Publications

quantitative morphology of the panda brain in comparison with the brains of the raccoon and the bear.	the quantitative development of brain and brain components with respect to body-size is discussed comparatively for the chinese giant panda, the canadian raccoon and the american black bear. the panda ranks highest in encephalization as well as in relative volumes of neocortex, cerebellum and six other parts. the raccoon exhibits the strongest development of olfactory elements. the bear stays below the other species, showing but a single index that is superior to the corresponding index in one o ...	1985	3989277
non-overlapping thalamocortical projections for separate forepaw digits before and after cortical reorganization in the raccoon.	the fluorescent dye retrograde tracing technique was used to examine the projection from ventroposterior lateral thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex in the raccoon. results are presented from fifteen experiments using fast blue in combination with either nuclear yellow or diamidino yellow dihydrochloride. injections of two dyes into adjacent but separate digit regions of cortex produced single-labeling of thalamic neurons, suggesting that projections for each digit are separate and independ ...	1986	3011221
raccoon ascarids as a cause of larva migrans.		1986	15462855
the somatosensory thalamus of the raccoon: properties of single neurons responsive to light mechanical stimulation of the forepaw.	these studies were undertaken to characterize the discharge properties of single neurons of the raccoon thalamic ventrobasal complex (vb) that respond to light mechanical stimulation of the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw. microelectrodes were used to record the extracellular activity of 146 cells in anesthetized raccoons, and all neurons were histologically verified as falling within or along the boundaries of vb. sixty-one neurons were tested for activation by electrical stimulaton of primari ...	1986	3950698
sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 2. response properties and classification of slowly adapting fibers.	physiological recordings were made from 136 slowly adapting (sa) fibers in the median and ulnar nerves that innervate the glabrous skin of the raccoon. it was found that wetting the skin produced large increases in fiber responsiveness and decreases in threshold. their responses decreased rapidly with slight displacements of the stimulus away from the center of the receptive field. responses also decreased with increases in the diameter of the tip of the stimulus probe. the length of time that a ...	1986	3797915
highlights on rabies, including mid-atlantic states outbreak in raccoons.		1986	3080698
latex agglutination test for detecting feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, and parvoviruses of fur animals.	a latex agglutination (la) test for the detection of parvoviruses of fur animals, cats, and dogs was developed, and its sensitivity and specificity were compared with those of hemagglutination (ha) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). tissue culture isolation was used to confirm the specificity results. fecal samples from various sources were tested, including specimens from raccoon dogs and mink which were experimentally infected with parvoviruses by oral exposure. la compared fav ...	1986	3007568
arbovirus infections in several ontario mammals, 1975-1980.	serological studies for arboviruses were conducted on 725 animal sera collected in 22 ontario townships between 1975 and 1980 including 44 coyote (canis latrans), 277 red fox (vulpes vulpes), 192 raccoon (procyon lotor) and 212 striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to two flaviviruses, namely st. louis encephalitis and powassan were found in 50% of coyote, 47% of skunk, 26% of fox and 10% of raccoon sera. similarly, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to a ...	1986	3017527
ammonia levels in the whelping nests of farmed raccoon dogs and polecats.	ammonia concentrations were measured in the nests of farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes-procyonoides gray, 1834) and polecats (mustela putorius) at weaning time. ammonia levels in the nests of raccoon dogs and polecats varied from 1 to 43 ppm and from 0 to 5 ppm, respectively. in the raccoon dog, with increasing litter size, the ammonia concentrations tended to increase exponentially. in the polecat, no marked relationship between litter size and ammonia levels were found. the results show that no ...	1986	2871979
heat loss of farmed raccoon dogs and blue foxes as evaluated by infrared thermography and body cooling.	infrared thermographs showed that heat loss of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides gray 1834) is greatest from the chest, the head, the abdomen and the feet. the blue fox (alopex lagopus) seems to be somewhat better insulated. mass-0.75 specific heat transfer coefficients (w/kg 0.75 per degrees c) in both species were similar. the wooden nest was able to decrease it significantly. the results support the conclusion that heat loss, and thus the energy costs, of studied species could be redu ...	1986	2873936
rickettsia rickettsii and rickettsia montana from ixodid ticks in connecticut.	dermacentor variabilis, infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae, parasitized 8 of 70 raccoons captured in newtown, connecticut. the spotted fever agent, rickettsia rickettsii, was isolated and identified from 4 adult d. variabilis and from 1 nymphal ixodes texanus removed from raccoons. this verifies the presence of this etiologic agent in ticks in an area where 6 people had clinical signs and symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) and antibodies to r. rickettsii. these are the fi ...	1986	3946737
tyzzer's disease as a complication of canine distemper in a raccoon.	intercurrent canine distemper and tyzzer's disease were diagnosed in a mature raccoon (procyon lotor) submitted for necropsy. clinical, gross and microscopic findings characteristic of canine distemper virus (cdv), included ataxia, dyspnea, suppurative conjunctivitis, interstitial pneumonitis and generalized lymphocytolysis. inclusion bodies typical of cdv infection were present in many epithelial tissues. acute multifocal hepatic necrosis and acute segmental necrotizing enteritis were attribute ...	1986	3951062
oral immunization and protection of raccoons (procyon lotor) with a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine.	animal rabies control has been frustrated by the existence of multiple wildlife reservoirs and the lack of efficacious oral vaccines. in this investigation, raccoons fed a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus in a sponge bait developed rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (0.6-54.0 units) and resisted street rabies virus infection 28 and 205 days after feeding. additional raccoons immunized by oral infusion with attenuated antigenic variants of rabies virus strains cvs-11 and era failed ...	1986	3464010
absence of la crosse virus in the presence of aedes triseriatus on the delmarva peninsula.	between 1980 and 1984, field studies were conducted in 2 areas on the delmarva peninsula to identify the presence of la crosse (lac) virus. ovitraps were used to collect eggs of aedes triseriatus complex mosquitoes. no virus was obtained from 969 pools containing 22,370 adult mosquitoes reared from eggs. only 1 of 143 raccoon serum samples had neutralizing antibody to lac virus; 36 sentinel domestic goats, and 99 other wild mammal serum samples were negative. the apparent absence of lac virus ma ...	1986	3507467
rabies in rodents and lagomorphs in the united states, 1971-1984: increased cases in the woodchuck (marmota monax) in mid-atlantic states.	a review of surveillance data on animal rabies from the centers for disease control revealed 104 cases of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs for 1971 through 1984 in the united states; 80% of these were reported between 1980 and 1984. woodchucks (marmota monax) accounted for 64% of the cases. most of the cases of rabies in woodchucks were associated with an epizootic of rabies in raccoons (procyon lotor) in the mid-atlantic states. in rabies endemic areas, humans exposed to woodchucks should recei ...	1986	3520029
trypanosoma cruzi from wild raccoons in oklahoma.	trypomastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi were detected in the blood of 5 of 8 wild adult raccoons which were live-trapped in tulsa, okla. organisms were isolated in diphasic blood agar medium and maintained in vero cell cultures. inoculated mice exhibited transient parasitemias without tissue involvement. amastigote forms occurred within vero cells. this is the first report of naturally occurring t cruzi infection of wild mammals in oklahoma.	1986	3087247
trypanosoma cruzi infection in a dog from oklahoma.	a dog with signs of weakness, labored breathing, and generalized edema was examined. it was heavily infested with fleas and had wounds resulting from a recent fight. hematologic findings were not remarkable, except for parasites in the blood. the dog was treated for fleas and given antibiotics, but was euthanatized when it failed to respond. blood and tissue specimens were found to contain trypanosoma cruzi, and the serum contained antibodies to the organism. we believe this is the first confirm ...	1986	3098711
electrocardiographic evaluation of the healthy raccoon (procyon lotor).	leads i, avf, v3, and v10 ecg were obtained from 12 healthy raccoons anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine. intervals and amplitudes of component deflections were remarkably uniform among the individuals. vector orientation of qrs mimicked that for the dog; but the relatively low voltages to qrs mimicked those of cats. the qt interval varied inversely with heart rate, whereas the pq interval varied directly with body weight. relationship between heart rate and body weight was not significant ( ...	1986	3963582
survival of macracanthorhynchus ingens in swine and histopathology of infection in swine and raccoons.	animal husbandry aimed at preventing macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infections in swine is not successful in preventing exposure to macracanthorhynchus ingens, and it is probable that pigs occasionally acquire acanthocephalans of that species. in some pigs, m. ingens survived 2 weeks and grew several millimeters. in such cases, destruction of villi, erosion of epithelium, leukocytic infiltration, and altered cytological structure at attachment sites accompanied the infection. penetration was l ...	1986	3734995
architecture of the masticatory apparatus in eastern raccoons (procyon lotor lotor).	the structure and function of the masticatory apparatus of raccoons resemble those found in carnivores. in this study, the architecture of the skull, dentition, and masticatory apparatus is described, and a model is proposed that suggests a mechanism used by raccoons to reduce different foods. the model suggests that jaw movements are similar to those of cats, the posterior regions of the superficial and deep parts of the temporalis and the anterior region of the medial pterygoid generate horizo ...	1986	3739955
survey of raccoon hunters for rabies antibody titers: pilot study.		1986	3746238
a chromosome-banding study in the finnish and the japanese raccoon dog.		1986	3793521
cerebrospinal nematodiasis in pheasants.	infection with larvae of baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon ascarid, was the cause of neurologic disease affecting young pheasants on a commercial pheasant ranch in wisconsin. the disease was chronic and insidious, affecting 1% to 2% of the birds over a period of 2 years. histologic lesions in the brain consisted of multifocal areas of necrosis and inflammation associated with baylisascaris larvae. onset of the disease at the farm correlated with introduction of chopped straw as bedding for th ...	1986	3793586
sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 1. receptor types in glabrous and hairy skin and deep tissue.	electrophysiological recordings were made from the median, ulnar, radial, and dorsal ulnar nerves to determine the types of mechanosensory receptors serving glabrous and hairy skin surfaces of the raccoon forepaw. in addition to the cutaneous mechanoreceptors, fibers innervating deep tissues were also recorded from each of these nerves. these included sensory fibers innervating muscles, joints, claws, and the subcutaneous pulp. the array of receptors serving raccoon glabrous skin was the same as ...	1986	3797914
effects of social competition for feed on growth of farmed raccoon dogs.	to test whether or not social competition influences food consumption and growth in farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides, gray 1834), animals were placed singly, in pairs and by threes in standard cages and fed ad libitum or restricted feed portions. daily feed intake of single, ad libitum freely fed animals, 930 +/- 150 g, was significantly more than that of animals caged in pairs (750 +/- 45 g) or by threes (730 +/- 210 g). animals on restricted feeding consumed all the feed supplied, ...	1986	3803991
relations between stimulus force, skin displacement, and discharge characteristics of slowly adapting type i cutaneous mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of squirrel monkey hand.	the contributions of viscoelastic properties of squirrel monkey glabrous skin to slowly adapting type i (sai) mechanoreceptive afferent fiber discharge were examined in the present study. individual fibers of the median and ulnar nerves were isolated by microdissection in six monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. utilizing mechanical stimulation and data analysis techniques identical to those of a previous study of raccoon glabrous skin and its mechanoreceptors (pubols, 1982a; pubols a ...	1986	3809832
comparative cytogenetics of chinese and japanese raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides.	we investigated the relationships between subspecies of nyctereutes procyonoides from china (2n = 54 + b chromosomes) and japan (2n = 38 + b chromosomes). the chromosomes of chinese and japanese raccoon dogs were compared by means of conventional staining, g- and c-banding, and silver nitrate staining of nors. extensive g-banding homologies revealed karyotype evolution through chromosomal fusion. we believe the reduced diploid number in the japanese raccoon dogs was achieved by fusion of 16 acro ...	1987	3691184
descriptive epidemiology from an epizootic of raccoon rabies in the middle atlantic states, 1982-1983.	during 1982 and 1983, the centers for disease control and cooperating middle atlantic states and local health departments collected data on 1,610 raccoons that were submitted for rabies testing and on 133 persons who received rabies postexposure prophylaxis as a result of exposure to wild animals. raccoons were found most commonly in yards and residential areas. raccoons that were killed by private citizens, animal-control personnel, or dogs had the highest positivity rate (70%), and those that ...	1987	3497576
chromosomal evolution of the canidae. ii. divergence from the primitive carnivore karyotype.	the giemsa-banding patterns of chromosomes from the arctic fox (alopex lagopus), the red fox (vulpes vulpes), the kit fox (vulpes macrotis), and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) are compared. despite their traditional placement in different genera, the arctic fox and the kit fox have an identical chromosome morphology and g-banding pattern. the red fox has extensive chromosome arm homoeology with these two species, but has only two entire chromosomes in common. all three species share ...	1987	3568762
helminths of the raccoon (procyon lotor) in western kentucky.	seventy raccoons (procyon lotor) from western kentucky were examined for helminths from december 1985 through may 1986. twenty-three species of helminths were collected including 10 species of trematoda (brachylaima virginiana, euryhelmis squamula, eurytrema procyonis, fibricola cratera, gyrosoma singulare, maritreminoides nettae, mesostephanus appendiculatoides, metagonimoides oregonensis, paragonimus kellicotti, pharyngostomoides procyonis), 2 species of cestoda (atriotaenia procyonis, mesoces ...	1987	3625429
rabies prevention in primary care. a four-step approach.	although most physicians in the united states have not seen a person with rabies, the primary care physician is often confronted with a patient who has been bitten by an animal capable of transmitting rabies virus. rabies is almost always transmitted by a bite; licks and other nonbite exposures hardly ever cause the disease. the control of rabies in domestic animals has greatly reduced the risk of human disease following the bite of a dog or cat, but rabies in wild animals (especially skunks and ...	1987	3628129
induction of protective immunity against rabies by immunization with rabies virus ribonucleoprotein.	we have studied the ability of rabies virus ribonucleoprotein (rnp) to induce a protective immune response in animals against lethal challenge with rabies and rabies-related lyssa viruses. liposomes containing either rnp or the glycoprotein (g protein) of a variant virus with multiple alterations in the g antigenic structure conferred no or poor protection, respectively, against lethal intracerebral challenge with rabies virus. by contrast, liposomes containing rnp and the variant g protein indu ...	1987	3480536
trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem. ii. evidence for natural transmission of trichinella spiralis spiralis from domestic swine to wildlife.	epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of trichinellosis were carried out in a domestic swine herd and it was established that the parasite also occurred in rats, and in skunks, opossums, and raccoons. because considerable uncertainty exists regarding the role of sylvatic trichinellosis as a reservoir for the synanthropic cycle, studies were conducted to determine the genetic nature of the various isolates from this ecosystem. pig infectivity trials, isoenzyme analyses, and repetitive dna ...	1987	3572642
organization of postcranial kinesthetic projections to the ventrobasal thalamus in raccoons.	to determine the presence and organization of kinesthetic, as compared with other mechanosensory projection zones in the thalamus of raccoons, unit-cluster responses to mechanical stimulation of the postcranial body were mapped electrophysiologically in the thalami of 14 raccoons anesthetized with dial-urethane. a distinct zone of kinesthetic projections (from receptive fields in muscles, tendons, and joints) was found in the rostral and dorsal aspects of the mechanosensory projection zone. thes ...	1987	3108336
biochemical and immunological systematics of some ascaridoid nematodes: genetic divergence between congeners.	vertical starch gel electrophoresis and trefoil immunodiffusion were used to study the systematics of some ascaridoid nematodes. within the ascarididae, the time scale of divergence was too great for intergeneric electrophoretic comparisons. congeneric electrophoretic comparisons of baylisascaris procyonis (host--raccoon) versus baylisascaris transfuga (host--black bear), and toxocara canis (host--domestic dog) versus toxocara cati (host--domestic cat) yielded nei genetic distance coefficients o ...	1987	3114467
an epizootic of rabies in maryland, 1982-84.	the number of reported rabid raccoons increased by 617 per cent in maryland from 1982 to 1984. the per cent of raccoons that tested positive for rabies increased from 7.9 per cent in 1982 to 57 per cent in 1984. during this period of time, more than 74 per cent of human exposures to rabid animals involved raccoons. reports of animal bites of humans, however, showed only a 2.6 per cent increase. the raccoon rabies epizootic has had significant public health impact in terms of human rabies postexp ...	1987	3789236
demarcations of the mechanosensory projection zones in the raccoon thalamus, shown by cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and nissl stains.	to determine anatomically the boundaries and internal organization of the kinesthetic and cutaneous mechanosensory regions of the ventrobasal thalamus, alternate section series from electrophysiologically mapped tissues from 14 raccoons were stained for cytochrome oxidase, myelinated fibers, acetylcholinesterase, and nissl substance. microelectrode tracks, along with electrolytic lesions placed as tissue markers, reveal that the mechanoreceptor projection zones have higher cytochrome oxidase and ...	1987	3034988
lyme disease ecology in wisconsin: distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini, and prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals.	lyme disease recently has been recognized in wisconsin. trapping studies were conducted at four geographically separate and ecologically distinct regions in wisconsin to elucidate the distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini on small and medium sized mammals, and the occurrence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in these wild mammals. peak i. dammini larval activity occurred from june-september. nymphs were most active from may-august. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and ch ...	1987	3605501
effect of mechanical stimulus spread across glabrous skin of raccoon and squirrel monkey hand on tactile primary afferent fiber discharge.	the role of spread of skin deformation in activating cutaneous mechanoreceptors at a distance from their threshold receptive fields (rfs) was examined in glabrous skin of the north american raccoon and the squirrel monkey. one feedback-controlled mechanical stimulus probe was used to indent the skin to a controlled depth at a constant velocity, at varying distances from a second probe, which was used to monitor vertical displacement depth and velocity at this distant site. in many instances, the ...	1987	3035680
epidemiology of rabies virus variants. differentiation using monoclonal antibodies and discriminant analysis.	rabies virus was isolated by cell culture from the brains of 104 confirmed rabies cases diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody staining technique in the united states during 1974-1984. eighty-seven isolates were obtained from wild-life species, 10 from humans, and seven from domestic animals. these isolates were tested in virus neutralization and immunofluorescence assays using a panel of 34 monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid protein, 44 monoclonal antibodies specific fo ...	1987	3300280
seasonal changes in hepatic activity of g-6-phosphate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in farmed polecats and raccoon dogs.	liver weight of both male and female polecats was significantly higher in winter than in summer. there were no seasonal or sex differences in the liver weight of raccoon dogs. body weight of male polecats was highest in winter. no marked seasonal changes in body weight of female polecats, or raccoon dogs of both sexes were found. total hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of polecats and raccoon dogs was higher in winter than in summer. specific activity of alpha-glycerophosphate d ...	1987	3829624
safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine bait containing era strain of attenuated rabies virus.	ninety percent of foxes fed commercial era vaccine in a specially designed bait developed rabies serum neutralizing antibodies. the vaccine bait did not cause clinical signs of rabies when consumed by foxes, raccoons, skunks, dogs, cats, cattle and monkeys. when presented, in the laboratory, to wild rodents of the species microtus, mus musculus and peromyscus, the vaccine baits caused vaccine-induced rabies only in mus musculus. laboratory mice of the cd-1 and cll strain were susceptible to vacc ...	1987	3330965
significance of sleeping plate as a thermal protection for farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).	1. both living and model animals were used to evaluate the significance of a sleeping plate as a thermal protection for the farmed raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides, gray, 1834), its use by the animals and its cleanliness while used. 2. a dry sleeping plate effectively prevented heat loss from the model animal while a wet plate was less effective. the degree of heat transfer was highest when the plate was ice-covered. heat loss in windy conditions was significantly higher than in calm condit ...	1987	2887348
thalamic connections of three representations of the body surface in somatosensory cortex of gray squirrels.	the anatomical tracer, wheat germ agglutinin, was used to determine the connections of electrophysiologically identified locations in three architectonically distinct representations of the body surface in the somatosensory cortex of gray squirrels. injections in the first somatosensory area, s-i, revealed reciprocal connections with the ventroposterior nucleus (vp), a portion of the thalamus just dorsomedial to vp, the posterior medial nucleus, pom, and sometimes the ventroposterior inferior nu ...	1987	2448348
occurrence of baylisascaris procyonis in raccoon populations on military installations in the washington, d.c. area.		1987	3103024
sarcocystis in muscles of raccoons (procyon lotor l.).	sarcocysts of sarcocystis sp. were found in 26 (50%) of 52 raccoons (procyon lotor) from ohio, pennsylvania, florida, and maryland. although only 4 (7.7%) of 52 cardiac muscles specimens were found to contain sarcocysts, 25% to 36.5% of tongue, diaphragm, masseter muscle, and esophagus specimens were found infected. by light microscopy, sarcocyst walls were less than 3 micron thick and had no conspicuous projections; interior septa were indistinct. by transmission electron microscopy, sarcocyst ...	1987	3123650
relationship between seasonal energy economy and thyroid activity in farm-raised raccoon dogs.	1. the levels of thyroid hormones (t3, t4), total lipids and urea in blood serum of adult farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides gray 1834) were monitored year-round, and compared with seasonal changes in body weight and feed consumption during intense, maintenance and restricted fasting feeding. 2. thyroid hormone levels tended to be low during winter whereas during the rest of the year no marked seasonal differences were observed. that thyroid hormone levels were influenced by altering ...	1987	2887397
comparisons of feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, raccoon parvovirus, and mink enteritis virus and their pathogenicity for mink and ferrets.	parvoviruses from mink (mink enteritis virus [mev]), cats (feline panleukopenia virus [fpv]), raccoons (raccoon parvovirus [rpv]), and dogs (canine parvovirus [cpv]) were compared. restriction enzyme analysis of the viral replicative-form dna revealed no consistent differences between fpv and rpv isolates, but cpv and mev isolates could be distinguished readily from other virus types. feline panleukopenia virus, rpv, and mev, but not cpv, replicated to high titers in mink. however, on the first ...	1987	2823648
environmental contaminants in raccoons in kansas.		1987	3440148
sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 3. cutaneous domains and organization of nerves innervating the raccoon forepaw.	this report summarizes single-fiber and multifiber data from the median, ulnar, dorsal ulnar, and superficial radial nerves innervating the raccoon forepaw with respect to the cutaneous domains innervated by each nerve. the median nerve was found to innervate the ventral surface of the first four digits and the radial two-thirds of the palm. its innervation extended onto digit 5 in some animals. the palmar branch of the ulnar nerve innervated digits 4 and 5 and the ulnar half of the palm. the su ...	1987	3685746
organization of intracortical and commissural connections in somatosensory cortical areas i and ii in the raccoon.	the organization of intracortical and callosal projecting cell bodies was examined in somatosensory representation areas i (si) and ii (sii) of the raccoon by use of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) or horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutin (hrp-wha). hrp and hrp-wha were injected into commissurally and noncommissurally connected subdivisions of si and sii. injection sites in sii were identified electrophysiologically. results were obtained from transverse sections in which the hrp was visualize ...	1987	3558894
projections of digit afferents to the cuneate nucleus in the raccoon before and after partial deafferentation.	within the cuneate nucleus of the raccoon, the representations of individual forepaw digits are anatomically separated by densely myelinated laminae. this unique arrangement was utilized to determine whether the terminations of cutaneous afferents from individual digits are precisely restricted to the appropriate region of the cuneate nucleus or overlap with afferents from adjacent digits. by using the transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (hrp), it was found that, for each digit, ...	1988	2463292
distribution of cells projecting to thalamus vs. those projecting to cerebellum in subdivisions of the dorsal column nuclei in raccoons.	to learn the distribution of cells projecting to the thalamus, as opposed to the cerebellum, in the mechanosensory nuclei of the dorsal medulla of raccoons, we analyzed the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus and from the cerebellum. we found six nuclear regions projecting heavily to the thalamus with very small projections to the cerebellum: bischoff's, central cuneate, central gracile, rostral cuneate, rostral gracile nuclei, and cell gro ...	1988	3343398
projections from cortical area smii and claustrum to two functional subdivisions of smi forepaw digit cortex of the raccoon.	the retrograde hrp tracer method was used to study the projections from cortical area smii and the claustrum to two electrophysiologically defined, functionally distinct subdivisions of the smi forepaw cortex of the raccoon. individual smi cortical digit zones were found to receive ipsilateral projections from smii and immediately adjoining cortical regions; the projections to the "heterogeneous" (hairy skin and claw) functional subdivision of a given digit zone were considerably more extensive ...	1988	3191407
intracortical connections of two functional subdivisions of the somatosensory forepaw cerebral cortex of the raccoon.	the aim of this study was to compare the intrinsic intracortical connectivities of 2 functionally distinct subdivisions of the somatosensory (sml) forepaw cortex of the raccoon--the somatotopic glabrous skin representation and the more heterogeneous, hairy skin and claw representation of the digits. hrp was injected into one or the other functional subdivision of a particular digit subgyrus of sml cortex in 10 adult raccoons. the distribution of hrp-labeled neurons and axon terminals in the cort ...	1988	3385480
thalamic connections of two functional subdivisions of the somatosensory forepaw cerebral cortex of the raccoon.	the purpose of this study was to compare the thalamic interconnectivities of 2 functionally distinct subdivisions of the somatosensory (sml) forepaw cortex of the raccoon--the somatotopic subdivision representing the glabrous skin of the digits and the more heterogeneous subdivision representing the hairy skin and claws. injections of hrp were made into one or the other functional subdivision of a specific digit subgyrus of sml cortex in 10 adult raccoons. the distribution of hrp-labeled neurons ...	1988	3385479
motor neuron organization and corticospinal fibers in the cervical intumescence of the raccoon (procyon lotor) spinal cord.		1988	3389524
the brain of the raccoon (procyon lotor) in stereotaxic coordinates. i. macroscopic studies.	comparative anatomical and physiological studies revealed that the different sensory modalities are represented in the neocortex in topographically determined areas. comparison of the representation field of the forepaw in different species of carnivores reveals an exceptional enlargement of these area in the somatosensory cortex of the raccoon. in this species the forepaws are of primary importance for the exploration of the environment and of the food. the peculiar structural organization of t ...	1988	3069907
characterization of biological and antigenic properties of raccoon dog and blue fox parvoviruses: a monoclonal antibody study.	parvovirus isolates from blue foxes and raccoon dogs were characterized by studying their haemagglutination properties, host range in vitro and antigenic structure. in all 3 characters, raccoon dog parvovirus resembled canine parvovirus (cpv), while blue fox parvovirus was similar to mink enteritis virus (mev). monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared against both viruses. raccoon dog parvovirus, while resembling cpv, had a unique antigenic site which could be specified by mabs. the pattern of ...	1988	2836994
indirect immunofluorescent detection of oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum in the feces of naturally infected raccoons (procyon lotor).	fecal samples from 100 wild raccoons were examined for the presence of oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum using a commercially available indirect immunofluorescent detection procedure. thirteen (13%) of the samples were positive for oocysts. all positive samples were from juvenile raccoons. over 61% of the infected samples contained moderate to large numbers of oocysts. raccoons may serve as potential reservoirs for transmission of c. parvum.	1988	3057164
kinesthetic cortical area anterior to primary somatic sensory cortex in the raccoon (procyon lotor).	extracellular microelectrode recording of cortical unit activity, with subsequent histological examination, was used to determine the extent, organization, and cytoarchitecture of the zone of muscle afferent projections (kinesthetic cortex) anterior to the primary somatic sensory cortex in anesthetized raccoons. activity was evoked in response to mechanical stimulation of muscles from which the overlying skin had been dissected away. most kinesthetic responses were elicited in a contiguous corti ...	1988	3198797
fragile sites, telomeric dna sequences, b chromosomes, and dna content in raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides, with comparative notes on foxes, coyote, wolf, and raccoon.	earlier studies of the genus nyctereutes disclosed two subspecies of differing chromosome numbers accompanied by b chromosomes. to further define the relationship of these subspecies to each other, and to other carnivores, and to learn more about the structure and function of their chromosomes, we characterized and compared the genomes in terms of dna content by flow cytometry, fragile sites induced by aphidicolin, and telomere sequences using biotinylated dna probes detected with fluorescence. ...	1988	3150325
capillaria procyonis (nematoda: trichuroidea) eggs from the tongue of the raccoon (procyon lotor).	during an investigation to determine the prevalence and intensity of larvae of trichinella spiralis in raccoons (procyon lotor), unembryonated capillariid-type eggs were found routinely in the sediment resulting from 1% pepsin-hcl acid digests of the tongue. the sediment from 36 (90%) of the 40 tongue digests examined contained these capillariid-type eggs. mean measurements of egg width and length were 25 +/- 2 microns and 62 +/- 2 microns, respectively. in addition, the surface of the egg shell ...	1988	3193575
voluntary regulation of energy balance in farmed raccoon dogs.	1. seasonal changes in body mass and voluntary feed intake were studied in juvenile raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides, gray 1834) under farm conditions. 2. the body weight maximum was achieved in mid-november. thereafter, body weight gradually declined towards summer. this pattern was closely connected to voluntary regulation of feed consumption. during autumn, appetite of the animals was good enhancing gradual deposition of excessive fat reserves. 3. excessive adiposity itself, together wi ...	1988	2896094
regulation of energy economy in raccoon dogs and blue foxes: a process of dynamic interactions.	1. seasonal regulation of energy economy was studied in farm-raised blue foxes (alopex lagopus) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides; gray, 1834). 2. both species exhibited marked seasonal changes in body weight, body energy content, food intake and locomotor activity. seasonal changes in food efficiency were also evident. 3. the results emphasize the important role of both energy intake and energy expenditure in the regulation process. 4. it can be concluded that regulation of seasonal en ...	1988	2904341
skunk rabies.	in north america, the number of cases of rabies diagnosed in skunks generally exceeds that in either raccoons or foxes. enzootic skunk rabies occurs mainly in four geographic regions: (1) southern ontario and quebec and upper new york state; (2) the north central united states and the canadian provinces of manitoba, saskatchewan, and alberta; (3) california; and (4) south central united states (texas and several adjacent states). rabies in these areas (in skunks and, to a large extent, in other ...	1988	3206070
roles of the wolf and the raccoon dog in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies in the ussr.	at the end of the 1960s, the roles of the wolf and the raccoon dog in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies in the ussr increased rapidly. this increase was caused by a lack of attention to measures of wolf control and by the introduction of the raccoon dog into the european part of the ussr. the intensification of control measures led to a decrease in the role played by these animals in the ecology and epidemiology of rabies.	1988	3206072
efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in raccoons (procyon lotor).	raccoon rabies exists in epizootic proportions in the southeastern and mid-atlantic regions of the united states, but efficacious oral vaccines for control of rabies in this important vector have not been previously demonstrated. alternatively, a vaccinia recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) expressing the era (evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth) rabies virus glycoprotein was highly immunogenic for laboratory animals and raccoons by the intradermal, intramuscular, and oral routes. raccoons that ate a synthe ...	1988	3206091
successful oral rabies vaccination of raccoons with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	two infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (g) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus dna and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants. expression of g protein was controlled by vaccinia virus promoter p7.5 (early/late class) or by p11 (late class). immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts indicated that both of the rcn recombinants directed faithful expression o ...	1988	3291388
[legal fundamentals and practical accomplishments of abattoir and meat research in mammalian game animals].	meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publication mainly dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter. the following publication deals with game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mufflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit) and also game such as the badger and the raccoon.	1988	3222786
medullary sources of projections to the kinesthetic thalamus in raccoons: external and basal cuneate nuclei and cell groups x and z.	in raccoons and other mammals, a pathway for kinesthetic sensation (from muscles, fascia, tendons, and joints) reaches the anterodorsal cap of the ventrobasal thalamus and the anteriormost part of the somatic sensory cerebral cortex. to find the medullary component of this kinesthetic pathway in raccoons, small injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in the thalamus under guidance of simultaneous electrophysiological recording from kinesthetic projections. as determined by retrograde labe ...	1988	3343399
oral administration of an attenuated strain of canine adenovirus (type 2) to raccoons, foxes, skunk, and mongoose.	an attenuated strain of canine adenovirus type-2 (cav-2) was administered orally to 2 foxes (vulpes fulva), 6 raccoons (procyon lotor), a skunk (mephitis mephitis), and a mongoose (herpestus auropunctatus). blood was collected weekly from the animals to monitor cav-2 virus-neutralizing antibody titers. all animals had increases in titers. sera from 8 foxes, 30 mongooses, 52 raccoons, and 22 skunks trapped in the field had naturally occurring antibody to cav-2.	1988	3348527
pheochromocytomas in two raccoon dogs.		1988	3363798
sensory deafferentation fails to modify muscarinic receptor binding in raccoon somatosensory cortex.	the characteristics and distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine (mach) receptor binding in primary somatosensory (si) cortex and the caudate nucleus of raccoons were studied using [3h]-qnb, a muscarinic antagonist. the binding characteristics were similar to reported values in rat and cat. autoradiographs produced from tissue sections labeled with [3h]-qnb showed the distribution of mach receptors in the forebrain of the raccoon. [3h]-qnb binding was highest in cerebral cortex, neostriatum and ...	1988	3382965
deep plantar arteries of some mammals, with special reference to the plantar metatarsal arteries.	the plantar metatarsal arteries of some mammals were studied. in the dog, raccoon dog and cat, the second proximal perforating branch was fully developed and produced the plantar metatarsal arteries. these plantar metatarsal arteries ran on the plantar surfaces of the interosseous muscles along the metatarsal bones or intermetatarsal spaces, and gave rise to the digital arteries of the second to fifth toes. in the rabbit, a branch of the medial plantar artery ran transversely on the plantar surf ...	1988	3389201
effect of cage size on growth, feed intake, fur quality and activity pattern of farmed raccoon dogs.		1988	3400355
possible association between dirofilaria tenuis infections in humans and its prevalence in raccoons in florida.	a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dirofilaria tenuis in raccoons from subtropical southern florida as compared to the northern part of the state. the results indicate that d. tenuis is more prevalent in southern florida and suggest that this might be why humans suffer from more d. tenuis infections in southern florida than in other parts of the state.	1988	3357101
the molecular phylogenic tree of the genus trichinella constructed from isozyme patterns.	six zymograms were compared for extracts of muscle-stage larvae of the seven trichinella isolates, using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. the isozyme patterns of acid phosphatase among them fell into four types. t. pseudospiralis from a raccoon and the polar strain from a polar bear formed type 1 and type 2, respectively. the iwasaki strain from a japanese black bear and the yamagata strain from a raccoon dog, both from japan, were type 3. type 4 consisted of three remaining strains, ...	1988	3057491
tissue concentrations of heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls in raccoons in central new york.		1988	3133000
canine host range and a specific epitope map along with variant sequences in the capsid protein gene of canine parvovirus and related feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a recently recognized pathogen of dogs that is similar to the long-recognized feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses. relationships between the viruses determined from dna sequences of the capsid protein genes of 10 virus isolates showed the cpv isolates to be closely related to the other viruses, although comprising a distinct group. no immediate ancestor of cpv was observed amongst the mink, cat, or raccoon viruses examined. three different directly repeated sequence ...	1988	3176341
sylvatic trichinosis in canada.	pepsin digestion of musculature from 2253 animals revealed that sylvatic trichinosis occurred in various species of mammals from the eastern to the western arctic and extended down into the rocky mountain and foothills regions of western canada. infections were demonstrated in arctic fox, red fox, wolf, raccoon, coyote, lynx, bobcat and dog.	1988	3196978
trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem. iii. epidemiological investigations of trichinella spiralis in resident wild and feral animals.	as part of a larger epidemiological study examining the transmission of trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem, resident wild and feral animals were trapped to determine the extent of their involvement in the natural, on-farm cycling of the parasite among swine. during a 21-mo-study, seven of 15 skunks (mephitis mephitis), one of three opossums (didelphis virginiana), two of two feral domestic cats and a raccoon (procyon lotor) were found to be infected, while five shrews (blarina bre ...	1988	3193554
ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies.	two areas of the united states presently are experiencing epizootics of raccoon rabies, which have been followed by the development of an enzootic state. these include four southeastern and five mid-atlantic states. information was obtained from 1,610 raccoons submitted for rabies testing in four of the affected mid-atlantic states during 1982 and 1983 and from 798 raccoons from virginia during 1984 and 1985. analysis of the two sets of data provided an opportunity to characterize certain aspect ...	1988	3264616
measurement of rabies-specific antibodies in carnivores by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that utilizes anticanine immunoglobulin for the measurement of rabies-specific antibody in the sera of the major domestic and wildlife reservoirs of rabies in north america. sufficient cross-reactivity was found to exist between anticanine igg and serum antibody from all carnivores tested, including dogs, cats, foxes (vulpes vulpes), skunks (mephitis sp.) and raccoons (procyon lotor). with sera of most species, good correlation wa ...	1988	3286905
serologic evidence of yersinia pestis infection in small mammals and bears from a temperate rainforest of north coastal california.	from 1983 to 1985, 463 serum samples from 11 species of mammals in redwood national park (rnp) (california, usa) were evaluated for antibodies to yersinia pestis by the passive hemagglutination method. yersinia pestis antibodies occurred in serum samples from 25 (36%) of 69 black bears (ursus americanus), one (50%) of two raccoons (procyon lotor), five (3%) of 170 dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes), and one (less than 1%) of 118 deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). two hundred seventy-three ...	1989	2915403
spinocervical tract neurons responsive to light mechanical stimulation of the raccoon forepaw.	1. the extracellular activity of 45 antidromically identified spinocervical tract (sct) neurons responsive to light mechanical stimulation of the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw was examined in raccoons anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. an additional seven neurons had peripheral receptive fields (rfs) located on hairy skin of the forelimb, and three had deep rfs. 2. all recording sites were histologically verified as falling within rexed's laminae iii and iv in spinal cord segments c6-t1. ...	1989	2918340
cerebrospinal fluid analysis of rabid and vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant, orally vaccinated raccoons (procyon lotor).	cerebrospinal fluid obtained from clinically normal free-ranging raccoons was analyzed and compared with csf obtained from raccoons vaccinated orally with vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine and subsequently challenged peripherally with street rabies virus, and csf from naive, rabies virus challenge-exposed control raccoons. significant differences were not found in csf of free-ranging or v-rg recombinant virus vaccine recipient raccoons, and there was no evidence of cn ...	1989	2930023
proposed field evaluation of a rabies recombinant vaccine for raccoons (procyon lotor): site selection, target species characteristics, and placebo baiting trials.	prior to a limited field application of an orally-administered vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine for wildlife, background data were obtained for the proposed site on parramore island, virginia (usa). mammalian target and nontarget species, potentially at risk for exposure to vaccine were inventoried. placebo baiting trials with a fishmeal polymer bait resulted in high bait disturbance (88 to 100%), primarily by raccoons (procyon lotor), with infrequent visitation and ...	1989	2810556
prevalence of patent baylisascaris procyonis infection in raccoons (procyon lotor) in ithaca, new york.	the prevalence of patent baylisascaris procyonis infection in raccoons was determined by examining fecal samples collected between july 1986 and may 1987 in ithaca, new york. september, october, and november had the highest prevalence of infection (35-48%). significant differences (p less than 0.001) were found when months were grouped by season to test the hypothesis that a fecal sample's probability of being positive does not vary from month to month. fall was the season contributing most to t ...	1989	2614599
gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa from two raccoon populations in kansas.	a survey in kansas compared the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in 2 raccoon (procyon lotor) populations; a population in a typical rural setting and a relatively undisturbed population on a military reservation. gastrointestinal tracts of 128 raccoons were examined. freeze storage of alimentary tracts prevented collection of data on trematode prevalence. helminth infections other than trematodes included 1 acanthocephalan, 2 cestodes, and 3 nematodes. helminths were found ...	1989	2614594
collection of blood-engorged black flies (diptera: simuliidae) and identification of their source of blood.	blood-engorged black flies were captured by 2 methods: early morning application of a quick knock down insecticide (resmethrin) into tree canopies, and late afternoon to early evening truck trapping. more engorged flies were captured per man-hour with the tree spraying method than with the truck trap. the percentages of females captured by the spraying and truck trap methods that were engorged were 18 and 1.3, respectively. the most commonly engorged species captured were prosimulium magnum and ...	1989	2614405
[variations of dentition in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procynoides viverrinus t.) anomalies in number of the teeth].	a study on the number of anomalous teeth was made by using gross and radiographic examinations on 179 skulls (male: 68, female: 53, unknown: 58) of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procynoides viverrinus t.) captured in the northern part of kyushu. results were as follows: 1. 8 skulls had 15 supernumerary teeth. they were in the upper incisor, the upper third premolar and the upper and lower first premolar regions. 2. 35 skulls had 58 congenitally missing teeth. most of them were upper and lower first ...	1989	2519270
molecular characterization of sylvatic isolates of trichinella spiralis.	genetic relationships of 20 trichinella isolates from indiana wildlife were assessed and compared to trichinella isolated from an infected swine herd. trichinella larvae were isolated from coyotes, mink, raccoons, and red foxes. the larvae were maintained and amplified in white mice (icr) and wild mice (peromyscus leucopus). differences in phenotypic characters of sylvatic isolates in the 2 laboratory hosts included an approximately 10-30-fold increase in parasite fecundity in wild mice. dna for ...	1989	2542508
rabies surveillance, united states, 1988.	the primary purpose of the annual report on rabies surveillance is to assist local and state public health officials in the planning of rabies control programs and to guide health professionals in evaluating the need for rabies postexposure prophylaxis in patients who are exposed to animals that may be rabid. in 1988, a total of 4,724 cases of animal rabies were reported by 47 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico, similar to the total (4,729) for 1987. no human cases of rabies were ...	1989	2505046
sarcocystis sp. in mountain goats (oreamnos americanus) in washington: prevalence and search for the definitive host.	during october and november 1986, sarcocystis sp. was detected in 24 of 56 (43%) tongues from hunter-killed mountain goats (oreamnos americanus) in washington (usa). sarcocysts had an unusual sessile polyp-shaped branched wall. mean size of 154 sarcocysts was 71.3 x 37.8 microns (range, 20 to 248 x 10 to 120 microns), and the mean intensity was 2.3 (range, 1 to 28). in an attempt to identify the definitive host, infected tongues were fed to four coyotes (canis latrans), eight domestic dogs, four ...	1989	2509738
safety and immunogenicity of era strain of rabies virus propagated in a bhk-21 cell line.	the era strain of rabies virus was propagated in a baby hamster kidney cell line (bhk-21/c13). the viral titer was 10(1.8) tissue culture infective doses (tcid) higher than that of commercial era vaccine. the era/bhk-21 vaccine in baits retained titers of 10(6.3) to 10(6.4), tcid when subjected to daily temperature fluctuations from 9 degrees c to 24 degrees c for 21 days. this titer, according to a dose response in laboratory foxes, was still capable of immunizing up to 100% of foxes consuming ...	1989	2686831
descending pathways to the spinal cord: ii. quantitative study of the tectospinal tract in 23 mammals.	to study the early evolution of the mammalian motor systems, we have collected quantitative data on the nuclear origins of tracts descending into the spinal cord in 99 individuals representing 23 species of mammals and one species of reptile. in each individual, the spinal cord was hemisected at the c1-c2 junction and raw hrp immediately applied to the cut fibers. after a 3-day survival period, brain and spinal cord sections were treated with conventional tetramethylbenzidine procedures. in ever ...	1989	2768559
[legal regulations and practical application of studies of slaughtered game animals and their meat].	meat regulations also involve game inspection. the previous publications on the one hand dealt with the regulations and their practice concerning game intended for slaughter, especially the control of fences and the gaining of meat. on the other hand regulations concerning game hunted for food (deer: red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer; horned ungulates: european mouflon, chamois; wild boar; european hare; european rabbit; game such as badger and raccoon) and regulations to be observed by ...	1989	2617520
selenium accumulation by raccoons exposed to irrigation drainwater at kesterson national wildlife refuge, california, 1986.	in february-march 1986, eight raccoons (procyon lotor) were collected at kesterson reservoir (merced co., california), which had received selenium-contaminated irrigation drainwater, and four raccoons were collected at the nearby volta wildlife area, which had not. selenium concentrations in kesterson raccoons averaged 19.9 ppm (micrograms/g dry wt) in liver, 28.3 ppm (dry wt) in hair, 21.6 ppm (dry wt) in feces, and 2.61 ppm (wet wt) in blood and exceeded volta concentrations by 12, 30, 21, and ...	1989	2619319
dirofilaria immitis in a raccoon (procyon lotor).	a single juvenile male raccoon (procyon lotor) was found naturally infected with dirofilaria immitis. two immature female worms were found in the heart of this raccoon at necropsy. lesions attributable to the presence of these parasites were not found. histopathologic examination of various tissues did not reveal any microfilariae. the raccoon may serve as an aberrant definitive host for this parasite, however, patent infections have not been reported.	1989	2915396