Publications

seasonal activity and host associations of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in southeastern missouri.	based on tick collections recovered from wild vertebrates and by dragging, the seasonal occurrence of adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, extended from october through may in southeastern missouri. adult activity was bimodal with the higher peak occurring in november followed by a lower peak in february. the activity of immature i. scapularis had the general pattern of that found in the northeast where lyme disease is hyperendemic, with larval activity (july) peaking after that of ny ...	1999	10593072
use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues.	seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ...	1999	10029326
toxoplasma gondii antibodies in naturally exposed wild coyotes, red foxes, and gray foxes and serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in red foxes fed t. gondii oocysts and tissue cysts.	antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were determined in sera from 222 coyotes (canis latrans), 283 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), and 97 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from indiana, kentucky, michigan, and ohio during 1990-1993. sera were examined in 1:25, 1:100, and 1:500 dilutions by the modified direct agglutination test (mat) with formalinized whole tachyzoites plus mercaptoethanol. antibodies were found in 131 (59.0%) of 222 coyotes, 243 (85.9%) of 283 red foxes, and 73 (75.3%) of 97 gray fox ...	1999	10219302
typing of rabies virus isolates by dna enzyme immunoassay.	alternatives to antigenic typing are needed for epidemiologic surveys of the rabies virus associated with translocated coyotes and foxes, especially in areas where a closely related rabies virus is transmitted by striped skunks.	1999	10073409
localization and characterization of nucleotide sequences from the canine y chromosome.	we previously reported the identification of a male-specific 658-bp dna sequence in dogs. we used a specific primer pair designed for pcr amplification of this fragment with dna samples from 238 dogs, 6 dingoes and 12 wolves. all 133 male samples amplified the 658-bp sequence, whereas all female samples did not. the sequence was not amplified from male dna samples representing other wild canids (jackals, coyotes, foxes). a lambda phage was isolated from a canine male genomic library that contain ...	1999	10421382
naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in coyotes from oklahoma.	nine of 16 free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central oklahoma (usa) had naturally acquired infections of hepatozoon americanum. infections were confirmed by recognition of tissue stages closely resembling h. americanum in skeletal and cardiac muscle. at the time coyotes were collected they were infested with a variety of ticks, including adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum). we propose that the high prevalence of h. americanum in this small sample of free-ranging coyotes and the ...	1999	10073352
causes of morbidity and mortality and their effect on reproductive success in double-crested cormorants from saskatchewan.	the objectives of this study were to describe causes of morbidity and mortality in a breeding colony of double-crested cormorants (phalacrocorax auritus) on doré lake (saskatchewan, canada), and to determine cause-specific mortality rates of juvenile birds. morbidity and mortality were monitored every third day during the breeding season from 1994 to 1996 from inside a tunnel-and-blind system. affected eggs and birds were collected for examination and diagnosis. the cause of mortality was determ ...	1999	10231760
mycobacterium bovis in coyotes from michigan.	during a survey for tuberculosis in wild carnivores and omnivores, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pooled lymph nodes of three adult female coyotes (canis latrans) harvested by hunters in michigan (usa). no gross or histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in these animals. one coyote was taken from montmorency county and two coyotes from alcona county located in the north-eastern portion of michigan's lower peninsula where free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginia ...	1998	9706576
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1997.	in 1997, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 8,509 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 93% (7,899) were wild animals, whereas 7% (610) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 19.4% from that of 1996 (7,128 cases). increases were apparent in each of the major species groups, with the exception of cattle. the relative contributions of these groups to the total ...	1998	9861958
responses of captive and free-ranging coyotes to simulated oral rabies vaccine baits.	the objective of this study was to develop a bait for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in southern texas. captive trials were conducted from january to april, 1994, to determine bait preferences and behavioral responses of coyotes (n = 42) to selected baits and attractants. baits were hollow rectangular cubes made of polymer dog food or fish meal. attractants had sweet (watermelon), fruity (raspberry), sulfurous (synthetic wu), and lard (beef lard) fragra ...	1998	9476221
efficacy of bait distributional strategies to deliver canine rabies vaccines to coyotes in southern texas.	this study sought to develop a baiting strategy to deliver an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in southern texas. to determine bait longevity, dog foodlard baits were placed (n = 50) on- and off-roads during july 1994 and january 1995. coyote visitation and uptake rates did not differ between on-road and off-road placement of baits. to evaluate bait stations as possible visual cues, baits were placed out both with (n = 50) and without (n = 50) bait stations. a visual c ...	1998	9476222
trichinella spiralis in sylvatic hosts from prince edward island.	larvae of trichinella sp. were found in two of 208 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and one of 125 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained from trappers from prince edward island (canada) in 1995 and 1996. a polymerase chain reaction based dna biotyping method revealed the larvae to be isolates of trichinella spiralis. this is the first verified identification of t. spiralis in sylvatic hosts from canada.	1998	9476239
serologic survey for hantavirus infection in domestic animals and coyotes from new mexico and northeastern arizona.	to determine whether animals had serologic evidence of infection with sin nombre virus (snv).	1998	9540866
increasing prevalence of canine heartworm in coyotes from california.	thirty-seven subadult and adult coyotes (canis latrans), collected august 1992 through december 1996 from a coastal foothill area in northern california (usa), were examined for adult heartworm (dirofilaria immitis). during 1992 through 1993, at the end of a 6 yr drought, none of four coyotes examined were infected with heartworms. however, during 1994 through 1996, after the drought had ended, prevalences were 91% in 23 adult coyotes and 40% in 10 subadult coyotes. heartworm intensity did not d ...	1998	9577791
viral antibodies in coyotes from california.	prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), and canine adenovirus type 1 (cav) were determined among 152 coyotes (canis latrans) at the naval petroleum reserves (nprc; california, usa) from 1985 to 1990. overall prevalence of antibodies to cpv, cdv, and cav was 66%, 37%, and 68%, respectively. prevalence of cpv and cdv varied significantly among years. antibody prevalence did not differ between sexes for any disease, but did vary significantly among ag ...	1998	9577772
song sparrows, top carnivores and nest predation: a test of the mesopredator release hypothesis.	ground-nesting north american landbirds have declined in the longterm, including species with a variety of migratory strategies. the mesopredator release hypothesis explains declines by suggesting that the virtual elimination of top carnivores (large-bodied canids and felids) from much of north america has "released" populations of nest-destroying mesopredators (i.e., medium-sized terrestrial omnivores such as the raccoon procyon lotor). the hypothesis predicts (1) higher nest success in the pre ...	1998	28308530
results of an oral rabies vaccination program for coyotes.	to determine effectiveness of large-scale distribution of an oral rabies vaccine contained in a palatable bait for halting expansion of a canine rabies epizootic in coyotes (canis latrans).	1998	9491156
scent-marking by coyotes, canis latrans: the influence of social and ecological factors	we observed 49 coyotes, canis latransfrom five resident packs for 2456 h and five transient coyotes for 51 h from january 1991 to june 1993 in the lamar river valley, yellowstone national park, wyoming, u.s.a. during these observations we recorded 3042 urinations, 451 defecations, 446 ground scratches and 743 double-marks. the rate of scent-marking (via urination) was influenced by the social organization (resident versus transient) to which the coyote belonged, the social class (alpha, beta or ...	1997	9398369
a case of spondylosis deformans in the defleshed skeleton of a wild coyote and its significance to osteopathologic interpretation.	the skeleton of a wild coyote (canis latrans), collected in alturas, california (usa), in 1940 and reported to have died of a blowfly infection, was analyzed. the axial components, primarily a series of fused and deformed vertebrae, had classic osteological indications of spondylosis deformans, a trauma-induced disorder. severe crippling due to a crushing-type strain was identified as the primary pathological condition to which the coyote succumbed, with death hastened by vertebral degeneration ...	1997	9131550
a noninvasive method for distinguishing among canid species: amplification and enzyme restriction of dna from dung.	endangered san joaquin kit foxes vulpes macrotis mutica can be sympatrically distributed with as many as four other canids: red fox, gray fox, coyote and domestic dog. canid scats are often found during routine fieldwork, but cannot be reliably identified to species. to detect and study the endangered kit fox, we developed mitochondrial dna markers that can be amplified from small amounts of dna extracted from scats. we amplified a 412-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene from scat ...	1997	9161016
pseudorabies in captive coyotes.	pseudorabies (aujeszky's disease) was diagnosed in three adult captive coyotes (canis latrans) from southern indiana (usa). the coyotes died in their outdoor enclosure within a 48 hr period. histopathology revealed multifocal, nonsuppurative meningioencephalitis and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within neurons. samples of brain were positive for pseudorabies virus by fluorescent antibody testing and virus isolation. source of infection was the probable consumption of pseudorabies vi ...	1997	9391985
the threatened plague.	this article discusses changes in disease patterns affecting human health that may be related to environmental and social changes in the world. the world health report reveals that 30 new diseases emerged in the past 20 years. old diseases are becoming resistant to new drugs. infectious diseases that were in decline are spreading: diphtheria, whooping cough, and measles. illnesses such as malaria, fevers, cholera, and rodent-borne viruses are becoming more frequent. diseases that are transm ...	1997	12321043
serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in yellowstone national park, wyoming.	from october 1989 to june 1993, we captured and sampled 110 coyotes (canis latrans) for various diseases in yellowstone national park, wyoming (usa). prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) was 100% for adults (> 24 months old), 100% for yearlings (12 to 24 months old), and 100% for old pups (4 to 12 months old); 0% of the young pups (< 3 months old) had antibodies against cpv. presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) was associated with the age of the coyote, ...	1997	9027690
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mycobacterium bovis isolates from captive and free-ranging animals.	mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle, captive elk, and free-ranging mule deer and coyotes were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. dna extracted from each isolate was digested with restriction endonucleases alui and pvuii. dna probes used for southern hybridizations were a 37-base oligonucleotide and a 123-base-pair sequence specific for the insertion sequence is6110 and a plasmid, ptbn12, which contains a polymorphic gc-rich repetitive sequence present in s ...	1997	9376427
molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in texas.	texas is in the midst of two independent epizootics of rabies, involving coyotes (canis latrans) and domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in southern texas and grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in west central texas. the domestic dog/coyote (ddc) and grey for (tf) rabies virus variants cannot be differentiated by antigenic typing with currently available monoclonal antibodies. these two variants also cannot be distinguished from a third variant, sonora dog (sd) rabies, that is not enzootic in te ...	1997	9406651
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1996.	in 1996, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,124 cases of rabies in non-human animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 92% (6,550 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (574 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases decreased 9.6% from that of 1995 (7,881 cases). although much of the decline was the result of fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons, fewer cases were also reported among most g ...	1997	9412679
the influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations.	low-level vertical changes in temperature and wind exert powerful and predictable influences on the area ensonified by animal vocalizations. computer modelling of low-frequency sound propagation in measured atmospheric conditions predicts that the calls of the savanna elephant at these frequencies can have ranges exceeding 10 km and that the calls will be highly directional in the presence of wind shear. calling area is maximized under temperature inversions with low wind speeds. calling area ch ...	1997	9057305
nuclear magnetism logging at the coyote institute.		1996	8970087
prevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in coyotes (canis latrans) and experimental infections of coyotes with neospora caninum.	antibodies to neospora caninum were detected in 5 (10%) of 52 coyotes from texas. antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were detected in 32 (62%) of 52 samples from these same coyotes. four (80%) of the 5 coyotes that were seropositive for n. caninum also had antibodies to t. gondii. nineteen (37%) of the coyotes did not have antibodies to either parasite. three coyote pups were inoculated with the brains from mice infected with 3 strains of n. caninum originally isolated from dogs. none of the pups d ...	1996	8691381
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1995.	in 1995, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,877 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 92% (7,247 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (630 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases decreased 4.2% from that of 1994 (8,230 cases). most of the decline was the result of 17.1% fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons in areas of the northeast, where rabies is now e ...	1996	8960176
characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in north america.	the silver-haired bat variant of rabies virus (shbrv) has been identified as the etiological agent of a number of recent human rabies cases in the united states that are unusual in not having been associated with any known history of conventional exposure. comparison of the different biological and biochemical properties of isolates of this virus with those of a coyote street rabies virus (cosrv) revealed that there are unique features associated with shbrv. in vitro studies showed that, while t ...	1996	8643632
winter poisoning of coyotes and raptors with furadan-laced carcass baits.	three bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis), and two coyotes (canis latrans) found in a field in north-central kansas (usa) in december 1992 were poisoned by flowable carbofuran (furadan 4f) placed on sheep (ovis aries) carcasses to kill coyotes. the carbofuran was placed on the carcasses in october 1992, but the coyotes and raptors apparently were killed in late december. thus, flowable furadan can cause direct and secondary deaths of wildlife under some ...	1996	8722286
field use of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant vaccine for the control of sylvatic rabies in europe and north america.	during recent years, most research on the control of sylvatic rabies has concentrated on developing methods of oral vaccination of wild rabies vectors. to improve both the safety and the stability of the vaccine used, a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses the immunising glycoprotein of rabies virus (vrg), has been developed and tested extensively in the laboratory as well as in the field. from 1989 to 1995, approximately 8.5 million vrg vaccine doses were dispersed in western europe to v ...	1996	9025144
case report of a coyote attack in yellowstone national park.	we report the case of an unprovoked coyote attack on a human visitor to yellowstone national park. although the patient suffered only soft tissue injuries, unprovoked attacks are rarely reported in the medical literature. this case and plans on how to manage coyote attacks are discussed.	1996	11990109
the phylogeographic pattern of mitochondrial dna variation in the dall's porpoise phocoenoides dalli.	we used 11 restriction endonucleases to study mtdna variation in 101 dall's porpoises phocoenoides dalli from the bering sea and western north pacific. there was little phylogeographic patterning among the 34 mtdna haplotypes identified in this analysis, suggesting a strong historical connection among populations across this region. nonetheless, mtdna variation does not appear to be randomly distributed in this species. both gst and amova uncovered significant differences in the distribution of ...	1996	9147695
effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis).	we measured the heart rate (hr) and oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) before, during, and after presentation of biologically irrelevant odors (pentane, thiophene, and a perfume), artificial predator odors (an ether extract of cougar feces, and pdt, a compound found in mustelid anal gland secretion), stale predator odors (dog feces and urine and fox urine, kept at ambient temperature for a few weeks), and fresh predator odors (wolf, coyote, and cougar ...	1996	24227589
growth of coyote willow and the attack and survival of a mid-rib galling sawfly, euura sp.	we studied the relationship between variation in age and shoot characteristics of the host plant salix exigua nuttall (coyote or sandbar willow) and the attack and survival of euura sp. (an unnamed leaf-midrib galling sawfly). variation in shoot characteristics resulted from reduced growth as willow ramets aged. mean shoot length per ramet and mean longest leaf length per shoot decreased by 95% and 50% respectively between 1- and 9-year-old willow ramets. all measured shoot characteristics-shoot ...	1996	28307806
serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo.	a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ...	1996	9017871
two new oral chemical biomarkers for coyotes.	pentachlorobenzene (pecb) and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (tecb) were evaluated as oral chemical biomarkers when administered to coyotes (canis latrans) during the period of 31 january to 10 august 1994. three coyotes each received 100 mg of pecb and three received 100 mg of tecb, each in a mineral oil formulation. three additional coyotes received only the mineral oil carrier. muscle and adipose tissues, blood serum, and fecal samples were evaluated by capillary gas chromatography with electron ...	1996	8827677
immobilization of coyotes with ketamine and propiomazine.		1995	42635
responses of beaver (castor canadensis kuhl) to predator chemicals.	free-ranging beaver (castor canadensis) in two different beaver populations in new york state were exposed to predator chemicals to test feeding inhibition. solvent extracts of feces were applied to stem sections of aspen, the preferred food tree of beavers, permitting smelling and tasting the samples. predator odors were from wolf (canis lupus), coyote (canis latrans), dog (canis familiaris), black bear (ursus americanus), river otter (lutra canadensis), lynx (lynx canadensis), and african lion ...	1995	24234632
translocation of coyote rabies--florida, 1994.	translocation of a rabies variant from one area to another has been identified increasingly in the united states. during november and december 1994, rabies was diagnosed in five dogs from two associated kennels in florida; in addition, two other dogs being kept at one of the kennels died with suspected, but unconfirmed, rabies. rabies virus recovered from the five dogs was identified as a variant not previously found in florida but endemic in coyotes (canis latrans) in south texas. the suspected ...	1995	7623760
structure and expression of a divergent canine class i gene.	we have isolated and characterized a canine class i mhc (dog leukocyte ag, dla) gene, dla-79. the deduced protein sequence shares only 65% identity with a previously published canine class i cdna, designated dla-a, and exhibits 64% amino acid identity with the hla-a, -b, -c consensus. the peptide-binding region of dla-79 is unusual. three of four highly conserved tyrosine residues (tyr7, 59, 159, and 171), proposed to interact with the n terminus of peptide-ag, are substituted. additionally, the ...	1995	7594586
identification of opossums (didelphis virginiana) as the putative definitive host of sarcocystis neurona.	sarcocystis neurona is an apicomplexan that causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm) in north and south america. horses appear to be an aberrant host, because the merozoites continually divide in the central nervous system, without encysting. the natural host species has not previously been identified. the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssurna) gene of s. neurona was compared to those of sarcocystis muris, sarcocystis cruzi, toxoplasma gondii, and cryptosporidium parvum to identify a unique ...	1995	8544064
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1994.	in 1994, 48 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 8,224 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 6 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 93% (7,632 cases) were wild animals, whereas 7% (592 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases decreased 13.4% from that of 1993 (9,498 cases), with most of the decline resulting from 19.2% fewer cases of rabies in raccoons. two previously described epizootics of rabies involvi ...	1995	7493894
rapid quantitative determination of cyanide in biological fluids from coyotes killed with a coyote getter.	a number of methods for the determination of cyanide in biological fluids have been published. many are not really rapid or else rely on elaborate specialized equipment. the method reported here is rapid, uses only inexpensive disposable, and produces a quantitative result within 1 minute on as little as a few drops of blood. cyanide concentrations found by this method in the blood of coyotes killed by sodium cyanide blasted into the mouth with a snub-nosed gun concealed in bait are given and di ...	1995	8588302
rabies epizootic in coyotes combated with oral vaccination program.		1995	7768724
patterns of differentiation and hybridization in north american wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci.	genetic divergence and gene flow among closely related populations are difficult to measure because mutation rates of most nuclear loci are so low that new mutations have not had sufficient time to appear and become fixed. microsatellite loci are repeat arrays of simple sequences that have high mutation rates and are abundant in the eukaryotic genome. large population samples can be screened for variation by using the polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate a ...	1994	8078397
genetic, phenotypic, and behavioral variation in north american sylvatic isolates of trichinella.	two restriction endonucleases (cla i and hpa ii) produced polymorphic repetitive dna profiles which were used in a clustering analysis to quantify the level of genetic variation among 14 north american sylvatic isolates of t5 trichinella. differences in genetic profiles reflected phenotypic differences in parasite reproductive success as measured by an isolate's reproductive capacity index in natural hosts. two genetically distinct isolates of the t5 genotype and t. spiralis were used to infect ...	1994	7931904
ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from small and medium-sized kansas mammals.	seven species of hard-bodied ticks were collected from 20 species of small and medium-sized mammals in kansas; amblyomma americanum l., dermacentor variabilis (say), haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), ixodes cookei packard, i. kingi bishopp, i. sculptus neumann, and i. texanus banks. dermacentor variabilis was found statewide, a. americanum only in the eastern one-third of the state, and the ixodes spp. and h. leporispalustris were widely scattered. the most common tick found was d. varia ...	1994	8057327
canine oral papillomavirus genomic sequence: a unique 1.5-kb intervening sequence between the e2 and l2 open reading frames.	the canine oral papillomavirus (copv) is associated with oropharyngeal papillomatosis in dogs, coyotes, and wolves. we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of copv, the largest of all known pv genomes (8607 bp). the genomic architecture of the copv genome is similar to that of other pvs except for a unique and large noncoding region of 1.5 kb between the end of the early region (e2) and the beginning of the late region (l2) and a small (345 bp) upstream regulatory region between the ...	1994	8091677
molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the ethiopian wolf canis simensis.	the world's most endangered canid is the ethiopian wolf canis simensis, which is found in six isolated areas of the ethiopian highlands with a total population of no more than 500 individuals. ethiopian wolf populations are declining due to habitat loss and extermination by humans. moreover, in at least one population, ethiopian wolves are sympatric with domestic dogs, which may hybridize with them, compete for food, and act as disease vectors. using molecular techniques, we address four questio ...	1994	7921357
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1993.	in 1993, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 9,495 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. greater than 93% (8,889 cases) were wild animals, whereas 6.4% (606 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 9.9% over that of 1992 (8,645 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of rabies in raccoons (37.1% increase in reported cases over 1992). t ...	1994	7744643
epizootic canine rabies transmitted by coyotes in south texas.	prior to 1988, rabies was reported only sporadically in coyotes. however, in the final 4 months of 1988, starr county, tex, which is situated on the us-mexico border, experienced an epizootic of canine rabies, consisting of 6 laboratory-confirmed cases of rabies in coyotes and of 2 cases in domestic dogs. the first 3 cases were detected in coyotes, and the first case in a domestic dog was observed 84 days after the index case. adjacent hidalgo county reported 9 cases of rabies in dogs during the ...	1994	8163414
why are predator urines aversive to prey?	predator odors often repel prey species. in the present experiments, we investigated whether changes in the diet of a predator, the coyote (canis latrans) would affect the repellency of its urine. furthermore, because predator odors have a high sulfur content, reflecting large amounts of meat in the diet, we investigated the contribution of sulfurous odors to repellency. our results were consistent with the hypothesis that diet composition and sulfurous metabolites of meat digestion are importan ...	1994	24242647
spongiform degeneration of the brain associated with uremia in an aged coyote (canis latrans).		1994	7941243
multimedia environmental monitoring: 50 years at hanford.	environmental monitoring has been an ongoing activity on the u.s. department of energy's hanford site in southeastern washington for almost 50 years. objectives are to detect and assess potential impacts of site operations on air, surface and ground waters, foodstuffs, fish, wildlife, soil and vegetation. data from monitoring effects are used to calculate the overall radiological dose to humans working onsite or residing in nearby communities. in 1989, measured hanford site perimeter concentrati ...	1993	24220840
tough times at la brea: tooth breakage in large carnivores of the late pleistocene.	one million to two million years ago, most of today's large, predatory mammals coexisted with larger extinct species, such as saber-toothed cats and giant running bears. comparisons of tooth fracture frequencies from modern and pleistocene carnivores imply that predator-prey dynamics and interspecific interactions must have been substantially different 36,000 to 10,000 years ago. tooth fracture frequencies of four rancho la brea species-dire wolf, coyote, saber-toothed cat, and american lion-wer ...	1993	17770024
allozyme variability in the italian wolf (canis lupus) population.	multilocus protein electrophoresis was used to estimate genetic variability in a sample of 38 italian wolves (canis lupus). percentage of polymorphic loci was p = 10.0 per cent (four polymorphic loci out of 40 examined), and average observed heterozygosity was ho = 0.028. genotypes were in hardy-weinberg equilibrium. electrophoretic analysis does not indicate a significant reduction of genetic variability at nuclear gene loci following at least one century of isolation from other european popula ...	1993	8276634
persistence of a recurrent group of intestinal helminth species in a coyote population from southern texas.	the persistence and interrelationships of a recurrent group of intestinal helminth species in a coyote population from southern texas were determined; data were collected at 4-yr intervals (1979, 1983, and 1987). the a priori expectation was that a defined recurrent group of helminth species persisted over time and that the respective helminth species were stable in terms of their abundances. the fager index and subsequent recurrent group analysis indicated a small group of taxonomically unrelat ...	1993	8501593
molecular evolution of the dog family.	molecular genetic tools have been used to dissect the evolutionary relationships of the dog-like carnivores, revealing their place in the order carnivora, the relationships of species within the family canidae, and the genetic exchange that occurs among conspecific populations. high rates of gene flow among populations within some species, such as the coyote and gray wolf, have suppressed genetic divergence, and where these species hybridize, large hybrid zones have been formed. in fact, the phe ...	1993	8337763
biochemical, biological, and genetic characterization of a sylvatic isolate of trichinella.	biological, biochemical, and genetic relationships of trichinella isolates were assessed and compared from 3 species of illinois fur-bearing mammals. tongue muscle collected from 1987 through 1989 from 323 raccoons (procyon lotor), 9 red fox (vulpes fulva), and 1 coyote (canis latrans) were digested and trichinella muscle larval prevalences and mean intensities (larvae/g) determined. the prevalence and mean intensity of tongue muscle-stage larvae were 2.8% and 44.4% and 326 and 2 larvae/g for ra ...	1993	8501590
echinococcus multilocularis identified in indiana, ohio, and east-central illinois.	echinococcus multilocularis was identified in a coyote in indiana in january 1990. subsequently, 300 wild canids (red foxes, gray foxes, coyotes) were collected from indiana, ohio, illinois, michigan, and kentucky and examined for this parasite. of these, 41 (13.7%) were infected with e. multilocularis. infected animals were from northern and central indiana, northwestern ohio, and east-central illinois. twenty-nine of 162 (17.9%) animals from northern and central indiana were positive, versus 0 ...	1993	8459347
phenotypic characterization of human and animal biotypes within the species porphyromonas gingivalis.	ninety-nine strains of gram-negative black-pigmented anaerobic rods, grown on todd-hewitt blood agar plates, were identified and characterized according to a typing scheme including uv fluorescence, catalase, trypsin-like and haemagglutinating activities, biochemical tests with the atb 32a kit, and gas-liquid chromatography. to determine the taxonomic position of the porphyromonas gingivalis biotypes, 68 strains (31 of human origin and 37 of animal origin) were compared to 31 strains of closely ...	1993	8190990
evaluation of fox-chasing enclosures as sites of potential introduction and establishment of echinococcus multilocularis.	following detection of echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) illegally imported into south carolina (usa) for release in fox-chasing enclosures, a survey for e. multilocularis was conducted in four enclosures in georgia (usa) and six enclosures in south carolina. survey methods included examination of potential small mammal intermediate hosts (n = 390) for e. multilocularis larvae, examination of fox and coyote (canis latrans) scats (n = 59) for taeniid eggs, and examination o ...	1993	8355358
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1992.	in 1992, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 8,644 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention. almost 92% (7,912 cases) were wild animals, the largest number of wild animals ever reported, whereas 8.5% (732 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 23.9% over that of 1991 (6,975 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of rabies in raccoons. t ...	1993	8307825
diseases, parasites and survival of coyotes in south-central georgia.	serologic testing, radio-telemetry and post-mortem diagnostic evaluations were used to investigate survival and causes of mortality among 17 coyotes (canis latrans) in south-central georgia (usa). prevalence of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) microfilariae was lower (p = 0.057) among fall-captured (22%) than among winter-captured (75%) coyotes. prevalence of heartworm was higher among adults than juveniles in the fall, but no significant difference was detected between animals captured in ...	1992	1474655
plague surveillance by serological testing of coyotes (canis latrans) in los angeles county, california.	sera from 19 (5.6%) of 338 coyotes (canis latrans) collected in los angeles county, california between 1986 and 1990 had antibodies against yersinia pestis using the passive hemagglutination test. coyotes were excellent sentinels of plague activity in los angeles county. enzootic plague declined dramatically in the county during the 5-yr period.	1992	1474660
diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures.	fifty-six red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained by the south carolina wildlife and marine resources department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in ohio (usa), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in indiana (usa). emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representi ...	1992	1474656
dirofilaria immitis: a rare, increasing cause of pulmonary nodules.	dirofilariasis is an unusual but increasing cause of solitary pulmonary nodules. in this study, we reviewed the entire experience with dirofilariasis at our institution. five such patients were identified. in all patients, the dirofilaria immitis infection manifested as a solitary pulmonary nodule, and all patients underwent thoracotomy for diagnosis. none required systemic treatment. d. immitis is found in dog, cat, wolf, coyote, and fox populations throughout the united states, but the highest ...	1992	1434897
traumatic, degenerative, and developmental lesions in wolves and coyotes from saskatchewan.	a retrospective review was done of traumatic and osseous lesions in 241 wolves (canis lupus) and 316 coyotes (canis latrans) necropsied at the university of saskatchewan between 1971 and 1990. most lesions were the result of interspecific conflict. the most frequently occurring lesion in wolves was fracture of one or more bones, primarily ribs. lesions were healed in most cases and appeared to be compatible with injuries caused by prey animals. one wolf, found dead, died as a result of thoracic ...	1992	1602579
coyote research facility trashed.		1992	17789076
hmo competes with cost-cutting and coyotes.		1991	10112661
food caching in captive coyotes: stereotypy of action sequence and spatial distribution of cache sites.	this paper describes some aspects of the food caching behaviour of four captive coyotes. detailed observations of the actions used by coyotes to cache food revealed them to be strikingly similar to those previously described for timber wolves. the similarities included the identity of the movements used, their temporal sequencing, and their susceptibility to interruption. this suggests that there exists a stereotypy across canids in the action sequences used in caching. second, an examination of ...	1991	2044024
introgression of coyote mitochondrial dna into sympatric north american gray wolf populations.	mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genotypes of gray wolves and coyotes from localities throughout north america were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. of the 13 genotypes found among the wolves, 7 are clearly of coyote origin, indicating that genetic transfer of coyote mtdna into wolf populations has occurred through hybridization. the transfer of mtdna appears unidirectional from coyotes into wolves because no coyotes sampled have a wolf-derived mtdna genotype. wolves possessi ...	1991	28564062
the influence of snow on lynx and coyote movements: does morphology affect behavior?	we studied sympatric lynx (lynx canadensis) and coyotes (canis latrans) to assess how morphological disadvantages to locomotion over snow affected movement patterns. both species are of similar size and mass, but the feet of lynx are much larger, and coyotes were found to have 4.1-8.8 times the foot-load (ratio of body mass to foot area) of lynx. this resulted in greater mean sinking depths of coyote limbs, although the magnitude of the difference was less than that in foot-load. coyotes exhibit ...	1991	28312614
analysis of coyote mitochondrial dna genotype frequencies: estimation of the effective number of alleles.	a restriction-site survey of 327 coyotes (canis latrans) from most parts of their north american range reveals 32 mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genotypes. the genotypes are not strongly partitioned in space, suggesting that there is high gene flow among coyote subpopulations. consequently, each new geographic location added to the study has a decreasing probability of containing a mtdna genotype that had not been previously discovered. this being the case, by using monte carlo sampling experiments, ...	1991	2071019
aversive responses of white-tailed deer,odocoileus virginianus, to predator urines.	we tested whether predator odors could reduce winter browsing of woody plants by white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). urine from bobcats (lyra rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans) significantly reduced browsing of japanese yews (taxus cuspidata), and repellency was enhanced when urine was reapplied weekly as a topical spray. urine of cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) and humans did not reduce damage, suggesting that deer do not respond aversively to odors of nonpredatory mammals or ...	1991	24258921
body size and condition of coyotes in southern texas.	body size and condition of coyotes (canis latrans) from a high-density population in webb county, texas (usa) were analyzed for age, sex and seasonal differences during 1980 to 1986. mean body mass was progressively greater for juvenile, yearling and adult coyotes. males were heavier and longer than females in each age class. indices of intraperitoneal fat deposits were similar between sexes. juveniles continued growth from fall to spring. adults and yearlings both lost intraperitoneal fat overw ...	1991	2023327
home range scaling: intraspecific and comparative trends.	intraspecific and intrasexual variation in home range size, body mass and ecological productivity is examined in three selected species of carnivora (felis rufus: canis latrans; ursus americanus), reflecting different diets. we then compare the intraspecific results with prior cross-species studies. home range size and body mass infelis rufus are positively and significantly correlated, similar to other comparative studies. for both intraspecific and intrasexual analyses of all three species, ho ...	1991	28313260
carnivora: the primary structure of the hemoglobin from the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var., canidae).	the primary structure determination of the hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains from the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var., canidae) is described. the separation of the chains could be achieved directly from the hemoglobin by rp-hplc as well as by column chromatography of the globin using carboxymethyl-cellulose. following tryptic digestion of the chains, the peptides were isolated by rp-hplc. amino-acid sequences were determined by edman degradation in liquid and gas phase sequencers. the peptides co ...	1991	2039604
prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus in wild coyotes in southeastern colorado.	serum from 72 wild coyotes (canis latrans) in southeastern colorado (usa) was collected and analyzed for prevalence of antibody to canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) from 1985 to 1988. the prevalence of antibodies to cpv and cdv was 71% and 57%, respectively, for the 4 yr of the study. prevalence of antibody to cpv did not differ among years, between sexes, or with age. prevalence of antibody to cdv did not differ among years or between sexes, but was significantly higher i ...	1991	1648628
an oral papillomavirus that infected one coyote and three dogs.		1991	1850182
comparison of results from five serologic methods used for detecting brucella abortus antibody activity in coyote sera.	a total of 423 serum samples representing 94 coyotes which were wild trapped in east texas were used to compare the serologic results from five different methods for detecting antibodies to brucella abortus. the sera were tested for brucella spp. antibody activity by the card (card), rivanol precipitation (riv), standard agglutination tube (sat), cold complement fixation test (cf), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) methods. each serum sample selected for this comparison demonstrated ...	1991	1949585
dirofilaria immitis in coyotes and foxes in missouri.	wild canid carcasses were obtained during the 1986-1987 and 1987-1988 trapping seasons in missouri. hearts and lungs from 293 coyotes (canis latrans), 85 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 70 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined for dirofilaria immitis. age of hosts was determined by radiographic and histologic techniques. nineteen coyotes (7%) had from 1 to 100 d. immitis and five red foxes (6%) had from 1 to 7 d. immitis, whereas gray foxes had none. this study indicates that heartwo ...	1991	2023319
vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein: safety and efficacy trials in canadian wildlife.	twenty-six meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), ten woodchucks (marmota monax), thirteen grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), thirteen ring-billed gulls (larus delawarensis), six red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and eight great horned owls (bubo virginianus) received vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (v-rg) by direct instillation into the oral cavity. each of ten coyotes (canis latrans) received the virus in two vaccine-laden baits. several voles and mo ...	1990	2249183
the influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (canis lupus).	although serum hormones varied seasonally in all adult animals, only dominant male and female wolves urine-marked. serum testosterone and urine-marking rates, which increased during the fall/winter breeding season, were positively correlated in both male and female dominant wolves. estradiol, which increased in conjunction with proestrus and estrus, was not correlated with female urine-marking. these findings suggest that hormonal influence on urine-marking in the wolf is modulated by social fac ...	1990	2286365
effects of predator fecal odors on feed selection by sheep and cattle.	the effectiveness of predator fecal odors in modifying feeding selection by sheep and cattle was investigated in two trials. in trial 1, animals could select from feed bins contaminated with coyote, fox, cougar, or bear fecal odor, and oil of wintergreen, or select the control feed. all odors were rejected (p<0.01) by sheep and cattle, except bear odors by sheep. in trial 2, animals could select feed during 10-min periods in an open 11-m × 16-m arena. fecal odor did not influence approaches to f ...	1990	24263512
responses by canids to scent gland secretions of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox).	many snakes discharge malodorous fluids from paired scent glands in the base of the tail when they are disturbed. a number of authors suggest that these secretions repel predators. scent gland secretions of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), or dichloromethane extracts of them, were presented to coyotes (canis latrans) in three field tests, and to domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in two kennel tests, to determine whether responses of possible benefit to snakes are elicited. fr ...	1989	24272101
sarcocystis sp. in mountain goats (oreamnos americanus) in washington: prevalence and search for the definitive host.	during october and november 1986, sarcocystis sp. was detected in 24 of 56 (43%) tongues from hunter-killed mountain goats (oreamnos americanus) in washington (usa). sarcocysts had an unusual sessile polyp-shaped branched wall. mean size of 154 sarcocysts was 71.3 x 37.8 microns (range, 20 to 248 x 10 to 120 microns), and the mean intensity was 2.3 (range, 1 to 28). in an attempt to identify the definitive host, infected tongues were fed to four coyotes (canis latrans), eight domestic dogs, four ...	1989	2509738
canid scavenging/disarticulation sequence of human remains in the pacific northwest.	greater understanding of animal scavenging of human remains can assist forensic science investigators in locating and recovering dispersed skeletal elements, in recognizing damage produced by scavengers, and in making more informed estimates of the postmortem interval. the pattern of skeletal damage can indicate whether the body was scavenged while intact or at some time after other natural processes of disarticulation had begun. this study analyzed thirty partially to fully skeletonized human r ...	1989	2738562
mortality of harbor seal pups at different sites in the inland waters of washington.	we examined the mortality rates and causes of death of harbor seal (phoca vitulina) pups in three regions of the inland waters of washington (usa) in 1984. one hundred eight pups were collected during 239 searches of the shoreline areas near harbor seal haulout sites or through public reports. minimum neonatal (up to 1 mo after birth) mortality rates at these regions ranged from 12% to 26% of the pups born. neonatal mortality was highest in the strait of juan de fuca; 33 of the estimated 105 (31 ...	1989	2761005
molecular characterization of sylvatic isolates of trichinella spiralis.	genetic relationships of 20 trichinella isolates from indiana wildlife were assessed and compared to trichinella isolated from an infected swine herd. trichinella larvae were isolated from coyotes, mink, raccoons, and red foxes. the larvae were maintained and amplified in white mice (icr) and wild mice (peromyscus leucopus). differences in phenotypic characters of sylvatic isolates in the 2 laboratory hosts included an approximately 10-30-fold increase in parasite fecundity in wild mice. dna for ...	1989	2542508
antibodies to borrelia sp. in wild foxes and coyotes from wisconsin and minnesota.	serum samples from 93 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and nine gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) trapped in wisconsin and 23 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped in wisconsin and minnesota were tested for antibodies to borrelia sp. with an indirect fluorescent antibody test which used borrelia burgdorferi as the whole-cell antigen. seven red foxes (8%) and two coyotes (9%) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:64. all the positive samples were from areas known to be endemic for human lyme dise ...	1989	2644451
borrelia sp. infection in coyotes, black-tailed jack rabbits and desert cottontails in southern texas.	coyotes (canis latrans) from southern texas were sampled for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from 1980 to 1986; black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) and desert cottontails (sylvilagus audubonii) were sampled in 1986. coyote fetuses, adult coyote kidneys, and black-tailed jack rabbit and desert cottontail kidneys were cultured for b. burgdorferi in 1986. results of indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) tests for b. burgdorferi in coyotes were as follows (number positive at a dilu ...	1989	2644452
investigation of zoonotically acquired campylobacter jejuni enteritis with serotyping and restriction endonuclease dna analysis.	five strains of campylobacter jejuni were isolated from asymptomatic coyotes being maintained in a vivarium. according to the results of serotyping with thermostable antigens and of bacterial chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis, one of the c. jejuni strains isolated from the coyotes was responsible for enteritis in a laboratory animal technician providing husbandry for the laboratory-maintained coyotes.	1989	2808666
sylvatic trichinosis in canada.	pepsin digestion of musculature from 2253 animals revealed that sylvatic trichinosis occurred in various species of mammals from the eastern to the western arctic and extended down into the rocky mountain and foothills regions of western canada. infections were demonstrated in arctic fox, red fox, wolf, raccoon, coyote, lynx, bobcat and dog.	1988	3196978
the global spread and replacement of canine parvovirus strains.	canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) became widespread during 1978 and was reported in many countries during 1978 and 1979. earlier studies showed that cpv-2 was replaced in the u.s.a. around 1980 by an antigenically and genetically variant virus (cpv-2a). here we show that cpv-2 was present in the u.s.a., japan, belgium and australia prior to 1980, but that between 1979 and 1982 cpv-2 was replaced by cpv-2a in all of those countries as well as in france and denmark. examination of sera collected be ...	1988	2836554
immunobiology of a spontaneously regressive tumor, the canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (review).	canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (ctvs) is a contagious neoplasm of dogs that can be transplanted with intact viable cells across major histocompatibility (mhc) barriers among dogs and even other canine such as foxes, coyotes, and jackals. after two to four months of progressive growth, the tumor regresses in adults, but metastasizes in immunosuppressed dogs and neonatally inoculated pups. the mechanisms of how the tumor cells manage to overcome histocompatibility barriers so successfully f ...	1988	3282476
evaluation of praziquantel against induced nanophyetus salmincola infections in coyotes and dogs.	efficacy of praziquantel against nanophyetus salmincola, the trematode vector of salmon poisoning disease, was determined in coyotes (n = 29) and dogs (n = 25). the 10- to 14-week-old animals were fed fish or fish kidneys that contained metacercariae of n salmincola. to prevent salmon poisoning disease, all animals were treated with tetracycline on days 8 and 9 after they were fed fish. ten days after ingestion of infected fish, 19 coyotes and 12 dogs were treated once with praziquantel, adminis ...	1988	3377318