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sentinel coyote pathogen survey to assess declining black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) population in south dakota, usa.as part of the national recovery effort, endangered black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes) were reintroduced to the cheyenne river sioux reservation in south dakota, us in 2000. despite an encouraging start, numbers of ferrets at the site have declined. in an effort to determine possible causes of the population decline, we undertook a pathogen survey in 2012 to detect exposure to west nile virus (wnv), canine distemper virus (cdv), plague (yersinia pestis), tularemia (francisella tularensis), ...202133822142
community-level modelling of boreal forest mammal distribution in an oil sands landscape.anthropogenic landscape disturbances are known to alter, destroy, and fragment habitat, which typically leads to biodiversity loss. the effects of landscape disturbance generally vary among species and depend on the nature of the disturbances, which may interact and result in synergistic effects. western canada's oil sands region experiences disturbances from forestry and energy sector activities as well as municipal and transportation infrastructure. the effects of those disturbances on single ...202033049527
molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered san joaquin kit foxes (vulpes macrotis mutica).in 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered san joaquin kit foxes (vulpes macrotis mutica) in bakersfield, california, usa. in 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of bakersfield in the town of taft, california. to determine whether the taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts mus ...202032894172
large-scale patterns of seed removal by small mammals differ between areas of low- versus high-wolf occupancy.because most tree species recruit from seeds, seed predation by small-mammal granivores may be important for determining plant distribution and regeneration in forests. despite the importance of seed predation, large-scale patterns of small-mammal granivory are often highly variable and thus difficult to predict. we hypothesize distributions of apex predators can create large-scale variation in the distribution and abundance of mesopredators that consume small mammals, creating predictable areas ...202032760518
spatial variation in diet-microbe associations across populations of a generalist north american carnivore.generalist species, by definition, exhibit variation in niche attributes that promote survival in changing environments. increasingly, phenotypes previously associated with a species, particularly those with wide or expanding ranges, are dissolving and compelling greater emphasis on population-level characteristics. in the present study, we assessed spatial variation in diet characteristics, gut microbiome and associations between these two ecological traits across populations of coyotes canis l ...202032445202
the howl of rancho la brea: comparative anatomy of modern and fossil canid hyoid bones.the rancho la brea (rlb) fossil collection housed at the la brea tar pits and museum in los angeles, california, is one of the richest collections of carnivoran fossils in the world. the collection is also particularly well known for the preservation of rare and understudied bones in the tar, including the small bony apparatus that is of particular interest to this study, the hyoid. the la brea collection houses hyoids from several extinct carnivoran species, some of the most common being those ...202032302429
boreal predator co-occurrences reveal shared use of seismic lines in a working landscape.interspecific interactions are an integral aspect of ecosystem functioning that may be disrupted in an increasingly anthropocentric world. industrial landscape change creates a novel playing field on which these interactions take place, and a key question for wildlife managers is whether and how species are able to coexist in such working landscapes. using camera traps deployed in northern alberta, we surveyed boreal predators to determine whether interspecific interactions affected occurrences ...202032076543
influence of body mass and environmental conditions on winter mortality risk of a northern ungulate: evidence for a late-winter survival bottleneck.a relationship between winter weather and survival of northern ungulates has long been established, yet the possible roles of biological (e.g., nutritional status) and environmental (e.g., weather) conditions make it important to determine which potential limiting factors are most influential.our objective was to examine the potential effects of individual (body mass and age) and extrinsic (winter severity and snowmelt conditions) factors on the magnitude and timing of mortality for adult (>2.5  ...202032076542
optimal sampling design and the accuracy of occupancy models.we present general theoretical limits on the possible accuracy (mean squared error or mse) of occupancy estimates for a large range of occupancy study designs with imperfect detection and confirm our theoretical results via a simulation study. in particular, we show that for a given total survey effort, the best possible mse is driven by two design-related factors: the fraction of visits made at occupied sites (regardless of whether that occupancy status is known or not) and the number of visits ...202031860121
epidemiology of rabies and current us vaccine guidelines.rabies is an acute encephalitis that is caused by rabies virus (rabv) infection, which belongs to the rhabdoviridae family of viruses. it causes about 59,000 human deaths per year (although this number may be under-reported) and is generally fatal, once signs and symptoms begin to appear. rabies is still very prevalent and under- reported, particularly in low to middle-income countries such as asia and africa, where there is lack of access to healthcare and domestic dogs are not widely vaccinate ...202032752569
brain of the african wild dog. i. anatomy, architecture, and volumetrics.the african wild dog is endemic to sub-saharan africa and belongs to the family canidae which includes domestic dogs and their closest relatives (i.e., wolves, coyotes, jackals, dingoes, and foxes). the african wild dog is known for its highly social behavior, co-ordinated pack predation, and striking vocal repertoire, but little is known about its brain and whether it differs in any significant way from that of other canids. we employed gross anatomical observation, magnetic resonance imaging, ...202032720707
individual and site-specific variation in a biogeographical profile of the coyote gastrointestinal microbiota.most knowledge of the vertebrate gut microbiota comes from fecal samples; due to difficulties involved in sample collection, the upper intestinal microbiota is poorly understood in wild animals despite its potential to inform broad interpretations about host-gut microbe relationships under natural conditions. here, we used 16s rrna gene sequencing to characterize the microbiota of wild coyotes (canis latrans) along the gastrointestinal tract, including samples from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ...202032594248
co-occurrence of bobcats, coyotes, and ocelots in texas.interspecific competition among carnivores has been linked to differences in behavior, morphology, and resource use. insights into these interactions can enhance understanding of local ecological processes that can have impacts on the recovery of endangered species, such as the ocelot (leopardus pardalis). ocelots, bobcats (lynx rufus), and coyotes (canis latrans) share a small geographic range overlap from south texas to south-central mexico but relationships among the three are poorly understo ...202032551069
endozoochorous dispersal of forest seeds by carnivorous mammals in sierra fría, aguascalientes, mexico.some carnivorous mammals ingest fruit and disperse seeds of forest plant species capable of colonizing disturbed areas in ecosystems. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the dissemination of arctostaphylos pungens and juniperus deppeana seeds by the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), coyote (canis latrans), and other carnivores in the protected natural area sierra fría, in aguascalientes, mexico. scat collection was undertaken via transects using the direct search method, while ...202032211171
a genome-wide perspective on the persistence of red wolf ancestry in southeastern canids.the red wolf (canis rufus), a legally recognized and critically endangered wolf, is known to interbreed with coyotes (canis latrans). declared extirpated in the wild in 1980, red wolves were reintroduced to northeastern north carolina nearly a decade later. interbreeding with coyotes was thought to be restricted to a narrow geographic region adjacent to the reintroduced population and largely believed to threaten red wolf recovery. however, red wolf ancestry was recently discovered in canids alo ...202032090268
coyote urine, but not 2-phenylethylamine, induces a complete profile of unconditioned anti-predator defensive behaviors.predator odors from various sources (e.g. fur/skin, urine, feces) provide prey animals valuable information that allows them to gage potential environmental threat via the detection of semiochemicals called kairomones. however, studies in rodents have revealed inconsistent and often conflicting results, which may occur from any combination of factors, including source and freshness of the odorant, sex, and genetic strain of the prey animal and/or predator. regardless of cause, few odorants teste ...202033068564
dynamic rodent behavioral response to predation risk: implications for disease ecology.prey modify their behavior in response to variation in predation risk, and such modifications can affect trophic processes such as disease transmission. however, variation in predation risk is complex, arising from direct risk from the predator itself and indirect risk due to the environment. moreover, direct risk typically stems from multiple predators and varies over timescales (e.g., a predator nearby vs. its seasonal activities). we implemented a field-based experiment to disentangle these s ...202031813024
behavioral responses by an apex predator to urbanization.wildlife can respond to urbanization positively (synanthropic) or negatively (misanthropic), and for some species, this is a nonlinear process, whereby low levels of urbanization elicit a positive response, but this response becomes negative at high levels of urbanization. we applied concepts from foraging theory to predict positive and negative behavioral responses of coyotes (canis latrans) along an urbanization gradient in the chicago metropolitan area, usa. we estimated home range size and c ...202031210723
right nostril biases to experimental scents in canis familiaris.although olfactory laterality in canids has been demonstrated experimentally, the extent to which nostril bias occurs in "nature" is not well known. we tested whether there was olfactory laterality of untrained dogs in various off-leash dog parks within victoria, british columbia to manipulated scents placed at the tail base of full-size dog replica. using video-playback, we found that of 192 separate approaches (n = 119 different subjects), dogs used the right nostril first greater than 66% of ...202031074320
retrospective investigation of echinococcus canadensis emergence in translocated elk (cervus canadensis) in tennessee, usa, and examination of canid definitive hosts.few reports of echinococcus spp. have been described in the usa; however, the geographical distribution of echinococcus spp. in wild hosts is increasing consequent to human activities. in the early 2000's, 253 elk (cervus canadensis) originating from alberta, canada were released into the great smoky mountains national park and north cumberland wildlife management area in an effort to re-establish their historical range.202032605660
comparative metal analysis in a species assemblage of mammals from the southeastern united states.metal pollution commonly occurs in many terrestrial environments and may pose a threat for the animals inhabiting such areas. here, we present concentrations of six metals (cadmium [cd], copper [cu], nickel [ni], lead [pb], selenium [se], and zinc [zn]) in the liver tissues of seven species of mammals obtained from a study that examined the impact of mesopredator removal on northern bobwhite (colinus virginianus) populations. a total of 1326 samples were collected from 2003 to 2006 at four sites ...202032323028
characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes in enterobacteriaceae carried by suburban mesocarnivores and locally owned and stray dogs.the role of wildlife in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (args) in the environment is of increasing concern. we investigated the occurrence, richness and transmissibility potential of args detected in the faeces of three mesocarnivore species: the coyote (canis latrans), raccoon (procyon lotor) and virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana), and of stray and owned dogs in suburban chicago, il, usa. rectal swabs were collected from live-capture ...202032034890
public veterinary medicine: public health rabies virus variants identified in nuevo leon state, mexico, from 2008 to 2015.to identify rabies virus variants (rvvs) isolated from bats and terrestrial mammals in nuevo leon between 2008 and 2015 and coahuila in 2006.202031999515
a tissue digestion protocol for measuring sarcoptes scabiei (astigmata: sarcoptidae) density in skin biopsies.sarcoptic mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by the burrowing mite sarcoptes scabiei that affects a diversity of mammals, including humans, worldwide. in north america, the most commonly affected wildlife includes wild canids, such as coyotes and red foxes, and more recently american black bears in the mid-atlantic and northeast united states. currently, surveillance for sarcoptic mange in wildlife is syndromic, relying on detection of clinical signs and lesions, such as alopecia and crust ...202033135750
serologic evidence for the exposure of eastern coyotes (canis latrans) in pennsylvania to the tick-borne pathogens borreliella burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum.lyme disease and anaplasmosis are tick-borne bacterial diseases caused by borreliella and anaplasma species, respectively. a comprehensive analysis of the exposure of eastern coyotes (canis latrans) in the northeastern united states to tick-borne pathogens has not been conducted. in this report, we assess the serological status of 128 eastern coyotes harvested in pennsylvania in 2015 and 2017 for antibodies to borreliella burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum immunoblot and dot blot approach ...202032817454
the importance of human emotions for wildlife conservation.animals have always been important for human life due to the ecological, cultural, and economic functions that they represent. this has allowed building several kinds of relationships that have promoted different emotions in human societies. the objective of this review was to identify the main emotions that humans show toward wildlife species and the impact of such emotions on animal population management. we reviewed academic databases to identify previous studies on this topic worldwide. an a ...202032670150
factors associated with echinococcus multilocularis infection in coyotes in southern ontario.echinococcus multilocularis was recently reported in wild canids across southern ontario, a newly recognized endemic area in canada. in such areas, a comprehensive understanding of factors associated with infection in definitive hosts (wild canids) is critical for mitigating risk of transmission to humans. however, little is known about the transmission dynamics of the parasite in definitive hosts for this region. a study was therefore carried out to investigate the association of host-level (se ...202032369261
molecular characterization of giardia spp. and cryptosporidium spp. from dogs and coyotes in an urban landscape suggests infrequent occurrence of zoonotic genotypes.giardia spp. and cryptosporidium spp. are common gastrointestinal parasites with the potential for zoonotic transmission. this study aimed to (1) determine the genotypes occurring in dogs and coyotes occupying a similar urban area; (2) determine if these hosts were infected with potentially zoonotic genotypes; (3) provide baseline molecular data. in august and september 2012, 860 dog owners living in neighborhoods bordering six urban parks in calgary, alberta, canada, provided faecal samples fro ...202032361137
prevalence of common tick-borne pathogens in white-tailed deer and coyotes in south texas.determining which wildlife hosts are involved in the enzootic cycles of tick-borne diseases (tbd) enables enhanced surveillance and risk assessment of potential transmission to humans and domestic species. currently, there is limited data to indicate which tick-borne pathogens (tbp) can infect coyotes. additionally, limited surveillance data for white-tailed deer (wtd) in south texas is available. the purpose of this study was to detect current infections of common tbp in coyotes and wtd in sout ...202032025488
coyotes (canis latrans) in arizona, usa, exhibit immune and genetic evidence of rickettsial infections.rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), caused by the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, was recognized as endemic in arizona, us after a 2002 outbreak and has since been a public health concern. the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) is the principal vector of this pathogen in arizona. domesticated dogs (canis lupus familiaris) are the tick's main host, so free-roaming dogs in peridomestic areas have been named the primary risk factor for human cases of rmsf. however, the sudden em ...202031658430
pathology and discrete typing unit associations of trypanosoma cruzi infection in coyotes (canis latrans) and raccoons (procyon lotor) of texas, usa.trypanosoma cruzi is a vector-borne, protozoal parasite of mammals. infected humans, dogs (canis lupus familiaris), and nonhuman primates may remain asymptomatic or may develop chagas disease, most commonly characterized by lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis with myocardial degeneration and fibrosis, ultimately resulting in heart failure. although wildlife species have important roles as sylvatic reservoirs, investigations into the pathology of t. cruzi in wildlife are limited to a few studies docume ...202031567037
cross-sectional evaluation of multiple epidemiological cycles of leptospira species in peri-urban wildlife in california.to perform a cross-sectional survey to estimate prevalence of and potential risk factors for leptospira spp infection and exposure in peri-urban wildlife throughout california.202033021456
coal classification method based on improved local receptive field-based extreme learning machine algorithm and visible-infrared spectroscopy.in the process of using coal, if the type of coal cannot be accurately determined, it will have a significant impact on production efficiency, environmental pollution, and economic loss. at present, the traditional classification method of coal mainly relies on technician's experience. this requires a lot of manpower and time, and it is difficult to automate. this paper mainly studies the application of visible-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning methods in coal mine identification and an ...202033073102
wildlife resistance and protection in a changing new england landscape.rapid changes in climate and land use threaten the persistence of wildlife species. understanding where species are likely to occur now and in the future can help identify areas that are resistant to change over time and guide conservation planning. we estimated changes in species distribution patterns and spatial resistance in five future scenarios for the new england region of the northeastern united states. we present scenario-specific distribution change maps for nine harvested wildlife spec ...202032970736
a novel technique for stenting in cases of refractory intracranial stenosis.endovascular management of intracranial stenosis is one of the most controversial subjects in neurointervention. previous level 1 evidence shows superiority of medical management but more recent studies have shown improved outcomes in selective patients. we describe a case demonstrating a new method for stenting of intracranial stenosis using a single system with coyote angioplasty balloon (boston scientific) and the atlas stent (stryker).202031969076
rudimentary, "functionless" first metapodials of canis latrans: variation and association in length with longer, functional metapodials.a tenet of evolutionary theory is that phenotypic variation of a trait is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection pressure. among homologous bones, such as metapodials, a rudimentary, "nonfunctional" bone is expected to be more variable in length than nonrudimentary bones. this study compares variation and association in length among metapodials using 277 adult skeletons of canis latrans. canis latrans has a short, "functionless" first metacarpal (mc1) and "rudimentary, vesti ...202032969028
seasonal and daily shifts in behavior and resource selection: how a carnivore navigates costly landscapes.the dynamic environmental conditions in highly seasonal systems likely have a strong influence on how species use the landscape. animals must balance seasonal and daily changes to landscape risk with the underlying resources provided by that landscape. one way to balance the seasonal and daily changes in the costs and benefits of a landscape is through behaviorally-explicit resource selection and temporal partitioning. here, we test whether resource selection of coyotes (canis latrans) in cape b ...202032939575
responses of sympatric canids to human development revealed through citizen science.measuring wildlife responses to anthropogenic activities often requires long-term, large-scale datasets that are difficult to collect. this is particularly true for rare or cryptic species, which includes many mammalian carnivores. citizen science, in which members of the public participate in scientific work, can facilitate collection of large datasets while increasing public awareness of wildlife research and conservation. hunters provide unique benefits for citizen science given their knowled ...202032884652
an outbreak of neospora caninum abortion in a dairy herd from the state of georgia, united states.an outbreak of 92 abortions out of 1,700 pregnant cows (5.41%) in a period of 3 weeks (19 may to 05 june 2019) occurred in a georgia dairy, usa, in cattle that were between 3 and 7 months of gestation. two sets of samples (aborted fetuses' organs, placental tissues, aborted cows blood) were submitted for laboratory investigations at the tifton veterinary diagnostic and investigational laboratory, college of veterinary medicine, university of georgia (tvdil, tifton, ga, usa). an abortion panel te ...202032864895
molecular evidence for local acquisition of human alveolar echinococcosis in saskatchewan, canada.alveolar echinococcosis (ae) is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by the zoonotic cestode echinococcus multilocularis. our goals were to confirm infection, identify species and analyze biogeographical origin of metacestode tissues from a suspected human ae case in saskatchewan, canada. we conducted pcr targeting the nad1 mitochondrial gene for e. multilocularis and the rrns ribosomal rna gene for e. granulosus and conducted haplotype analysis at the nad2 locus. our analysis confirmed a ...202032766836
competition for safe real estate, not food, drives density-dependent juvenile survival in a large herbivore.density-dependent competition for food reduces vital rates, with juvenile survival often the first to decline. a clear prediction of food-based, density-dependent competition for large herbivores is decreasing juvenile survival with increasing density. however, competition for enemy-free space could also be a significant mechanism for density dependence in territorial species. how juvenile survival is predicted to change across density depends critically on the nature of predator-prey dynamics a ...202032607167
characterization and comparison of slam/cd150 in free-ranging coyotes, raccoons, and skunks in illinois for elucidation of canine distemper virus disease.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a cause of significant disease in canids and increasingly recognized as a multi-host pathogen, particularly of non-canid families within carnivora. cdv outbreaks in sympatric mesocarnivores are routinely diagnosed in the forest preserve district of cook county, illinois. cdv is diagnosed more commonly and the disease more severe in raccoons and striped skunks than in coyotes. research in other species suggests host cell receptors may play a role in variable diseas ...202032599844
more affordable and effective noninvasive single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using high-throughput amplicon sequencing.noninvasive genotyping methods have become key elements of wildlife research over the last two decades, but their widespread adoption is limited by high costs, low success rates and high error rates. the information lost when genotyping success is low may lead to decreased precision in animal population densities, which could misguide conservation and management actions. single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) provide a promising alternative to traditionally used microsatellites as snps allow amp ...202032521101
first report of siphonaptera parasites in canis latrans in the flora and fauna protection area, médanos de samalayuca chihuahua, mexico.siphonaptera are hematophage parasite vectors of both human and animal diseases. we aimed to identify ectoparasites parasitizing a coyote population (canis latrans) in the northwest region of the flora and fauna protection area médanos de samalayuca, chihuahua, mexico. we captured 21 coyotes (15 males and 6 females) during the summer and winter of 2018. the individuals were anesthetized and thoroughly examined for ectoparasites. we found that 43% of the coyotes were infested. based on characteri ...202032448515
coyote (canis latrans) in south america: potential routes of colonization.during the last century, the coyote (canis latrans) has increased its distribution in central america. before the 1980s, it had not been recorded in panama. new records show that coyotes have crossed the panama canal, indicating that continues to expand; therefore, there is a possibility that it will reach northern south america. our objectives were to identify potential coyote colonization routes to south america, and the variables that favor its expansion. we hypothesized that habitat fragment ...202032427390
behavioral differences at scent stations between two exploited species of desert canids.coyotes (canis latrans) and kit foxes (vulpes macrotis) are desert canids that share ecological similarities, but have disparate histories with anthropogenic pressure that may influence their responses towards novel stimuli. we used remote cameras to investigate response to novel stimuli for these two species. we predicted that coyotes (heavily pressured species) would be more wary towards novel stimuli on unprotected land (canid harvest activities are permitted) than in protected areas (canid h ...202032413032
serosurvey of coyotes (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes vulpes, urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoons (procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza a viruses in the usa.we tested coyote (canis latrans), fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus, vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (procyon lotor) sera for influenza a virus exposure. we found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had iav antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 h1n1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal h1n1 virus.202032320339
invasive wild pigs as primary nest predators for wild turkeys.depredation of wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) nests is a leading cause of reduced recruitment for the recovering and iconic game species. invasive wild pigs (sus scrofa) are known to depredate nests, and have been expanding throughout the distributed range of wild turkeys in north america. we sought to gain better insight on the magnitude of wild pigs depredating wild turkey nests. we constructed simulated wild turkey nests throughout the home ranges of 20 gps-collared wild pigs to evaluate n ...202032060348
determining the scale at which variation in a single gene changes population yields.plant trait diversity is known to influence population yield, but the scale at which this happens remains unknown: divergent individuals might change yields of immediate neighbors (neighbor scale) or of plants across a population (population scale). we use nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (irmpk4) - with low water-use efficiency (wue) - to study the scale at which water-use traits alter intraspecific population yields. in the field and glasshouse, we obse ...202032057293
effects of urbanization on resource use and individual specialization in coyotes (canis latrans) in southern california.urban environments are unique because fragments of natural or semi-natural habitat are embedded within a potentially permeable matrix of human-dominated areas, creating increased landscape and, potentially, habitat heterogeneity. in addition, urban areas can provide diet subsidies for wildlife species in the form of fruiting ornamental plants, trash, and domestic animals. ecological opportunity in the forms of habitat and food heterogeneity are thought to be important mechanisms in maintaining i ...202032023321
monitoring canid scent marking in space and time using a biologging and machine learning approach.for canid species, scent marking plays a critical role in territoriality, social dynamics, and reproduction. however, due in part to human dependence on vision as our primary sensory modality, research on olfactory communication is hampered by a lack of tractable methods. in this study, we leverage a powerful biologging approach, using accelerometers in concert with gps loggers to monitor and describe scent-marking events in time and space. we performed a validation experiment with domestic dogs ...202031953418
spatial ecology of coyotes in the urbanizing landscape of the cuyahoga valley, ohio.urban landscapes can present ecological challenges for wildlife species, yet many species survive, and even thrive, near dense human populations. coyotes (canis latrans), for example, have expanded their geographic range across north america and, as a result of their adaptability and behavioral flexibility, are now a common occupant of many urban areas in the united states. we investigated the spatial ecology of 27 coyotes fitted with global positioning system (gps) telemetry collars radio-colla ...201931887177
dynamics of animal joint space use: a novel application of a time series approach.animal use is a dynamic phenomenon, emerging from the movements of animals responding to a changing environment. interactions between animals are reflected in patterns of joint space use, which are also dynamic. high frequency sampling associated with gps telemetry provides detailed data that capture space use through time. however, common analyses treat joint space use as static over relatively long periods, masking potentially important changes. furthermore, linking temporal variation in inter ...201931867110
the intrepid urban coyote: a comparison of bold and exploratory behavior in coyotes from urban and rural environments.coyotes (canis latrans) are highly adaptable, medium-sized carnivores that now inhabit nearly every large city in the united states and canada. to help understand how coyotes have adapted to living in urban environments, we compared two ecologically and evolutionarily important behavioral traits (i.e., bold-shy and exploration-avoidance behavior) in two contrasting environments (i.e., rural and urban). boldness is an individual's reaction to a risky situation and exploration is an individual's w ...201930765777
surveillance of echinococcus tapeworm in coyotes and domestic dogs in winnipeg, manitoba: abstract.the echinococcus species, including e. multilocularis and e. canadensis, are tapeworms that primarily infect canids such as dogs, foxes and coyotes, but which can also infect humans. in humans, e. multilocularis can cause alveolar echinococcosis; a serious condition that mimics metastatic malignancy and has a poor prognosis. it is known that coyotes in rural manitoba are infected with echinococcus species, but it is not known if coyotes in peri-urban areas are also infected.201931355823
of microbes and mange: consistent changes in the skin microbiome of three canid species infected with sarcoptes scabiei mites.sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite sarcoptes scabiei. although it afflicts over 100 mammal species worldwide, sarcoptic mange remains a disease obscured by variability at the individual, population and species levels. amid this variability, it is critical to identify consistent drivers of morbidity, particularly at the skin barrier.201931619277
echinococcus multilocularis infection, southern ontario, canada.alveolar echinococcosis, the disease caused by infection with the intermediate stage of the echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm, is typically fatal in humans and dogs when left untreated. since 2012, alveolar echinococcosis has been diagnosed in 5 dogs, 3 lemurs, and 1 chipmunk in southern ontario, canada, a region previously considered free of these tapeworms. because of human and animal health concerns, we estimated prevalence of infection in wild canids across southern ontario. during 2015-2 ...201930666935
serosurvey for influenza virus subtypes h3n8 and h3n2 antibodies in free-ranging canids in pennsylvania, usa.canine influenza virus (civ) subtypes h3n8 and h3n2 are endemic among domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris ) populations in the northeastern us. infection of free-ranging carnivores with influenza virus has been sporadically reported. generalist mesocarnivores that exploit anthropogenic, peri-urban habitats share a wide interface with domestic dogs that allows for the transmission of infectious disease. to investigate the potential exposure of free-ranging canids to civ in pennsylvania, us, ser ...201930096030
a review of sarcoptic mange in north american wildlife.the "itch mite" or "mange mite", sarcoptes scabiei, causes scabies in humans and sarcoptic mange in domestic and free-ranging animals. this mite has a wide host range due to its ability to adapt to new hosts and has been spread across the globe presumably through human expansion. while disease caused by s. scabiei has been very well-studied in humans and domestic animals, there are still numerous gaps in our understanding of this pathogen in free-ranging wildlife. the literature on sarcoptic man ...201931304085
congenital human toxoplasmosis caused by non-clonal toxoplasma gondii genotypes in argentina.toxoplasmosis, a worldwide distributed zoonosis, can be transmitted congenitally affecting fetuses and developing variable clinical signs. different toxoplasma gondii genotypes and infective dose are related factors with different clinical manifestations. several studies indicate that atypical strains could produce more severe clinical manifestations compared to typical strains. umbilical cord blood (n = 37) and placenta (n = 19) were collected at birth from women with acute t. gondii infection ...201930304711
interactions with humans shape coyote responses to hazing.medium and large carnivores coexist with people in urban areas globally, occasionally resulting in negative interactions that prompt questions about how to reduce human-wildlife conflict. hazing, i.e., scaring wildlife, is frequently promoted as an important non-lethal means for urbanites to reduce conflict but there is limited scientific evidence for its efficacy. we used a population of captive coyotes (canis latrans) to simulate urban human-coyote interactions and subsequent effects of hazing ...201931882751
assessing arrays of multiple trail cameras to detect north american mammals.motion triggered camera traps are an increasingly popular tool for wildlife research and can be used to survey for multiple species simultaneously. as with all survey techniques, it is crucial to conduct camera trapping research following study designs that include adequate spatial and temporal replication, and sufficient probability of detecting species presence. the use and configuration of multiple camera traps within a single survey site are understudied considerations that could have a subs ...201931206527
canine transmissible venereal tumor genome reveals ancient introgression from coyotes to pre-contact dogs in north america. 201931160719
causes and consequences of pleistocene megafaunal extinctions as revealed from rancho la brea mammals.the fossils preserved in the rancho la brea "tar" seeps in southern california span the past ∼50,000 years and provide a rare opportunity to assess the ecology of predators (e.g., the american lion, sabertooth cats, cougars, dire wolves, gray wolves, and coyotes), including clarifying the causes and consequences of the terminal pleistocene extinction event. here, a multi-proxy approach elucidates dietary responses of carnivorans to changing climates and megafaunal extinctions. using sample sizes ...201931386836
plant biology: learning to love yourself.in self-incompatible plants the female style rejects self pollen, yet the extent to which the female style in the many self-compatible species can still select between different pollen genotypes and thus bias fertilization success is unclear. a new study identifies the molecular basis for how styles of the self-compatible coyote tobacco bias the fertilization success of pollen genotypes using matching gene expression patterns in a manner analogous to cryptic female choice in animals.201931336088
persistence and conspecific observations improve problem-solving abilities of coyotes.social learning has important ecological and evolutionary consequences but the role of certain factors, such as social rank, neophobia (i.e., avoidance of novel stimuli), persistence, and task-reward association, remain less understood. we examined the role of these factors in social learning by captive coyotes (canis latrans) via three studies. study 1 involved individual animals and eliminated object neophobia by familiarizing the subjects to the testing apparatus prior to testing. studies 2 a ...201931291268
abiotic conditions mediate intraguild interactions between mammalian carnivores.intraguild (ig) interactions are common among mammalian carnivores, can include intraguild predation (igp) and interspecific killing (ik), and are often asymmetrical, where a larger more dominant species (igpredator ) kills a smaller one (igprey ). according to ecological theory, the potential for an igpredator and igprey to coexist depends on whether the direct consumptive benefits for the igpredator are substantial (igp) or insignificant (ik), the extent to which the igprey is the superior exp ...201931236935
student initiative improves hiv screening rate in student-run free clinic.background the center for disease control provides recommendations for preventative services and screenings including recommendations for a one-time hiv screening of all adult patients between the ages of 13-64. but not all clinics are fully compliant with these recommendations. we identified a need for increased screening at two clinics in a rural setting. as a healthcare quality improvement initiative, we developed educational informatics to increase screening compliance. methods this project ...201931807382
taking the bait: species taking oral rabies vaccine baits intended for raccoons.raccoon rabies in eastern usa is managed by strategically distributing oral rabies vaccine (orv) baits. the attractiveness, palativity, density, and non-target species bait take affect orv effectiveness. we examined raccoon and non-target species differences in investigating/removing fish-meal polymer and coated sachet baits applied to simulate two aerial bait distribution densities. bait densities of 150 baits/km2 and 75 baits/km2 were evaluated, respectively, in zones expected to have high and ...201930737717
a forensic pathology investigation of dismembered domestic cats: coyotes or cults?dismembered cats ( felis catus) have been found in north american schoolyards, parks, walkways, or lawns and sometimes result in local media attention. when a member of the public encounters these cats, they commonly report finding either the cranial or caudal half of a cat in a prominent location. such findings cause public consternation and pose difficulties to investigators in identifying whether animal abuse has occurred and whether to concentrate resources on the investigation. this report ...201930722758
effects of narrow linear clearings on movement and habitat use in a boreal forest mammal community during winter.linear clearings for human activities cause internal fragmentation of otherwise intact native forest, with many potential impacts on wildlife. across a boreal forest region of some 4,000 km2, we investigated how movements and habitat use of ecologically different mammal species are affected by narrow (about eight m) seismic line (sl) clearings associated with fossil fuel extraction, which form extensive networks many kilometers long. we conducted nine repeat snow track surveys during three winte ...201930828496
urbanization alters predator-avoidance behaviours.urbanization is considered the fastest growing form of global land-use change and can dramatically modify habitat structure and ecosystem functioning. while ecological processes continue to operate within cities, urban ecosystems are profoundly different from their more natural counterparts. thus, ecological predictions derived from more natural ecosystems are rarely generalizable to urban environments. in this study, we used data from a large-scale and long-term camera trap project in chicago i ...201930822366
. . . and wile e. coyote caught the road runner. 201930776936
geographic patterns in morphometric and genetic variation for coyote populations with emphasis on southeastern coyotes.prior to 1900, coyotes (canis latrans) were restricted to the western and central regions of north america, but by the early 2000s, coyotes became ubiquitous throughout the eastern united states. information regarding morphological and genetic structure of coyote populations in the southeastern united states is limited, and where data exist, they are rarely compared to those from other regions of north america. we assessed geographic patterns in morphology and genetics of coyotes with special co ...201930962900
prevalence and distribution of dirofilaria immitis infection in wild canids in southern ontario.wild canids represent a potential reservoir host for dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in ontario. since wild canids are not protected by chemoprophylaxis, understanding the epidemiology of d. immmitis in these populations may help elucidate the background risk of infection for dogs. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of d. immitis infection in wild canids across southern ontario. from february 2016 to march 2017, 290 wild canid carcasses (273 coyotes and ...201931796196
features of the femoral proximocaudal joint capsule insertion among canids.this observational study was conducted to evaluate the anatomic relationship between the proximocaudal femoral joint capsule insertion and the femoral caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte (cco), across ancient and modern domestic and non-domestic canids. museum specimens of proximal femora were screened for presence of remnant enthesophytes of the caudal joint capsule insertion (first inclusion criterion) and then for the cco (second inclusion criterion). the initially screened population include ...201931433562
the importance of considering multiple interacting species for conservation of species at risk.conservation of species at risk of extinction is complex and multifaceted. however, mitigation strategies are typically narrow in scope, an artifact of conservation research that is often limited to a single species or stressor. knowledge of an entire community of strongly interacting species would greatly enhance the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of conservation decisions. we investigated how camera trapping and spatial count models, an extension of spatial-recapture models for unmarked p ...201930306635
neospora caninum dna in coyote fecal samples collected in an urban environment.definitive hosts of neospora caninum are species of canids, such as domestic dogs ( canis lupus familiaris), coyotes ( canis latrans) and foxes ( vulpes vulpes), whereas ruminants, such as cattle ( bos taurus), sheep ( ovis aries), and deer (cervidae) serve as intermediate hosts. we investigated the presence of n. caninum in feces of coyotes in calgary, alberta, canada. one hundred coyote fecal samples were collected from five city parks. following dna extraction, the presence of n. caninum dna ...201930096031
global phylogeographic and admixture patterns in grey wolves and genetic legacy of an ancient siberian lineage.the evolutionary relationships between extinct and extant lineages provide important insight into species' response to environmental change. the grey wolf is among the few holarctic large carnivores that survived the late pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, responding to that period's profound environmental changes with loss of distinct lineages and phylogeographic shifts, and undergoing domestication. we reconstructed global genome-wide phylogeographic patterns in modern wolves, including previ ...201931757998
impact of climate change on the small mammal community of the yukon boreal forest.long-term monitoring is critical to determine the stability and sustainability of wildlife populations, and if change has occurred, why. we have followed population density changes in the small mammal community in the boreal forest of the southern yukon for 46 years with density estimates by live trapping on 3-5 unmanipulated grids in spring and autumn. this community consists of 10 species and was responsible for 9% of the energy flow in the herbivore component of this ecosystem from 1986 to 19 ...201930983064
evaluation of an automated magnetic bead-based dna extraction and real-time pcr in fecal samples as a pre-screening test for detection of echinococcus multilocularis and echinococcus canadensis in coyotes.efficient and sensitive diagnostic tools are essential for the study of the eco-epidemiology of echinococcus species. we evaluated an automated magnetic bead-based dna extraction commercial kit followed by qpcr (mb-qpcr), for the detection of echinococcus multilocularis and echinococcus canadensis in coyote (canis latrans) fecal samples. the diagnostic sensitivity was determined by validating the method against the scraping, filtration, and counting technique (sfct) for samples collected in cana ...201930415395
prey abundance and urbanization influence the establishment of avian predators in a metropolitan landscape.urbanization causes the simplification of natural habitats, resulting in animal communities dominated by exotic species with few top predators. in recent years, however, many predators such as hawks, and in the us coyotes and cougars, have become increasingly common in urban environments. hawks in the accipiter genus, especially, are recovering from widespread population declines and are increasingly common in urbanizing landscapes. our goal was to identify factors that determine the occupancy, ...201830404886
roads do not increase carrion use by a vertebrate scavenging community.wildlife-vehicle collisions introduce a considerable amount of carrion into the environment, but scavenger use of this resource has not been extensively investigated. scavengers may use roads for reliable foraging opportunities, but might also use roads for other purposes and encounter carrion opportunistically. we examined scavenging of carrion along linear features by placing 52 rabbit carcasses in each of three treatments in forested habitat during winter (dec 2016-mar 2017) in south carolina ...201830397216
seroprevalence for the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete borrelia turicatae among small and medium sized mammals of texas.in low elevation arid regions throughout the southern united states, borrelia turicatae is the principal agent of tick-borne relapsing fever. however, endemic foci and the vertebrate hosts involved in the ecology of b. turicatae remain undefined. experimental infection studies suggest that small and medium sized mammals likely maintain b. turicatae in nature, while the tick vector is a long-lived reservoir.201830372445
public acceptability of development in the northern forest of vermont, usa-the influence of wildlife information, recreation involvement, and demographic characteristics.increasing development such as roads and houses will alter future landscapes and result in biological, social, and economic trade-offs. managing development requires information on the public's acceptability of development and understanding which factors shape acceptability. in this study, we examined three questions: 1) what is the public's acceptability of development? 2) is acceptability of development influenced by wildlife information? and 3) is the maximum amount of acceptable development ...201830557372
rediscovery of red wolf ghost alleles in a canid population along the american gulf coast.rediscovering species once thought to be extinct or on the edge of extinction is rare. red wolves have been extinct along the american gulf coast since 1980, with their last populations found in coastal louisiana and texas. we report the rediscovery of red wolf ghost alleles in a canid population on galveston island, texas. we analyzed over 7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in 60 canid representatives from all legally recognized north american canis species and two phenotypically ambig ...201830544757
high genomic diversity and candidate genes under selection associated with range expansion in eastern coyote (canis latrans) populations.range expansion is a widespread biological process, with well-described theoretical expectations associated with the colonization of novel ranges. however, comparatively few empirical studies address the genomic outcomes accompanying the genome-wide consequences associated with the range expansion process, particularly in recent or ongoing expansions. here, we assess two recent and distinct eastward expansion fronts of a highly mobile carnivore, the coyote (canis latrans), to investigate pattern ...201830619570
corrigendum to 'detecting co-infections of echinococcus multilocularis and echinococcus canadensis in coyotes and red foxes in alberta, canada using real-time pcr' [ijp: parasites and wildlife 7 (2018) 111-115].[this corrects the article doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.03.001.].201830568877
seed ingestion and germination in rattlesnakes: overlooked agents of rescue and secondary dispersal.seed dispersal is a key evolutionary process and a central theme in the population ecology of terrestrial plants. the primary producers of most land-based ecosystems are propagated by and maintained through various mechanisms of seed dispersal that involve both abiotic and biotic modes of transportation. by far the most common biotic seed transport mechanism is zoochory, whereby seeds, or fruits containing them, are dispersed through the activities of animals. rodents are one group of mammals th ...201829436500
coexistence of coyotes (canis latrans) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in an urban landscape.urban environments are increasing worldwide and are inherently different than their rural counterparts, with a variety of effects on wildlife due to human presence, increased habitat fragmentation, movement barriers, and access to anthropogenic food sources. effective management of urban wildlife requires an understanding of how urbanization affects their behavior and ecology. the spatial activity and interactions of urban wildlife, however, have not been as rigorously researched as in rural are ...201829364916
echinococcus spp. tapeworms in north america.alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are emerging and reemerging in europe, africa, and asia. the expansion of echinococcus spp. tapeworms in wildlife host reservoirs appears to be driving this emergence in some areas. recent studies suggest a similar phenomenon may be occurring in north america. we describe the context of echinococcus spp. research in north america, with a specific focus on the contiguous united states. although studies were conducted in the united states throughout the 1900s on ...201829350139
risk of environmental exposure to small coccidia from wild canid feces in rural ohio.objective to determine the extent of environmental exposure to heteroxenous coccidia from wild canid feces in southeastern ohio. sample 285 presumed wild canid fecal samples collected across an ecological system in southeastern ohio. procedures morphological classification and molecular analysis were used to determine the canid genus for collected fecal samples. microscopic and molecular analysis were used to detect coccidian oocysts and dna. several variables were analyzed for associations with ...201830372156
babesia conradae infection in coyote hunting dogs infected with multiple blood-borne pathogens.babesia conradae is an intraerythrocytic piroplasm infecting dogs in the southern united states. ticks have been suspected, but unproven, as vectors. we identified b. conradae and other blood-borne pathogens in 2 kennels of sighthounds with a history of coyote fighting.201830307638
home range size, vegetation density, and season influences prey use by coyotes (canis latrans).to ensure reproductive success, canis species establish contiguous mosaics of territories in suitable habitats to partition space and defend limiting resources. consequently, canis species can exert strong effects on prey populations locally because of their year-round maintenance of territories. we assessed prey use by coyotes (canis latrans) by sampling scats from within known territories in southeastern alabama and the savannah river area of georgia and south carolina. we accounted for the si ...201830303970
demographic history influences spatial patterns of genetic diversityin recently expanded coyote (canis latrans) populations.human-mediated range expansions have increased in recent decades and represent unique opportunities to evaluate genetic outcomes of establishing peripheral populations across broad expansion fronts. over the past century, coyotes (canis latrans) have undergone a pervasive range expansion and now inhabit every state in the continental united states. coyote expansion into eastern north america was facilitated by anthropogenic landscape changes and followed two broad expansion fronts. the northern ...201829269931
population genomic analysis of north american eastern wolves (canis lycaon) supports their conservation priority status.the threatened eastern wolf is found predominantly in protected areas of central ontario and has an evolutionary history obscured by interbreeding with coyotes and gray wolves, which challenges its conservation status and subsequent management. here, we used a population genomics approach to uncover spatial patterns of variation in 281 canids in central ontario and the great lakes region. this represents the first genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) dataset with substantial sample s ...201830518163
first report of angiostrongylus vasorum in coyotes in mainland north america. 201830514743
levels of plasma and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites following an acth challenge in male and female coyotes (canis latrans).knowledge of endocrine stress responses can be advantageous for understanding how animals respond to their environment. one tool in wildlife endocrinology is to measure the adrenocortical activity as a parameter of disturbance of animals. fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (gcms) provide a noninvasive assessment of adrenocortical activity. using an adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) challenge administered to 28 captive coyotes (canis latrans), we measured the levels of plasma cortisol, and fecal c ...201828988304
is the red wolf a listable unit under the us endangered species act?defining units that can be afforded legal protection is a crucial, albeit challenging, step in conservation planning. as we illustrate with a case study of the red wolf (canis rufus) from the southeastern united states, this step is especially complex when the evolutionary history of the focal taxon is uncertain. the us endangered species act (esa) allows listing of species, subspecies, or distinct population segments (dpss) of vertebrates. red wolves were listed as an endangered species in 1973 ...201829889268
mapping the expansion of coyotes (canis latrans) across north and central america.the geographic distribution of coyotes (canis latrans) has dramatically expanded since 1900, spreading across much of north america in a period when most other mammal species have been declining. although this considerable expansion has been well documented at the state/provincial scale, continent-wide descriptions of coyote spread have portrayed conflicting distributions for coyotes prior to the 1900s, with popularly referenced anecdotal accounts showing them restricted to the great plains, and ...201829861647
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