. the remains belonged to a white male in his late twenties or early thirties with a stature of 175 cm. the damages to the skeleton and the association of these damages with the behaviours of tiger sharks is also analyzed. the trauma affecting long ...	1995	7705731
a tiger behind many doors: multiple genetic pathways to malignant glioma.	malignant gliomas are the most common primary human brain tumours, but their classification remains controversial and effective therapies remain elusive. as a result, malignant gliomas have come under intense scientific scrutiny, in the hope of elucidating the molecular basis of glial tumourigenesis. these studies have yielded insights into the genetic events that underlie glioma formation and progression, and have shown multiple distinct genetic pathways that lead to the common malignant endpoi ...	1995	7482768
cyclic gmp diffusion coefficient in rod photoreceptor outer segments.	cyclic gmp (cgmp) is the intracellular messenger that mediates phototransduction in retinal rods. as photoisomerizations of rhodopsin molecules are local events, the longitudinal diffusion of cgmp in the rod outer segment should be a contributing factor to the response of the cell to light. we have employed the truncated rod outer segment preparation from bullfrog (rana catesbeiana) and tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) to measure the cgmp diffusion coefficient. in this preparation, the dist ...	1995	7536055
interaction of anionic and cationic currents leads to a voltage dependence in the odor response of olfactory receptor neurons.	1. we recorded odor-induced currents from isolated olfactory receptor neurons of the land phase tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) with the whole cell patch clamp. 2. in a subset of cells the current-voltage relation for the odor-induced current showed a strong rectification with, in some cells, a negative resistance slope between about -45 and -25 mv. in these cells there was little or no odor-induced current at -55 mv, the average resting potential of olfactory neurons. 3. depolarizing the ...	1995	7760118
calcium waves in dissociated retinal glial (müller) cells are evoked by release of calcium from intracellular stores.	calcium imaging techniques were used to study intracellular free calcium ion regulation in isolated müller cells in response to changes in extracellular potassium concentration and to caffeine and ryanodine. müller cells were dissociated from the adult tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) retina and studied using the calcium indicator fura-2 and video imaging microscopy techniques. our results demonstrate that elevation of extracellular potassium in the presence of extracellular calcium evokes ...	1995	7615342
enkephalin immunoreactivity in the paraneurons of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) tongue.	immunohistochemical tests have demonstrated the presence of leu-5-enkephalin and other bioactive compounds (serotonin and neuron-specific enolase) in the basal cells of lingual taste buds in ambystoma tigrinum; there was also a weak reaction for met-5-enkephalin. similar reactions were obtained from particular cells dispersed within the lingual epithelium, which are provisionally identified as merkel cells.	1995	7603585
morphology of ganglion cells in the neotenous tiger salamander retina.	the morphology of retinal ganglion cells in the neotenous tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) was analyzed with the aid of morphometric techniques to determine the diversity of cell types and to evaluate the widely held notion that this form of ambystoma has a simple retina, with little variance among its cell morphologies. single-cell staining was achieved through retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase injected around the optic nerve sheath followed by a period of several days before ...	1995	7721999
separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial dna haplotypes in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	nonrandom associations of alleles or haplotypes with geographical location can arise from restricted gene flow, historical events (fragmentation, range expansion, colonization), or any mixture of these factors. in this paper, we show how a nested cladistic analysis of geographical distances can be used to test the null hypothesis of no geographical association of haplotypes, test the hypothesis that significant associations are due to restricted gene flow, and identify patterns of significant as ...	1995	7498753
nitric oxide synthase in tiger salamander retina.	previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide, a labile freely diffusible biological messenger synthesized by nitric oxide synthase, may modulate light transduction and signal transmission in the retina. in the present work, the large size of retinal cells in tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) allowed the utilization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph)-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry to delineate the cell-specific intracellular lo ...	1995	8550897
ancestry of an isolated subspecies of salamander, ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi lowe: the evolutionary significance of hybridization.	most phylogenetic systematists assume speciation results in dichotomously branching phylogenies. hybridization that gives rise to a new lineage can produce character homoplasty that might obscure a species' true history. we report the results of a restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation in three tiger salamander subspecies (ambystoma trigrinum mavortium, ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, and ambystoma trigrinum stebbinsi) and compare the results to studies of morphological ...	1995	7663764
a north american model to contain the spread of aedes albopictus through tire legislation.	the introduction, spread, and establishment of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, in the united states has been facilitated by used or waste tires. this species has not only caused considerable concern among public health officials but also highlighted that the growing accumulations of used tires are a serious solid waste problem and a challenge to the recycling industry. this paper illustrates how the state of illinois addressed the public health and solid waste problems associated wit ...	1995	8778655
multiple ion binding sites in ih channels of rod photoreceptors from tiger salamanders.	the mechanism of ion permeation in k+/na(+)-permeable ih channels of tiger salamander rod photoreceptors was investigated using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. ih channels showed features indicative of pores with multiple ion binding sites: in mixtures of k+ and thallium (t1+), the amplitude of the time-dependent current showed an anomalous mole fraction dependence, and k+ permeation was blocked by other permeant ions (with k0.5 values: t1+, 44 microm; rb+, 220 microm and nh4+, 1100 micr ...	1995	7545280
glutamate-gated chloride channel with glutamate-transporter-like properties in cone photoreceptors of the tiger salamander.	1. using the patch-clamp technique, we investigated whether the glutamate-elicited current in mechanically isolated cone photoreceptors from the salamander retina is generated by a cl- channel or a glutamate transporter. 2. the current reversed near the equilibrium potential for cl-, was decreased by three cl- channel blockers, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino) benzoic acid, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate, and diphenylamine 2,2'-dicarboxylic acid, and was eliminated when gluconate w ...	1995	8989410
regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and membrane excitability in olfactory receptor cells by carbon monoxide.	1. the effect of the putative neural messenger carbon monoxide (co) and the role of the cgmp second-messenger system for olfactory signal generation was examined in isolated olfactory receptor neurons (orns) of the tiger salamander. 2. with the use of whole cell voltage-clamp recordings in combination with a series of ionic and pharmological tests, it is demonstrated that exogenously applied co is a potent activator (k1/2 = 2.9 microm) of cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) channels previously describ ...	1995	8989388
cone photoreceptors respond to their own glutamate release in the tiger salamander.	pulse-like currents resembling miniature postsynaptic currents were recorded in patch-clamped isolated cones from the tiger salamander retina. the events were absent in isolated cones without synaptic terminals. the frequency of events was increased by either raising the osmotic pressure or depolarizing the cell. it was decreased by the application of either glutamate or the glutamate-transport blockers dihydrokainate and d,l-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate. the events required external na+ for which l ...	1995	7568144
care-planning in long term care.	a comprehensive nursing care plan was revised to streamline documentation within a long-term care environment, often a "paper tiger" arena. the care plan guides certified nursing assistants to prevent and identify resident problems while delivering safe care. not only are separate care protocols identified, but the care plan explains the specific nursing interventions to alleviate the residents' concerns or problems.	1995	7731599
verification of water equivalence of femri gels using monte carlo simulation.	dosimetric characteristics of the femri gels for various energy photon and electron beams were investigated using the integrated tiger series (its) monte carlo codes. the femri gels have been reported as being tissue-substitutes which can be shaped to any desired contour for three-dimensional (3d) mapping of dose distribution using magnetic resonance (mr) scanning. this study indicated that the central axis depth dose, off-axis depth dose, transverse profile at the depth of 50% of maximum dose, ...	1995	7609731
acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration: a report of three patients, including the second reported case with hypoprebetalipoproteinemia (harp syndrome).	we describe an example of a variant of hallervorden-spatz disease, characterized by hypoprebeta-lipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration (harp syndrome), in an 18-year-old woman who presented with longstanding intellectual subnormality, night blindness, and a 2-year history of orobuccolingual dystonia causing dysarthria and dysphagia. investigation showed acanthocytosis and hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, and electroretinograms were typical of tapetoretinal de ...	1995	7898702
"riding the tiger": lessons from a health promotion activity aimed at reducing the use of alcohol by youth.	this paper outlines a health promotion activity entitled "riding the tiger". "riding the tiger" aims to reduce binge drinking among youth and is an applicable intervention for both rural and urban areas. the paper aims to provide health care workers wishing to reduce the binge drinking of youth with a practical guide.	1995	16203341
characterization of guanylate cyclase activity in single retinal rod outer segments.	cgmp mediates vertebrate phototransduction by directly gating cationic channels on the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor outer segment. this second messenger is produced by a guanylate cyclase and hydrolyzed by a light-activated cgmp-phosphodiesterase. both of these enzyme activities are ca2+ sensitive, the guanylate cyclase activity being inhibited and the light-activated phosphodiesterase being enhanced by ca2+. changes in these activities due to a light-induced decrease in intracellular ca ...	1995	8648296
[quality assurance in health care--a paper tiger?].		1995	7482449
maintenance of ecologically significant genetic variation in the tiger swallowtail butterfly through differential selection and gene flow.	differential selection in a heterogeneous environment is thought to promote the maintenance of ecologically significant genetic variation. variation is maintained when selection is counterbalanced by the homogenizing effects of gene flow and random mating. in this study, we examine the relative importance of differential selection and gene flow in maintaining genetic variation in papilio glaucus. differential selection on traits contributing to successful use of host plants (oviposition preferen ...	1995	28568537
block of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in salamander olfactory receptor neurons by the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ly83583.	1. using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ly83583 [6-(phenylamino)-5,8-quinolinedione] is shown to act as a potent blocker of cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) channels in isolated olfactory receptor neurons (orns) of the tiger salamander. 2. under our experimental conditions, onset of the blockade by ly83583 occurs on the time scale of seconds and is completely reversed upon wash-out of the drug. dose-response curves reveal a kd of 1.4 microm (at -60 mv). other da ...	1995	8747232
[the specialists' competence must be worth while the bother! today it's a paper tiger without guts].		1995	7490964
hyperosmotic activation of transmitter release from presynaptic terminals onto retinal ganglion cells.	a method for evoking neurotransmitter release without light stimulation has been developed and applied to a retinal slice preparation of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrum). this method utilizes a micropipette containing hyperosmotic levels of sucrose in ringer, positioned within the inner plexiform layer (ipl) under visual control. intermittent pressure (between 0.1 and 2 bars) applied to the pipette evoked release of neurotransmitters which were evaluated with whole-cell recording (wcr) te ...	1995	8750098
nephrotoxicity of notexin in experimental mice.	notexin, a well known neurotoxin, derived from tiger snake venom, was shown to have direct nephrotoxic properties in experimental mice. a single subcutaneous dose of 1.38 micrograms/kg body weight of notexin produced renal tubular and glomerular damage within 24 hours. renal damage increased in severity proportional to the dose of notexin injected. at a high dose of notexin, thrombotic "spherules" were found in glomeruli. these thrombotic spherules have not been previously reported to be associa ...	1995	7580101
dopamine modulates gabac receptors mediating inhibition of calcium entry into and transmitter release from bipolar cell terminals in tiger salamander retina.	using optical recording techniques, we directly monitored pre- and postsynaptic calcium dynamics at bipolar cell terminals while inhibiting synaptic release with applied gaba and modulating inhibition with dopamine. to monitor pre-synaptic activity, individual bipolar cells in the retinal slice were filled with either fura-2 or fluo-3 through a patch electrode. calcium entry into bipolar terminals, elicited by depolarization from -60 mv to 0 mv, was reduced to 36% of control in the presence of 2 ...	1995	7623108
evidence for glycine modulation of excitatory synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells.	the actions of glycine on the nmda receptor-mediated synaptic responses of ganglion cells were studied in the tiger salamander retinal slice. ganglion cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs) were elicited either by exciting bipolar cells with potassium puffs or by light stimulation, and were measured using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. increasing bath glycine concentrations to 10 microm had little effect on the amplitude of the puff-evoked epscs, indicating either that synaptic glycin ...	1995	7790926
nbqx, an improved non-nmda antagonist studied in retinal ganglion cells.	the quinoxaline derivative, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (f) quinoxaline (nbqx), significantly reduced the currents evoked by exogenous application of quisqualate (qq), kainate (ka) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (ampa) when applied to ganglion cells, using whole-cell recording in a slice preparation of the tiger salamander retina. a comparison between nbqx and cnqx indicates that nbqx is more effective in blocking ampa receptors. also, at up to 10 microm, ...	1995	8548303
comparison of the actions of glycine and related amino acids on isolated third order neurons from the tiger salamander retina.	whole cell voltage and current clamp recordings were obtained from third order neurons isolated from the salamander retina. using cross desensitization, the structure-function relationship of short chain amino acids on the glycine receptor were examined. l-serine, l-alanine, beta-alanine and taurine all cross desensitized with glycine, but did not show significant cross desensitization with gaba. this indicates that these amino acids act at the glycine receptor. the order of potency was glycine ...	1995	7708201
the relationship between light-evoked synaptic excitation and spiking behaviour of salamander retinal ganglion cells.	1. light-evoked input-output characteristics of ganglion cells in dark-adapted tiger salamander retina were studied in the slice preparation using patch-clamp techniques. excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs), isolated by blocking inhibitory inputs and evoked by a range of light stimulus intensities, were recorded under whole-cell voltage clamp. spike responses, evoked by the same light intensities, were recorded extracellularly from the same cells using the cell-attached patch-clamp techniqu ...	1995	8544133
desensitizing glutamate receptors shape excitatory synaptic inputs to tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells.	ampa/kainate (ka) receptors mediate a component of ganglion cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs). we investigated whether desensitization at these receptors contribute to the shape of transient epscs in on-off ganglion cells. whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings were made from ganglion cells in the retinal slice or in isolation. epscs were evoked by either stimulating the slice with light or puffing k+ at the outer plexiform layer (opl). the ampa/ka receptor-mediated component of the ep ...	1995	7666201
in vivo diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz disease.	the authors present the mri findings of two children with insidious walking difficulties, signs of corticospinal tract involvement, and signs and symptoms of extrapyramidal dysfunction such as rigidity and generalized dystonia, the latter with predominance of oromandibular involvement. in one child, mri revealed prominent hypo-intensity in the globus pallidus and in the substantia nigra on t2-weighted spin echo images, consistent with iron deposition and thus with previous post-mortem findings o ...	1995	7589865
from paper tigers to consumer-centered quality assurance tools: reforming incident-reporting systems.	a practical framework for program administrators seeking to improve the effectiveness of their incident reporting and investigation procedures and practices was provided. too often, these systems, which are designed by outside parties, are viewed by program administrators as instruments of risk exposure rather than viable tools for risk management and quality improvement. program administrators were encouraged to take control of their incident-reporting systems by transforming them into viable c ...	1995	7565146
[precocious parkinson's disease associated with "eye-of-the-tiger" type pallidal lesions].	we report the case of a 56-years-old woman patient, born to unrelated parents, who since 26-years-old gradually developed bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor of both hands, and speech and gait difficulties. her past history was unremarkable. there was no family history of neurologic disease. she was admitted to our hospital at age 39 and at that time she presented a full parkinsonian syndrome. the following tests were normal or negative: routine blood studies, serum copper, ceruloplasmin and cerebros ...	1995	7487542
characterization of auditory afferents in the tiger beetle, cicindela marutha dow.	we have identified a nerve carrying auditory afferents and characterized their physiological responses in the tiger beetle, cicindela marutha. 1. the tympana are located at the lateral margins of the first abdominal tergum. the nerve carrying the tympanal afferents is a branch of the dorsal root from the first abdominal ganglion. 2. both male and female auditory afferent responses are sharply tuned to 30 khz with sensitivities of 50-55 db spl. 3. the auditory afferents show little adaptation and ...	1995	7769565
sensory receptors on the adult labial and maxillary palpi and galea of cicindela sexguttata (coleoptera: cicindelidae).	five types of sensilla are situated on the apical area of the labial and maxillary palpi and galea of cicidela sexguttata. large, conical, and peg-like sensilla are in rows on the central region of each palpus. these sensilla have a hollow cuticular peg, with an apical pore and multi-innervation. this central region of palpal sensilla is surrounded by campaniform sensilla that are disc-shaped and small conical peg sensilla. a similar type of conical sensillum as the found in the palpal central r ...	1995	29865329
simple and rapid method for determination of oxolinic acid in tiger shrimp ( penaeus monodon ) by high-performance liquid chromatography.	a simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining oxolinic acid in tiger shrimp ( penaeus monodon ) tissue has been developed. the sample was simply extracted with ethyl acetate without further clean-up. the extract was analyzed using reversed-phase chromatography with uv detection at 330 nm. an extraction efficiency of 97.4 ± 10.3% was obtained. the within-run precision ranged from 1.46 to 4.21% and the between-run precision ranged from 6.01 to 9.77%. detection of oxolinic ...	1996	31159009
brittle and sparse hair with normal cystine content caused by methionine deficiency?	the unusual case of an 8-year-old girl with a hair disorder is presented, characterized by brittle, short and sparse hair. on polarizing microscopy the latter reveals a "tiger tail" pattern, whereas severe cuticular defects are detected on scanning electron microscopy. the patient's hair has a normal cystine content but is completely devoid of methionine and reveals distinct changes of its visoelastic parameters. it is presently unknown whether the lack of methionine may be implicated in the pat ...	1996	8721497
the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel subtype in cone photoreceptors.	high-voltage activated ca channels in tiger salamander cone photoreceptors were studied with nystatin-permeabilized patch recordings in 3 mm ca2+ and 10 mm ba2+. the majority of ca channel current was dihydropyridine sensitive, suggesting a preponderance of l-type ca channels. however, voltage-dependent, incomplete block (maximum 60%) by nifedipine (0.1-100 microm) was evident in recordings of cones in tissue slice. in isolated cones, where the block was more potent, nifedipine (0.1-10 microm) o ...	1996	8740375
preoperative mri diagnosis of lhermitte-duclos disease: case report with associated enlarged vessel and syrinx.	the most common primary cerebellar tumor is hemangioblastoma, a lesion which is associated with magnetic resonance imaging (mr)-detectable vascularity in over 60%. lhermitte-duclos disease is an uncommon cause of a cerebellar mass that is not typically vascular.	1996	8629250
learning from the tigers: stakeholder health care.		1996	8598763
immunocytochemical localization of polyamines in the tiger salamander retina.	the polyamines spermine and spermidine are present in neural tissue, but their functions there are not well understood. recent work suggests that the nmda subtype of glutamate receptors, other glutamate receptor subtypes, and certain k(+)-channels, are neural targets for polyamines. to better understand the neuron-specific roles of polyamines, we have developed antibodies that interact with spermine and spermidine in aldehyde-fixed tissue and used these antibodies in immunocytochemical studies t ...	1996	8725001
'any willing provider': a toothless tiger?		1996	10157309
generating 'tiger' as an animal name or a word beginning with t: differences in brain activation.	positron emission tomography was used to investigate differences in regional cerebral activity during word retrieval in response to different prompts. the contrast of semantic category fluency and initial letter fluency resulted in selective activation of left temporal regions; the reverse contrast yielded activation in left frontal regions (ba44/6). a further comparison between types of category fluency demonstrated a more anterior temporal response for natural kinds and more posterior activati ...	1996	8805836
glutamate immunoreactivity in the tiger salamander retina differentiates between gaba-immunoreactive and glycine-immunoreactive amacrine cells.	a higher proportion of retinal amacrine cells, largely thought to be inhibitory, in tiger salamander retina are immunoreactive (+) for the excitatory amino acid glutamate than for either of the inhibitory amino acids, gaba and glycine. the colocalizations of glutamate immunoreactivity, gaba immunoreactivity and glycine immunoreactivity were studied in the proximal retina of tiger salamander using postembedding immunocytochemical methods in consecutive semithin sections. a considerable degree of ...	1996	8866240
immunohistochemical study of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in panthera tigris tigris.	the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor are described in a 14-yr-old female bengal tiger (panthera tigris tigris) housed at the new biblical zoo of jerusalem, jerusalem, israel, 1994. the neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically negative for insulin and glucagon, slightly positive for neuron-specific enolase, moderately positive for serotonin and somatostatin, and markedly positive for chromogranine a and gastrin. this is the first ...	1996	8827685
the mechanism by which nbqx enhances nmda currents in retinal ganglion cells.	when the quinoxaline nbqx (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (f) quinoxaline), a ka/ampa antagonist, is bath applied to the tiger salamander retina, a paradoxical action is evident in the light-evoked synaptic responses of ganglion cells: nbqx enhances excitatory synaptic currents at light onset observed under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions in a perfused retinal slice preparation. this observation was surprising because synaptic inputs into ganglion cells that are mediated by ka/ampa r ...	1996	8833754
genetics of mimicry in the tiger swallowtail butterflies, papilio glaucus and p. canadensis (lepidoptera: papilionidae).	the tiger swallowtail butterfly, papilio glaucus, exhibits a female-limited polymorphism for batesian mimicry; the canadian tiger swallowtail, papilio canadensis, lacks the mimetic (dark) form entirely. the species hybridize to a limited extent where their ranges overlap. field collections and censuses indicate that mimetic females occur throughout the range of p. glaucus but at lowest frequencies in populations at the latitudinal edges of its geographic range such as the southernmost part of fl ...	1996	28568864
the polytypic species revisited: genetic differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum (amphibia: caudata) complex.	we present a phylogenetic analysis of the ambystoma tigrinum complex, based on approximately 840 base pairs of mitochondrial-dna sequence from the rapidly evolving d-loop and an adjacent intron. our samples include populations of the continentally distributed species, a. tigrinum, plus all described species of mexican ambystomatids. sequence divergence is low, ranging from 0-8.5%, and most phylogenetic groupings are weakly supported statistically. we identified eight reasonably well-defined clad ...	1996	28568845
tiger balm as a treatment of tension headache. a clinical trial in general practice.	to assess the efficacy of a topical medication, tiger balm, in the treatment of acute tension headache.	1996	8839380
noise analysis of the glutamate-activated current in photoreceptors.	the glutamate-activated current in photoreceptors has been attributed both to a sodium/glutamate transporter and to a glutamate-activated chloride channel. we have further studied the glutamate-activated current in single, isolated photoreceptors from the tiger salamander using noise analysis on whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. in cones, the current is generated by chloride channels with a single-channel conductance of 0.7 ps and an open lifetime of 2.4 ms. the number of channels per cell is i ...	1996	8789090
[ultrastructural analysis of anastomosis group 9 of rhizoctonia solani].	the ultrastructure of r. solani ag-9 (s-21, atcc 62804) was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (tem). the most important characteristics were those related with cell wall thickness, cytoplasmic matrix composition, number of nuclei and nucleoli and secretory material production. the majority of examined hyphae showed lateral cell walls thinner than those recorded before. the cytoplasmic matrix consistently appeared differentiated into two classes, one formed by a highly electron d ...	1996	9334448
the closed-loop nature of the tymbal response in the dogbane tiger moth, cycnia tenera (lepidoptera, arctiidae).	the dogbane tiger moth, cycnia tenera, emits ultrasonic sounds by rhythmically buckling a pair of tymbals when stimulated by pulsed sounds resembling bat echolocation. we monitored the central pattern generator governing this response by recording the motor output of the tymbal branch of the metathoracic leg nerve. the rhythm of the tymbal motor pattern can be altered midway (500 m/sec from its initiation) by changing the period and, to a lesser degree, the intensity of the stimulus. the tymbal ...	1996	8872318
how to get paid for having fun.	as i look back, i am still amazed that i was actually paid to do something i loved and others could describe as work. yet my situation is no different from that of most scientists who find that they are asked to pursue their innate curiosity to solve puzzles, the solutions to which fortunately are of value to society. i enjoyed the beautiful logic of mathematics in elementary grades and was entranced by the exciting solution of puzzles described by dekruif. so i drifted into the scientific profe ...	1996	8811172
a molecular phylogeny of the tiger beetles (cicindelidae): congruence of mitochondrial and nuclear rdna data sets.	as a basis for comparative studies in the family cicindelidae (tiger beetles), a phylogenetic hypothesis for major groups was established based on molecular data, focusing on the taxa of the new world. two markers, mitochondrial 16s rrna and nuclear 18s rrna, were sequenced for a total of 912 nucleotides and 30 taxa. all cicindelidae were inferred to be a monophyletic group by the presence of a segment in the 5' region of the 18s rdna which is predicted to fold into a single stem-loop structure ...	1996	8975689
on the tail of the tiger. is a tasmanian legend still wandering the bush?		1996	8797295