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development of a robust method for isolation of shiga toxin-positive escherichia coli (stec) from fecal, plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in california.during a 2.5-year survey of 33 farms and ranches in a major leafy greens production region in california, 13,650 produce, soil, livestock, wildlife, and water samples were tested for shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec). overall, 357 and 1,912 samples were positive for e. coli o157:h7 (2.6%) or non-o157 stec (14.0%), respectively. isolates differentiated by o-typing elisa and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) resulted in 697 o157:h7 and 3,256 non-o157 stec i ...201323762414
immunological and clinical response of coyotes (canis latrans) to experimental inoculation with yersinia pestis.multiple publications have reported the use of coyotes (canis latrans) in animal-based surveillance efforts for the detection of yersinia pestis. coyotes are likely exposed via flea bite or oral routes and are presumed to be resistant to the development of clinical disease. these historic data have only been useful for the evaluation of the geographic distribution of y. pestis in the landscape. because the canid immunologic response to y. pestis has not been thoroughly characterized, we conducte ...201324502720
survey of antibodies to leishmania spp. in wild canids from pennsylvania and tennessee.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution. infections with the leishmania donovani complex, including leishmania infantum, cause the vl. domestic dogs are the most important reservoir host for human vl, and wild canids are also susceptible. in the united states, infections with l. infantum are common in the foxhound dog breed. little information is available regarding l. infantum in wild canids in the unites states. sera from 11 foxes and 256 coyotes originating in pe ...201324450086
contraception has gone to the coyotes (canis latrans).coyotes (canis latrans) are predators of livestock. current management programs, primarily lethal control, are ineffective for long-term management of predation. controlling reproduction of coyotes may reduce depredations if territory fidelity is maintained by breeding pairs. surgical sterilization is successful in altering predatory behaviors of coyotes but may provide a challenge for field implementation. an alternative approach is the development of a one-time non-transferable chemical contra ...201324437078
the influence of snowmobile trails on coyote movements during winter in high-elevation landscapes.competition between sympatric carnivores has long been of interest to ecologists. increased understanding of these interactions can be useful for conservation planning. increased snowmobile traffic on public lands and in habitats used by canada lynx (lynx canadensis) remains controversial due to the concern of coyote (canis latrans) use of snowmobile trails and potential competition with lynx. determining the variables influencing coyote use of snowmobile trails has been a priority for managers ...201324367565
inter-specific territoriality in a canis hybrid zone: spatial segregation between wolves, coyotes, and hybrids.gray wolves (canis lupus) and coyotes (canis latrans) generally exhibit intraspecific territoriality manifesting in spatial segregation between adjacent packs. however, previous studies have found a high degree of interspecific spatial overlap between sympatric wolves and coyotes. eastern wolves (canis lycaon) are the most common wolf in and around algonquin provincial park (app), ontario, canada and hybridize with sympatric gray wolves and coyotes. we hypothesized that all canis types (wolves, ...201323864253
water developments and canids in two north american deserts: a test of the indirect effect of water hypothesis.anthropogenic modifications to landscapes intended to benefit wildlife may negatively influence wildlife communities. anthropogenic provisioning of free water (water developments) to enhance abundance and distribution of wildlife is a common management practice in arid regions where water is limiting. despite the long-term and widespread use of water developments, little is known about how they influence native species. water developments may negatively influence arid-adapted species (e.g., kit ...201323844097
sequence analysis of three pigmentation genes in the newfoundland population of canis latrans links the golden retriever mc1r variant to white coat color in coyotes.three genes, mc1r, agouti, and cbd103, interact in a type-switching process that controls much of the pigmentation variation observed in mammals. a deletion in the cbd103 gene is responsible for dominant black color in dogs, while the white-phased black bear ("spirit bear") of british columbia, canada, is the lightest documented color variant caused by a mutation in mc1r. rare all-white animals have recently been discovered in a new northeastern population of the coyote in insular newfoundland a ...201323297074
attitudes of college undergraduates towards coyotes (canis latrans) in an urban landscape: management and public outreach implications.understanding and assessing the public's attitudes towards urban wildlife is an important step towards creating management plans, increasing knowledge and awareness, and fostering coexistence between people and wildlife. we conducted a survey of undergraduate college students in the washington, d.c. metropolitan area-where coyotes are recent arrivals-to determine existing attitudes towards coyotes and coyote management methods. amongst other findings, we found that the more a person feared coyot ...201326487306
red wolf (canis rufus) recovery: a review with suggestions for future research.by the 1970s, government-supported eradication campaigns reduced red wolves to a remnant population of less than 100 individuals on the southern border of texas and louisiana. restoration efforts in the region were deemed unpromising because of predator-control programs and hybridization with coyotes. the u.s. fish and wildlife service (usfws) removed the last remaining red wolves from the wild and placed them in a captive-breeding program. in 1980, the usfws declared red wolves extinct in the w ...201326479530
successful cloning of coyotes through interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer using domestic dog oocytes.interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) is an emerging assisted reproductive technology (art) for preserving nature's diversity. the scarcity of oocytes from some species makes utilisation of readily available oocytes inevitable. in the present study, we describe the successful cloning of coyotes (canis latrans) through iscnt using oocytes from domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris or dingo). transfer of 320 interspecies-reconstructed embryos into 22 domestic dog recipients resulted i ...201323217630
canine echinococcosis: global epidemiology and genotypic diversity.canine echinococcosis is a potential zoonotic infection caused by the adult form of several cestode species belonging to the genus echinococcus, of which e. granulosus sensu lato and e. multilocularis are the most epidemiologically relevant. dogs infected with e. granulosus and e. multilocularis are widely regarded as the main source of infection for human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, diseases that cause substantial morbidity and socio-economic burden in several regions of the world. foll ...201323954494
identification of a mutation that is associated with the saddle tan and black-and-tan phenotypes in basset hounds and pembroke welsh corgis.the causative mutation for the black-and-tan (a (t) ) phenotype in dogs was previously shown to be a sine insertion in the 5' region of agouti signaling protein (asip). dogs with the black-and-tan phenotype, as well as dogs with the saddle tan phenotype, genotype as a (t) /_ at this locus. we have identified a 16-bp duplication (g.1875_1890dupccccaggtcagagttt) in an intron of hnrnp associated with lethal yellow (raly), which segregates with the black-and-tan phenotype in a group of 99 saddle tan ...201323519866
differential roles of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in predator odor contextual fear conditioning.the study of fear memory is important for understanding various anxiety disorders in which patients experience persistent recollections of traumatic events. these memories often involve associations of contextual cues with aversive events; consequently, pavlovian classical conditioning is commonly used to study contextual fear learning. the use of predator odor as a fearful stimulus in contextual fear conditioning has become increasingly important as an animal model of anxiety disorders. innate ...201323460388
coyote (canis latrans) and domestic dog (canis familiaris) mortality and morbidity due to a karenia brevis red tide in the gulf of mexico.in october 2009, during a karenia brevis red tide along the texas coast, millions of dead fish washed ashore along the 113-km length of padre island national seashore (pais). between november 2009 and january 2010, at least 12 coyotes (canis latrans) and three domestic dogs (canis familiaris) died or were euthanized at pais or local veterinary clinics because of illness suspected to be related to the red tide. another red tide event occurred during autumn 2011 and, although fewer dead fish were ...201324502723
evaluating the ability of bayesian clustering methods to detect hybridization and introgression using an empirical red wolf data set.bayesian clustering methods have emerged as a popular tool for assessing hybridization using genetic markers. simulation studies have shown these methods perform well under certain conditions; however, these methods have not been evaluated using empirical data sets with individuals of known ancestry. we evaluated the performance of two clustering programs, baps and structure, with genetic data from a reintroduced red wolf (canis rufus) population in north carolina, usa. red wolves hybridize with ...201323163531
tularemia in the coyote, canis latrans lestes merriam. 201213475873
salt marsh as a coastal filter for the oceans: changes in function with experimental increases in nitrogen loading and sea-level rise.coastal salt marshes are among earth's most productive ecosystems and provide a number of ecosystem services, including interception of watershed-derived nitrogen (n) before it reaches nearshore oceans. nitrogen pollution and climate change are two dominant drivers of global-change impacts on ecosystems, yet their interacting effects at the land-sea interface are poorly understood. we addressed how sea-level rise and anthropogenic n additions affect the salt marsh ecosystem process of nitrogen u ...201222879873
wolves-coyotes-foxes: a cascade among carnivores.due to the widespread eradication of large canids and felids, top predators in many terrestrial ecosystems are now medium-sized carnivores such as coyotes. coyotes have been shown to increase songbird and rodent abundance and diversity by suppressing populations of small carnivores such as domestic cats and foxes. the restoration of gray wolves to many parts of north america, however, could alter this interaction chain. here we use a 30-year time series of wolf, coyote, and fox relative abundanc ...201222690642
rise of the coyote: the new top dog. 201222596135
quantity discrimination in wolves (canis lupus).quantity discrimination has been studied extensively in different non-human animal species. in the current study, we tested 11 hand-raised wolves (canis lupus) in a two-way choice task. we placed a number of food items (one to four) sequentially into two opaque cans and asked the wolves to choose the larger amount. moreover, we conducted two additional control conditions to rule out non-numerical properties of the presentation that the animals might have used to make the correct choice. our resu ...201223181044
canid hybridization: contemporary evolution in human-modified landscapes.contemporary evolution through human-induced hybridization occurs throughout the taxonomic range. formerly allopatric species appear especially susceptible to hybridization. consequently, hybridization is expected to be more common in regions with recent sympatry owing to human activity than in areas of historical range overlap. coyotes (canis latrans) and gray wolves (c. lupus) are historically sympatric in western north america. following european settlement gray wolf range contracted, whereas ...201223139873
a shared system of representation governing quantity discrimination in canids.one way to investigate the evolution of cognition is to compare the abilities of phylogenetically related species. the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris), for example, still shares cognitive abilities with the coyote (canis latrans). both of these canids possess the ability to make psychophysical "less/more" discriminations of food based on quantity. like many other species including humans, this ability is mediated by weber's law: discrimination of continuous quantities is dependent on the r ...201223060847
anthropogenic influences on macro-level mammal occupancy in the appalachian trail corridor.anthropogenic effects on wildlife are typically assessed at the local level, but it is often difficult to extrapolate to larger spatial extents. macro-level occupancy studies are one way to assess impacts of multiple disturbance factors that might vary over different geographic extents. here we assess anthropogenic effects on occupancy and distribution for several mammal species within the appalachian trail (at), a forest corridor that extends across a broad section of the eastern united states. ...201222880038
impact of quaternary climatic changes and interspecific competition on the demographic history of a highly mobile generalist carnivore, the coyote.recurrent cycles of climatic change during the quaternary period have dramatically affected the population genetic structure of many species. we reconstruct the recent demographic history of the coyote (canis latrans) through the use of bayesian techniques to examine the effects of late quaternary climatic perturbations on the genetic structure of a highly mobile generalist species. our analysis reveals a lack of phylogeographic structure throughout the range but past population size changes cor ...201222491760
evolution in coyotes (canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions.living coyotes modify their behavior in the presence of larger carnivores, such as wolves. however, little is known about the effects of competitor presence or absence on morphological change in coyotes or wolves over long periods of time. we examined the evolution of coyotes and wolves through time from the late pleistocene, during which many large carnivorous species coexisted as predators and competitors, to the recent; this allowed us to investigate evolutionary changes in these species in r ...201222371581
managing livestock using animal behavior: mixed-species stocking and flerds.mixed-species stocking can foster sound landscape management while offering economic and ecological advantages compared with mono-species stocking. producers contemplating a mixed-species enterprise should reflect on several considerations before implementing this animal management strategy. factors applicable to a particular producer's landscape must be considered together with goals and economic constraints before implementing mixed-species stocking. a major consideration when using mixed-spec ...201223217238
spatial genetic and morphologic structure of wolves and coyotes in relation to environmental heterogeneity in a canis hybrid zone.eastern wolves have hybridized extensively with coyotes and gray wolves and are listed as a 'species of special concern' in canada. however, a distinct population of eastern wolves has been identified in algonquin provincial park (app) in ontario. previous studies of the diverse canis hybrid zone adjacent to app have not linked genetic analysis with field data to investigate genotype-specific morphology or determine how resident animals of different ancestry are distributed across the landscape ...201223173981
detection of dirofilaria immitis and ehrlichia species in coyotes (canis latrans), from rural oklahoma and texas.there is a lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis and ehrlichia spp. in coyotes in oklahoma and texas. documenting the prevalence of these vector-borne disease agents in coyotes from oklahoma and texas underscores the importance of wild canids as reservoir hosts that infect companion animals and humans. to learn more about the sylvatic cycle of d. immitis and ehrlichia spp. in coyotes from oklahoma and texas, we tested for infection with and exposure to, respectively, ...201222448722
further investigation of exposure to lawsonia intracellularis in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy.this study investigated the exposure to lawsonia intracellularis in wild birds, mice, rabbits, raccoons, coyotes and squirrels, and feral cats and pigs on 10 farms with confirmed equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). serum samples from all resident foals (417 samples) as well as fecal (461) and serum (106) samples from wild and feral animals were collected for serological and molecular detection of l. intracellularis following the diagnosis of epe in index cases. a total of three cats from two ...201222627048
mucosal adjuvants to improve wildlife rabies vaccination.raboral v-rg(®)a is a recombinant vaccine used in oral rabies vaccination (orv) programs for wildlife in the united states. vaccination rates for raccoons are substantially lower than vaccination rates for gray foxes and coyotes. research suggests that the low viscosity of the oral vaccine may preclude animals from receiving an effective dose when biting into the vaccine bait delivery system. we evaluated the possibility of using two benign compounds, chitosan and n,n,n-trimethylated chitosan (t ...201223060506
evolutionary reconstructions of the transferrin receptor of caniforms supports canine parvovirus being a re-emerged and not a novel pathogen in dogs.parvoviruses exploit transferrin receptor type-1 (tfr) for cellular entry in carnivores, and specific interactions are key to control of host range. we show that several key mutations acquired by tfr during the evolution of caniforms (dogs and related species) modified the interactions with parvovirus capsids by reducing the level of binding. these data, along with signatures of positive selection in the tfrc gene, are consistent with an evolutionary arms race between the tfr of the caniform cla ...201222570610
echinococcus multilocularis in urban coyotes, alberta, canada.echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic parasite in wild canids. we determined its frequency in urban coyotes (canis latrans) in alberta, canada. we detected e. multilocularis in 23 of 91 coyotes in this region. this parasite is a public health concern throughout the northern hemisphere, partly because of increased urbanization of wild canids.201223017505
echinococcus multilocularis identified in michigan with additional records from ohio.echinococcus multilocularis was identified in a coyote in indiana in january 1990, prompting an investigation of the distribution and prevalence of the parasite in wild canids in indiana and surrounding states. in 1990-1991, the parasite was found throughout northern and central indiana, in northwestern ohio, and in east-central illinois. in 1993-1994, 162 wild canids (97 red foxes, 54 coyotes, 11 gray foxes) were collected from michigan, and an additional 75 (55 red foxes, 7 coyotes, 13 gray fo ...201222339082
sensitivity of double centrifugation sugar fecal flotation for detecting intestinal helminths in coyotes (canis latrans).fecal analysis is commonly used to estimate prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths in wild carnivores, but few studies have assessed the reliability of fecal flotation compared to analysis of intestinal tracts. we investigated sensitivity of the double centrifugation sugar fecal flotation and kappa agreement between fecal flotation and postmortem examination of intestines for helminths of coyotes (canis latrans). we analyzed 57 coyote carcasses that were collected between october 2010 ...201222740537
deer, predators, and the emergence of lyme disease.lyme disease is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in north america, and both the annual incidence and geographic range are increasing. the emergence of lyme disease has been attributed to a century-long recovery of deer, an important reproductive host for adult ticks. however, a growing body of evidence suggests that lyme disease risk may now be more dynamically linked to fluctuations in the abundance of small-mammal hosts that are thought to infect the majority of ticks. the continuing an ...201222711825
[parasitic infections of coyote, canis latrans (carnivora: canidae) in a costa rican national park and a surrounding agricultural area].as human populations expand into wild habitats with their pets and livestock, the potential spread of disease to wildlife or vice versa increases. because, wild and domestic canids may pose as reservoirs or disseminators of infectious diseases (including parasites), coyotes (canis latrans) may also serve as indicators of ecological health. in costa rica, little information exists on coyote parasites, making research necessary to identify potential zoonotic interactions. for this reason, a survey ...201223894947
gas chromatographic analysis of coyote and magpie tissues for residues of compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate).tissues of coyotes and magpies administered known dosages of 1080 were analyzed for residues by an analytical method specifying gas chromatography and electron capture detection. the repeatability of the method was determined for the replicate analyses of coyote muscle tissue samples aged under different storage conditions. the average coefficient of variation (cv) was 6% for quadruplicate determinations of 1080 in fresh tissues, 12-14% for samples stored at - 10 degrees c for 30-60 days, and 24 ...20126746478
y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species canis hybridization in eastern north america.there has been considerable discussion on the origin of the red wolf and eastern wolf and their evolution independent of the gray wolf. we analyzed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) and a y-chromosome intron sequence in combination with y-chromosome microsatellites from wolves and coyotes within the range of extensive wolf-coyote hybridization, that is, eastern north america. the detection of divergent y-chromosome haplotypes in the historic range of the eastern wolf is concordant with earlier mtdna fin ...201223139890
intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes.despite ethical arguments against lethal control of wildlife populations, culling is routinely used for the management of predators, invasive or pest species, and infectious diseases. here, we demonstrate that culling of wildlife can have unforeseen impacts that can be detrimental to future conservation efforts. specifically, we analyzed genetic data from eastern wolves (canis lycaon) sampled in algonquin provincial park (app), ontario, canada from 1964 to 2007. research culls in 1964 and 1965 k ...201222408723
fluoroacetate residues in ground squirrel and coyote tissues due to primary or secondary 1080 poisoning.fluoroacetate residues in various tissues of 1080-poisoned ground squirrels and coyotes are listed. the tissues (excluding the stomach) of squirrels poisoned with an average of 0.8 mg 1080/kg (low dose) contained from 182 to 1309 ppb fluoroacetate. in squirrels poisoned with an average of 4.8 mg 1080/kg (high dose), the tissue residues ranged from 535 to 9754 ppb fluoroacetate. tissues from coyotes which died after consuming 1080-poisoned ground squirrels were also analyzed for fluoroacetate res ...20123722090
microscopic effects of predator digestion on the surfaces of bones and teeth.concentrations of small fossil mammals are frequently encountered in cenozoic deposits, but the causes for such accumulations have seldom been determined. in many cases the tooth, jaw, and limb fragments appear to be well-preserved under light microscopy, and it is difficult to differentiate damage due to predator digestion from breakage and abrasion due to physical agents. in order to find more specific evidence of predator digestion, we used a scanning electron microscope (sem) to examine the ...20113201198
antigenic profiling of yersinia pestis infection in the wyoming coyote (canis latrans).although yersinia pestis is classified as a "high-virulence" pathogen, some host species are variably susceptible to disease. coyotes (canis latrans) exhibit mild, if any, symptoms during infection, but antibody production occurs postinfection. this immune response has been reported to be against the f1 capsule, although little subsequent characterization has been conducted. to further define the nature of coyote humoral immunity to plague, qualitative serology was conducted to assess the antipl ...201121269993
annual seroprevalence of yersinia pestis in coyotes as predictors of interannual variation in reports of human plague cases in arizona, united states.abstract although several health departments collect coyote blood samples for plague surveillance, the association between reported human cases and coyote seroprevalence rates remains anecdotal. using data from an endemic region of the united states, we sought to quantify this association. from 1974 to 1998, about 2,276 coyote blood samples from four arizona counties were tested for serological evidence of exposure to yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. using a titer threshold presum ...201121756031
detection of trichinella murrelli in coyotes (canis latrans) from oklahoma and north texas.we determined the prevalence and mean intensity of trichinella sp. infection in coyotes from six counties in oklahoma and one in northern texas. tongues from 77 coyotes were examined using histology and artificial tissue digestion. histological examination showed a prevalence of 3.9% (3 of 77) whereas the prevalence was 6.5% (5 of 77) based on artificial digestion of 5.0g of muscle from coyote tongues. one sample was positive for trichinella sp. on histology but negative by artificial digestion. ...201121723041
prdm9, a major determinant of meiotic recombination hotspots, is not functional in dogs and their wild relatives, wolves and coyotes.meiotic recombination is a fundamental process needed for the correct segregation of chromosomes during meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms. in humans, 80% of crossovers are estimated to occur at specific areas of the genome called recombination hotspots. recently, a protein called prdm9 was identified as a major player in determining the location of genome-wide meiotic recombination hotspots in humans and mice. the origin of this protein seems to be ancient in evolutionary time, as reflec ...201122102853
hepatozoon spp infections in the united states.two hepatozoon spp are recognized as parasites of domestic dogs in the united states, h. canis and h. americanum. h. canis was first described in india in 1905 and has been documented in many areas of the world, although not definitively identified in north america until recently. h. americanum, causing american canine hepatozoonosis, was first documented in a coyote in 1978 and is now considered an emerging etiologic agent of disease in domestic dogs throughout the united states. the authors re ...201122041213
forensic scatology: preliminary experimental study of the preparation and potential for identification of captive carnivore scat.carnivore scats recovered from animal attack and/or scavenging contexts frequently contain forensic evidence such as human bone fragments. forensic cases with carnivore involvement are increasingly prevalent, necessitating a methodology for the recovery and analysis of scat evidence. this study proposes a method for the safe preparation of carnivore scat, recovery of bone inclusions, and quantification and comparison of scat variables. fourteen scats (lion, jaguar, lynx, wolf, and coyote) were p ...201121923796
trypanosoma cruzi and chagas' disease in the united states.chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi and causes potentially life-threatening disease of the heart and gastrointestinal tract. the southern half of the united states contains enzootic cycles of t. cruzi, involving 11 recognized triatomine vector species. the greatest vector diversity and density occur in the western united states, where woodrats are the most common reservoir; other rodents, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes are also infected with t. cruzi. in the east ...201121976603
effects of management of domestic dogs and recreation on carnivores in protected areas in northern california.in developed countries dogs (canis lupus familiaris) are permitted to accompany human visitors to many protected areas (e.g., >96% of protected lands in california, u.s.a.), and protected-area management often focuses on regulating dogs due to concerns about predation, competition, or transmission of disease and conflicts with human visitors. in 2004 and 2005, we investigated whether carnivore species richness and abundance were associated with management of domestic dogs and recreational visita ...201121309853
prevalence, distribution, and diversity of salmonella enterica in a major produce region of california.a survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of salmonella enterica in the environment in and around monterey county, ca, a major agriculture region of the united states. trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (n = 617), water (n = 252), wildlife (n = 476), cattle feces (n = 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (n = 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic escherichia coli were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of ...201121378057
filaroides osleri (oslerus osleri): two case reports and a review of canid infections in north america.infections of domesticated dogs by a worldwide parasitic nematode filaroides osleri (oslerus osleri) lead to verminous tracheobronchitis that are often misdiagnosed clinically as kennel cough, due to infection with the bacterium bordetella bronchiseptica. diagnosis of two canine cases in wyoming, usa prompted a search of the literature of canid infections in north america. infections of domestic dogs are reported in nine us states and four canadian provinces. dogs of multiple breeds and both sex ...201121411228
active use of coyotes (canis latrans) to detect bovine tuberculosis in northeastern michigan, usa.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is endemic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern michigan, usa, and research suggests transmission to cattle. prevalence of the disease in deer is estimated at 1.8%, but as prevalence decreases the difficulty of detection increases. research suggests coyotes (canis latrans) have a higher prevalence of btb in michigan than deer and sampling coyotes may be a more efficient surveillance tool to detect presence or spread of the disease. coyotes posse ...201121420801
[studies on the role of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) as a potential definitive host of neospora caninum].neospora (n.) caninum is a protozoan parasite which is regarded as a major cause of abortion in cattle. dogs and coyotes are definitive hosts of n. caninum which may shed environmentally resistant stages, oocysts, in their feces. epidemiological studies in germany showed that the presence of dogs increased the risk of a bovine herd to be n. caninum-positive in a bulk-milk elisa test. however, there were also n. caninum-positive herds where dogs were not kept together with cattle.this leads to th ...201121465771
utilization of paw prints for species identification in the canidae family.in this report, the bodies of six skinned animals were submitted to the oklahoma animal disease diagnostic laboratory for necropsy examination as authorities were concerned these animals were domestic dogs. given the condition of the animals, identification of the animal species could not be based on traditional physical characteristics such as size, fur characteristics, and ear characteristics. the paw prints from these animals were characterized based on size, heel pad architecture, and claw c ...201121470233
assessing the prevalence of hybridization between sympatric canis species surrounding the red wolf (canis rufus) recovery area in north carolina.predicting spatial patterns of hybridization is important for evolutionary and conservation biology yet are hampered by poor understanding of how hybridizing species can interact. this is especially pertinent in contact zones where hybridizing populations are sympatric. in this study, we examined the extent of red wolf (canis rufus) colonization and introgression where the species contacts a coyote (c. latrans) population in north carolina, usa. we surveyed 22 000 km(2) in the winter of 2008 for ...201121486372
novel hepatozoon in vertebrates from the southern united states.abstract novel hepatozoon spp. sequences collected from previously unrecognized vertebrate hosts in north america were compared with documented hepatozoon 18s rrna sequences in an effort to examine phylogenetic relationships between the different hepatozoon organisms found cycling in nature. an approximately 500 base pair fragment of 18s rdna common to hepatozoon spp. and some other apicomplexans was amplified and sequenced from the tissues or blood of 16 vertebrate host species from the souther ...201121506825
narcoleptic episodes in orexin-deficient mice are increased by both attractive and aversive odors.orexin-deficient mice are an established animal model for narcolepsy. in human patients, narcoleptic events are mainly triggered by emotional events. however, the role of emotional stimuli in murine narcolepsy is not well understood. the present study investigated the effects of attractive and aversive odor stimuli, i.e. urine samples of coyote and female mice, on narcoleptic episodes (cataplexy, sleep attacks) in orexin-deficient mice. here, we first demonstrate that exposure to both attractive ...201121510981
brief communication: dna from early holocene american dog.we present the oldest genetically identified dog in the americas, directly dated to 9,260 ± 170 cal. b.p. the dna was extracted from an occipital condyle imbedded in a human paleofecal sample from hinds cave in southwest texas. a 368 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial genome control region was sequenced. these data were analyzed with comparable data, which included other ancient dogs and extant dogs, wolves and coyotes from around the world. compiled with published data, our results charact ...201121541929
a genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids.high-throughput genotyping technologies developed for model species can potentially increase the resolution of demographic history and ancestry in wild relatives. we use a snp genotyping microarray developed for the domestic dog to assay variation in over 48k loci in wolf-like species worldwide. despite the high mobility of these large carnivores, we find distinct hierarchical population units within gray wolves and coyotes that correspond with geographic and ecologic differences among populatio ...201121566151
the ontogeny of expression of communicative genes in coyote-beagle hybrids.although there are minimal genetic differences between the coyote (canis latrans), the gray wolf (canis lupus), and the domestic dog (canis familiaris), these three species are extremely different in numerous aspects of their physiology, morphology, and behavior. in particular, the threat display of coyotes differs markedly from dogs and wolves. coyotes display a wide open mouth gape-threat with attendant arched back defensive posture, and hiss vocalization. in our experience, this threat displa ...201121573986
neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition.1. understanding the interaction among predators and between predation and climate is critical to understanding the mechanisms for compensatory mortality. we used data from 1999 radio-marked neonatal elk (cervus elaphus) calves from 12 populations in the north-western united states to test for effects of predation on neonatal survival, and whether predation interacted with climate to render mortality compensatory. 2. weibull survival models with a random effect for each population were fit as a ...201121615401
tracking of food quantity by coyotes (canis latrans).previous studies have demonstrated that weber's law mediates quantitative discrimination abilities across various species. here, we tested coyotes' (canis latrans) ability to discriminate between various quantities of food and investigated whether this ability conforms to predictions of weber's law. we demonstrate herein that coyotes are capable of reliably discriminating large versus small quantities of discrete food items. as predicted by weber's law, coyotes' quantitative discrimination abili ...201121856389
ontogenetic relationships between cranium and mandible in coyotes and hyenas.developing animals must resolve the conflicting demands of survival and growth, ensuring that they can function as infants or juveniles while developing toward their adult form. in the case of the mammalian skull, the cranium and mandible must maintain functional integrity to meet the feeding needs of a juvenile even as the relationship between parts must change to meet the demands imposed on adults. we examine growth and development of the cranium and mandible, using a unique ontogenetic series ...201121484852
complete sequence of the tibetan mastiff mitochondrial genome and its phylogenetic relationship with other canids ( canis, canidae).in this study, the complete sequence of the tibetan mastiff mitochondrial genome (mtdna) was determined, and the phylogenetic relationships between the tibetan mastiff and other species of canidae were analyzed using the coyote (canis latrans) as an outgroup. the complete nucleotide sequence of the tibetan mastiff mtdna was 16 710 bp, and included 22 trna genes, 2s rrna gene, 13 protein-coding genes and one non-coding region (d-loop region), which is similar to other mammalian mitochondrial geno ...201122440697
the origin of the tibetan mastiff and species identification of canis based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene and coi barcoding.dna barcoding is an effective technique to identify species and analyze phylogenesis and evolution. however, research on and application of dna barcoding in canis have not been carried out. in this study, we analyzed two species of canis, canis lupus (n = 115) and canis latrans (n = 4), using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene (1545 bp) and coi barcoding (648 bp dna sequence of the coi gene). the results showed that the coi gene, as the moderate variant sequence, applied to the analys ...201122440462
signs observed among animal species infected with raccoon rabies variant virus, massachusetts, usa, 1992-2010.we analyzed signs occurring among domestic and wild terrestrial animal species infected with raccoon rabies variant virus (rrv) in massachusetts, 1992-2010. the clinical sign of aggression was significantly associated with rabid stray cats (odds ratio, or = 2.3) and rrv affected major wild terrestrial animal species individually, which included raccoons (or = 2.8), skunks (or = 8.0), gray foxes (or = 21.3), red foxes (or = 10.4), woodchucks (or = 4.7) and coyotes (or = 27.6). while aggression is ...201126486623
analysis of canis mitochondrial dna demonstrates high concordance between the control region and atpase genes.phylogenetic studies of wild canis species have relied heavily on the mitochondrial dna control region (mtdna cr) to infer species relationships and evolutionary lineages. previous analyses of the cr provided evidence for a north american evolved eastern wolf (c. lycaon), that is more closely related to red wolves (c. rufus) and coyotes (c. latrans) than grey wolves (c. lupus). eastern wolf origins, however, continue to be questioned. therefore, we analyzed mtdna from 89 wolves and coyotes acros ...201020637067
colonization history and ancestry of northeastern coyotes. 201020089539
rapid adaptive evolution of northeastern coyotes via hybridization with wolves.the dramatic expansion of the geographical range of coyotes over the last 90 years is partly explained by changes to the landscape and local extinctions of wolves, but hybridization may also have facilitated their movement. we present mtdna sequence data from 686 eastern coyotes and measurements of 196 skulls related to their two-front colonization pattern. we find evidence for hybridization with great lakes wolves only along the northern front, which is correlated with larger skull size, increa ...201019776058
sympatric wolf and coyote populations of the western great lakes region are reproductively isolated.interpretation of the genetic composition and taxonomic history of wolves in the western great lakes region (wglr) of the united states has long been debated and has become more important to their conservation given the recent changes in their status under the endangered species act. currently, the two competing hypotheses on wglr wolves are that they resulted from hybridization between (i) grey wolves (canis lupus) and western coyotes (c. latrans) or (ii) between grey wolves and eastern wolves ...201020854277
genetic differentiation of eastern wolves in algonquin park despite bridging gene flow between coyotes and grey wolves.distinguishing genetically differentiated populations within hybrid zones and determining the mechanisms by which introgression occurs are crucial for setting effective conservation policy. extensive hybridization among grey wolves (canis lupus), eastern wolves (c. lycaon) and coyotes (c. latrans) in eastern north america has blurred species distinctions, creating a canis hybrid swarm. using complementary genetic markers, we tested the hypotheses that eastern wolves have acted as a conduit of se ...201020160760
prey-mediated avoidance of an intraguild predator by its intraguild prey.intraguild (ig) predation is an important factor influencing community structure, yet factors allowing coexistence of ig predator and ig prey are not well understood. the existence of spatial refuges for ig prey has recently been noted for their importance in allowing coexistence. however, reduction in basal prey availability might lead ig prey to leave spatial refuges for greater access to prey, leading to increased ig predation and fewer opportunities for coexistence. we determined how the ava ...201020953798
bilateral cataracts in a coyote (canis latrans) pup from saskatchewan, canada.a free-ranging coyote (canis latrans) pup was found in rural saskatchewan and was subsequently presented to a veterinary teaching hospital by a wildlife rehabilitator. on physical examination, the pup was found to be blind as a result of bilateral, mature cataracts, which were confirmed on postmortem examination. no other significant intraocular or extraocular disease was detected, resulting in a presumptive diagnosis of congenital cataract. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of ...201020597237
integrity of mating behaviors and seasonal reproduction in coyotes (canis latrans) following treatment with estradiol benzoate.coyotes (canis latrans) are seasonally monestrous and form perennial pair-bonds. breeding is dominated by each pack's alpha male and female, and both sexes share responsibility for territory defense and pup-rearing. they are also opportunistic predators on domestic livestock and pets. but while dominant adults have been implicated as primary killers, depredation is reduced when coyotes are without pups. contraception, therefore, may represent a non-lethal solution for conflicts between coyotes a ...201019523776
jasmonate and pphsystemin regulate key malonylation steps in the biosynthesis of 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, an abundant and effective direct defense against herbivores in nicotiana attenuata.we identified 11 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (hgl-dtgs) that occur in concentrations equivalent to starch (mg/g fresh mass) in aboveground tissues of coyote tobacco (nicotiana attenuata) and differ in their sugar moieties and malonyl sugar esters (0-2). concentrations of hgl-dtgs, particularly malonylated compounds, are highest in young and reproductive tissues. within a tissue, herbivore elicitation changes concentrations and biosynthetic kinetics of individual compounds. usi ...201020081114
aggression and rabid coyotes, massachusetts, usa. 201020113587
elucidating the spread of the emerging canid nematode angiostrongylus vasorum between palaearctic and nearctic ecozones.angiostrongylus vasorum is an emerging parasite that is currently distributed through western europe and parts of south america. an isolated population is also present in newfoundland, canada. this presents a risk of onward spread into north america, but its origin is unknown. to ascertain the phylogeographic relationships and genetic diversity of a. vasorum within the western palaearctic and eastern nearctic ecozones, a total of 143 adult and larval nematode specimens were collected from foxes ...201020139034
ecophysiology of riparian cottonwood and willow before, during, and after two years of soil water removal.riparian cottonwood/willow forest assemblages are highly valued in the southwestern united states for their wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and watershed protection. yet these forests are under considerable threat from climate change impacts on water resources and land-use activities to support human enterprise. stream diversions, groundwater pumping, and extended drought have resulted in the decline of cottonwood/willow forests along many riparian corridors in the southwest and, in many cases, ...201020405792
canine schistosomiasis in north america: an underdiagnosed disease with an expanding distribution.heterobilharzia americana, a digenean trematode in the family schistosomatidae, is the etiologic agent of canine schistosomiasis in the southeastern united states.1 a few cases of canine schistosomiasis have been reported in florida, louisiana, north carolina, texas, and, recently, kansas.1-6 the natural definitive host for the fluke is the raccoon1; however, infections have been detected in nutrias, bobcats, mountain lions, opossums, white-tailed deer, swamp rabbits, armadillos, coyotes, red wo ...201020473851
complete mitochondrial genome of the red fox (vuples vuples) and phylogenetic analysis with other canid species.the whole mitochondrial genome sequence of red fox (vuples vuples) was determined. it had a total length of 16 723 bp. as in most mammal mitochondrial genome, it contained 13 protein coding genes, two ribosome rna genes, 22 transfer rna genes and one control region. the base composition was 31.3% a, 26.1% c, 14.8% g and 27.8% t, respectively. the codon usage of red fox, arctic fox, gray wolf, domestic dog and coyote followed the same pattern except for an unusual att start codon, which initiates ...201020545001
babesia microti-like infections are prevalent in north american foxes.babesia microti-like organisms have recently been identified as a cause of hemolytic anemia and azotemia in european dogs. a genetically and morphologically similar b. microti-like parasite has been identified in two foxes from north america. in order to assess the prevalence of this parasite in north american wild canids we screened blood samples from coyotes (canis latrans) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from eastern canada and red foxes and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from north caro ...201020580162
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in alaska wildlife.free-ranging caribou and moose populations in some regions of alaska undergo periodic declines in numbers. caribou and moose are managed by the state as valuable resources for not only sustenance and subsistence, but also for cultural heritage. incidence and prevalence of diseases that may impact herd health and recruitment from year to year are relevant to management decisions aimed to protect the long-term viability of these herds. neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are two apicomplexan pa ...201020688628
epizootiologic survey of mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern michigan.bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern michigan, usa, with detections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine tb prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have b ...201020688630
a 10-year wildlife survey of 15 species of canadian carnivores identifies new hosts or geographic locations for trichinella genotypes t2, t4, t5, and t6.a survey of wild carnivores in canada was conducted over a 10-year period to determine the prevalence and genotypes of trichinella. muscle samples collected from 1409 animals representing 15 hosts species were enzymatically digested to recover trichinella larvae. larvae were recovered from a total of 287 (20.4%) animals and pcr identified four genotypes of trichinella. trichinella nativa was found in 5 host species and was the most commonly found genotype. trichinella t6 was present in 7 species ...201019926223
seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi among eleven potential reservoir species from six states across the southern united states.trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, is a substantial public health concern in latin america. although rare in humans and domestic animals in the united states, t. cruzi is commonly detected in some wildlife species, most commonly raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana). to increase our understanding of the reservoir host species range and geographic distribution, 11 species of mammals from six states spanning the known range of t. cruzi (arizo ...201020020815
identification of in vivo-induced conserved sequences from yersinia pestis during experimental plague infection in the rabbit.in an effort to identify the novel virulence determinants of yersinia pestis, we applied the gene "discovery" methodology, in vivo-induced (ivi) antigen technology, to detect genes upregulated during infection in a laboratory rabbit model for bubonic plague. after screening over 70,000 escherichia coli clones of y. pestis dna expression libraries, products from 25 loci were identified as being seroreactive to reductively adsorbed, pooled immune serum. upon sequence analysis of the predicted ivi ...201020055582
wolves in the great lakes region: a phylogeographic puzzle.empirical studies demonstrate that natural hybridization in animals is more common than thought so far (mallet 2005), particularly among species that originated recently through cycles of population contraction-expansion arising from climate changes over the last glacial period, the pleistocene. in addition, the post-glacial global growth of human populations has fostered anthropogenic hybridization events, mediated by habitat changes, the persecution of large predators and the introduction of a ...201021040036
persistence of canine distemper virus in the greater yellowstone ecosystem's carnivore community.canine distemper virus (cdv) is an acute, highly immunizing pathogen that should require high densities and large populations of hosts for long-term persistence, yet cdv persists among terrestrial carnivores with small, patchily distributed groups. we used cdv in the greater yellowstone ecosystem's (gye) wolves (canis lupus) and coyotes (canis latrans) as a case study for exploring how metapopulation structure, host demographics, and multi-host transmission affect the critical community size and ...201021049890
assessment of the functionality of genome-wide canine snp arrays and implications for canine disease association studies.domestic dogs share a wide range of important disease conditions with humans, including cancers, diabetes and epilepsy. many of these conditions have similar or identical underlying pathologies to their human counterparts and thus dogs represent physiologically relevant natural models of human disorders. comparative genomic approaches whereby disease genes can be identified in dog diseases and then mapped onto the human genome are now recognized as a valid method and are increasing in popularity ...201021070295
experimental infection of dogs (canis familiaris) with sporulated oocysts of neospora caninum.neospora caninum is widely distributed in the world and this parasite is one of the major causes of abortion in cattle. dogs and coyotes are definitive hosts of n. caninum and several species of domestic and wild animals are intermediate hosts. dogs can become infected by the ingestion of tissues containing cysts and then excrete oocysts. it is not yet known whether sporulated oocysts are able to induce a patent infection in dogs, i.e. a shedding of n. caninum oocysts in feces. the objective of ...201021094584
lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008.to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ...201021302758
coyote control and taste aversion: a predation problem or a people problem?failures to suppress coyote predation on domestic livestock using the conditioned taste aversion paradigm may be due to such factors as poor livestock management procedures and overestimated coyote predation data, in addition to theoretical and methodological problems as indicated by forthman quick, gustavson and rusiniak.20103000296
a comment on "coyote control and taste aversion". 20103000297
spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium in a 16-year-old drug-abusing motorcyclist surrounded by a pack of coyotes.numerous causes of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium have been described in the literature. the authors report a unique case in which one or more causes may have contributed to the patient's condition.20092798277
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...200920027214
bartonella rochalimae in raccoons, coyotes, and red foxes.to determine additional reservoirs for bartonella rochalimae, we examined samples from several wildlife species. we isolated b. rochalimae from 1 red fox near paris, france, and from 11 raccoons and 2 coyotes from california, usa. co-infection with b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was documented in 1 of the coyotes.200919961681
trans-species amplification of prp(cwd) and correlation with rigid loop 170n.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an efficiently transmitted spongiform encephalopathy of cervids. whether cwd could represent a threat to non-cervid species remains speculative. here we show that brain homogenates from several cwd-susceptible non-cervid species, such as ferrets and hamsters, support amplification of prp(cwd) by spmca, whereas brain homogenates from cwd-resistant species, such as laboratory mice and transgenic mice expressing human prp(c) [tg(huprp) mice], do not. we also investi ...200919269662
crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a south american canid, as a definitive host for hammondia heydorni.hammondia heydorni is a cyst forming coccidia closely related to other apicomplexans, such as toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and hammondia hammondi with a two-host life cycle. dogs and other canids as red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) may serve as definitive hosts for h. heydorni. sporulated oocysts are infective for cattle, sheep and goats, which may serve as intermediate hosts. herein, we describe the ability of crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a wild carnivore that ...200919303215
coyotes (canis latrans) and the matching law.environmental change is accelerating due to anthropogenic influence. species that have greater behavioral flexibility may be better adapted to exploit new or constantly changing habitats. there are few mammals and even fewer carnivores that better illustrate widespread adaptability and behavioral flexibility in the wake of human disturbance than coyotes (canis latrans). yet how such predators successfully track resources, enabling them to survive and extend their range in stochastic environments ...200919555745
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