Publications

'candidatus borrelia texasensis', from the american dog tick dermacentor variabilis.	txw-1, a borrelia strain isolated in march 1998 from an adult male dermacentor variabilis tick feeding on a coyote from webb county, texas, usa, was characterized by using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis, rflp and sequence analysis of flab and rrs (16s rrna gene), dna-dna hybridization analysis, sds-page and western blotting with mabs. it shows different banding patterns in rflp analysis of flab and forms distinct branches in phylogenetic analysis derived from flab and rrs gen ...	2005	15774644
gis-facilitated spatial epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) in northern and coastal california.	ixodes pacificus is the main tick vector for transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi to large vertebrates in california. the present study was undertaken in i. pacificus-infested counties in california to examine spatial and temporal relationships among a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi-exposed coyotes with vegetation type and climate. the overall a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi seroprevalences were 39.5% (n=215) and 18.9% (n=148), respectively, with no assoc ...	2005	15857659
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses from eurasia.	new causative agents of rabies continue to emerge as shown by the recent description of four novel lyssaviruses from bats in eurasia, aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv), and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). the effect of rabies vaccination prior to exposure to these new lyssaviruses was investigated in two animal models (i.e., syrian hamsters and ferrets). the hamsters were vaccinated intramuscularly with a commercial human or veterinary vaccine or with an experimental vaccinia-rabies g ...	2005	15896401
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
environmental factors associated with bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seropositivity in free-ranging coyotes from northern california.	bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is a newly recognized pathogen of domestic dogs and humans. coyotes (canis latrans) are considered an important reservoir of this bacterium in the western united states, but its vectors are still unknown. our objective was to identify environmental factors associated with bartonella antibody prevalence in 239 coyotes from northern california, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in addition, associations were evaluated between b. v. berkhoffii and two ...	2005	16011426
the sylvatic cycle of neospora caninum: where do we go from here?	bovine abortions due to neospora caninum infection are a major cattle-production problem worldwide. the parasite is readily maintained in cattle populations by vertical transmission. the domestic dog excretes oocysts in its feces and, after sporulation, these oocysts are infectious to cattle. current control measures are aimed at culling infected cows and limiting the access of cattle to infective oocysts. the recent revelations that coyotes (canis latrans) can excrete n. caninum oocysts in thei ...	2005	16098812
characterizing noise in nonhuman vocalizations: acoustic analysis and human perception of barks by coyotes and dogs.	measuring noise as a component of mammalian vocalizations is of interest because of its potential relevance to the communicative function. however, methods for characterizing and quantifying noise are less well established than methods applicable to harmonically structured aspects of signals. using barks of coyotes and domestic dogs, we compared six acoustic measures and studied how they are related to human perception of noisiness. measures of harmonic-to-noise-ratio (hnr), percent voicing, and ...	2005	16119370
evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003.	to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention efforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from 1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for gray foxes.	2005	16178403
experimental infection of adult and juvenile coyotes with domestic dog and wild coyote isolates of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa: adeleorina).	each of five adult and four juvenile coyotes (canis latrans) was exposed to an oral dose of 50 hepatozoon americanum oocysts recovered from amblyomma maculatum ticks that previously fed on either naturally infected domestic dogs (canis familiaris) or naturally infected wild coyotes. all coyotes exposed to h. americanum became infected, regardless of isolate source, and all exhibited mild to moderate clinical disease that simulated american canine hepatozoonosis in naturally infected dogs. at 100 ...	2005	16244069
[epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].	rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ...	2005	16363690
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.	during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...	2005	16379626
[bovine neosporosis: general concepts, immunity and perspectives for vaccination].	neospora caninum causes abortions in cattle worldwide. the neospora-cycle of life is heteroxenous. dogs (canis familiaris) and coyotes (canis latrans) are the definitive hosts known at present. although, transplacental infection is an efficiently mode of transmission in cattle; there are also experimental and field data that prove horizontal transmission. several techniques are available for diagnosis since neosporosis is recognized as a disease that causes economic losses in cattle. the mechani ...	2005	16502644
coyotes (canis latrans) are definitive hosts of neospora caninum.	four captive-raised coyote pups consumed tissues from neospora caninum-infected calves. faeces were examined from 4 days before to 28 days after infection. one pup shed n. caninum-like oocysts, which tested positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni using pcr tests. coyotes are the second discovered definitive host of n. caninum, after dogs. in north america, the expanding coyote ranges and population increase the probability of contact with domestic livestock. to reduce the ris ...	2004	15037103
molecular and biologic characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the united states.	toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. type i isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types ii and iii isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. little is known of genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wild animals. in the present report, genotypes of isolates of t. gondii from wildlife in the united states are described. ...	2004	15040668
life-history studies on two molecular strains of mesocestoides (cestoda: mesocestoididae): identification of sylvatic hosts and infectivity of immature life stages.	life-cycle studies were conducted on 2 molecular strains of mesocestoides tapeworms that represent different evolutionary lineages (clades a and b). wild carnivores, reptiles, and rodents were examined for tapeworm infections at 2 enzootic sites: (1) san miguel island (smi), a small island off the coast of southern california and (2) hopland research and extension center (hrec), a field station in northern california. results indicate that deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and coyotes (canis la ...	2004	15040675
occurrence of the gulf coast tick (acari: ixodidae) on wild and domestic mammals in north-central oklahoma.	parasitic life stages of amblyomma maculatum koch were collected from domestic cattle and several species of wild mammals during a 3.5-yr study (may 1998-october 2001) in north-central oklahoma. adult ticks were the predominant life stage collected from cattle, white-tailed deer, coyotes, and raccoons, whereas only immature ticks were collected from cotton rats and white-footed mice. the prevalence of adult a. maculatum on white-tailed deer (n = 15) examined in june, july, and august 1998 was 80 ...	2004	15061275
from wild wolf to domestic dog: gene expression changes in the brain.	despite the relatively recent divergence time between domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and gray wolves (canis lupus), the two species show remarkable behavioral differences. since dogs and wolves are nearly identical at the level of dna sequence, we hypothesize that the two species may differ in patterns of gene expression. we compare gene expression patterns in dogs, wolves and a close relative, the coyote (canis latrans), in three parts of the brain: hypothalamus, amygdala and frontal cortex, ...	2004	15249144
detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, lycalopex gymnocercus and cerdocyon thous from brazil.	domestic dog (canis domesticus) and the coyote (canis latrans) are the only known definitive hosts for the protozoan neospora caninum that causes abortion in dairy cattle. in the present study, antibodies to n. caninum were sought in three species of wild canids, cerdocyon thous, lycalopex gymnocercus and dusicyon vetulus from brazil. antibodies to n. caninum were assayed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and the neospora agglutination test (nat). n. caninum antibodies were found ...	2004	15325054
evaluation of a rapid single multiplex microsatellite-based assay for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.	to develop a set of microsatellite markers, composed of a minimal number of these markers, suitable for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.	2004	15524334
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
serologic survey for canine infectious diseases among sympatric swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) in southeastern colorado.	swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) are sympatric canids distributed throughout many regions of the great plains of north america. the prevalence of canid diseases among these two species where they occur sympatrically is presently unknown. from january 1997 to january 2001, we collected blood samples from 89 swift foxes and 122 coyotes on the us army piñon canyon maneuver site, las animas county, se colorado (usa). seroprevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) ...	2004	15650093
transmission of neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals.	to determine whether deer can transmit neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni. the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated nc-deer1) was identical to n. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that n. caninum is transmitted ...	2004	15715229
oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control.	rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ...	2004	15742629
secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada.	records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ...	2004	15362815
population structure of california coyotes corresponds to habitat-specific breaks and illuminates species history.	little is known about the relationship between animal movements and the emergent structure of populations, especially for species occupying large continuous distributions. some such mammals disperse disproportionately into habitat similar to their natal habitat, a behavioural bias that might be expected to lead to habitat-conforming genetic structure. we hypothesized that coyotes (canis latrans) would exhibit such natal-biased dispersal, and used 13 microsatellite loci to test, correspondingly, ...	2004	15078462
coyote rib as an urethral dilator.		2004	987612
components of resistance to magnaporthe grisea in 'coyote' and 'coronado' tall fescue.	the components of resistance in tall fescue to magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of gray leaf spot, were measured in growth chamber experiments. cultivars ranging in susceptibility to m. grisea were selected: 'kentucky 31' (susceptible), 'rebel iii' (moderately susceptible), 'coronado' (resistant), and 'coyote' (resistant). plants were inoculated with nine m. grisea isolates representing five clonal lineages associated with tall fescue in georgia. compared to kentucky 31, coronado and coyote ...	2003	30812793
first report of giardia in coyotes (canis latrans).		2003	14736229
pedigree-based assignment tests for reversing coyote (canis latrans) introgression into the wild red wolf (canis rufus) population.	the principal threat to the persistence of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) in the wild is hybridization with the coyote (canis latrans). to facilitate idengification and removal of hybrids, assignment tests are developed which use genotype data to estimate identity as coyote, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 or full red wolf. the tests use genotypes from the red wolves that founded the surviving population and the resulting pedigree, rather than a contemporary red wolf sample. the tests are evaluated by anal ...	2003	14629346
a survey of the parasites of coyotes (canis latrans) in new york based on fecal analysis.	coyotes (canis latrans) have colonized northeastern north america only within the past 10-80 yr. we examined feces of coyotes in 2000-01 at three sites in new york (usa) to survey parasites in the region. two cestodes, nine nematodes, five protozoa, one trematode, and two arthropods were identified from 145 coyote fecal samples. parasite component community diversity was higher (n = 16 species) in southern new york than in middle and northern sites (nine species each) and infracommunity species ...	2003	14567236
determination of mifepristone levels in wild canid serum using liquid chromatography.	an hplc method was developed to determine levels of mifepristone, in coyote (canis latrans) serum where mifepristone will be used as an oral contragestive agent for nonlethal predator control. serum samples were extracted using c(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. a synthetic analog of mifepristone, rti-3021-003, was used as the internal standard. separation of the compounds was achieved by using a c(18) (150 x 4.6 mm) column. the mobile phase was 55% acetonitrile in water running at 1.0 ml/ ...	2003	12888193
using faecal dna sampling and gis to monitor hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the us fish and wildlife service's (usfws) red wolf recovery program recognizes hybridization with coyotes as the primary threat to red wolf recovery. efforts to curb or stop hybridization are hampered in two ways. first, hybrid individuals are difficult to identify based solely on morphology. second, managers need to effectively search 6000 km(2) for the presence of coyotes and hybrids. we develop a noninvasive method to screen large geographical areas for coyotes and hybrids with maternal coyo ...	2003	12859637
spatial analysis of yersinia pestis and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seroprevalence in california coyotes (canis latrans).	zoonotic transmission of sylvatic plague caused by yersinia pestis occurs in california, usa. human infections with various bartonella species have been reported recently. coyotes (canis latrans) are ubiquitous throughout california and can become infected with both bacterial agents, making the species useful for surveillance purposes. this study examined the geographic distribution of 863 coyotes tested for y. pestis and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii serologic status to gain insight int ...	2003	12507856
widespread occurrence of a domestic dog mitochondrial dna haplotype in southeastern us coyotes.	sequence analysis of the mitochondrial dna control region from 112 southeastern us coyotes (canis latrans) revealed 12 individuals with a haplotype closely related to those in domestic dogs. phylogenetic analyses grouped this new haplotype in the dog/grey wolf (canis familiaris/canis lupus) clade with 98% bootstrap support. these results demonstrate that a male coyote hybridized with a female dog, and female hybrid offspring successfully integrated into the coyote population. the widespread dist ...	2003	12535104
assessing behavior in extinct animals: was smilodon social?	it has been suggested that saber-tooth species such as smilodon fatalis were social because partially healed skeletal injuries were found at rancho la brea, california. this conclusion assumes injured animals would die without help. this paper will rebut assertions of sociality. first, cats use metabolic reserves to heal quickly without feeding. second, dehydration is a more profound limitation than starvation as prey carcasses only provide a quarter of necessary water. injured animals must be m ...	2003	12697957
reconstructing the spread of dirofilaria immitis in california coyotes.	dirofilaria immitis is a filarial nematode parasite that is currently widely enzootic in dog and coyote (canis latrans) populations of california. weak historical evidence suggests that the initial focus of d. immitis in california occurred 3 decades ago in the sierra nevada foothills (snf) and spread to other parts of california thereafter. however, this hypothesis is difficult to evaluate because of the lack of epidemiological studies on heartworm in california before 1970. we investigated thi ...	2003	12760647
clinical impact of persistent bartonella bacteremia in humans and animals.	bartonella spp. are emerging vector-borne pathogens that cause persistent, often asymptomatic bacteremia in their natural hosts. as our knowledge progresses, it appears that chronic infection may actually predispose the host to mild, insidious nonspecific manifestations or induce, in selected instances, severe diseases. persistent asymptomatic bacteremia is most common in animals that serve as the main reservoir for the specific bartonella. in humans, these organisms are b. bacilliformis and b. ...	2003	12860639
american canine hepatozoonosis.	american canine hepatozoonosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted infection of domestic dogs caused by a recently recognized species of apicomplexan parasite, hepatozoon americanum. the known definitive host of the protozoan is the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum. presently recognized intermediate hosts include the domestic dog and the coyote, canis latrans. laboratory-reared larval or nymphal a. maculatum can be infected readily by feeding to repletion on a parasitemic intermediate host; spo ...	2003	12885206
rabies among infrequently reported mammalian carnivores in the united states, 1960-2000.	most cases of rabies reported annually in the united states occur among three groups of carnivores--raccoons (procyon lotor), skunks (mephitis, spilogale, and putorius), foxes (vulpes, urocyon, and alopex)--and among bats (numerous species). however, between 1960 and 2000, a total of 2,851 cases of rabies in 17 other carnivore taxa were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, georgia (usa), from 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico. three species of t ...	2003	12910751
serologic survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from two ecologically distinct areas of utah.	the influence of habitat and associated prey assemblages on the prevalence of canine diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) has received scant attention. from december 1997 through december 1999, we captured 67 coyotes in two ecologically distinct areas of utah (usa): deseret land and livestock ranch and us army dugway proving ground. these areas differ in habitat and prey base. we collected blood samples and tested for evidence of various canine diseases. prevalence of antibodies against canine pa ...	2003	12910777
canine transmissible venereal tumour: cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. a review.	canine transmissible venereal tumour (ctvt) is the only known naturally occurring tumour that can be transplanted as an allograft across major histocompatibility (mhc) barriers within the same species, and even to other members of the canine family, such as foxes, coyotes and wolves. the progression of this tumour is unique in that, it follows a predictable growth pattern. in natural and experimental cases, the growth pattern includes progressive growth phase, static phase and regression phase, ...	2003	14535580
american canine hepatozoonosis.	american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is a tick-borne disease that is spreading in the southeastern and south-central united states. characterized by marked leukocytosis and periosteal bone proliferation, ach is very debilitating and often fatal. dogs acquire infection by ingesting nymphal or adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum) that, in a previous life stage, ingested the parasite in a blood meal taken from some vertebrate intermediate host. ach is caused by the apicomplexan hepatozoon a ...	2003	14557294
canine heartworms in coyotes in illinois.	canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) disease affects wild canids and may be a factor impacting the health and population dynamics of coyotes (canis latrans). coyotes may serve also as a potential reservoir for transmission of these parasites to domestic dogs. we investigated 920 coyotes harvested by hunters and trappers throughout illinois (usa) from 1995-1997. the objectives of the study were to: 1) survey the regional prevalence and intensity of heartworms in coyotes in illinois, 2) determin ...	2003	14567221
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.	during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...	2003	14690203
experimental babesia gibsoni infection in coyotes (canis latrans).	four 5 mo old captive raised coyotes (canis latrans) were experimentally inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(6) babesia gibsoni organisms. parasites were detected 1 wk post-inoculation in all coyotes with maximum parasitemia of 8-11% occurring at 34 wk. parasitemias remained at or above 1% for at least 12 wk and were still detectable 20 wk post-inoculation. all experimentally infected coyotes developed pale mucous membranes, splenomegaly, and a positive heme reaction in urine while one coyote e ...	2003	14733288
q fever in humans and animals in the united states.	coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of q fever, is a worldwide zoonotic pathogen. although q fever is present in the united states, little is known about its current incidence or geographic distribution in either humans or animals. published reports of national disease surveillance, individual cases, outbreak investigations, and serologic surveys were reviewed to better characterize q fever epidemiology in the united states. in national disease surveillance reports for 1948-1986, 1,396 human ...	2002	12737547
new approaches to the development of live attenuated rabies vaccines.	in the united states, extensive reservoirs of the rabies virus exist in many diverse wild animal species, which continue to pose a serious risk of lethal infection of humans and cause an economic burden exceeding $1 billion annually. previous experience with rabies control in foxes in europe has clearly demonstrated that oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free-ranging animals. however, unlike europe where vulpine rabies was the only major r ...	2002	12031103
a new flavor-coated sachet bait for delivering oral rabies vaccine to raccoons and coyotes.	research was conducted during 1996-2000 to develop baits for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to raccoons (procyon lotor) and coyotes (canis latrans). a bait was sought that: (1) was attractive to the target species, (2) could be distributed by aircraft, (3) was as effective (or more so) than the currently used fish meal polymer bait, and (4) could be produced in large numbers by automated procedures and could be purchased by user groups at substantially lower cost. ten field trials were conduc ...	2002	12038136
oral efficacy of an attenuated rabies virus vaccine in skunks and raccoons.	raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in north america. oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. under field conditions in the usa, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. it is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (procyon lotor), coyotes (canis latrans), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (mephitis mephitis). the objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated sag-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, an ...	2002	12038142
species differences in normal brain cholinesterase activities of animals and birds.	the normal cholinesterase activity in brain tissue was measured in 15 mammalian and 44 avian species using the ellman method. enzyme activity exhibited considerable interspecies variability. in mammals, the enzyme activities ranged from approximately 2 to 10 micromole/min/g of wet tissue. with the exception of the carnivores (dog, fox, coyote), no consistency of the enzyme activity could be identified in related mammalian species. the range of interspecies differences associated with avian choli ...	2002	12046961
distribution and prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in wild predators in nebraska, kansas, and wyoming.	to further determine the distribution and prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in the central united states, 245 wild canids (125 red foxes, 120 coyotes) and 33 bobcats were collected from nebraska, kansas, and wyoming and examined for this parasite. animals examined included 11 red foxes from the western panhandle of nebraska; 5 red foxes and 30 coyotes from southern nebraska; 56 red foxes and 1 coyote from northeastern nebraska; 20 red foxes, 63 coyotes, and 13 bobcats from northern kansa ...	2002	12054030
isolation of prorocentrum lima (syn. exuviaella lima) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (dsp) risk assessment in the gulf of california, mexico.	a benthic toxic dinoflagellate identified as prorocentrum lima (syn. exuviaella lima), and designated as strain prl-1, was isolated from the coast of el pardito (coyote) island in baja california sur, mexico, after a fisherman poisoning incident involving consumption of liver from lutjanus colorado, and mycteroperca prionura fish. purification and culturing was done in es-si medium, under 12:12 light/dark cycle (4 x 20 w cool-white fluorescent lamps), at 22 degrees c and constant stirring during ...	2002	12165314
assessment of cabergoline as a reproductive inhibitor in coyotes (canis latrans).	the efficacy of three oral formulations (gelatin capsule, tablet, oil base) and five dosages (50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 microg) of cabergoline to disrupt reproduction in coyotes (canis latrans) was evaluated. the type of formulation used had no effect on plasma progesterone and prolactin concentrations or on mean litter size. no adverse side effects (for example, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea) were observed despite the use of doses of up to 20 times the therapeutic dose used for domestic dogs and ...	2002	12220164
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes.	brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ...	2002	12238372
effect of short-term coyote removal on populations of coyote helminths.	coyote (canis latrans) removal programs often are initiated despite the potential population regulatory mechanism of parasitism with increased coyote density. we investigated the effect of intensive, short-term coyote removal on population levels of helminths in juvenile and adult coyotes from western texas. coyotes were killed by aerial gunning every 3 mo for 2 yr on two 5,000 ha areas, which reduced the overall coyote density of these areas by about 50%. two other 5,000 ha areas were used as c ...	2002	11838229
validation for use with coyotes (canis latrans) of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for dirofilaria immitis.	serological tests offer a potentially powerful tool for monitoring parasites in wildlife populations. however, such tests must be validated before using them with target wildlife populations. we evaluated in coyotes (canis latrans) the performance of a commercially available serological test used to detect canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) in domestic dogs. we obtained 265 coyote carcasses and serological specimens from 54 additional coyotes from several regions of california, usa. we necro ...	2002	12383624
prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cervids on privately owned ranches.	to determine prevalence of tuberculosis caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis in cervids on privately owned ranches in northeastern lower michigan.	2002	12418527
community and ecosystem level consequences of chemical cues in the plankton.	aquatic organisms produce compounds that deter consumers, alter prey behavior, suppress or kill target and nontarget species, and dramatically affect food-web structure, community composition, and the rates and pathways of biogeochemical cycles. toxins from marine and freshwater phytoplankton create health hazards for both aquatic and terrestrial species and can significantly affect human activities and the economic vitality of local communities. a reasonable case can be made that phytoplankton ...	2002	12474896
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.	during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...	2002	12494966
major histocompatibility complex variation in red wolves: evidence for common ancestry with coyotes and balancing selection.	we examined variation at a class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) gene (drb1) in the captive red wolf population and samples of coyotes from texas and north carolina. we found 4 alleles in the 48 red wolves, 8 alleles in the 10 coyotes from texas and 15 alleles in the 29 coyotes from north carolina. two of the four alleles found in red wolves, caru-2 and caru-4, were found in both the texas and north carolina coyote samples. allele caru-1, previously found in gray wolves, was also found ...	2002	12296935
home range formation in wolves due to scent marking.	social carnivores, such as wolves and coyotes, have distinct and well-defined home ranges. during the formation of these home ranges scent marks provide important cues regarding the use of space by familiar and foreign packs. previous models for territorial pattern formation have required a den site as the organizational center around which the territory is formed. however, well-defined wolf home ranges have been known to form in the absence of a den site, and even in the absence of surrounding ...	2002	11926117
contributions of forage competition, harvest, and climate fluctuation to changes in population growth of northern white-tailed deer.	recently there has been considerable interest in determining the relative roles of endogenous (density-dependent) and exogenous (density-independent) factors in driving the population dynamics of free-ranging ungulates. we used time-series analysis to estimate the relative contributions of density-dependent forage competition, climatic fluctuation, and harvesting on the population dynamics of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in nova scotia, canada, from 1983 to 2000. a model incorporat ...	2002	28547026
fight or flight? antipredator behavior and the escalation of coyote encounters with deer.	it is well known that prey of different size and morphology often use different antipredator strategies. the prevailing notion is that this occurs because size, morphology and weaponry determine the relative effectiveness of alternative strategies, and nowhere is this assumption more entrenched than in our view of the basic decision to stay, fight or flee. here, we use observations of coyote (canis latrans) packs hunting deer in winter to show that two ungulates of similar size and morphology, w ...	2002	28547505
determination of cabergoline by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: picogram detection via column focusing sample introduction.	an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for low-picogram detection of an ergot alkaloid, cabergoline, in coyote plasma extracts. cabergoline is under investigation as an abortifacient in canid species. central to the successful development of this method was the ability to introduce relatively large sample volumes into the mass spectrometer. this was achieved by focusing the analyte on a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography guard column prior to e ...	2001	11681474
communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: 1. semiochemical-mediated location and suitability of larval habitat.	we tested two hypotheses: 1) that there is semiochemical-mediated attraction of male and female webbing clothes moth (wcm), tineola bisselliella (hum.) (lepidoptera: tineidae) to suitable larval habitat; and 2) that selection of optimal larval habitat has fitness consequences. in binary or ternary choice arena bioassay experiments that prevented wcm from contacting test stimuli, males and females were attracted to dried but untanned animal pelts (red squirrel, muskrat, beaver, coyote, red fox an ...	2001	11521394
bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from michigan.	during a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in michigan (usa) since 1996, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (ursus americanus). one adult, male bobcat (felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for ...	2001	11272505
morbidity-mortality factors and survival of an urban coyote population in arizona.	the health of coyotes (canis latrans) in urban areas has not been studied. our objectives were to assess the health of coyotes in tucson (arizona, usa) by determining the prevalence of antibodies to selected pathogens, estimating survival rates, and identifying sources of mortality. we drew blood from 22 coyotes to evaluate the prevalence of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) antigens, and antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), infectious canine hepatitis (ich), canine parvovirus (cpv), and se ...	2001	11310882
comparison of tissue stages of hepatozoon americanum in the dog using immunohistochemical and routine histologic methods.	american canine hepatozoonosis is caused by hepatozoon americanum, a recently described species of apicomplexan protozoan parasite. an immunohistochemical procedure using a polyclonal antibody to sporozoites of h. americanum clearly identified asexual stages of h. americanum in canine striated muscle. the method also detects hepatozoa present in naturally infected coyotes and raccoons and reacts with certain other apicomplexans. use of this immunohistochemical procedure confirms the canine inter ...	2001	11467476
sylvatic trichinellosis in texas.	there are no published reports of domestic or sylvatic trichinellosis in texas. the aim of the present survey was to determine the presence of trichinella species in selected representative species of potential wildlife reservoirs in southern texas. in 1998-99, tongues of 211 wild mammals were collected in southern texas: 154 coyotes (canis latrans), three bobcats (lynx rufus), 32 racoons (procyon lotor), 13 opossum (didelphis marsupialis), four ocelots (leopardus pardalis) and five wild boars ( ...	2001	11484391
trichinella infection in wildlife of the southwestern united states.	several potential mammalian reservoirs of sylvatic species of trichinella were examined from texas, new mexico, and arizona. during 1998-99, tongues were collected from a black bear (ursus americanus) in arizona; from 9 black bears, a coyote (canis latrans), and a mountain lion (felis concolor) in new mexico; and from 154 coyotes, 32 raccoons (procyon lotor), 13 opossums (didelphis marsupialis), 4 ocelots (leopardus pardalis), 3 bobcats (lynx rufus), and 5 feral hogs (sus scrofa) in southern tex ...	2001	11695403
serological responses of coyotes to two commercial rabies vaccines.	between august 1993 and september 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. all coyotes vaccinated with imrab 3 (rhone-merieux, inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with dura-rab 3 (immunovet, inc. ...	2001	11763743
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.	during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ...	2001	11767918
naturally occurring and experimentally transmitted hepatozoon americanum in coyotes from oklahoma.	twenty free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in oklahoma (usa) were examined for the presence of naturally occurring infections with hepatozoon americanum and to determine if bone lesions attributable to h. americanum were present. although eight of the 20 free-ranging coyotes were found to be naturally infected with h. americanum, no bone lesions were detected. in addition, two coyote pups were exposed to h. americanum oocysts collected from experimentally infected ticks and the course of the re ...	2000	10682757
failure to identify alveolar echinococcosis in trappers from south dakota in spite of high prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in wild canids.	echinococcus multilocularis causes a rare but potentially lethal zoonotic disease in humans. this tapeworm has been known to be endemic in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) within the northern united states since the 1960s. one purpose of this study was to provide recent data on the prevalence of e. multilocularis in foxes and coyotes from eastern south dakota. in a survey conducted from 1987 to 1991 and involving 137 foxes and 9 coyotes from this area, 74.5% of the foxes and 4 o ...	2000	10701567
canines as sentinels for lyme disease in san diego county, california.	prevalence of lyme borreliosis in canine sentinels has been shown to correlate with infection in humans. one thousand canine sera (917 dogs, 83 coyotes) obtained from animal control authorities and area veterinarians were screened by elisa for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. results were validated by western blot and indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) tests at referee laboratories. criterion for a positive western blot was presence of 5 of 10 of the most common antigen igg bands; for ifa, > ...	2000	10730940
polymorphism of alpha 1-antitrypsin in north american species of canis.	alpha 1-antitrypsin (a1at) is a major protease inhibitor present in all mammalian sera that have thus far been investigated. a1at is also highly polymorphic and is therefore a useful genetic marker. previously reported a1at polymorphism in domestic dogs consisted of two alleles designated as pim and pis which exhibited frequencies of 0.72 and 0.28, respectively, in a group of randomly collected mongrel dogs. north american species of canis, which included gray wolves (n = 29), mexican wolves (n ...	2000	10768138
molecular systematics of mesocestoides spp (cestoda: mesocestoididae) from domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the genus mesocestoides vaillant, 1863 includes tapeworms of uncertain phylogenetic affinities and with poorly defined life histories. we previously documented 11 cases of peritoneal cestodiasis in dogs (canis familiaris l.) in western north america caused by metacestodes of mesocestoides spp. in the current study, dna sequences were obtained from metacestodes collected from these dogs (n = 10), as well as proglottids from dogs (n = 3) and coyotes (canis latrans say, 1823 [n = 2]), and tetrathyr ...	2000	10780557
skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by hepatozoon americanum.	canine hepatozoonosis, caused by hepatozoon americanum, is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs in north america. in addition to the skeletal and cardiac myositis that are prominent features of the disease, there is disseminated periosteal bone proliferation in most dogs that manifest clinical disease. each of six experimentally infected animals (four dogs and two coyotes) and seven of eight naturally infected dogs had gross or histopathologic osteoproliferative lesions. experimental animals w ...	2000	10810986
serologic and molecular evidence of ehrlichia spp. in coyotes in california.	in order to determine the role of coyotes in the epidemiology of granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichial agents in california (usa), we tested 149 serum samples for antibodies against ehrlichia equi, e. risticii, and e. canis, using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used to survey for the presence of members of the e. phagocytophila genogroup, e. risticii and e. canis in blood samples of 95 coyotes. sixty-eight (46%) samples were seropositive fo ...	2000	10941735
naturally occurring ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in coyotes from oklahoma.	a nested polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine the presence of ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. canis, and e. ewingii dna in blood samples of free-ranging coyotes from central and northcentral oklahoma. of the 21 coyotes examined, 15 (71%) were positive for e. chaffeensis dna; none was positive for e. canis or e. ewingii. results suggest that e. chaffeensis infections are common in free-ranging coyotes in oklahoma and that these wild canids could play a role in the epidemiology of human ...	2000	10998377
coyotes (canis latrans) as the reservoir for a human pathogenic bartonella sp.: molecular epidemiology of bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii infection in coyotes from central coastal california.	bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was originally isolated from a dog suffering infectious endocarditis and was recently identified as a zoonotic agent causing human endocarditis. following the coyote bite of a child who developed clinical signs compatible with bartonella infection in santa clara county, calif., this epidemiological study was conducted. among 109 coyotes (canis latrans) from central coastal california, 31 animals (28%) were found to be bacteremic with b. vinsonii subsp. berkh ...	2000	11060089
spatial associations among density of cattle, abundance of wild canids, and seroprevalence to neospora caninum in a population of beef calves.	to determine the epidemiologic plausibility of a sylvatic transmission cycle for neospora caninum between wild canids and beef cattle.	2000	11061391
muscular sarcocystosis in coyotes from oklahoma.	in a recent survey in oklahoma (usa), 52 free-ranging coyotes were examined for the presence of sarcocysts. two of these coyotes were found infected with sarcocysts in skeletal muscle. by light microscopy, the cyst wall was thin and smooth. ultrastructurally, the cyst wall had minute villar protrusions. the sarcocysts were 14.4 to 50.4 microm wide and 46.8 to 99 microm long. this is the first report of sarcocystis sp. sarcocysts in the skeletal muscle of coyotes.	2000	11085440
host association and seasonal activity of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in missouri.	from june 1993 through june 1996, 2,260 adult, 4,426 nymphal, and 2,178 larval lone star ticks amblyomma americanum (l.) were collected in missouri from vertebrate hosts and by dragging a cloth over vegetation. prevalence, mean intensity, and relative abundance of each stage varied among hosts. the relative abundance of adult lone star ticks was highest on white-tailed deer, but this stage was also collected from raccoons, opossum, red fox, coyotes, and wild turkey. nymphs were collected from gr ...	2000	11128501
an apparatus for studying operant activity of captive coyotes.	we describe a portable apparatus designed to examine the free-operant food preferences of captive coyotes in their home kennels. because lever-pressing for food access was the dependent variable, we measured food preference independently of food ingestion. using successive approximation, we trained 8 out of 19 coyotes (42%) to use the apparatus. this percentage is similar to training rates for dogs. we used fixed and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement to further test 4 of the trained coyo ...	2000	11189857
american canine hepatozoonosis. an emerging disease in the new world.	hepatozoon canis was first described from dogs in 1905 in india and rhipicephalus sanguineus was identified as the vector. dogs on the texas gulf coast were recognized in 1978 to have hepatozoonosis, and it was thought that h. canis had entered the new world. later, it was realized that american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is more debilitating than its old world counterpart, often resulting in death. when the malady and parasite were characterized, a new species, h. americanum, was described, in ...	2000	11193705
neosporosis. aspects of epidemiology and host immune response.	neospora caninum is a recently recognized protozoan parasite which has been described as causing a neuromuscular paralysis in dogs and is emerging as a major cause of bovine infertility and abortion worldwide. the parasite is known to infect a range of warm blooded animals but the disease predominates in dogs and cattle. it is not yet known if n. caninum can infect and cause disease in people. the dog has recently been identified as the definitive host and the parasite may be transmitted through ...	2000	11193706
major histocompatibility complex (mhc) variation in the endangered mexican wolf and related canids.	we have examined in mexican wolves and related canids the amount of genetic variation for a class ii gene in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc), thought to be part of the most important genetic basis for pathogen resistance in vertebrates. in mexican wolves, descended from only seven founders over three lineages, there were five different alleles. these were in three phylogenetic groups, only one of which was shared between lineages. using single stand conformation polymorphism (sscp), w ...	2000	11240629
concerned about control of coyotes and wolves.		2000	10754663
competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores.	we examined the relative roles of dominance in agonistic interactions and energetic constraints related to body size in determining local abundances of coyotes (canis latrans, 8-20 kg), gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus, 3-5 kg) and bobcats (felis rufus, 5-15 kg) at three study sites (hereafter referred to as np, cp, and sp) in the santa monica mountains of california. we hypothesized that the largest and behaviorally dominant species, the coyote, would exploit a wider range of resources (i.e ...	2000	24595837
development and testing of seven new synthetic coyote attractants.	available evidence indicates that effective coyote attractants are blends of volatile substances. typically, attractants are a combination of biological substances such as fermented glandular materials, urines, and rotted meats. although effective, these attractants have several distinct disadvantages. among these is the possibility that they are unnecessarily complex and variable and, thus, difficult to replicate from one batch to the next. although attractants containing a few reagent grade ma ...	2000	10820111
oral squamous cell carcinoma in a coyote (canis latrans).	a 19-yr-old spayed female coyote (canis latrans) was evaluated for an elliptical swelling of the skin beneath its right eye and an elevated mass that involved the soft and hard palate and gingivae around the upper right carnassial tooth and molars. histopathologic analysis revealed a squamous cell carcinoma, and a postmortem examination revealed no evidence of vascular invasion or dissemination to the regional lymph nodes or viscera. this report describes the biology and progresion of an oral sq ...	1999	10484152
estimating population size by genotyping faeces.	population size is a fundamental biological parameter that is difficult to estimate. by genotyping coyote (canis latrans) faeces systematically collected in the santa monica mountains near los angeles, california, we exemplify a general, non-invasive method to census large mammals. four steps are involved in the estimation. first, presumed coyote faeces are collected along paths or roadways where coyotes, like most carnivores, often defaecate and mark territorial boundaries. second, dna is extra ...	1999	10331287
coyote woman's birth timeline.		1999	10655811
genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves.	genetic data suggest that red wolves (canis rufus) resulted from a hybridization between coyotes (c. latrans) and grey wolves (c. lupus). the data of the hybridization, however, is uncertain. according to one hypothesis, the two species came into contact as coyotes increased their geographical range in conjunction with the advance of european settlers and as grey wolves were extirpated from the american south. alternatively, the red wolves could have originated tens of thousands of years ago as ...	1999	9919703
mitochondrial dna phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf canis lupus	the grey wolf (canis lupus) and coyote (c. latrans) are highly mobile carnivores that disperse over great distances in search of territories and mates. previous genetic studies have shown little geographical structure in either species. however, population genetic structure is also influenced by past isolation events and population fluctuations during glacial periods. in this study, control region sequence data from a worldwide sample of grey wolves and a more limited sample of coyotes were anal ...	1999	10632860
use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues.	seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ...	1999	10029326
naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in coyotes from oklahoma.	nine of 16 free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central oklahoma (usa) had naturally acquired infections of hepatozoon americanum. infections were confirmed by recognition of tissue stages closely resembling h. americanum in skeletal and cardiac muscle. at the time coyotes were collected they were infested with a variety of ticks, including adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum). we propose that the high prevalence of h. americanum in this small sample of free-ranging coyotes and the ...	1999	10073352
typing of rabies virus isolates by dna enzyme immunoassay.	alternatives to antigenic typing are needed for epidemiologic surveys of the rabies virus associated with translocated coyotes and foxes, especially in areas where a closely related rabies virus is transmitted by striped skunks.	1999	10073409