Publications

epidemiological surveillance of rabies in lithuania from 1986 to 1996.	rabies has been endemic in lithuania for centuries. the objective of this study was to evaluate rabies incidence and seasonal trends in domestic and wild animals in lithuania from 1986 to 1996. annual rabies reports and data on cattle numbers were collected. descriptive epidemiology and time series data analyses were performed to detect seasonal trends. a total of 1,475 specimens were submitted for rabies testing. of these, 1,248 (84.6%) were confirmed as rabies cases by immunofluorescence antib ...	1998	9850540
first north american field release of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus.	following nearly 10 yr of extensive laboratory evaluation, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine was the first recombinant virus to undergo limited north american field release on 20 august 1990. the free-ranging raccoon population on parramore island (virginia, usa) was exposed to a high density (10 baits/ha) of vaccine-laden baits distributed on a 300 ha vaccination area. an annual total of 887 raccoons were live-trapped for sedation, physical examination and blood collection for rabie ...	1998	9577769
the cost of rabies postexposure prophylaxis: one state's experience.	this study was undertaken to evaluate trends in the use of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) before, during, and following an epidemic of raccoon rabies in massachusetts.	1998	9633871
trypanosoma cruzi infection of free-ranging lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) and ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta) on st. catherine's island, georgia, usa.	free-ranging old world primates released on st. catherine's island, georgia (usa), were tested for infection with trypanosoma cruzi as part of a study of the epizootiology of sylvatic t. cruzi in the southeastern usa. the parasite was observed in liver infusion tryptose medium cultures of blood from seven of 11 lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) and one of 19 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta). cultures of blood from 10 black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata) were all negative. analys ...	1998	9638621
trypanosomiasis in raccoons from georgia.	trypanosoma cruzi frequently infects wild mammals in the southern united states but little is known about the effect of the parasite on reservoir hosts such as the raccoon (procyon lotor). to investigate this issue, 30 raccoons trapped on st. catherine's island (georgia, usa) during september, 1994 were tested for t. cruzi infection by examination of wet mounts of fresh blood and by culturing blood in liver infusion tryptose medium. thirteen animals (43%) were found to be infected with t. cruzi. ...	1998	9476234
distribution of sylvatic species of trichinella in estonia according to climate zones.	a survey on trichinellosis among sylvatic and domestic animals from estonia revealed the presence of trichinella nativa (tn), trichinella britovi (tb), and trichinella spiralis (ts). muscle samples were collected from 776 sylvatic and 1,086 domestic animals. muscle larvae from 52 of the 74 positive samples were identified, using random-amplified polymorphic dna analysis; 19 samples showed tn, 27 samples tb, and 4 samples ts. a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) and a red fox (vulpes vulpes) ...	1998	9488368
morphology and morphometry of skulls of raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides and badgers, meles meles.	in order to obtain the basic data to identify the skeletal remains from the archaeological sites, morphological and morphometrical studies were carried out on skulls of living raccoon dogs (35 males and 45 females) and badgers (16 males and 8 females) from kagoshima prefecture. macroscopically, the sexual differences were observed in badgers for the parts of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the occipital squama, but were not in raccoon dogs. among 24 cranial measurements, significa ...	1998	9524938
a histometrical study on the long bones of raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides and badgers, meles meles.	to obtain the data required for identification of skeletal remains excavated from archaeological sites, histometrical observations were made in the cross sections of the mid-shaft of humerus, radius, femur and tibia of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and badgers (meles meles) captured in kagoshima prefecture. there were interspecific differences between both animals in the breadth, the depth and the area of medullary cavity at the mid-shaft of the bones, all measurements were greater in ...	1998	9560780
epidemiology of trichinellosis in lynx in finland.	three hundred and twenty seven european lynx (lynx lynx) were examined for trichinella sp. larvae using the muscle digestion method. the animals were of both sexes, various ages, and collected between 1989 and 1994 in different locations in finland. forty percent of them (132) were found to be infected. infection was overdispersed, so that the majority of infected lynx only harboured small amounts of larvae, while a minority had higher densities of infection, but never significantly exceeding 40 ...	1998	9639901
[genetic relationships of nyctereutes procyonopides: as inferred from random amplified polymorphic dna analysis].	random amplified polymorphic dnas (rapds) were used to investigate genetic relationships of eight raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonopides). using 28 arbitrary primers (10 bp), about 130 rapd markers were observed in each individual. the average, maximum, and minimum genetic distance among 8 raccoon dogs are 11.20%, 14.93%, and 2.94% respectively. our molecular phylogenetic trees constructed by upgma and nj methods suggest that those 8 chinese raccoon dogs may be divided into 4 clusters: (1) guan ...	1998	9648400
[incidence of antibodies in raccoon dogs and deer inhabiting suburban areas].	we evaluated the incidence of antibodies against canine distemper (cd) virus, canine parvovirus, toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), aujeszky's disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, rickettsia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia japonica, and coxiella burnetii in 30 raccoon dogs and 5 deer captured in suburban areas in kanagawa prefecture. among the raccoon dogs, anti-t. gondii antibody was detected in 1 animal (3.3%) and anti-cd virus antibody in 9 (30.0%). however, antibodies ag ...	1998	9621559
predator-mediated interactions between and within guilds of nesting songbirds: experimental and observational evidence.	apparent competition (i.e., a mutually negative indirect interaction between prey species through shared predation) arises when predator abundance or foraging effort increases with total prey availability. we review and formalize several patch-use models from which we derive predictions for how the degree of coupling (from the predators' perspective) between nesting guilds (defined as species nesting within a vegetation stratum) affects the outcome of shared predation. we then determine which mo ...	1998	18811447
pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in raccoons (procyon lotor) from oregon.		1999	12968748
butyltin residues in livers of humans and wild terrestrial mammals and in plastic products.	butyltin compounds (bts) including mono-(mbt), di-(dbt) and tributyltin (tbt) were determined in livers of humans and wild terrestrial mammals, such as raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoids) and monkeys (macaca fuscata) from japan. in addition, 22 samples of plastic products were analyzed. bt residues were detected in all the liver samples of humans and raccoon dogs, with concentrations of <360 ng/g wet wt, whereas concentrations in the liver of monkeys were either less than the detection limit ...	1999	15093048
use of protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening for antibodies against parapoxvirus in wild animals in japan.	using protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we tried to detect antibodies against parapoxvirus in 9 species of wild animals in japan: the japanese badger (meles meles anakuma), japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus), japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), japanese serow (capricornis crispus), japanese wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax), masked palm civet (paguma larvata ...	1999	10225841
use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues.	seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ...	1999	10029326
cerebral larva migrans in a raccoon (procyon lotor).	during 1997, gross and histopathologic examinations were performed on an adult female raccoon (procyon lotor) that was live-trapped in corvallis, oregon. multifocal eosinophilic granulomas indicative of neural and visceral larva migrans were observed. however, within these granulomas, the presence of parasitic larva was seen only in the cerebrum. morphologic characteristics indicated that the nematode was an ascarid larva. however, it was smaller than the larva of baylisascaris sp. this appears ...	1999	10568447
periodontal and dental lesions in raccoons from a farming and a recreational area in illinois.	dental health was evaluated in two populations of raccoons (procyon lotor) in western illinois (usa); one was from a rural agricultural area with low human density and the other from a nearby state park heavily used by humans and raccoons. from 1989 through 1993, 300 raccoons were live-trapped in the agricultural area and 246 raccoons were live-trapped in the park. oral health was assessed using gingival and calculi indices and by measuring loss of attachment and tooth wear. raccoons from the pa ...	1999	10574532
implications of raccoon latrines in the epizootiology of baylisascariasis.	raccoons (procyon lotor) frequently establish defecation sites, termed latrines, on large logs, stumps, rocks, and other horizontally oriented structures/surfaces. these latrines are important foci of infective eggs of baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode parasite of raccoons which is pathogenic to numerous species of mammals and birds. to examine the role of raccoon latrines in this animal-parasite interaction, we documented animal visitations to raccoon latrines in two large forested tracts and ...	1999	10479081
rabies in two privately owned domestic rabbits.	two privately owned domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in maryland were found to be infected with the raccoon variant of the rabies virus in 1998. both rabbits had an acute onset of anorexia and paralysis or paresis of the left forelimb; 1 also developed head tremors and a head tilt. one of the rabbits became ill 25 days after being attacked by a raccoon (procyon lotor) and was euthanatized 3 days after onset of illness. the other rabbit, which was housed in an outdoor hutch, died 4 days a ...	1999	10613216
neuronal vacuolation in raccoons from oregon.	during a 2-year period (1995-1997), vacuoles were detected in neurons of 21/50 (42% prevalence) raccoons (procyon lotor) in oregon. age or sex predisposition was not apparent. twenty of these raccoons were from within a radius of 40 km of corvallis in western oregon. microscopically, the vacuoles were variable in size, were in the perikarya, and were consistently present in pontine nuclei. brain tissues were negative for rabies virus antigen by fluorescent antibody test and for the protease-resi ...	1999	10424643
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1998.	during 1998, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,961 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 6.5% from 8,509 cases in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings reported in 1997. more than 92% (7,358 cases) were in wild animals, whereas > 7.5% (603 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93% in wild animals and 7% in domestic species in 1997). decreases were evident in al ...	1999	10613210
two distinct populations of cholinergic neurons in the septum of raccoon (procyon lotor): evidence for a separate subset in the lateral septum.	the present study focused on cholinergic neurons in the lateral septal region of the raccoon detected by choline acetyltransferase (chat)-immunostaining. for comparison of the cholinergic neurons of the medial and lateral septal nuclei, soma sizes were measured, and several antibodies were applied that differentially characterize these cells in several species: low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(ntr)), calbindin-d(28k) (calb), and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos). to compare th ...	1999	10440713
prevalence of sarcocystis kirkpatricki sarcocysts in the central nervous system and striated muscles of raccoons from the eastern united states.	a retrospective survey of 760 raccoons (procyon lotor) revealed 9 animals with sarcocysts of sarcocystis kirkpatricki in their brains. six of the raccoons also had the organisms in their skeletal muscles, and 1 had them in the heart muscle. no age or gender predisposition was seen. seven of the raccoons had concurrent viral diseases (canine distemper or rabies), suggesting that concurrent viral infections in raccoons may facilitate infection of brain tissue with s. kirkpatricki.	1999	10461963
humoral response and protection from experimental challenge following vaccination of raccoon pups with a modified-live canine distemper virus vaccine.	eight 8-wk-old raccoon pups (procyon lotor) with maternal canine distemper virus (cdv) neutralizing antibodies (nab) and 24 8-wk-old seronegative pups were administered a commercial modified-live cdv vaccine (galaxy, d, solvay animal health, inc., kitchener, ontario, canada). all 24 seronegative raccoons had detectable serum cdv nab titers 14 days after the initial dose. titers rose to maximum levels 4 wk post-vaccination. mean titers for groups of vaccinated seronegative pups were maintained be ...	1999	10479076
plague in free-ranging mammals in western north dakota.	from july through october of 1996, 48 blood samples were collected from coyotes (canis latrans), badgers (taxidea taxus), and raccoons (procyon lotor) in western north dakota (usa) for the purposes of determining antibody titers to the plague bacterium, yersniia pestis. the passive hemagglutination paper-strip blood-sampling technique was utilized with hemagglutination inhibition controls. two positive samples were obtained from mckenzie county, one from a coyote with a titer of 1:64 and one fro ...	1999	10479100
oral rabies vaccine contact by raccoons and nontarget species in a field trial in florida.	rabies is enzootic in raccoons (procyon lotor) in the eastern united states. oral vaccination of free-ranging raccoons against rabies has the potential to control the disease in a principal reservoir and reduce the risk of rabies exposure among domestic animals and humans. free-ranging animal contact with baits containing a vaccinia virus recombinant vaccine expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene (v-rg) was monitored in pinellas county (florida, usa) from february through may 1997. bait contact ...	1999	10574527
human rabies postexposure prophylaxis during a raccoon rabies epizootic in new york, 1993 and 1994.	we describe the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in four upstate new york counties during the 1st and 2nd year of a raccoon rabies epizootic. we obtained data from records of 1,173 persons whose rabies pep was reported to local health departments in 1993 and 1994. mean annual pep incidence rates were highest in rural counties, in summer, and in patients 10 to 14 and 35 to 44 years of age. pep given after bites was primarily associated with unvaccinated dogs and cats, b ...	1999	10341178
plesiomonas shigelloides and its serovars in animals in the czech republic--region moravia.	in the period of 1994-1997, 4,552 samples of sectional, clinical material and environment were examined for the presence of plesiomonas shigelloides. in 55 cases (1,21%) plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated. within 55 isolated strains, 26 serovars have been successfully identified. among other secured cases was plesiomonas shigelloides isolated in pig (sus scrofa domestica), mouse mus musculus), binturong (arctictis binturong) and raccoon (pocyon lotor). in mandarin duck (aix galericulata) the ...	1999	10084023
serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in raccoons from illinois.	the determination of serologic titers to infectious organisms is a valuable tool for quantitating exposure to disease organisms. raccoons (procyon lotor) were live-trapped from september 1989 to october 1993 and samples collected from two distinct locations in west-central illinois (usa); a state recreational facility (park) and privately owned farming property (farm). sera were submitted for testing leptospira interrogans (serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemmorhagiae ...	1999	10231761
patterns of infestation by adult dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) in a mark-recapture study of raccoons (mammalia: carnivora) and virginia opossums (mammalia: didelphimorphia) in tennessee.	a mark-recapture study of raccoons (procyon lotor l.) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana kerr) was conducted from february 1991 through april 1994 to determine host interactions with adult dermacentor variabilis say. we captured 1,293 raccoons and virginia opossums during the 3-yr study (140 individual raccoons and 160 individual virginia opossums) with 1,895 adult d. variabilis collected. raccoons had a significantly higher mean intensity and higher prevalence of adult ticks than virgi ...	1999	10337094
sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria as indicators of diffuse human faecal pollution in estuarine watersheds.	sorbitol fermenting bifidobacteria were evaluated as indicators of non-point source human faecal pollution to three sub-estuaries with elevated faecal coliform densities. human-specific bifidobacteria correlated with identifiable human sanitary deficiencies in feeder streams to estuarine creeks in two of three watersheds examined, one rural and one moderately developed. sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria were recovered at densities ranging from 1 to 90 colony-forming-units 100 ml-1 in 11 of 258 ...	1999	10583680
helminth fauna of carnivores distributed in north-western tohoku, japan, with special reference to mesocestoides paucitesticulus and brachylaima tokudai.	in the winter of 1998-1999, we collected parasitological data from 54 wild carnivores in the north-western part of tohoku region, japan. these consisted of 38 martens (martes melampus melampus), 14 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) and 2 foxes (vulpes vulpes japonica). collected helminth parasites were 11 nematode, 10 trematode, 3 cestode, and a single acanthocephalan species, including 5 hitherto unknown species for this research area or the mainland of japan (honshu). mesocest ...	1999	10651058
ecology and evolution of rabies virus in europe.	the evolution of rabies viruses of predominantly european origin was studied by comparing nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes, and by typing isolates using rflp. phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence data revealed a number of distinct groups, each associated with a particular geographical area. such a pattern suggests that rabies virus has spread westwards and southwards across europe during this century, but that physical barriers such as the vistula river in p ...	1999	10573146
ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from mammals at cape hatteras, nc and assateague island, md and va.	results of a survey for ixodid ticks and/or serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from 14 species of small to large mammals from eastern coastal areas of the united states are presented. most samples were obtained from july 1987 through june 1989 (excluding december-march) at 3 locales: assateague is. national seashore, worcester co., md., and accomack co., va. (approximately 38 degrees 05' n 75 degrees 10' w), and cape hatteras national seashore, dare co., nc (approximately 35 degrees 30' n ...	1999	10534951
parasitological survey on wild carnivora in north-western tohoku, japan.	in the winter of 1997-1998, we collected parasitological data from 60 wild carnivora in the north-western part of tohoku region, japan. these included 7 foxes (vulpes vulpes japonica), 20 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), 29 martens (martes melampus melampus), 3 weasels (two mustela sibirica itatsi and one m. nivalis namiyei), and one japanese badger (meles meles anakuma). roundworms (toxocara canis in foxes and toxocara tanuki in raccoon dogs), hookworms (ancylostoma kusimaens ...	1999	10535507
rabies in skunks from mexico.	an enzootic focus of rabies in skunks in mexico is described. fifty three wild animals including two badgers (taxidea taxus), 32 bats (various species), one bobcat (lynx rufus), two coatis (nasua narica) three foxes (urocyon cineroargenteus), one raccoon (procyon lotor) and 12 skunks (see below) were tested for rabies by direct immunofluorescence assay from 1991 to 1997 in the central part of san luis potosi state, mexico. rabies occurrence was 21% of all tested mammals, with 19% in skunks and o ...	1999	10479094
positive raccoon-strain rabies cases in mahoning county, ohio, 1997.		1999	10537815
how skilled are the skilled limb movements of the raccoon (procyon lotor)?	raccoons have been widely used for neurobiological research and with respect to paw (hand) use have been 'considered' to be primates because they display highly developed skilled hand use. their exceptional manipulatory ability is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective both because they belong to a taxon that is divergent from primates and because most members of their taxon are not especially skilled. surprisingly, there has been no systematic investigation of their manipulatory ability. thi ...	1999	10512570
experimental lead toxicosis of raccoons (procyon lotor).	four pairs of raccoons were treated orally with the following doses of lead acetate (mg/kg; 5 days/week, for 8 weeks): 0 (control), 1, 2 and 4. in the six experimental animals, this treatment produced dose-dependent increases in blood lead, without clinical signs or changes in haematological parameters. after 8 weeks, the liver and kidney of all lead-treated animals and the calvarium and radius of those receiving doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg contained elevated concentrations of lead. acid-fast inclusi ...	1999	10087488
behavioural aspects of the raccoon mating system: determinants of consortship success.	we monitored raccoons procyon lotor, in southern texas during the 1990-1992 mating seasons to describe mating behaviour and identify factors affecting consortship success. during most of this study, raccoons were spatially aggregated, with female home ranges congregated around permanent water sources and larger home ranges of male groups encompassing each female group. consortship success varied among males and ranged from zero to six females per male within a mating season. individual females c ...	1999	10196048
tumors in wild adult raccoons from a suburban area.		1999	10367163
spatial diffusion of raccoon rabies in pennsylvania, usa.	identification of the geographic pattern of diffusion of a wildlife disease could lead to information regarding its control. the objective of this study was to model raccoon-rabies diffusion in pennsylvania to identify geographic constraints on the diffusion pattern for potential use in bait-vaccination strategies. a trend-surface analysis (tsa) was used as a spatial filter for month to first report by county location. a cubic polynomial model was fitted (r2 = 0.80). velocity vectors were calcul ...	1999	10343331
pancreatic endocrine carcinoma with multiple hormone production in a raccoon (procyon lotor).	a pancreatic endocrine carcinoma with lung metastases was found in a 15-year-old male raccoon. this tumour was characterized by great variation in cell size and production of multiple polypeptide hormones. endocrine markers expressed by the neoplastic cells were, in descending order of frequency, chromogranin a, pancreatic polypeptide (pp), glucagon, somatostatin and insulin. co-expression of pp and glucagon, somatostatin or insulin was demonstrated immunohistochemically with consecutive section ...	1999	10213674
ontario. raccoon rabies in eastern ontario.		1999	17424571
a retrospective histopathological survey of capillariasis in raccoons (procyon lotor) from oregon.	a 2-yr retrospective survey (1995-1998) of 63 adult raccoons (procyon lotor) from oregon, northwestern united states, was conducted by histopathological examination of various tissues. an overall prevalence of capillariasis was recorded in 52% of the raccoons. highest prevalence of nematodes (29/30, 97.7%) was present in the anal sacs, where variable numbers of nematodes, their ova, and extensive diffuse inflammatory cellular infiltrate were evident. lesser numbers of nematodes were also seen in ...	1999	10647053
poisoning of wildlife with anticoagulant rodenticides in new york.	from 1971 through 1997, we documented 51 cases (55 individual animals) of poisoning of non-target wildlife in new york (plus two cases in adjoining states) (usa) with anticoagulant rodenticides--all but two of these cases occurred in the last 8 yrs. brodifacoum was implicated in 80% of the incidents. diphacinone was identified in four cases, bromadiolone in three cases (once in combination with brodifacoum), and chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl were detected once each in the company of brodifac ...	1999	10231745
effects of a resistant corn hybrid and fenamiphos on meloidogyne incognita in a corn-squash rotation.	the efficacy of a double-cross corn (zea mays) hybrid (old raccoon selection x t216) x (tebeau selection x mp 307) resistant to meloidogyne incognita as a rotational crop, and fenamiphos treatment for management of root-knot nematode (m. incognita race 1) in squash (cucurbita pepo var. melopepo) was evaluated in field tests during 1996 and 1997. numbers of m. incognita in the soil and root-gall indices were lower on the resistant hybrid than on a commercial cultivar dekalb dk-683. treatment mean ...	1999	19270888
clinical coccidiosis in raccoons (procyon lotor).	clinical coccidiosis was diagnosed in wild-caught and captive raccoons. eimeria procyonis-like oocysts were seen in 15 of 15 captive raccoons. in 6 of 6 juvenile wild-caught raccoons examined at necropsy, endogenous coccidian stages were seen in the small intestine. two types of schizonts (large and small) were identified. large schizonts were up to 110 microm long, contained 10-microm-long merozoites, and were in crypt glandular epithelial cells. smaller schizonts were 10 microm long, contained ...	2000	11191907
whence the red panda?	the evolutionary history of the red panda (ailurus fulgens) plays a pivotal role in the higher-level phylogeny of the "bear-like" arctoid carnivoran mammals. characters from morphology and molecules have provided inconsistent evidence for placement of the red panda. whereas it certainly is an arctoid, there has been major controversy about whether it should be placed with the bears (ursids), ursids plus pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walrus), raccoons (procyonids), musteloids (raccoons plus weasel ...	2000	11083933
a screening level probabilistic risk assessment of mercury in florida everglades food webs.	a screening level probabilistic assessment of risks was performed on three species of piscivorous wildlife at the top of everglades aquatic food webs: the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis), the great egret (egretta alba), and the raccoon (procyon lotor varius). ranges of dietary exposure concentrations (and probability distribution functions) were derived for two general areas of the everglades: shark slough and the southcentral everglades (highly contaminated with hg), and the nor ...	2000	11139184
predicting the local dynamics of epizootic rabies among raccoons in the united states.	mathematical models have been developed to explore the population dynamics of viral diseases among wildlife. however, assessing the predictions stemming from these models with wildlife databases adequate in size and temporal duration is uncommon. an epizootic of raccoon rabies that began in the mid-atlantic region of the united states in the late 1970s has developed into one of the largest and most extensive in the history of wildlife rabies. we analyzed the dynamics of local epizootics at the c ...	2000	11069300
metals and metallothionein in the liver of raccoons: utility for environmental assessment and monitoring.	the relationship between metallothionein levels and concentrations of several metals and radionuclides was examined in liver tissues of raccoons (procyon lotor, n = 47) from the department of energy's savannah river site in south carolina to determine the applicability of metallothioneins as an initial screening device for exposure assessment in free-living mammals and environmental monitoring. using a fluorescent marker and a cell sorter to measure metallothionein, a significant positive correl ...	2000	10914690
concurrent candidiasis, listeriosis and adenovirus infections in a raccoon (procyon lotor).		2000	10766117
innervation of the digit on the forepaw of the raccoon.	the innervation of the digits on the raccoon forepaw was examined by using immunochemistry for protein gene product 9.5, calcitonin-gene related peptide, substance p, neuropeptide-y, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neurofilament protein. the larger-caliber axons in the ventral glabrous skin terminate as pacinian corpuscles deep in the dermis, small corpuscles and merkel endings around the base of dermal papillae, and merkel endings on rete pegs in dermal papillae. extensive fine-caliber innervation te ...	2000	10701867
raccoon rabies in space and time.		2000	11121013
metals and metallothionein in the liver of raccoons: utility for environmental assessment and monitoring.	the relationship between metallothionein levels and concentrations of several metals and radionuclides was examined in liver tissues of raccoons ( procyon lotor, n = 47) from the department of energy?s savannah river site in south carolina to determine the applicability of metallothioneins as an initial screening device for exposure assessment in free-living mammals and environmental monitoring. using a fluorescent marker and a cell sorter to measure metallothionein, a significant positive corre ...	2000	28124583
an ethicist's commentary on rabies vaccinations of raccoons.		2000	10769764
epizootiological investigations of canine distemper virus in free-ranging carnivores from germany.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a broad range of carnivores. to assess whether wild carnivores may play a role in the epidemiology of cdv in domestic dogs in germany, the seroprevalence of cdv was determined. in sera from red foxes (30 of 591 (5%)) and stone martens (2 of 10 (20%)) antiviral antibodies were detected using a neutralization assay, whereas sera of raccoons, two mink, one pine marten and one raccoon dog were negative. in foxes, there was a significantly higher prevalence in urb ...	2000	10831852
[molecular phylogeny of canidae using mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequences].	372 bp mitochondrial cytochrome b dna of blue fox, red fox, raccoon dog, and wolf were sequenced. combined with the dna fragments of dog, simien fox, and african wild dog, sequences were aligned and analyzed. there are 113 nucleotide sites substituted (30%). molecular phylogenetic tree constructed by nj method suggests that african wild dog is the earliest divergent. wolf, dog, and simien fox which belong to genus canis are combined into one branch which diverged earlier than raccoon dog, red fo ...	2000	10883533
clinical features of experimental trichinellosis in the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).	three groups of six raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were provided for the experiment: the first group was infected with pig-origin trichinella spiralis, the second with raccoon dog-origin trichinella nativa, and the third served as controls. infection dose for both parasite species was 1000 larvae/kg of body weight, which led to intense final infection. clinical signs, haematology and serum biochemistry with repeated blood samples were monitored up to 12 weeks post-infection. the most si ...	2000	10889361
listeriosis in a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) associated with canine distemper.	a wild raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) that manifested severe illness and died was examined. necropsy revealed severe emaciation, systemic icterus and petechial hemorrhages on the mucous membranes. histopathologically, necroses were seen in the liver and brain stem associated with meningitis. eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the spleen and intestinal mucosa, and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were seen in transitional epithelium in the bladder. l ...	2000	10907692
effect of dietary glycine and benzoate level on benzoate metabolism in mink (mustela vision), blue fox (alopex lagopus), and raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).	three 2 x 4 factorial experiments were carried out from august to september with 30 juvenile male mink, 24 raccoon dogs, and 24 blue foxes to investigate the effect of dietary glycine supply (low or high) on the efficiency of these species to excrete hippuric acid with incremental benzoate intake (0, 1, 2, or 4 mmol/kg bw). for mink, two additional treatments with 1 or 2 mmol/kg bw of ethyl benzoate were included. a basal low-glycine diet was formulated to meet the minimum protein requirements o ...	2000	10784188
ezrin, a membrane-organizing protein, as a polarization marker of the retinal pigment epithelium in vertebrates.	immunoreactivity for ezrin, a membrane-organizing phosphoprotein that tethers actin microfilaments to cell membrane proteins, was evaluated as a polarization marker in the intraocular neuroepithelial cells of vertebrates, especially in the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe). six fetal human eyes representing the 14th-28th gestational weeks, 9 normal adult eyes, 12 eyes with intraocular tumors, and 26 eyes from 15 other vertebrate species were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using the avidin-bioti ...	2000	10955717
bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral rabies vaccine field trial in florida.	oral rabies vaccine-laden baits, with a tetracycline biomarker, were distributed in pinellas county (florida, usa) by helicopter drop and from cars from january to april 1997. a total of 130,320 baits was distributed throughout the county, yielding an average bait density of 185 baits per km2. bait ingestion was estimated by microscopic detection of tetracycline in tooth and bone samples from 244 raccoons (procyon lotor), 33 opossums (didelphis virginianus), 31 feral cats, and two gray foxes (ur ...	2000	11085436
effects of contaminants in dredge material from the lower savannah river.	contaminants entering aquatic systems from agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities are generally sequestered in bottom sediments. the environmental significance of contaminants associated with sediments dredged from savannah harbor, georgia, usa, are unknown. to evaluate potential effects of contaminants in river sediments and sediments dredged and stored in upland disposal areas on fish and wildlife species, solid-phase sediment and sediment pore water from front river, back river, a ...	2000	10556380
host association and seasonal activity of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in missouri.	from june 1993 through june 1996, 2,260 adult, 4,426 nymphal, and 2,178 larval lone star ticks amblyomma americanum (l.) were collected in missouri from vertebrate hosts and by dragging a cloth over vegetation. prevalence, mean intensity, and relative abundance of each stage varied among hosts. the relative abundance of adult lone star ticks was highest on white-tailed deer, but this stage was also collected from raccoons, opossum, red fox, coyotes, and wild turkey. nymphs were collected from gr ...	2000	11128501
the distribution of vitamin a and retinol-binding protein in the blood plasma, urine, liver and kidneys of carnivores.	the contents of retinol and retinyl esters as well as retinol-binding protein (rbp) in the plasma, urine, liver and kidneys of dogs, raccoon dogs and silver foxes were investigated. in the plasma and urine of all three species, vitamin a was present as retinol and retinyl esters. vitamin a levels (1376+/-669 microg x g(-1)) were significantly higher in the livers of dogs than in the kidneys (200+/-217 microg x g(-1), p < 0.001 ). however, vitamin a levels in the kidneys of raccoon dogs (291+/-14 ...	2000	11129798
prevalence of dirofilarial infection in raccoon dogs in japan.	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) is known to acquire canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection. we surveyed the prevalence of heartworm infection in free-ranging raccoon dogs in the nishi-tama (tokyo) and kanagawa areas of japan. a total of 75 raccoon dog carcasses, including 29 animals from the nishi-tama area and 46 from the kanagawa area, were necropsied between 1992 and 1993. eight out of 75 raccoon dogs were found to be infected (overall 10.7%). the prevalence of ...	2000	11426580
update: raccoon rabies epizootic--united states and canada, 1999.	in 1977, an outbreak of raccoon rabies was detected in an area on the west virginia-virginia border. since then, the area affected by this distinct variant of rabies virus associated with raccoons has spread to ohio in the west and new york, pennsylvania, vermont, new hampshire, and maine in the north. in addition, the once separate epizootics of rabies among raccoons in the southeastern and mid-atlantic states converged in north carolina. in july 1999, the raccoon rabies virus variant was repor ...	2000	10680602
a modified bait for oral delivery of biological agents to raccoons and feral swine.	a field study was conducted on ossabaw island (georgia, usa) in march 1994 to evaluate four different types of bait for delivering orally effective biological agents to raccoons (procyon lotor) and feral swine (sus scrofa). a deep-fried corndog batter bait, which was previously shown to be ingested by both captive and free-ranging raccoons, and a polymer fishmeal bait which had been shown effective for both raccoons and feral swine were compared with a grain-based dog food meal polymer bait topi ...	2000	10682748
intestinal parasites of raccoons (procyon lotor) from southwest british columbia.	this is the first extensive survey of metazoan parasites (particularly of the roundworm baylisascaris procyonis) from the intestines of raccoons in british columbia. the sample collected in 1997-1998 consisted of 82 raccoons that had been sick or had been killed accidentally by automobiles. fifteen parasite taxa were found: 3 nematodes, 9 digenetic trematodes, 2 acanthocephalans and 1 cestode. ten of these parasites constitute new host records for raccoons, including 4 digenetic trematodes that ...	2000	10805249
antibody for human p75 lntr identifies cholinergic basal forebrain of non-primate species.	192-igg is an antibody directed against the p75 low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in rats, whereas me 20.4 was raised against the analogous protein in humans. coupled to saporin, 192-igg and me 20.4 have been used to lesion basal forebrain neurons in rats and primates, respectively. we compared the cross-reactivity of 192-igg and me 20.4 in the basal forebrain of rat, human, dog, cat, raccoon, pig, and rabbit. we found excellent species cross-reactivity of me 20.4 in dog, raccoon, cat, p ...	2000	10923666
animal bite epidemiology and surveillance for rabies postexposure prophylaxis.	to understand the epidemiology of animal bites and exposure, evaluate the animal exposure reporting system for surveillance of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep), and identify opportunities to reduce pep.	2000	10909457
appropriateness of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatment for animal exposures. emergency id net study group.	rabies postexposure prophylaxis (rpep) treatments and associated costs have increased in the united states. the extent to which rpep use is consistent with guidelines is not well understood.	2000	10944646
radiologic-pathologic findings in raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis.	a 13-month-old boy developed eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, retinitis, and a protracted encephalopathy with severe residual deficits. the initial mr examination revealed diffuse periventricular white matter disease, and follow-up images showed atrophy. brain biopsy, serology, and epidemiologic studies lead to the diagnosis of baylisascaris procyonis infection, a parasitic disease contracted through exposure to soil contaminated by the eggs of a common raccoon intestinal roundworm. the patholo ...	2000	10696033
classification of antibiotic resistance patterns of indicator bacteria by discriminant analysis: use in predicting the source of fecal contamination in subtropical waters.	the antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms isolated from domestic wastewater and animal feces were determined using a battery of antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin) at four concentrations each. the sources of animal feces included wild birds, cattle, chickens, dogs, pigs, and raccoons. antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal colifor ...	2000	10966379
bait delivery for oral rabies vaccine to gray foxes.	rabies is a widespread zoonotic disease that has reached epizootic proportions in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in central texas. because each species of carnivore has different food preferences and foraging strategies, it is essential that the efficacy of a bait delivery program be examined for gray foxes prior to an oral vaccination program being attempted. field trials were conducted to determine bait preferences of free-ranging gray foxes to selected baits and odor attractants. baits ...	2000	11085437
immunohistochemical confirmation of sarcocystis neurona infections in raccoons, mink, cat, skunk, and pony.	in the central nervous system of 2 raccoons, 1 cat, 1 pony, 2 mink, and 1 skunk, protozoa previously thought to be sarcocystis-like reacted positively to sarcocystis neurona-specific antibodies in an immunohistochemical test. in addition, s. neurona was identified in the brain of another skunk. these observations indicate that s. neurona is not confined to opossums and horses.	2000	11128499
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999.	during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ...	2000	11132881
host utilization and seasonal occurrence of dermacentor species (acari:ixodidae) in missouri, usa.	a total of 3,235 dermacentor variabilis (say) specimens were collected from birds, mammals, and by dragging vegetation, and 2,683 d. albipictus (packard) ticks were collected from deer from 1993 to 1996. peak seasonal occurrence of adult d. variabilis was from may through july with a precipitous decrease in august. nymphal d. variabilis populations peaked in june. peak activity of larvae was bimodal, with one activity peak during late summer (september) and a second peak in winter or early sprin ...	2000	11201355
raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis: case report and field investigation.	baylisascaris procyonis is a common and widespread parasite of raccoons in the united states and canada. with large raccoon populations occurring in many areas, the potential risk of human infection with b procyonis is high. we report a case of severe raccoon roundworm (b procyonis) encephalitis in a young child to illustrate the unique clinical, diagnostic, and treatment aspects, as well as public health concerns of b procyonis infection. acute and convalescent serum and cerebrospinal fluid sam ...	2000	11015551
detection of antibodies reactive with ehrlichia chaffeensis in the raccoon.	antibodies reactive with ehrlichia chaffeensis were detected in raccoon (procyon lotor) serum samples by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. samples from 411 raccoons trapped in the southeastern united states from 1977 to 1999 were tested. serologically reactive samples with reciprocal titers of > or =16 were detected from 83 raccoons (20%) from 13 of 16 counties in eight states, indicating that raccoons are commonly exposed to e. chaffeensis. samples collected as early as 1977 were posi ...	2000	11085432
vsv-nj on ossabaw island, georgia. the truth is out there.	ossabaw island, georgia, is the only recognized enzootic focus of vesicular stomatitis virus new jersey (vsv-nj) in the united states and has been the subject of vsv-nj research since 1981. to date, vsv-nj antibodies have been detected only from feral swine, cattle, equines, deer, and raccoons. vsv-nj transmission occurs annually, is seasonal, and is associated with the maritime forest. despite high transmission rates the clinical disease is rarely detected. a sand fly (lutzomyia shannoni) occur ...	2000	11193657
use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose the fifth reported us case of autochthonous transmission of trypanosoma cruzi, in tennessee, 1998.	in july 1998, the mother of an 18-month-old boy in rural tennessee found a triatomine bug in his crib, which she saved because it resembled a bug shown on a television program about insects that prey on mammals. the gut contents of the triatoma sanguisuga were found, by light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), to be infected with trypanosoma cruzi; pcr products hybridized with t. cruzi-specific oligonucleotide probes. whole-blood specimens obtained from the child in july and august ...	2000	10608796
leptospira infections in trappers from ontario.	four trappers presented to the middlesex-london health unit in november, 1997 with similar clinical presentations. all four complained of fever, chills and headache, and three of the four had severe muscle aches. all gave histories of trapping raccoons before the onset of illness. three of the four men exhibited diagnostic seroconversions to leptospira grippotyphosa.	2000	18159265
leptospira infection in two black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis michaeli).	two black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis michaeli) developed clinical leptospirosis without hemolytic crises. the first rhinoceros presented with peracute depression, anorexia, rear leg trembling, dysuria, glucosuria, gastrointestinal discomfort, and decreased fecal output and died within 12 hr. necropsy and histopathology revealed lesions within multiple organs. leptospirosis was diagnosed postmortem based on positive fluorescent antibody staining of liver. the second rhinoceros presented 2 mo ...	2001	12785703
risk factors for human exposure to raccoon rabies during an epizootic in connecticut.	the emergence of rabies among terrestrial wildlife poses increasing but poorly defined risks to people. in particular, events leading to human exposure to rabies virus via mammalian reservoirs remain elusive. thus, we determined those risk factors associated with human exposure to rabies-positive animals during a raccoon rabies epizootic in connecticut. existing passive surveillance data on animal rabies tests in connecticut from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated for demographic, ecological, and ...	2001	12653149
baylisascaris procyonis (nematoda: ascaridae) in raccoons (procyon lotor) in orange county, california.	baylisascaris procyonis is one of the common nematodes of the raccoon (procyon lotor), being well recognized as a cause of visceral, ocular, and neural larval migrans in many species of wild and domestic birds and mammals, including humana. between january 15 and december 31, 2000 in orange county, ca, 640 raccoons (p. lotor) were live-trapped in four spatial distributions zones, and b. procyonis egg shedding prevalence and fecal egg per gram (epg) counts were determined in relation to spatial d ...	2001	12653152
rabies epizootics among raccoons vary along a north-south gradient in the eastern united states.	the characteristics of rabies epizootics among raccoons were investigated in 11 eastern states along a north-south gradient from new york to north carolina. epizootics were defined as discrete intervals of time of at least 5 months in duration, when reported cases of raccoon rabies from an individual county exceeded the median value of raccoon rabies cases reported by that county over the entire period rabies was present among raccoons in the county. over the approximately 20-year study period, ...	2001	12653126
predilection muscles and physical condition of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis and trichinella nativa.	the predilection muscles of trichinella spiralis and t. nativa were studied in 2 experimental groups of 6 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), the third group serving as a control for clinical signs. the infection dose for both parasites was 1 larva/g body weight. after 12 weeks, the animals were euthanized and 13 sampling sites were analysed by the digestion method. larvae were found in all sampled skeleton muscles of the infected animals, but not in the specimens from the heart or intestin ...	2001	11957372
myocarditis and encephalitis associated with sarcocystis neurona infection in raccoons (procyon lotor).	sarcocystis neurona associated granulomatous encephalitis was found in 2 of 84 adult raccoons. both raccoons also had an extensive nonsuppurative myocarditis and one had s. neurona schizonts and merozoites in the myocardium. only the asexual stages (schizonts and merozoites) of s. neurona are found in tissues of naturally infected animals (horse, mink, raccoons, cats, skunk, pony, seals, sea otters) and since these have not been reported outside the central nervous system, the presence of concur ...	2001	11223214
cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower new york state.	cryptosporidium, an enteric parasite of humans and a wide range of other mammals, presents numerous challenges to the supply of safe drinking water. we performed a wildlife survey, focusing on white-tailed deer and small mammals, to assess whether they may serve as environmental sources of cryptosporidium. a pcr-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to wildlife fecal samples (n = 111) collected from september 1996 to july 1998 from three areas i ...	2001	11229905
elimination of rabies from red foxes in eastern ontario.	the province of ontario (canada) reported more laboratory confirmed rabid animals than any other state or province in canada or the usa from 1958-91, with the exception of 1960-62. more than 95% of those cases occurred in the southern 10% of ontario (approximately 100,000 km2), the region with the highest human population density and greatest agricultural activity. rabies posed an expensive threat to human health and significant costs to the agricultural economy. the rabies variant originated in ...	2001	11272485
prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to sarcocystis neurona in raccoons, procyon lotor, from the united states.	equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) is the most important protozoal disease of horses in north america and it is caused by sarcocystis neurona. natural cases of encephalitis due to s. neurona have been reported in raccoons, procyon lotor. we examined 99 raccoons for agglutinating antibodies to s. neurona using the s. neurona agglutination test (sat) employing formalin-fixed merozoites as antigen. raccoons originated in florida (n=24, collected in 1996), new jersey (n=25, collected in 1993), ...	2001	11698158
sarcocystis neurona infections in raccoons (procyon lotor): evidence for natural infection with sarcocysts, transmission of infection to opossums (didelphis virginiana), and experimental induction of neurologic disease in raccoons.	equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) is a serious neurologic disease of horses in the americas and sarcocystis neurona is the most common etiologic agent. the distribution of s. neurona infections follows the geographical distributions of its definitive hosts, opossums (didelphis virginiana, didelphis albiventris). recently, cats and skunks were reported as experimental and armadillos as natural intermediate hosts of s. neurona. in the present report, raccoons (procyon lotor) were identified ...	2001	11698157
molecular evolution of leptin.	leptin, a hormone produced mainly by adipocytes, is involved in the regulation of food intake, metabolism, and reproduction. the objective of this study was to determine the evolutionary relationships of leptin genes. partial nucleotide sequences of leptin were cloned and sequenced from six mammalian species: large hairy armadillo (chaetophractus villosus), rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus), big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) [corrected], striped skunk (mephitis mephitis), raccoon (procyon lotor), an ...	2001	11703084
naturally occurring spirochetes in the colonic mucosa of raccoons (procyon lotor).	the large intestines of 21 raccoons (procyon lotor; 11 wild caught, 10 laboratory confined) were examined for the presence of intestinal spirochetes. light microscopy of sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and warthin-starry stain showed the presence of spiral shaped organisms deep within the lumina of intestinal glands at the ileocolonic junction of 16 raccoons (76% prevalence). all laboratory-confined, group-housed raccoons harbored the organisms, but only 6/11 (55% prevalence) live-tr ...	2001	11280383
comparison of tissue stages of hepatozoon americanum in the dog using immunohistochemical and routine histologic methods.	american canine hepatozoonosis is caused by hepatozoon americanum, a recently described species of apicomplexan protozoan parasite. an immunohistochemical procedure using a polyclonal antibody to sporozoites of h. americanum clearly identified asexual stages of h. americanum in canine striated muscle. the method also detects hepatozoa present in naturally infected coyotes and raccoons and reacts with certain other apicomplexans. use of this immunohistochemical procedure confirms the canine inter ...	2001	11467476
macracanthorhynchus ingens infection in a dog.	a 4-month-old sexually intact female siberian husky was examined because of diarrhea and 4 flesh-colored annulated helminths that were recovered from the dog's feces. infection with macracanthorhynchus ingens was diagnosed on the basis of morphologic features of the adult parasites and ova. spindle-shaped eggs (mean length, 91 microm; mean width; 54 microm) were obtained from the body cavity of a gravid female specimen. the dog was treated empirically with epsiprantel (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of b ...	2001	11469574