| tupaia cd81, sr-bi, claudin-1, and occludin support hepatitis c virus infection. | hepatitis c virus (hcv)-related research has been hampered by the lack of appropriate small-animal models. it has been reported that tree shrews, or tupaias (tupaia belangeri), can be infected with serum-derived hcv. however, these reports do not firmly establish the tupaia as a reliable model of hcv infection. human cd81, scavenger receptor class b type i (sr-bi), claudin 1 (cldn1), and occludin (ocln) are considered essential receptors or coreceptors for hcv cell entry. in the present study, t ... | 2010 | 21177818 |
| isolation of a novel adenovirus from california sea lions zalophus californianus. | viral hepatitis associated with adenoviral infection has been reported in california sea lions zalophus californianus admitted to rehabilitation centers along the california coast since the 1970s. canine adenovirus 1 (cadv-1) causes viral hepatitis in dogs and infects a number of wildlife species. attempts to isolate the virus from previous sea lion hepatitis cases were unsuccessful, but as the hepatitis had morphologic features resembling canine infectious hepatitis, and since the virus has a w ... | 2011 | 21790072 |
| evidence of a direct projection from the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system to lobule ix of the cerebellar cortex in the tree shrew (tupaia glis). | injections of a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate were placed in representative areas of the cerebellar cortex of adult tree shrews. retrogradely labeled cells were found in the medial terminal nucleus (mtn) of the accessory optic system (aos) when ventral portions of the uvula were involved in the injection site. these labeled cells are small to medium sized and have round or oval somata and few primary dendrites. the aos functions to stabilize the eyes and head in space. t ... | 2013 | 4000540 |
| universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex. | the brain's visual cortex processes information concerning form, pattern, and motion within functional maps that reflect the layout of neuronal circuits. we analyzed functional maps of orientation preference in the ferret, tree shrew, and galago--three species separated since the basal radiation of placental mammals more than 65 million years ago--and found a common organizing principle. a symmetry-based class of models for the self-organization of cortical networks predicts all essential featur ... | 2010 | 21051599 |
| laminar origin of projections from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew, tupaia glis. | the laminar origin of the efferent projections from the superior colliculus to the pulvinar and to the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei has been studied using the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. following injections in either the dorsal or the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, cells heavily labeled with the horseradish peroxidase reaction product are restricted primarily to the upper stratum griseum superficiale. these cells have small, fusiform somas with de ... | 2001 | 90538 |
| receptive field properties of optic tract fibres from on-center sustained and transient cells in a tree shrew (tupaia chinensis). | | 2000 | 102077 |
| connections between the cerebellum and hypothalamus in the tree shrew (tupaia glis). | following injections of a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (wga-hrp) conjugate into representative areas of cerebellar cortex of tree shrew (tupaia glis) retrogradely labeled cells were found in posterior, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas and in the lateral mammillary nucleus. these represent monosynaptic hypothalamocerebellar cortical projections. anterogradely labeled axons were also traced into various areas of the contralateral hypothalamus subsequent to injections of wga-hr ... | 2014 | 3986533 |
| projections from cortex to tectum in the tree shrew, tupaia glis. | sensory neocortex of the tree shrew was divided into three main areas: the visual field, the auditory field, and the somatic field which includes motor cortex. cortical cells which project to the tectum were identified by injecting hrp into superficial or deep layers of the superior colliculus and into various parts of the inferior colliculus. the main result is that these descending projections are well organized according to their origin in the three main sensory fields of the cortex. (1) audi ... | 1998 | 107203 |
| estrogen-concentrating neuron systems in the brain of the tree shrew. | | 2005 | 1181242 |
| overnutrition and hypervitaminosis a in the tree shrew (lyongale tana). | | 1999 | 96447 |
| anaesthesia of tupaias (tree shrews). | | 2001 | 99909 |
| comparative structure of myoglobin: primates and tree-shrew. | | 2014 | 4215355 |
| demonstration of ipsilateral retinocollicular projections in the tree shrew (tupaia glis). | ipsilateral retinocollicular projections labeled by anterograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (hrp) conjugate in the tree shrew were examined. for those animals in which this pathway was demonstrated (4 of 14) ipsilateral collicular labeling extended across approximately the anterior two-thirds of the colliculus, with the exception of the extreme rostral pole. labeling was invariably punctuate and spaced at regular intervals in the lower stratum griseum superficiale. t ... | 2014 | 4052767 |
| diagnostic exercise: deaths of newborn tree shrews. | | 2010 | 2823002 |
| the time course of changes in mrna levels in tree shrew sclera during induced myopia and recovery. | in tree shrews, visual form deprivation produces increased axial elongation of the deprived eye and a myopic shift in refractive state. a change in scleral extensibility (creep rate) is closely associated with the change in axial elongation rate. these effects may be due to scleral tissue remodeling produced by a change in scleral gene expression. in this study, the authors investigated the time course of changes in scleral mrna levels for selected proteins during the development of form depriva ... | 2002 | 12091398 |
| isolation and identification of symbiotic bacteria from the skin, mouth, and rectum of wild and captive tree shrews. | endosymbionts influence many aspects of their hosts' health conditions, including physiology, development, immunity, metabolism, etc. tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis) have attracted increasing attention in modeling human diseases and therapeutic responses due to their close relationship with primates. to clarify the situation of symbiotic bacteria from their body surface, oral cavity, and anus, 12 wild and 12 the third generation of captive tree shrews were examined. based on morphologic ... | 2014 | 25465085 |
| acarine ectoparasites of panti forest reserve in johore, malaysia. | to identify the presence of acarine ectoparasites and determine whether there is any potential public health risk in panti forest reserve, johore, malaysia. | 0 | 23569714 |
| [the structure of the nasopharyngeal duct of tupaia glis (diard 1820). a comparison with primates and european insectivores (author's transl)]. | the nasopharyngeal duct of tupaia glis was studied and compared with other primates and some insectivores. in t. glis as in other primates the ductus nasopharyngeus is separated by the septum nasi into two parallel passages whereas in insectivores it is a simple undivided duct. | 1998 | 105649 |
| horizontal transfers of mariner transposons between mammals and insects. | | 2012 | 23013939 |
| visual cortex of the tree shrew (tupaia glis): architectonic subdivisions and representations of the visual field. | | 2016 | 5050179 |
| cone photoreceptor shedding in the tree shrew (tupaia belangerii). | tree shrews were sacrificed at various times during a 12 h light-12 h dark cycle and the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) was examined for phagosomes. analysis of photoreceptor densities showed that the tree-shrew retina consists of approximately 96% cone photoreceptors. therefore, phagosomes in the rpe were assumed to be mostly those of cones. a peak in the number of rpe phagosomes was found about one hour after the onset of light. the number of phagosomes/mm rpe during the light cycle varied f ... | 2014 | 3986885 |
| cloning and characterization of a novel apolipoprotein gene, apolipoprotein av, in tree shrews. | apolipoprotein av (apoav) modulates plasma triglyceride levels, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. apoav is also involved in atherosclerosis lesion formation. in order to systematically evaluate the apolipoprotein-related gene profile in tree shrew, a model for its insusceptibility to atherosclerosis, we performed apoav cloning and characterization. the full-length cdna of apoav was identified using smart-race. apoav cdna sequence revealed two transcripts, 1,948 and ... | 2013 | 23681550 |
| conserved regional 3' grouping of rare codons in the coding sequence of ocular prosecretory mitogen lacritin. | lacritin is a prosecretory mitogen in tears and, although a tear protein, it promotes basal tearing and lacrimal gland secretion. since scale up is relevant to its potential use in the treatment of dry eye, we explored various mutagenic strategies to alter the stability, solubility, and translational efficiency of nascent lacritin, and discovered 3' clustering of rare human codons. | 2013 | 23422824 |
| chronic hepatitis b virus infection and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis). | hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection has been believed as a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) for a long time, however, the evidences of which are mostly from clinical and epidemiological investigations while there is no evidence from animal experiments. tree shrew (tupaia) is a small animal closely related to primates evolutionarily, with about 8 years of lifespan. our previous study proved that tree shrews can be chronically hbv-infected after being inoculated neonatally with hbv. the ... | 2015 | 25889678 |
| animal models and the molecular biology of hepadnavirus infection. | australian antigen, the envelope protein of hepatitis b virus (hbv), was discovered in 1967 as a prevalent serum antigen in hepatitis b patients. early electron microscopy (em) studies showed that this antigen was present in 22-nm particles in patient sera, which were believed to be incomplete virus. complete virus, much less abundant than the 22-nm particles, was finally visualized in 1970. hbv was soon found to infect chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbon apes, and, more recently, tree shr ... | 2015 | 25833941 |
| the spectral transmission of ocular media suggests ultraviolet sensitivity is widespread among mammals. | although ultraviolet (uv) sensitivity is widespread among animals it is considered rare in mammals, being restricted to the few species that have a visual pigment maximally sensitive (λmax) below 400 nm. however, even animals without such a pigment will be uv-sensitive if they have ocular media that transmit these wavelengths, as all visual pigments absorb significant amounts of uv if the energy level is sufficient. although it is known that lenses of diurnal sciurid rodents, tree shrews and pri ... | 2014 | 24552839 |
| extracellular vesicles including exosomes regulate innate immune responses to hepatitis b virus infection. | the innate immune system is essential for controlling viral infection. hepatitis b virus (hbv) persistently infects human hepatocytes and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. however, the innate immune response to hbv infection in vivo remains unclear. using a tree shrew animal model, we showed that hbv infection induced hepatic interferon (ifn)-γ expression during early infection. our in vitro study demonstrated that hepatic nk cells produced ifn-γ in response to hbv only in the presence of hepatic ... | 2016 | 27630638 |
| the tree shrew provides a useful alternative model for the study of influenza h1n1 virus. | the influenza pandemics have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. animal models are useful in the study of influenza virus pathogenesis. because of various limitations in current laboratory animal models, it is essential to develop new alternative animal models for influenza virus research aimed at understanding the viral and host factors that contribute to virus infection in human. | 2013 | 23575279 |
| tupaia belangeri as an experimental animal model for viral infection. | tupaias, or tree shrews, are small mammals that are similar in appearance to squirrels. the morphological and behavioral characteristics of the group have been extensively characterized, and despite previously being classified as primates, recent studies have placed the group in its own family, the tupaiidae. genomic analysis has revealed that the genus tupaia is closer to humans than it is to rodents. in addition, tupaias are susceptible to hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus. the only othe ... | 2014 | 25048261 |
| [expressions and significance of tlr2 and tlr4 in kupffer cells of tree shrews chronically infected with hepatitis b virus]. | to investigate the mrna expression levels of toll-like receptors 2 (tlr2) and tlr4 in kupffer cells of tree shrews that were chronically infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv), and the effects of these receptors on the function of kupffer cells. | 2014 | 25001929 |
| [factors influencing long-term hepatitis b virus infection of the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) as an in vivo model of chronic hepatitis b]. | to determine the methods for establishing an in vivo model of long-term hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis). | 2012 | 23207228 |
| histopathological changes in the liver of tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) persistently infected with hepatitis b virus. | an animal model for hbv that more closely approximates the disease in humans is needed. the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri) is closely related to primates and susceptible to hbv. we previously established that neonatal tree shrews can be persistently infected with hbv in vivo, and here present a six year follow-up histopathological study of these animals. | 2013 | 24220021 |
| novel recombinant hepatitis b virus vectors efficiently deliver protein and rna encoding genes into primary hepatocytes. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) has extremely restricted host and hepatocyte tropism. hbv-based vectors could form the basis of novel therapies for chronic hepatitis b and other liver diseases and would also be invaluable for the study of hbv infection. previous attempts at developing hbv-based vectors encountered low yields of recombinant viruses and/or lack of sufficient infectivity/cargo gene expression in primary hepatocytes, which hampered follow-up applications. in this work, we constructed a nove ... | 2013 | 23552416 |
| molecular determinants of hepatitis b and d virus entry restriction in mouse sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. | human hepatitis b virus (hbv) and its satellite virus, hepatitis d virus (hdv), primarily infect humans, chimpanzees, or tree shrews (tupaia belangeri). viral infections in other species are known to be mainly restricted at the entry level since viral replication can be achieved in the cells by transfection of the viral genome. sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (ntcp) is a functional receptor for hbv and hdv, and amino acids 157 to 165 of ntcp are critical for viral entry and likely ... | 2013 | 23678176 |
| characterization of hepatitis e virus infection in tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis). | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of hepatitis in developing countries and poses a threat to public health worldwide. tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a useful animal model in studies on hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis b and c viruses. however, the use of this animal model for hev research is yet to be developed. | 2016 | 26880187 |
| herpes simplex virus 1 infection of tree shrews differs from that of mice in the severity of acute infection and viral transcription in the peripheral nervous system. | studies of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections of humans are limited by the use of rodent models such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis) are small mammals indigenous to southwest asia. at behavioral, anatomical, genomic, and evolutionary levels, tree shrews are much closer to primates than rodents are, and tree shrews are susceptible to hsv infection. thus, we have studied herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infection in the tree shrew trigeminal ganglion (t ... | 2015 | 26512084 |
| identification and characterization of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis). | in mammals, the toll-like receptors (tlrs) play a major role in initiating innate immune responses against pathogens. comparison of the tlrs in different mammals may help in understanding the tlr-mediated responses and developing of animal models and efficient therapeutic measures for infectious diseases. the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis), a small mammal with a close relationship to primates, is a viable experimental animal for studying viral and bacterial infections. in this s ... | 2016 | 26923770 |
| identification and characterization of liver micrornas of the chinese tree shrew via deep sequencing. | chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a small animal that possess many features, which are valuable in biomedical research, as experimental models. currently, there are numerous attempts to utilize tree shrews as models for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. | 2015 | 26587035 |
| foamy virus in the tree shrew tupaia belangeri is highly related to simian foamy virus in macaca mulatta. | foamy viruses (fvs) are ancient retrovirus that infect most nonhuman primates and several animals, but are rarely reported in tree shrew tupaia belangeri. in the present study, foamy virus was detected in tree shrew. phylogenetic analysis indicated that fvtup shared the highest homology with sfvmac (99.3%) in china. the discovery of fvtup indicated that the tree shrew is a new host of foamy virus. fvtup is highly prevalent in tupaia in china and there is the possibility of cross-species transmis ... | 2013 | 23668418 |
| experimental chronic hepatitis b infection of neonatal tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis): a model to study molecular causes for susceptibility and disease progression to chronic hepatitis in humans. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection continues to be an escalating global health problem. feasible and effective animal models for hbv infection are the prerequisite for developing novel therapies for this disease. the tree shrew (tupaia) is a small animal species evolutionary closely related to humans, and thus is permissive to certain human viral pathogens. whether tree shrews could be chronically infected with hbv in vivo has been controversial for decades. most published research has been repor ... | 2012 | 22913805 |
| a novel bat herpesvirus encodes homologues of major histocompatibility complex classes i and ii, c-type lectin, and a unique family of immune-related genes. | herpesviruses or herpesviral sequences have been identified in various bat species. here, we report the isolation, cell tropism, and complete genome sequence of a novel betaherpesvirus from the bat miniopterus schreibersii (mshv). in primary cell culture, mshv causes cytopathic effects (cpe) and reaches peak virus production 2 weeks after infection. mshv was found to infect and replicate less efficiently in a feline kidney cell, crfk, and failed to replicate in 13 other cell lines tested. sequen ... | 2012 | 22623774 |
| reactivation of hsv-1 following explant of tree shrew brain. | herpes simplex virus type i (hsv-1) latently infects peripheral nervous system (pns) sensory neurons, and its reactivation leads to recurring cold sores. the reactivated hsv-1 can travel retrograde from the pns into the central nervous system (cns) and is known to be causative of herpes simplex viral encephalitis. hsv-1 infection in the pns is well documented, but little is known on the fate of hsv-1 once it enters the cns. in the murine model, hsv-1 genome persists in the cns once infected thro ... | 2016 | 26501779 |
| two bacterial infection models in tree shrew for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. | animal models are essential for the development of new anti-infectious drugs. although some bacterial infection models have been established in rodents, small primate models are rare. here, we report on two bacterial infection models established in tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis). a burnt skin infection model was induced by dropping 5×10(6) cfu of staphylococcus aureus on the surface of a wound after a third degree burn. this dose of s. aureus caused persistent infection for 7 days and o ... | 2012 | 22345001 |
| [isolation and identification of tupaia orthoreovirus]. | pathogenic viruses can harm acutely the life and health of laboratory tree shrews acutely; however, few papers exist regarding natural pathogenic virus infection in this species. six fecal samples obtained from dead tree shrews were collected. the fecal supernatant infected vero cell line resulted in cytopathic effects (cpe) after 72 h. the cpe included granulating, shrinking, rounding, seining and falling off. electron microscopy showed the isolation was spherical, double-layered capsid, and ab ... | 2013 | 23572361 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel rhabdovirus from a wild boar (sus scrofa) in japan. | a novel rhabdovirus was isolated from the serum of a healthy japanese wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax) and identified using the rapid determination system for viral nucleic acid sequences (rdv), next-generation sequencing, and electron microscopy. the virus was tentatively named wild boar rhabdovirus 1 (wbrv1). phylogenetic analysis of the entire genome sequence indicated that wbrv1 is closely related to tupaia rhabdovirus (trv), which was isolated from cultured cells of hepatocellular carcino ... | 2015 | 26116524 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in rodents from various locations in peninsular malaysia. | numerous studies have reported the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among malaysians and various domestic animals; but there is paucity of information on its prevalence among rodents which could potentially contribute to the transmission of toxoplasma gondii in both domestic and sylvatic fauna. five hundred twenty-six rodents were captured from six locations in malaysia and identified to species. serum samples were collected from these rodents and tested for t.gondii antibodies using an immunofluores ... | 2015 | 26521512 |
| experimental mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the chinese tree shrew. | in recent years, the chinese tree shrew has been considered to be a promising experimental animal for numerous diseases. yet the susceptibility of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) in chinese tree shrew is still unknown. we infected chinese tree shrews with a high dose (2.5 × 10(6) cfu) or a low dose (2.5 × 10(3) cfu) of the h37rv strain via the femoral vein to cause severe or mild disease. disease severity was determined by clinical signs, pathologic changes and bacteria distribution in organs. ... | 2014 | 25296288 |
| a new approach to the automatic identification of organism evolution using neural networks. | automatic identification of organism evolution still remains a challenging task, which is especially exiting, when the evolution of human is considered. the main aim of this work is to present a new idea to allow organism evolution analysis using neural networks. here we show that it is possible to identify evolution of any organisms in a fully automatic way using the designed evolutionxxi program, which contains implemented neural network. the neural network has been taught using cytochrome b s ... | 2017 | 26975238 |
| link between orientation and retinotopic maps in primary visual cortex. | maps representing the preference of neurons for the location and orientation of a stimulus on the visual field are a hallmark of primary visual cortex. it is not yet known how these maps develop and what function they play in visual processing. one hypothesis postulates that orientation maps are initially seeded by the spatial interference of on- and off-center retinal receptive field mosaics. here we show that such a mechanism predicts a link between the layout of orientation preferences around ... | 2012 | 22509015 |
| loss of rig-i leads to a functional replacement with mda5 in the chinese tree shrew. | the function of the rig-i-like receptors (rlrs; including rig-i, mda5, and lgp2) as key cytoplasmic sensors of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) has been subjected to numerous pathogenic challenges and has undergone a dynamic evolution. we found evolutionary evidence that rig-i was lost in the chinese tree shrew lineage. along with the loss of rig-i, both mda5 (tmda5) and lgp2 (tlgp2) have undergone strong positive selection in the tree shrew. tmda5 or tmda5/tlgp2 could sense ... | 2016 | 27621475 |
| the nucleotide sequence of the inverted terminal repetition of the tree shrew adenovirus dna. | the termini of the tupaia (tree shrew) adenovirus (tav) dna have been sequenced. the inverted terminal repetitions (itr) are 166 bp long containing the a + t-rich, highly conserved sequence present in all adenovirus dnas so far analysed. an unusual feature within the tav itr is the presence of four sets of a conserved sequence tgaccg which occur at or near the ends of many adenovirus itr. | 1983 | 6685092 |
| a lectin-histochemical study on the seminiferous epithelium of the northern smooth-tailed tree shrew (dendrogale murina) and the java tree shrew (tupaia javanica). | lectin-binding patterns in the testes of the northern smooth-tailed tree shrew, dendrogale murina and java tree shrew, tupaia javanica were studied by light microscopy and compared the data with those of the common tree shrew. four lectins (pna, sba, bpa and gs-ii) were used in this study. peanut (arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (pna), soybean (glycine max) agglutinin (sba) and bauhinia purpurea agglutinin (bpa) showed a strong reaction in the acrosomal region from golgi to acrosome-phase spermatid ... | 2000 | 10998938 |
| cortical connections of striate and extrastriate visual areas in tree shrews. | the ipsilateral and contralateral cortical connections of visual cortex of tree shrews (tupaia belangeri) were investigated by placing restricted injections of fluorochrome tracers, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase, or biotinylated dextran amine into area 17 (v1), area 18 (v2), or the adjoining temporal dorsal area (td). as previously reported, v1 was characterized by a widespread, patchy pattern of intrinsic connections; ipsilateral connections with v2, td, and to a lesser extent, o ... | 1998 | 9802703 |
| projections of the superior colliculus to the pulvinar in prosimian galagos (otolemur garnettii) and vglut2 staining of the visual pulvinar. | an understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex in prosimian primates has been somewhat elusive due to the lack of clear architectonic divisions. in the current study we reveal features of the organization of the pulvinar complex in galagos by examining superior colliculus (sc) projections to this structure and comparing them with staining patterns of the vesicular glutamate transporter, vglut2. cholera toxin subunit β (ctb), fluoro-ruby (fr), and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated wi ... | 2013 | 23124867 |
| interlaminar connections of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew. ii: projections from the superficial gray to the optic layer. | this study of the tree shrew, tupaia belangeri, provides evidence for an intracollicular pathway that arises in the superficial gray layer and terminates in the optic layer. as a first step, nissl, myelin, and cytochrome oxidase stains were used to identify the layers of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew. second, anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods were used to determine relationships between laminar borders and patterns of connections. intraocular injections of wheat ger ... | 2013 | 7544610 |
| immunohistochemical organization of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the tree shrew. | the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vlgn) of the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri) was differentiated into multiple subdivisions (dorsal cap, intergeniculate leaflet, parvicellular segment, and internal and external magnocellular laminae, the latter being further divisible into a lateral and medial division) on the basis of retinal projections, immunochemistry, and histochemistry. retinal projections traced with intravitreal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase r ... | 1992 | 1316386 |
| postnatal development of geniculocortical projections in the tree shrew. | we examined the postnatal development of retrogradely labeled cells in the tree shrew lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) following cortical injections of horseradish peroxidase. results show that at birth (p0) when the lgn is still unlaminated: (1) the mature proportion of relay cells and interneurons already exists, (2) relay cells present are larger than interneurons, and (3) relay cells are topographically connected with the cortex. aside from changes in absolute lgn soma size, the primary post ... | 1987 | 3651828 |
| classes of neurons in relation to the laminar organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the tree shrew, tupaia belangeri. | we used the rapid golgi and horseradish peroxidase (hrp) techniques to study the dendritic spread of relay neurons in functionally distinct laminae of the tree shrew dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (lgnd). on the basis of their dendritic spread in relation to laminar and interlaminar zones, we describe three classes of relay neurons. unilaminar neurons with multipolar radiate, bitufted, and intermediate types of dendrites. dendrites of these neurons are confined to one lamina only, but also ca ... | 1987 | 3584555 |
| callosal and ipsilateral cortical connections of the body surface representations in si and sii of tree shrews. | injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) were used to study the connections of the first and second somatosensory areas (si and sii) in tree shrews. the locations of callosally projecting neurons in si were determined by placing large injections of hrp in the si region of one cerebral hemisphere and determining the organization of si of the other cerebral hemisphere with microelectrode mapping. many callosally projecting neurons were revealed in lateral si representing the face, especially the ... | 1987 | 3423531 |
| reciprocal connections between the claustrum and visual thalamus in the tree shrew (tupaia glis). | we previously described the existence of reciprocal connections between the dorsal claustrum and striate cortex in the tree shrew, tupaia glis. these projections were found to originate and terminate in a distinct topographic manner within the mid region of the upper portion of the dorsal claustrum. in this investigation, we examined the afferent and efferent projections between the claustrum and the lateral intermediate nucleus (li) of the visual thalamus using small electrophoretic injections ... | 1986 | 3779407 |
| terminal arbors of individual, physiologically identified geniculocortical axons in the tree shrew's striate cortex. | we studied the terminal patterns of single, physiologically identified geniculocortical axons in the striate cortex of the tree shrew by using intracellular recording and labeling methods. axons were classified by their response to the onset (on-center) or offset (off-center) of a light stimulus presented to the ipsilateral or contralateral eye. then, we attempted to penetrate each axon for labeling with horseradish peroxidase. we recovered 23 axons and studied 16 of these in detail. light micro ... | 1990 | 1702114 |
| projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nucleus in the tree shrew. | the origins and targets of projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nuclei were studied in the tree shrew by placing small injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) in the cochlear nucleus and small injections of 3h-leucine in the superior olivary complex. the results show that the descending pathways originate in periolivary cell groups surrounding the medial and lateral superior olives and that periolivary nuclei differ from one another in their patterns of projections to ... | 1984 | 6736304 |
| callosal projections between areas 17 in the adult tree shrew (tupaia belangeri). | in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri) neurons projecting to the contralateral area 17 via the corpus callosum were identified by horseradish peroxidase histochemistry (hrp, wga-hrp). the distribution of homotopic and heterotopic connections was studied. we found that a narrow stripe of area 17 close to the dorsal area 17/18 border - which corresponds to the visual field along the vertical meridian - is connected via homotopic callosal projections. the adjace ... | 1988 | 2466679 |
| cerebellar afferents to paramedian lobule from the trigeminal complex in tupaia glis: a horseradish peroxidase (hrp) study. | projections from the trigeminal complex to paramedian lobule (pml) were studied in the tree shrew (tupaia glis) by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (hrp). neurons which project to both dorsal and ventral folia of pml are located primarily in those areas of the trigeminal nuclear complex interpreted as nucleus interpolaris (vi) and caudal areas of the nucleus oralis (vo). the majority of hrp-labeled neurons lie in ventral and ventrolateral regions of vi/vo. no hrp-reactive ... | 1982 | 6284945 |
| physiological and anatomical evidence for a discontinuous representation of the trunk in s-i of tree shrews. | microelectrode mapping methods revealed that the representation of the body surface in the first somatosensory area of cortex, s-i, of the tree shrew is unique in that only the ventral trunk was found in the usual location of the trunk representation in cortex of the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere. instead, the dorsal trunk was found as an extension of the representation of the posterior leg in cortex on the medial wall. the separation of the representation of the trunk occurs a ... | 1981 | 7276249 |
| the efferent projections of the pretectal complex: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase analysis. | anterograde autoradiographic data reveal that neurons within the pretectal complex of the tree shrew possess axons which terminate within three general categories of targets. first, there are targets of a major ipsilateral descending pathway which include: the dorsal cap of kooy of the inferior olivary complex, the dorsolateral and dorsomedial regions of the griseum pontis, the mesencephalic reticular formation which lies immediately dorsal and lateral to the red nucleus, the medial terminal nuc ... | 1980 | 7378831 |
| a light microscopic and electron microscopic study of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the tree shrew (tupaia glis). | histochemical, golgi, and electron microscopic methods were used to study the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the tree shrew. following horseradish peroxidase injections in the dorsal lateral ceniculate nucleus (lgd) and the pulvinar (pul), retrogradely labeled somata were found in the upper two-thirds and the lower third of the stratum griseum superficiale (sgs), respectively, as has been described by albano et al. ('79). in tissue prepared with golgi methods, somata, similar i ... | 1980 | 7400390 |
| innervation patterns of single physiologically identified geniculocortical axons in the striate cortex of the tree shrew. | we examined the termination patterns of single geniculocortical axons in the striate cortex of the tree shrew by using intracellular recording and horseradish peroxidase staining methods. axons were classified by whether they responded to light onset (on center) or light offset (off center) and whether they were driven by the ipsi- or contralateral eye. afferents with on-center responses end in the upper part of layer iv (iva) whereas afferents with off-center responses end in the lower part of ... | 1990 | 1688659 |
| anatomical binding of intrinsic connections in striate cortex of tree shrews (tupaia glis). | the intrinsic connectivity of striate cortex was investigated by injecting horseradish peroxidase (hrp) into this area in tree shrews. such hrp injections demonstrated periodically organized, stripelike connections within area 17. these stripes occur in layers i-iiia and consist of a small number or retrogradely filled neurons, some clearly pyramidal, together with hrp-labeled axon terminals. hrp-filled axons trunks run between labeled stripes, interconnecting adjacent and distant regions of the ... | 1982 | 7119173 |
| efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (tupaia glis). | the projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (tupaia glis) have been analyzed with anterograde degeneration and autoradiographic methods for identifying axonal projections, and with the horseradish peroxidase method for identifying the distribution of neurons from which these projections originate. the cytoarchitectonic features of the paleocortical areas which receive projections from the main and the accessory olfactory bulb have also been described. the effer ... | 1977 | 65361 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of a neotropical fruit bat, artibeus jamaicensis, and a new hypothesis of the relationships of bats to other eutherian mammals. | the complete mitochondrial genome was obtained from a microchiropteran bat, artibeus jamaicensis. the presumptive amino acid sequence for the protein-coding genes was compared with predicted amino acid sequences from several representatives of other mammalian orders. data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. all analyses placed bats as the sister group of carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, and cetaceans (e.g., 100% bootstrap value with both maxi ... | 1998 | 9847413 |
| interhemispheric connections of cortical sensory areas in tree shrews. | interhemispheric connections were studied in tree shrews (tupaia belangeri) after multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase or horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin into the cortex of one cerebral hemisphere. after an appropriate survival period, the areal pattern of connections was revealed by flattening the other hemisphere, cutting sections parallel to the cortical surface, and staining with tetramethylbenzidine. architectonic boundaries were identified by using secti ... | 1985 | 3989001 |
| molecular evolution of the neurohypophysial hormone precursors in mammals: comparative genomics reveals novel mammalian oxytocin and vasopressin analogues. | among vertebrates the neurohypophysial hormones show considerable variation. however, in eutherian mammals they have been considered rather conserved, with arginine vasopressin (avp) and oxytocin (ot) in all species except pig and some relatives, where lysine vasopressin replaces avp. the availability of genomic data for a wide range of mammals makes it possible to assess whether these peptides and their precursors may be more variable in eutheria than previously suspected. a survey of these dat ... | 2012 | 22995712 |
| layer i of striate cortex of tupaia glis and galago senegalensis: projections from thalamus and claustrum revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. | we have examined the origin of the subcortical projections to the superficial layers of the striate cortex in tupaia glis and galago senegalensis by using the retrograde transport of hrp. crystals of hrp were laid directly on the moist pial surface of the cortex which had been gently pricked with a small glass pipette. the diffusion of hrp was limited to layers i and ii by restricting the length of time that the hrp was in contact with the surface. following the application of hrp to the striate ... | 1979 | 110851 |
| thalamic projections to layer i of striate cortex shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. | the diffusion of horseradish peroxidase was restricted to layers i and ii of the striate cortex in tupaia glis and galago senegalensis. in the lateral geniculate body of tupaia labeled cells were found only in layer 3; some labeled cells were also found in the lateral nucleus. in galago labeled cells were found only in layers 4 and 5 of the lateral geniculate body; a band of cells was also found in the pulvinar nucleus. these results support the distinction between two overlapping thalamic syste ... | 1979 | 760205 |
| the conserved phe gh5 of importance for hemoglobin intersubunit contact is mutated in gadoid fish. | functionality of the tetrameric hemoglobin molecule seems to be determined by a few amino acids located in key positions. oxygen binding encompasses structural changes at the interfaces between the α1β2 and α2β1 dimers, but also subunit interactions are important for the oxygen binding affinity and stability. the latter packing contacts include the conserved arg b12 interacting with phe gh5, which is replaced by leu and tyr in the αa and αd chains, respectively, of birds and reptiles. | 2014 | 24655798 |
| optic nerve head and intraocular pressure in the guinea pig eye. | the guinea pig is becoming an increasingly popular model for studying human myopia, which carries an increased risk of glaucoma. as a step towards understanding this association, this study sought to characterize the normal, developmental intraocular pressure (iop) profiles, as well as the anatomy of the optic nerve head (onh) and adjacent sclera of young guinea pigs. iop was tracked in pigmented guinea pigs up to 3 months of age. one guinea pig was imaged in vivo with oct and one with a fundus ... | 2016 | 26698659 |
| comparative histochemical study of prosimian primate hindlimb muscles. i. muscle fiber types. | the profiles of fiber types in hindlimb muscles from the tree shrew (tupaia glis), lesser bushbaby (galago senegalensis), and the slow loris (nycticebus coucang) were determined using histochemical techniques. fibers were classified as fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (fog), fast-twitch glycolytic (fg), slow-twitch oxidative (so), or fast-twitch oxidative (fo), according to reactions for alkaline-stable atpase, acid-stable atpase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleo ... | 1981 | 6455915 |
| the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of tupaia glis: a golgi, nissl and acetylcholinesterase study. | morphology of neurons and afferent axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dlgn) of the tree shrew (tupaia glis) was studied using golgi-kopsch impregnated and nissl stained material. staining of acetylcholinesterase (ache) could inform about the distribution of this enzyme in the tree shrew's dlgn. the results can be summarized as follows: 1. two classes of neurons can be identified: class-i-neurons and class-ii-neurons. class-i-neurons correspond to geniculo-cortical relay neurons (gcr ... | 1981 | 7240727 |
| the projection of the superior colliculus upon the lateral geniculate body in tupaia glis and galago senegalensis. | | 1980 | 7388626 |
| cerebellar cortical efferents of the posterior lobe vermis in a prosimian primate (galago) and the tree shrew (tupaia). | the topographical organization of cerebellar cortical efferents of the posterior lobe vermis was studied in a prosimian primate (galago senegalensis) and the tree shrew (tupaia glis). two patterns emerge; one which shows longitudinal zones of the entire vermis and a second which shows that induvidual lobules within the overall longitudinal pattern terminate in specific areas of the ipsilateral medial cerebellar nucleus (nm) and vestibular complix. the posterior lobe vermis consists of a narrow m ... | 1975 | 808563 |
| postnatal allometry of the skeleton in tupaia glis (scandentia: tupaiidae) and galea musteloides (rodentia: caviidae)--a test of the three-segment limb hypothesis. | during the evolution of therian mammals, the two-segmented, sprawled tetrapod limbs were transformed into three-segmented limbs in parasagittal zig-zag configuration (three-segment limb hypothesis). as a consequence, the functional correspondence of limb segments has changed (now: scapula to thigh, upper arm to shank, fore arm plus hand to foot). therefore, the scapula was taken into account in the current study of the postnatal growth of the postcranial skeleton in two small mammalian species ( ... | 2006 | 16600582 |
| ontogenetic development of locomotion in small mammals--a kinematic study. | comparative studies of locomotion indicate that limb design and performance are very similar in adult mammals of small to medium size. the present study was undertaken to test whether basic therian limb pattern is present during postnatal development. kinematic data were collected from juveniles of two eutherian species in a cross-sectional study, using cinevideography. the tree shrew tupaia glis and the cui galea musteloides were selected because of their different reproductive strategies, whic ... | 2005 | 16244162 |
| identification of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase sequence and expression profiles in tree shrew (tupaia belangeri). | the tree shrews (tupaia belangeri) diverged from the primate order (primates) and are classified as scandentia, a separate taxonomic group of mammals. the tree shrew has been suggested to use an animal model to study human disease but the genomic sequences of tree shrew is largely unidentified. here we identified the full-length cdna sequence of a housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), in tree shrew. we further constructed a phylogenetic family tree base on gapdh mo ... | 2014 | 24887411 |
| cardiac-like musculature of the intrapulmonary venous wall of the long-clawed shrew (sorex unguiculatus), common tree shrew (tupaia glis) and common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the cardiac-like musculature is distributed not only in the heart wall but also in the intrapulmonary venous wall in a few species of insectivores. it has been suggested that the evolutionary origin of venous cardiac-like musculature may be traceable to a basic stock of certain mammalian lines of descent. so, it is important to clarify whether the musculature may be a common structure in lower mammals from insectivores to primates and to examine the functional significance of the structure. | 1997 | 8986302 |
| gain control in the response of human visual cortex to plaids. | a recent intrinsic signal optical imaging study in tree shrew showed, surprisingly, that the population response of v1 to plaid patterns comprising grating components of equal contrast is predicted by the average of the responses to the individual components (macevoy sp, tucker tr, fitzpatrick d. nat neurosci 12: 637-645, 2009). this prompted us to compare responses to plaids and gratings in human visual cortex as a function of contrast and orientation. we found that the functional mri (fmri) bl ... | 2012 | 22378166 |
| comparative histochemical study of prosimian primate hindlimb muscles. ii. populations of fiber types. | the populations of fiber types in hindlimb muscles of the tree shrew (tupaia glis), lesser bushbaby (galago senegalensis), and the slow loris (nycticebus coucang) were described and an attempt was made to correlate populations of fiber types and locomotor patterns. muscle fibers were assigned to one of the following groups: fast-twitch glycolytic (fg), fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (fog), and slow-twitch oxidase (so). histochemical techniques for the demonstration of alkaline- and acid-stable ... | 1981 | 6791489 |
| pulvinar projections to the striatum and amygdala in the tree shrew. | visually guided movement is possible in the absence of conscious visual perception, a phenomenon referred to as "blindsight." similarly, fearful images can elicit emotional responses in the absence of their conscious perception. both capabilities are thought to be mediated by pathways from the retina through the superior colliculus (sc) and pulvinar nucleus. to define potential pathways that underlie behavioral responses to unperceived visual stimuli, we examined the projections from the pulvina ... | 2010 | 21120139 |
| anatrichosoma ocularis sp. n. (nematoda: trichosomoididae) from the eye of the common tree shrew, tupaia glis. | | 1974 | 4436773 |
| new paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. | plesiadapiforms are central to studies of the origin and evolution of primates and other euarchontan mammals (tree shrews and flying lemurs). we report results from a comprehensive cladistic analysis using cranial, postcranial, and dental evidence including data from recently discovered paleocene plesiadapiform skeletons (ignacius clarkforkensis sp. nov.; dryomomys szalayi, gen. et sp. nov.), and the most plesiomorphic extant tree shrew, ptilocercus lowii. our results, based on the fossil record ... | 2007 | 17229835 |
| distribution of interstitial telomeric sequences in primates and the pygmy tree shrew (scandentia). | it has been hypothesized that interstitial telomeric sequences (itss), i.e., repeated telomeric dna sequences found at intrachromosomal sites in many vertebrates, could be correlated to chromosomal rearrangements and plasticity. to test this hypothesis, we hybridized a telomeric pna probe through fish on representative species of 2 primate infraorders, strepsirrhini (lemur catta, otolemur garnettii, nycticebus coucang) and catarrhini (erythrocebus patas, cercopithecus petaurista, chlorocebus aet ... | 2017 | 28423373 |
| sensory nerve terminations in the oral tissues of tree shrew (tupaia glis) and gibbon (hylobates agilis). | | 1970 | 5275861 |
| endocasts of microsyops (microsyopidae, primates) and the evolution of the brain in primitive primates. | we describe a virtual endocast produced from ultra high resolution x-ray computed tomography (ct) data for the microsyopid, microsyops annectens (middle eocene, wyoming). it is the most complete and least distorted endocast known for a plesiadapiform primate and because of the relatively basal position of microsyopidae, has particular importance to reconstructing primitive characteristics for primates. cranial capacity is estimated at 5.9 cm(3), yielding encephalization quotients (eq) of 0.26-0. ... | 2010 | 20444495 |
| somatostatin-immunoreactive senile plaque-like structures in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of aged tree shrews and japanese macaques. | previously, we demonstrated decreased expression of somatostatin mrna in aged macaque brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. to investigate whether or not this age-dependent decrease in mrna is related to morphological changes, we analyzed somatostatin cells in the cerebra of aged japanese macaques and compared them with those in rats and tree shrews, the latter of which are closely related to primates. | 2012 | 22512242 |
| the somatic chromosomes of some primates (tupaia glis, nycticebus coucang, tarsius bancanus, cercocebus aterrimus, symphalangus syndactylus). | | 1963 | 14103442 |
| tetrapetalonema dunni sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from malaysian tree shrews. | | 1972 | 4641870 |
| light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study on the innervation of the pineal gland of the tree shrew (tupaia glis), with special reference to peptidergic synaptic junctions with pinealocytes. | conventional and immunocytochemical, light- and electron-microscopic studies on the innervation of the pineal gland of the tree shrew (tupaia glis) were made. neuropeptide y (npy)-immunoreactive fibers, which were abundantly distributed in the gland, disappeared almost completely after superior cervical ganglionectomy, suggesting that these fibers are mostly postganglionic sympathetic fibers. by contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase (th)-immunoreactive fibers, which were less numerous than npy-fibers, ... | 1999 | 10526132 |
| positively selected genes of the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) locomotion system. | while the recent release of the chinese tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) genome has made the tree shrew an increasingly viable experimental animal model for biomedical research, further study of the genome may facilitate new insights into the applicability of this model. for example, though the tree shrew has a rapid rate of speed and strong jumping ability, there are limited studies on its locomotion ability. in this study we used the available chinese tree shrew genome information and c ... | 2014 | 24866495 |
| [analysis of the molecular characteristics and cloning of full-length coding sequence of interleukin-2 in tree shrews]. | while the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) is an excellent animal model for studying the mechanisms of human diseases, but few studies examine interleukin-2 (il-2), an important immune factor in disease model evaluation. in this study, a 465 bp of the full-length il-2 cdna encoding sequence was cloned from the rna of tree shrew spleen lymphocytes, which were then cultivated and stimulated with cona (concanavalin). clustal w 2.0 was used to compare and analyze the sequence and molecular ch ... | 2013 | 23572362 |
| eyes in various species can shorten to compensate for myopic defocus. | we demonstrated that eyes of young animals of various species (chick, tree shrew, marmoset, and rhesus macaque) can shorten in the axial dimension in response to myopic defocus. | 2013 | 23493295 |