Publications

[two genotypes of canine coronavirus simultaneously detected in the fecal samples of healthy foxes and raccoon dogs].	61 fecal samples from healthy foxes and 24 from healthy raccoon dogs were examined by rt-nested pcr assays for the presence and genotypic identification of canine coronaviruses (ccvs). 77.0% fox samples were recognized as ccv positive, 43 of which belonged to type ii and 29 to type i, as well as both genotypes were simultaneously detected in 25 samples. out of the total 24 fecal samples from raccoon dogs, 22 were ccv positive for type ii and 16 for type i. m gene fragments of 8 samples were sequ ...	2005	15989282
male pseudohermaphroditism in a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procynoides).	a wild raccoon dog (nyctereutes procynoides) which died due to a traffic accident on 18 october 2001, and was determined to be 4.5 years old, was examined. visual appearance of the external genitalia in this animal showed to be female with a large penis-like clitoris protruding from the vulvar juncture. visual examination of the internal genitalia revealed that the animal possessed both testes and uterus. histological appearance of the removed gonads showed only sertoli cells but no spermatogene ...	2005	15997188
differentiating dracunculus medinensis from d. insignis, by the sequence analysis of the 18s rrna gene.	this study, undertaken as a component of the global dracunculiasis eradication program (dep), was designed to provide molecular tools to distinguish dracunculus medinensis, the nematode causing human dracunculiasis, from other tissue-dwelling nematodes, including other dracunculus species that infect humans and other animals. dna was extracted from d. medinensis and from a closely related species that infects north american carnivores, d. insignis, so that the genes coding for the small-subunit ...	2005	16004710
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from south korea.	a molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. the study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein ...	2005	16051390
thermoregulatory adaptations of the overwintering captive raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) in boreal climate.	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is a nocturnal canid thought to utilise passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. to record the deep body temperature (t(b)), 12 farmed raccoon dogs were implanted with intra-abdominal t(b) loggers on november 26, 2003. between december 3, 2003 and january 27, 2004 half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks. the amplitude of the diurnal t(b) oscillations increased due to fasting. however, the mean diurnal t(b) was lower in the fasted animals on ...	2005	16106408
prevalence of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi in raccoons (procyon lotor) from an urban area of northern virginia.	raccoons (procyon lotor) are reservoir hosts for trypanosoma cruzi. a 3-yr-long serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to this zoonotic parasite in raccoons collected from fairfax county, virginia, a suburban/urban area outside washington, d.c. serum samples from 464 raccoons were examined for t. cruzi antibodies at a 1:40 dilution with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and brazil strain t. cruzi amastigotes and trypomastigotes as antigen. a positiv ...	2005	15986630
prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in raccoons (procyon lotor) from an urban area of northern virginia.	raccoons (procyon lotor) are intermediate hosts for toxoplasma gondii, and clinical toxoplasmosis in raccoons has been reported. a 2-yr serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii in raccoons collected from fairfax county, virginia, a suburban/urban area outside washington, d.c. serum samples from 256 raccoons were examined for t. gondii antibodies at a 1:50 dilution using the modified direct agglutination test. results indicated that 216 (84.4%) of th ...	2005	16108570
molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms.	massive numbers of palm civets were culled to remove sources for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in guangdong province, china, in january 2004, following sars coronavirus detection in market animals. the virus was identified in all 91 palm civets and 15 raccoon dogs of animal market origin sampled prior to culling, but not in 1,107 palm civets later sampled at 25 farms, spread over 12 provinces, which were claimed to be the source of traded animals. twenty-seven novel ...	2005	16140765
assessing the role of long-distance translocation and spatial heterogeneity in the raccoon rabies epidemic in connecticut.	spatial heterogeneity and long-distance translocation (ldt) play important roles in the spatio-temporal dynamics and management of emerging infectious diseases and invasive species. we assessed the influence of ldt events on the invasive spread of raccoon rabies through connecticut. we identified several putative ldt events, and developed a network-model to evaluate whether they became new foci for epidemic spread. ldt was fairly common, but many of the ldts were isolated events that did not spr ...	2005	16153724
epidemiological characteristics of rabies in south korea from 1993 to 2001.	in the nine years from 1993 to 2001, 210 cases of rabies were recorded in domestic animals in south korea; 115 cattle, 94 dogs and one farmed deer were affected. the annual incidence of rabies cases increased to a peak of 64 in 1998, and then decreased to about 30 cases per year. the cases were confined to the northern part of kyounggi and kangwon provinces. one hundred and forty-six cases (69.5 per cent) occurred in kyounggi and 64 cases (30.5 per cent) in kangwon province, and about 82 per cen ...	2005	16006642
detection of ehrlichia spp. in raccoons (procyon lotor) from georgia.	raccoons (procyonis lotor) and opossums (didelphis virginianus) acquired from six contiguous counties in the piedmont physiographic region of georgia were investigated for their potential role in the epidemiology of ehrlichial and anaplasmal species. serum was tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay for the presence of antibodies reactive to ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. canis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum (hga agent). nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used to test whole ...	2005	16011433
epizootiologic investigations of parvovirus infections in free-ranging carnivores from germany.	to assess if wild carnivores in germany play a role in the epizootiology of canine parvovirus (cpv) infection, seroprevalences against cpv in free-ranging carnivores (n=1,496) from selected urban and rural areas were compared. antibodies against cpv were found in sera from red foxes (vulpes vulpes; 136 of 1,442; 9%), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonides; two of 33; 6%), stone martens (martes foina; four of 13; 31%), and pine martens (martes martes; one of two) using the hemagglutination-inhibit ...	2005	15827228
ticks (acari: ixodida) on wild carnivores in brazil.	the present study reports field data of ticks infesting wild carnivores captured from july 1998 to september 2004 in brazil. additional data were obtained from one tick collection and from previous published data of ticks on carnivores in brazil. during field work, a total of 3437 ticks were collected from 89 cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), 58 chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf), 30 puma concolor (puma), 26 panthera onca (jaguar), 12 procyon cancrivorus (crab-eating raccoon), 4 speothos venati ...	2005	16082932
isolation and cloning of the raccoon (procyon lotor) papillomavirus type 1 by using degenerate papillomavirus-specific primers.	partial sequences of a novel papillomavirus were amplified from a cutaneous lesion biopsy of a raccoon (procyon lotor), by using pcr with degenerate papillomavirus-specific primers. the procyon lotor papillomavirus type 1 (plpv-1) dna was amplified with long template pcr in two overlapping fragments, together encompassing the entire genome, and the complete plpv-1 genomic sequence was determined. the plpv-1 genome consists of 8170 bp, and contains the typical papillomaviral open reading frames, ...	2005	15958682
sarcoptic mange in free-ranging raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in japan.	sarcoptes scabiei infestation was diagnosed in three freshly dead free-ranging raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in kanagawa prefecture, japan. the dogs presented with an alopecic pruritic skin disease, with signs of alopecia on the ears, muzzle, around the eyes, elbow, thigh and the neck, and hyperpigmented and crusted skin lesions, which had a severe malodour. skin scrapings revealed the presence of the mite sarcoptes scabiei. histopathology of lesions demonstrated marked acanthosis, hyp ...	2005	15960631
fatal baylisascaris larva migrans in a colony of japanese macaques kept by a safari-style zoo in japan.	a colony of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata) kept by a safari-style zoo in japan experienced 9 sporadic cases of fatal neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and posterior paralysis, during the 12 yr from 1989 to 2001. this macaque colony consisted of approximately 30 animals, on average, during this period, and the macaques shared their living space with ii american black bears (ursus americanus) harboring zoonotic roundworms (baylisascaris transfuga). close to this enclosure, a cote ...	2005	16108577
spatial dynamics and molecular ecology of north american rabies.	rabies, caused by a single-stranded rna virus, is arguably the most important viral zoonotic disease worldwide. although endemic throughout many regions for millennia, rabies is also undergoing epidemic expansion, often quite rapid, among wildlife populations across regions of europe and north america. a current rabies epizootic in north america is largely attributable to the accidental introduction of a particularly well-adapted virus variant into a naive raccoon population along the virginia/w ...	2005	15677743
the development of a spatially explicit model to estimate radiocaesium body burdens in raccoons (procyon lotor) for ecological risk assessment.	a spatially explicit model of raccoon (procyon lotor) distribution for the u.s. department of energy's (doe) savannah river site (srs) in west-central south carolina was developed using data from a raccoon radio-telemetry study and visualized within a geographic information system (gis). an inductive approach was employed to develop three sub-models using the ecological requirements of raccoons studied in the following habitats: (1) man-made reservoirs, (2) bottomland hardwood/riverine systems, ...	2005	15833238
severe and fatal central nervous system disease in humans caused by baylisascaris procyonis, the common roundworm of raccoons: a review of current literature.	baylisascaris procyonis, a parasitic infection of raccoons, causes severe neurologic disease in humans when infective eggs from raccoon feces are ingested. definitive diagnosis is challenging, but can be made by isolation of larvae in brain biopsy or exclusion of other potential causes of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. prevention efforts are critical due to the lack of effective treatment.	2005	15715975
microvasculature of the retina, ciliary processes and choroid in the north american raccoon (procyon lotor) eye: a scanning electron microscopic study of corrosion casts.	we have studied the vasculature of the retina, ciliary processes and choroid in the north american raccoon (procyon lotor), a nocturnal mammal, using light and scanning electron microscopic examination of corrosion casts. we carried out an identical study in the crab-eating macaque (macaca fascicularis), which forages only during the daytime, in order to compare the ocular vasculature with that of nocturnal mammals. our observations in raccoons demonstrated a photoreceptor layer associated with ...	2005	15997180
trematodes in snails near raccoon latrines suggest a final host role for this mammal in california salt marshes.	of the 18 trematode species that use the horn snail, cerithidea californica, as a first intermediate host, 6 have the potential to use raccoons as a final host. the presence of raccoon latrines in carpinteria salt marsh, california, allowed us to investigate associations between raccoons and trematodes in snails. two trematode species, probolocoryphe uca and stictodora hancocki, occurred at higher prevalences in snails near raccoon latrines than in snails away from latrines, suggesting that racc ...	2005	15986632
survey of raccoons on key largo, florida, usa, for baylisascaris procyonis.	numbers of the endangered key largo woodrat (klwr; neotoma floridana smalli) have been declining for at least 25 yr. the raccoon (procyon lotor) roundworm, baylisascaris procyonis, has been found to have an adverse effect on the survival of alleghany woodrats (n. magister). high densities of raccoons can exacerbate this problem by increasing the amount of feces containing viable eggs of b. procyonis available to woodrats. in 2002, 64 fecal samples were collected and examined for eggs of b. procy ...	2005	15827232
baylisascariasis.	the raccoon roundworm, baylisascaris procyonis, is the most common and widespread cause of clinical larva migrans in animals. in addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. humans become infected by accidentally ingesting infective b. procyonis eggs from raccoon latrines or articles contaminated with their feces. two features distinguish b. procyonis from other helminthes that ca ...	2005	16223954
[detection of sars-coronavirus in both human and animals by rt-pcr].	to find the most suitable rt-pcr detection method for sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) detection in both human and animals, and to study the source of sars virus by investigating the condition of virus carried by wild, domestic animals and animals sold in market.	2005	16229261
a serological and fecal parasitologic survey of the critically endangered pygmy raccoon (procyon pygmaeus).	the pygmy raccoon (procyon pygmaeus) of cozumel island, mexico, is among the most endangered carnivores in the world, and causes of its decline are unclear. during 2002 and 2003, we sampled approximately 10% of the remaining population to survey exposure to viral and parasitic pathogens that may have contributed to population decline. we found evidence of exposure to infectious canine hepatitis, canine distemper, feline panleukopenia virus, and toxoplasma gondii. the latter is suggestive of spil ...	2005	16244074
isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) from feral cats on a dairy farm with map-infected cattle.	paratuberculosis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the role of nonruminant, nondomestic animals in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in cattle is unclear. to examine nonruminant, nondomestic animals for the presence of map, 25 feral cats, nine mice (species unknown), eight rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus), six raccoons (procyon lotor), and three opossums (didelphis virginiana) were collected from a mid-western dair ...	2005	16244077
isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging birds and mammals on livestock premises.	surveys for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in free-ranging mammals and birds were conducted on nine dairy and beef cattle farms in wisconsin and georgia. specimens were collected from 774 animals representing 25 mammalian and 22 avian species. specimens of ileum, liver, intestinal lymph nodes, and feces were harvested from the larger mammals; a liver specimen and the gastrointestinal tract were harvested from birds and small mammals. cultures were performed by using radiom ...	2005	16269731
second passage of sheep scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) agents in raccoons (procyon lotor).	to determine the transmissibility and pathogenicity of sheep scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) agents derived from raccoons (first passage), raccoon kits were inoculated intracerebrally with either tme (one source) or scrapie (two sources-each in separate groups of raccoons). two uninoculated raccoon kits served as controls. all animals in the tme-inoculated group developed clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction and were euthanatized between postinoculation month (pim) 6 and ...	2005	16301585
[epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].	rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ...	2005	16363690
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.	during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...	2005	16379626
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates in korea.	in investigation of the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses in korea, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein (n) gene were determined in four korean rabies virus strains obtained from dogs and raccoons, and were compared with published sequences for non-korean rabies viruses. three korean rabies virus isolates had identical nucleotide sequences, and the fourth differed at only one nucleotide position. the korean virus isolates had 84.5-92.0% nucleotide sequenc ...	2005	15830152
the proto-oncogene c-kit maps to canid b-chromosomes.	plant and animal karyotypes sometimes contain variable elements, that are referred to as additional or b-chromosomes. it is generally believed that b-chromosomes lack major genes and represent parasitic and selfish elements of a genome. here we report, for the first time, the localization of a gene to b-chromosomes of mammals: red fox (vulpes vulpes) and two subspecies of raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). identification of the proto-oncogene c-kit on b-chromosomes of two canidae species th ...	2005	15861301
a comparative histological study on the distribution of striated and smooth muscles and glands in the esophagus of wild birds and mammals.	musculature and glands of the esophagus in various wild birds and mammals were examined histologically. cervical and thoracic esophagi of all birds used (mallard, spot-billed duck, ural owl and hodgson's hawk-eagle) were comprised of smooth muscle fibers only. in contrast, esophagi of the nutria, japanese raccoon dog, common raccoon and japanese marten consisted largely of striated muscle fibers. in the masked palm civet, japanese macaque and bottlenose dolphin, esophageal muscle layers consiste ...	2005	15699607
predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in ohio.	rabies is an important public health concern in north america because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. the costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoon-associated rabies via a vaccine corridor ...	2005	15737065
serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern united states.	serosurveys were conducted to obtain flavivirus and west nile virus (wnv) seroprevalence data from mammals. sera from 513 small- and medium-sized mammals collected during late summer and fall 2003 from colorado, louisiana, new york, ohio, and pennsylvania were screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies. sera samples containing antibody to flaviviruses were screened for wnv-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and confirmed with plaque reduction neutralizati ...	2005	15891139
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
identification and characterization of tandem repeats in exon iii of dopamine receptor d4 (drd4) genes from different mammalian species.	in this study we have identified and characterized dopamine receptor d4 (drd4) exon iii tandem repeats in 33 public available nucleotide sequences from different mammalian species. we found that the tandem repeat in canids could be described in a novel and simple way, namely, as a structure composed of 15- and 12- bp modules. tandem repeats composed of 18-bp modules were found in sequences from the horse, zebra, onager, and donkey, asiatic bear, polar bear, common raccoon, dolphin, harbor porpoi ...	2005	16332176
survey of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia spp. infections in various animals at a zoo in japan.	a total of 284 fecal samples of 89 species (43 mammalian species and 46 avian species) were examined for cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts from 1999 to 2002. each sample was collected at the zoo located at osaka in japan and examined by microscopy after performing the sucrose flotation method and by two immunofluorescent assay kits for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts. cryptosporidium spp. was found only in a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), and giardia spp. ...	2005	17323580
a molecular phylogeny of the canidae based on six nuclear loci.	we have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 23 species in the dog family, canidae, using dna sequence data from six nuclear loci. individual gene trees were generated with maximum parsimony (mp) and maximum likelihood (ml) analysis. in general, these individual gene trees were not well resolved, but several identical groupings were supported by more than one locus. phylogenetic analysis with a data set combining the six nuclear loci using mp, ml, and bayesian approaches produced a mo ...	2005	16213754
rabies virus infection in a pet guinea pig and seven pet rabbits.	raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in new york state, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. to prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 ...	2005	16190592
babesia microti-like parasites detected in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured in hokkaido, japan.	raccoons (procyon lotor), which have recently become feral in japan, were examined for the presence of babesia microti-like parasites. out of 372 raccoons captured in the west-central part of hokkaido, 24 animals with splenomegaly were selected and tested by nested pcr targeting the babesial 18s rrna gene. b. microti-like parasites were detected in two of the 24 individuals, and their dna sequences were identical to that of the b. microti-like parasite reported from raccoons in the united states ...	2005	16141672
neospora caninum infection in a free-ranging raccoon (procyon lotor) with concurrent canine distemper virus infection.	during a canine distemper virus (cdv) outbreak in raccoons (procyon lotor) from cook county, illinois, a juvenile female suffering from seizures was killed and necropsied. gross and histologic findings of necrotizing encephalitis and proliferative bronchopneumonia were attributed to cdv infection and considered the cause of clinical signs. a section of cerebellum stained immunohistochemically for neospora caninum revealed an approximately 40 microm diameter, round to oval cyst with a 2- to 3-mic ...	2005	17089776
recovery of the everted cystacanth of seven acanthocephalan species of birds from feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.	acanthocephalan everted cystacanths were detected in the intestines of 61 out of 555 feral raccoons (procyon lotor) trapped between may 2003 and april 2005 in the western region of mainland japan (honshu). all collected specimens were identified as the species of birds including 3 centrorhynchus species (c. bazaleticus, c. elongatus, and c. teres), sphaerirostris lanceoides, plagiorhynchus ogatai, porrorchis oti, and southwelina hispida. three species, c. bazaleticus, c. teres, and s. lanceoides ...	2005	16397377
adaptations of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) to wintering--effects of restricted feeding or periodic fasting on lipids, sex steroids and reproduction.	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is an omnivorous canid with autumnal hyperphagia and fattening followed by mid-winter passivity and fasting in boreal latitudes with seasonal snow cover. the effects of two different feeding levels (400 or 200 kcal/animal/d) or fasting (5-week fasting+1-week feeding+3-week fasting) on plasma lipids, sex steroids and reproductive success of farm-bred raccoon dogs (n=60 females and 24 males) were studied in winter. the body masses, body mass indices (bmis ...	2005	16161013
biology and epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in man and animals.	toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite which utilizes felids as definitive hosts, and which has an unusually wide intermediate host range. the parasite was initially described by nicolle and manceaux in 1908 from the rodent, ctenodactylus gundi. infection with t. gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections of man and other warm-blooded animals. it has been found worldwide from alaska to australia. nearly one-third of humanity has been exposed to this parasite; serologic surveys indi ...	2005	16164008
a new species of gnathostoma (nematoda: gnathostomatidae) in procyon lotor hernandezii from mexico.	gnathostoma lamothei n. sp., inhabiting the stomach of procyon lotor hernandezii wagler, 1831, in tlacotalpan, veracruz state, and rio sapo, oaxaca, mexico, is described. this new species differs from all other congeners by having the posterior half of the body surface covered by rows of tiny round bosses instead of spines, or lacking ornamentations. sequences of the its2 of the ribosomal dna of g. lamothei n. sp. are compared with sequences of other species of the genus recorded in mexico; they ...	2005	16419762
compound mosaicism, caused by b chromosome variability, in the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides).	the distribution of b chromosomes in a group of twenty-six farm chinese raccoon dogs was analysed using giemsa staining and sequentional q/c banding techniques. it was shown that three different types of b chromosomes are widely distributed among the studied animals. the variability of the b chromosome number was limited (0-4) and two b chromosomes occurred with the highest frequency. mosaic karyotypes appeared to be very common in this species. only two animals had a stable karyotype in terms o ...	2005	19058537
variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity.	a morphometric analysis of the pyramidal tract's relation to digital dexterity was performed on data from 69 mammals. the results show that the variation in digital dexterity among mammals corresponds most closely to the variation in place of termination of pyramidal tract fibers within the spinal cord, corresponds less closely to the variation in the size of the tract itself and its constituent fibers, and does not correspond reliably with any other feature yet reported. since the termination o ...	2005	1212616
ultracytochemical demonstration of glycoproteins in the eccrine glands of the digital pads of the north american raccoon (procyon lotor).	in the eccrine glands of the digital pads of the north american raccoon (procyon lotor), ultrastructural localization of glycoproteins with various saccharide residues was studied using preferably lectin cytochemical methods. secretory granules observed in the dark cells exhibited glycoproteins with different terminal sugars (alpha-d-mannose, beta-d-galactose, beta-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine and sialic acid). the cytoplasm of the clear cells contained numerous glycogen particles. several sugars were ...	2005	15649229
evaluation and significance of tetracycline stability in rabies vaccine baits.	tetracycline is widely used as a biomarker for bait consumption by wildlife; tetracycline is incorporated into bones and teeth and can be detected by fluorescence microscopy several weeks postconsumption. during 2003, the united states department of agriculture distributed more than 10 million tetracycline-containing rabies-vaccine baits to control the spread of wildlife vectored rabies to humans, pets, and livestock. to estimate the percentage of target species consuming the baits, raccoons and ...	2005	16244065
raccoon eyes.		2005	16208058
incongruent restoration of inhibitory transmission and general metabolic activity during reorganization of somatosensory cortex.	activity markers cytochrome oxidase (co) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) were analyzed in the primary somatosensory cortex of raccoons that underwent digit amputation. subjects recovered for 2, 15, and 23 weeks following amputation of the fourth forepaw digit. histochemistry was used to assess relative activity levels of both enzymes. we found a pronounced decrease in the numbers of co intense patches in the cortical gyrus that had lost its original sensory input from the fourth digit. thi ...	2005	16051546
seasonal influence on testicular function of male raccoons, procyon lotor.	in order to clarify the breeding capability of male raccoons in japan, the testes of raccoons, a nuisance animal, collected in kanagawa prefecture and hokkaido were histologically inspected. furthermore, testosterone concentrations in their blood were measured. the testosterone concentrations increased in winter and the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the spermatogenetic score decreased in summer for the animals captured in kanagawa prefecture. for the animals captured in hokkaido, the diam ...	2005	15947457
altered parasite assemblages in raccoons in response to manipulated resource availability.	the role that host aggregation plays in structuring parasite assemblages was examined by experimentally increasing the contact rates of raccoons, procyon lotor. two populations of raccoons in southern new york were monitored for 2 years to determine baseline levels of host interaction and to identify the parasite assemblage. in the third year of the study, one population was provisioned with the addition of clumped food resources, while the other was provisioned with equal quantities of disperse ...	2005	15891856
monitoring perchlorate exposure and thyroid hormone status among raccoons inhabiting a perchlorate-contaminated site.	perchlorate is a water soluble anion that is readily accumulated in vegetation. it inhibits uptake of iodide into thyroid gland tissue, thereby reducing production of thyroid hormones. potential raccoon food items including berries, fish, and vegetation collected at a contaminated site contained quantifiable concentrations of perchlorate as determined by ion chromatography. therefore, we monitored resident raccoons for exposure to perchlorate by examining plasma perchlorate and thyroid hormone c ...	2005	15869194
morphology and glycoconjugate histochemistry of the eccrine glands in the snout skin of the north american raccoon (procyon lotor).	the eccrine nasolabial glands were found in the hypodermis of the nasal plane in the north american raccoon (procyon lotor). in addition to light and electron microscopic observations, the distribution and selectivity of complex glycoconjugates in the eccrine tubular glands of the raccoon snout skin were studied using various histochemical methods, particularly lectin staining. the secretory epithelium and the luminal secretions exhibited high amounts of glycoconjugates with various saccharide r ...	2005	15756567
raccoon eyes following vigorous sneezing.		2006	16627906
society for integrative and comparative biology meeting. crab, raccoon play tag team against turtle.		2006	16424317
an aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks.	an aerial baiting system was developed to deliver oral rabies vaccines to wild carnivore vectors of rabies, e.g., red fox, striped skunk, and raccoon. the bait consists of a polyethylene bag that contains either a 30-g hamburger ball or a 25-ml cube of polyurethane sponge coated with a wax-beef tallow mixture containing 100-150 mg of tetracycline as a biomarker. attractants used with the sponge were added to the bag (e.g., liver slurry, cheeses, fish oils, or fruits). baits (greater than 80,000) ...	2006	3206077
avian vacuolar myelinopathy outbreaks at a southeastern reservoir.	avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease of unknown etiology that affects bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), and several species of waterfowl. an unidentified neurotoxin is suspected as the cause of avm, which has been documented at several reservoirs in the southeastern united states. we conducted diagnostic and epidemiologic studies annually during october-march from 1998-2004 at clarks hill/strom thurmond lake on the georgia/south carol ...	2006	17092880
molecular phylogeny of the arctoidea (carnivora): effect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets.	phylogenetic relationships of 79 caniform carnivores were addressed based on four nuclear sequence-tagged sites (sts) and one nuclear exon, irbp, using both supertree and supermatrix analyses. we recovered the three major arctoid lineages, ursidae, pinnipedia, and musteloidea, as monophyletic, with ursidae (bears) strongly supported as the basal arctoid lineage. within pinnipedia, phocidae (true seals) were sister to the otaroidea [otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) and odobenidae (walrus)]. ph ...	2006	16814570
flea (pulex simulans) infestation in captive giant anteaters (myrmecophaga tridactyla).	a pair of captive adult giant anteaters (myrmecophaga tridactyla) presented heavily infested with a flea species (pulex simulans) commonly found on virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) and raccoons (procyon lotor) in the central united states. in this case, the flea was demonstrated to have completed its entire life cycle with the anteaters as the host. a single treatment of topical imidacloprid, coupled with removal and replacement of infested bedding, was rapidly effective at controlling t ...	2006	17319150
retrospective study of testicular degeneration in raccoons with canine distemper infection.	a 6-year (1985-1990) retrospective survey of raccoons with canine distemper infection and an outbreak of the disease in 1988 on south island, south carolina, are described. during this epizootic, 3 male raccoons with the clinical disease had gross testicular lesions that, on histopathologic examination, revealed severe diffuse degeneration and mineralization of seminiferous tubules. the testicular pathology of canine distemper in raccoons has not been previously reported.	2006	1616980
immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes p450scc, 3betahsd, and p450c17 in the ovaries of wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).	we investigated the distribution of 3 types of steroidogenic enzymes, p450scc, 3betahsd, and p450c17, in wild raccoon dog ovaries by immunohistochemistry. six pairs of ovaries were obtained from wild raccoon dogs between 2001 and 2003, with 3 of the 6 pairs of ovaries containing corpora lutea. p450scc, 3betahsd, and p450c17 were localized in the granulosa and theca cells of these raccoon dogs. furthermore, lutein cells were stained positively for p450scc and 3betahsd in the pregnant and non-preg ...	2006	17019074
[a molecular phylogeny of shennongjia white bear based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence].	the phylogenetic relationship of shennongjia white bear has been an open question. total dna was extracted and sequenced from hair and feces of shennongjia white bear. based on the partial cyt b gene sequence obtained from the samples, the authors aligned them using the clustal w software program. the mega software was used to analyze the divergences and base substitutions of the partial cyt b gene among the 11 species: shennongjia white bear, selenarctos thibetanus, euarctos americanus, helarct ...	2006	17035181
spatial control of rabies on heterogeneous landscapes.	rabies control in terrestrial wildlife reservoirs relies heavily on an oral rabies vaccine (orv). in addition to direct orv delivery to protect wildlife in natural habitats, vaccine corridors have been constructed to control the spread; these corridors are often developed around natural barriers, such as rivers, to enhance the effectiveness of vaccine deployment. however, the question of how to optimally deploy orv around a river (or other natural barrier) to best exploit the barrier for rabies ...	2006	17183654
vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant sars-cov bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants.	in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was identified as the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, a disease characterized by severe pneumonia that sometimes results in death. sars-cov is a zoonotic virus that crossed the species barrier, most likely originating from bats or from other species including civets, raccoon dogs, domestic cats, swine, and rodents. a sars-cov vaccine should confer long-term protection, especially in vulnerable senescent pop ...	2006	17194199
subgenotype analysis of cryptosporidium parvum isolates from humans and animals in japan using the 60-kda glycoprotein gene sequences.	cryptosporidium parvum is a well-known intestinal parasite which is associated with severe acute diarrhea in humans and animals. this parasite is composed of morphologically identical but genetically different multiple genotypes. in humans, cryptosporidiosis is mainly caused by two c. parvum genotypes, human genotype (previously known as genotype 1 and recently proposed as new species c. hominis) and cattle genotype (previously known as genotype 2). however, recent molecular studies indicate the ...	2006	16565816
fish mapping of 10 canine bac clones harbouring genes and microsatellites in the arctic fox and the chinese raccoon dog genomes.	cytogenetic mapping of the arctic fox and the chinese raccoon dog were performed using a set of canine probes derived from the bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library. altogether, 10 bac clones containing sequences of selected genes (pax3, hbb, atp2a2, tecta, pit1, abca4, esr2, tph1, htr2a, maoa) and microsatellites were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) experiments to chromosomes of the canids studied. at present, the cytogenetic map on the arctic fox and chinese raccoon ...	2006	16965407
use of infrared thermography to detect signs of rabies infection in raccoons (procyon lotor).	infrared thermography was evaluated as a technique to determine if raccoons (procyon lotor) experimentally infected with rabies virus could be differentiated from noninfected raccoons. following a 10-day adjustment period, raccoons (n = 6) were infected with a virulent rabies street strain raccoon variant by injection into the masseter muscle at a dose of 2 x 10(4) tissue-culture infectious dose (tcid50) in 0.2 ml (n = 4) or 10(5) tcid50 in 1 ml (n = 2). five of the six raccoons developed prodro ...	2006	17315437
suburban leptospirosis: atypical lymphocytosis and gamma-delta t cell response.	leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease associated with a changing global epidemiology. recently, an increased incidence of canine leptospirosis in the northeastern united states and canada has been associated with increasing rates of infection among reservoir hosts, such as skunks, raccoons, and squirrels, that are common in suburban settings. we describe a case of leptospirosis that provides new insight into the epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of this disease acquired in the suburban set ...	2006	17051497
[study on the dynamic prevalence of serum antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in employees from wild animal market in guangzhou].	to investigate the dynamic trend of specific antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov in serum collected at various periods among employees in guangzhou xinyuan animal market.	2006	17402195
behavior, movements, and demographics of rabid raccoons in ontario, canada: management implications.	during 1999-2003, 127 cases of raccoon variant rabies were reported in raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) in ontario, canada. raccoons accounted for 98% (125/127) of the reported cases with behaviors/conditions including aggression, fighting with dogs, ataxia, vocalizations, appearance of being sick, and the presence of porcupine (erethizon dorsatum) quills. seventy-eight percent of the rabid raccoons were adults. juveniles were underrepresented (22%) compared with t ...	2006	17092890
a comparative lm and sem study of the structure of the mucosal glands of the gallbladder in two species of canids: the dog and the chinese raccoon dog.	the studies were performed on the mucosa of the body of the gallbladder in the dog and chinese raccoon dog, species belonging to the canidae family. the mucosal glands in both species mostly have the form of alveolar or short tubular secretory units without excretory ducts and are situated in the middle part at the bottom of the crypts surrounded by folds of the mucosa. sporadically we observed the mucous intraepithelial glands. the results of the light and scanning electron microscopic observat ...	2006	16773596
morphology of the lingual papillae in the raccoon dog and fox.	the dorsal lingual surfaces of the raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and fox (vulpes vulpes japonica) were examined by scanning electron microscopical (sem) observations. the distribution and type of the lingual papillae found in the raccoon dog were similar to those in the fox. filiform, fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae were observed. the filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dosal surface of the tongue. each filiform papilla on the apical surface of the tongue had sev ...	2006	17154050
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005.	during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ...	2006	17173527
a molecular epidemiological analysis of the incursion of the raccoon strain of rabies virus into canada.	three physically separate incursions of the raccoon strain of rabies have entered canada, two into eastern ontario in 1999 and one into new brunswick in 2000. the course of these epizootics is described. phylogenetic analysis of the index cases from these two provinces with raccoon rabies viruses representative of this strain in the united states supported the independence of these incursions into canada via cross-border transmission from the united states. genetic characterization of 190 isolat ...	2006	16207385
central nervous system and eye manifestations of infection with baylisascaris procyonis.	baylisascaris procyonis, a parasitic infection of raccoons, causes severe neurologic and ocular disease in humans when infectious eggs from raccoon feces are ingested. in the absence of a serologic test, definitive diagnosis is challenging but can be made by isolation of larvae in brain biopsy, direct visualization of the worm in the eye, or exclusion of other potential causes of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. currently, no effective treatment has been identified, making preventive efforts cr ...	2006	16822375
identification and characterization of the threadworm, strongyloides procyonis, from feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.	strongyloides procyonis little, 1966 was detected about 45 years ago in raccoons (procyon lotor) of southern louisiana, u.s.a., and was demonstrated experimentally to cause creeping eruption and a short-lived intestinal infection in a healthy human volunteer. after its description and demonstration of its pathogenicity in humans, s. procyonis has not been found in raccoons in north america despite repeated surveys. during a survey on feral raccoons in japan, s. procyonis parasitic females were i ...	2006	16629317
patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in michigan wildlife and bovine isolates of mycobacterium bovis.	the state of michigan has recognized the presence of mycobacterium bovis in its free-ranging white-tailed deer population since 1994. this endemic infection is primarily located in a 12-county area in the northeastern lower peninsula of michigan. a statewide surveillance and eradication program of the disease has been in effect since 1994. worldwide, mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms have a known predilection toward development of antimicrobial resistance. the objective of this study ...	2006	16921884
gastrointestinal helminths of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in wakayama prefecture, japan.	the population and distribution of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) are expanding in japan after escape or release from animal-owners. wakayama prefecture is one of the most typically devastated areas by this exotic carnivore, particularly in the last five years after a latent distribution for more than ten years. official control measures of feral raccoons commenced in the summer of 2002 by several municipalities, and 531 animals collected in 12 municipalities between may 2003 and april 2005 were ...	2006	16679720
juvenile bird acanthocephalans recovered incidentally from raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) on yakushima island, japan.	helminth parasites were collected from 14 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) and 2 japanese weasels (mustela itatsi sho) on yakushima island, kagoshima prefecture (kyushu), japan. in addition to trematodes and nematodes reported separately, everted cystacanths of 3 bird acanthocephalans (mediorhynchus robustus in 5 animals, porrorchis leibyi in 2 animals, and sphaerirostris lanceoides in 1 animal) were collected from the raccoon dogs introduced recently on this world natural heri ...	2006	16891781
molecular epidemiological study of arctic rabies virus isolates from greenland and comparison with isolates from throughout the arctic and baltic regions.	we report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in arctic countries by comparing a panel of novel greenland isolates to a larger cohort of viral sequences from both arctic and baltic regions. rabies virus isolates originating from wildlife (arctic/red foxes, raccoon-dogs and reindeer), from domestic animals (dogs/cats) and from two human cases were investigated. the resulting 400 bp n-gene sequences were compared with isolates representing neighbouring arctic or baltic countries from north ...	2006	16198016
endemic infections of parastrongylus (=angiostrongylus) costaricensis in two species of nonhuman primates, raccoons, and an opossum from miami, florida.	parastrongylus (=angiostrongylus) costaricensis was first reported in the united states from cotton rats, sigmodon hispidus, in texas in 1979. here, we report the findings of p. costaricensis in a siamang (hylobates syndactylus) from the miami metrozoo, in 2 ma's night monkeys (aotus nancymaae) from the dumond conservancy located at monkey jungle in miami, in 4 raccoons (procyon lotor) trapped near the metrozoo, and in an opossum (didelphis virginiana) trapped at the metrozoo. these records are ...	2006	16729706
reproductive potential of echinococcus multilocularis in experimentally infected foxes, dogs, raccoon dogs and cats.	a total of 15 red foxes, 15 raccoon dogs, 15 domestic dogs and 15 domestic cats were each infected with 20,000 protoscolices of echinococcus multilocularis. at 35, 63, and 90 days post inoculation (dpi), five animals from each group were necropsied and the worm burdens determined. the highest worm burdens in foxes (mean of 16,792) and raccoon dogs (mean of 7930) were found at 35 dpi. these declined to a mean of just 331 worms in foxes and 3213 worms in raccoon dogs by day 63 with a further decli ...	2006	16199043
nematodes from raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) introduced recently on yakushima island, japan.	nematodes were collected from 14 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) on yakushima island, kagoshima prefecture (kyushu), japan, that were the progeny of recently introduced animals to this world natural heritage area, probably within the last 2 decades. seven nematode species (toxocara tanuki, ancylostoma kusimaense, arthrostoma miyazakiense, strongyloides planiceps, trichuris vulpis, gongylonema sp., and dirofilaria immitis) were collected from the raccoon dogs. two nematode spec ...	2006	16891782
paragonimus westermani and some rare intestinal trematodes recovered from raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) introduced recently on yakushima island, japan.	helminth parasites were collected from 9 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) and 2 japanese weasels (mustela itatsi sho) on yakushima island, japan. the former carnivore was introduced to this world natural heritage area presumably within the last two decades, expanding its population thence, although detailed process(es) of the introduction is unknown. the collected trematodes from raccoon dogs included the triploid form of paragonimus westermani, brachylaima tokudai, maritrema e ...	2006	16891780
rabies in europe--trends and developments.	rabies continues to be a major public health concern both in europe and worldwide. in the greater part of the european continent the disease has been eradicated, or its incidence drastically reduced, by oral vaccination of wildlife reservoirs. yet, 'hot spots' still remain in north-eastern and south-eastern europe with a high temporal variation of disease distribution in the previous decade. rabies is predominantly transmitted by the red fox; but in recent years, especially in eastern european c ...	2006	16878461
raccoon roundworm.		2006	16682706
first records of rodent-infesting cuterebra bot flies parasitizing raccoons (procyon lotor) in north america.	larvae of cuterebra spp. bot flies are specialized parasites of native species of either rodentia (e.g., mice, rats, and tree squirrels) or lagomorpha (e.g., rabbits and hares) in the americas. however, they also infest other native and introduced wildlife, domestic animals, and humans, but which cuterebra species parasitize these "atypical" hosts has seldom been determined, largely because the larvae are difficult to identify to species without first rearing them to adults. here, we describe 2 ...	2006	17304824
the diversity of rabies virus in russia demonstrated by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody application and limited gene sequencing.	a comparative analysis of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody (n-mab) reaction profiles and dna sequences was performed on 97 selected rabies virus (rabv) isolates from russia and neighbouring states. a panel of 73 n-mab from the wistar institute (philadelphia, pa, usa), veterinary laboratories agency (weybridge, uk) and p-41 (tübingen, germany) was used. the sequence of a 400 bp fragment of the n gene was generated for all available isolates and a phylogenetic analysis of the fragment was car ...	2006	16878463
seasonal changes in immunolocalization of inhibin/activin subunits and testicular activity in wild male raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).	thirty-four pairs of testes from wild adult raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were obtained between september 2000 and may 2003. the cellular localization of the inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (betaa and betab) subunits in wild raccoon dog testes was investigated. the testicular weight and size and seminiferous tubule diameters were measured. there were marked seasonal variations in testicular weight and size and seminiferous tubule diameters, with values relatively low in september and ...	2006	16702758
first oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies in estonia.	estonia is a small country, with many islands, that covers a total area of 45,000 km2 in the baltic region. rabies is widely distributed all over the country, even on some islands. the disease is maintained by two species: red foxes and raccoon dogs. in 2003, 813 cases of rabies were recorded with 315 cases in foxes and 362 cases in raccoon dogs; since 2002 the latter species has had the highest level of rabies infection among all animal species in estonia. the measure used to control rabies is ...	2006	16878472
pcdds, pcdfs, and coplanar pcbs in wild terrestrial mammals from japan: congener specific accumulation and hepatic sequestration.	the present study determined the contamination levels and congener-specific accumulation features of dioxins and related compounds (drcs) in wild terrestrial mammals such as large japanese field mice (ljfm), lesser japanese moles (ljms), and raccoon dogs (rds) collected from kanto region in japan during 2001. the toxic equivalent quantity (teq) levels in the carcasses or adipose tissues were in the order of rds > or = ljms > ljfm. comparison of drc congener profiles in the three species and prin ...	2006	16159690
liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct identification and quantification of iophenoxic acid in serum.	a liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric technique was developed for direct quantitation of iophenoxic acid (ia) in serum. ia was spiked into canine, feline, bovine, equine, and porcine sera, extracted, and quantified using negative ion monitoring following chromatographic separation on a luna c18(2) 3 microm (100 mm x 2.1mm) reversed-phase column. the limit of detection was 25 ng/ml and the limit of quantification was 50 ng/ml. inter- and intra-assay accuracy (86-113% ...	2006	16412709
cross reactive antigenicity in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs against european bat lyssavirus type 1 and 2.	for the first time, the effectiveness of oral rabies vaccines against european bat lyssaviruses type 1 (eblv-1) and type 2 (eblv-2) by means of cross-neutralization assays was investigated. sera from orally vaccinated red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) with the street alabama dufferin (sad) b19 and sad p5/88 live-modified vaccine viruses were used to study the cross reactive antigenicity against cvs-11 (genotype 1), eblv-1 (genotype 5) and eblv-2 (genotype 6). ...	2006	16878477
ecology and epidemiology of echinococcus multilocularis in europe.	human alveolar echinococcosis (ae), caused by the larval stage of echinococcus multilocularis has a high mortality rate in untreated patients. the life-cycle of e. multilocularis in europe predominantly involves foxes as definitive hosts. however, experimental studies demonstrated a comparable biotic potential of e. multilocularis in dogs and raccoon dogs but an insignificant potential in cats. ae occurs in central and eastern europe at low incidence rates. recent studies in foxes have shown tha ...	2006	16881392
rabies, an emerging disease in korea.	since the first rabies case was reported in a dog in 1907, the disease was enzootic up to 1975 in korea. after a steady decrease in the number of rabies cases from 1976 to 1984, no case was reported for 8 years from 1985 to 1992. then, a resurgence of the disease was noted in 1993, and a continuous increase of rabies cases was observed during the following years. this report provides information on rabies in south korea during the reemerging period 1993-2003. a total of 364 rabies cases in five ...	2006	16629721
prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), opossums (didelphis virginiana), and raccoons (procyon lotor) from connecticut.	the prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was examined in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), opossums (didelphis virginiana), and raccoons (procyon lotor) from 8 cities in connecticut. ten (42%) of the 24 striped skunks, 2 of 7 (29%) opossums, and 12 of 12 (100%) raccoons were positive at dilutions of 1:50 or greater. these results suggest that t. gondii is prevalent in the environment, or prey items, or both, of these omnivores in connecticut.	2006	16884022