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detection of lawsonia intracellularis by real-time pcr in the feces of free-living animals from equine farms with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy.the objective of this study was to determine whether lawsonia intracellularis was present in the feces of free-living animals collected on two equine premises with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). fresh feces from black-tailed jackrabbits (lepus californicus, n=100), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis, n=22), feral cats (felis catus, n=14), brewer's blackbirds (euphagus cyanocephalus, n=10), virginian opossums (didelphis virginiana, n=9), raccoons (procyon lotor, n ...200818957657
evaluation of cruzia americana, turgida turgida, and didelphostrongylus hayesi infection in the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) and risk factors along the california coast.three nematodes, turgida turgida, cruzia americana, and didelphostrongylus hayesi, have been documented to cause morbidity and mortality in the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana). the present study was designed to determine the frequency of infection of these nematodes in opossums at 2 study sites in california and to determine if there are risk factors associated with shedding of eggs or larvae in the feces. turgida turgida and c. americana adults were found in 84.4% (stomach; n = 45) and ...200818973414
the development of rubrospinal, cerebellorubral, and corticorubral connections in the north american opossum. evidence for asynchronism.we have employed axonal transport and degeneration techniques to study the development of major rubral connections in the north american opossum. opposums were chosen for study because they are born 12 d after conception and have a protracted postnatal development. our results suggest that: the red nucleus innervates the spinal cord early in development, well before the somatic motor-sensory cortex (cabana and martin, 1984); the red nucleus projects to the spinal cord before it receives substant ...20082442682
comparison of the muscle mechanics of the forelimb of three climbers.the climbing behavior, muscle mechanics, and functional properties of selected forelimb muscles were examined to ascertain how three distantly related mammals may be adapted for climbing. to determine if features of the fox squirrel (stalheim-smith: j. morphol. 180:55-68, '84) are general or unique features for a climber, two distantly related climbers, the raccoon (procyon lotor) and the opossum (didelphis virginiana), were studied. muscle mechanics varied: the elbow flexors of the fox squirrel ...20082810372
experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. i. renal functional assessment.the north american opossum didelphis virginiana was used as a model for fetal urinary obstruction. in this animal the fetus develops on a teat in a pouch and, therefore, it is accessible to surgical intervention. unilateral ureteral obstruction was created at a mid trimester developmental equivalent in 8 pups, late ureteral obstruction was created in a similar fashion in 6 pups at a full-term equivalent and unobstruction of 9 pups was accomplished with a ureteroneocystostomy at a full-term equiv ...20082374241
relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments.habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open-space needs of human populations. nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. we used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and infor ...200818254856
ectoparasites and associated pathogens of free-roaming and captive animals in zoos of south carolina.a survey of ectoparasites and their associated pathogens was conducted in two south carolina zoos, from 2004 to 2007. dead, wild birds and mammals, as well as captive animals examined during routine veterinary checks constituted the study populations. ectoparasites were tested for species of anaplasma, bartonella, coxiella burnetii, ehrlichia, rickettsia, and trypanosoma. forty-six species of ectoparasites were collected from 133 free-roaming and captive hosts and their associated nesting and be ...200918973443
is gnathostoma turgidum an annual parasite of opossums? drastic seasonal changes of infection in didelphis virginiana in mexico.gnathostoma turgidum is a nematode that parasitizes the stomach of opossums, didelphis virginiana. despite its wide distribution in the americas, its natural life cycle is poorly understood. recently, we found an endemic area for g. turgidum infection in sinaloa, mexico (diaz-camacho et al., 2009). based on sporadic surveys for several years, the prevalence was apparently high in summer and extremely low in winter. to confirm that this is really a seasonal variance, we conducted a longitudinal s ...200919281297
human bloodfeeding by the recently introduced mosquito, aedes japonicus japonicus, and public health implications.knowledge of the host-feeding behavior and extent of interactions with human hosts are important in evaluating the role and vector potential of invasive mosquitoes in transmission of native arboviruses. we collected blood-engorged females of the recently established exotic species aedes japonicus japonicus from sites in new jersey during 2000 to 2007 and identified the sources of vertebrate blood meals by sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna. over 1/3 (36%, n = 36) o ...200919653507
antibodies to west nile virus in raccoons and other wild peridomestic mammals in iowa.surveillance for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in small- and medium-sized wild mammals was conducted in iowa, usa, from may 2005 to june 2007. sera were collected from 325 mammals belonging to nine species and tested for antibodies to wnv and other flaviviruses by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). all sera that had antibodies to flaviviruses by blocking elisa were further examined by plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt). thirteen mammals were seropo ...200919901390
discovery of an endemic area of gnathostoma turgidum infection among opossums, didelphis virginiana, in mexico.gnathostomosis, caused by gnathostoma binucleatum, is a serious public health issue in mexico. although 2 other gnathostoma spp., g. turgidum and g. lamothei, have been found in wild animals, their natural life cycle or their relation to human disease remains unclear. while we were conducting an epidemiological survey on gnathostoma spp. in sinaloa state, mexico, we found an endemic area for g. turgidum in common opossums, didelphis virginiana, located in tecualilla, sinaloa. the species identif ...200918989999
evaluation of the chagas stat-pak assay for detection of trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in wildlife reservoirs.an immunochromatographic assay (chagas stat-pak) was evaluated for the detection of trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 4 species of wildlife reservoirs. antibodies to t. cruzi were detected in raccoons (procyon lotor) (naturally and experimentally infected) and degus (octodon degu) (experimentally-infected) using the chagas stat-pak. in naturally exposed wild raccoons, the chagas stat-pak had a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7-80.0% and 96.3%, respectively. compared with indirect immunofluoresce ...200919016578
a novel sarcocystis-associated encephalitis and myositis in racing pigeons.sarcosporidian cysts in the skeletal muscle of domestic pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) have previously been attributed to infection with sarcocystis falcatula, which is shed in the faeces of the opossum (didelphis virginiana). here, we describe fatal spontaneous encephalitis and myositis associated with sarcocystis infections in three flocks of racing pigeons with 47 of 244 animals affected. the clinical course was characterized by depression, mild diarrhoea, torticollis, opisthotonus, par ...200919322710
besnoitia darlingi infection in a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).this is a case report of natural infection with besnoitia darlingi in a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) in louisiana. clinical pathologic data included a severe nonregenerative anemia, inflammatory leukogram, increased hepatocellular leakage enzymes, renal azotemia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria. tissue cysts containing bradyzoites were found in the majority of organs, especially the skin, mucous membranes, kidneys, adrenals, lungs, and heart. images of the ...200919368269
skeletal lesions in a population of virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) from baldwin county, georgia.antemortem skeletal lesions were analyzed in 61 virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) collected as roadkill from baldwin county, georgia, usa. as evidenced by bridging fracture calluses, misalignments, bone-surface depressions, perforations, localized superficial calluses, periosteal proliferations, and bony bridges across intervertebral disk spaces, 64% of the individuals had signs of one or more healed injuries. within the subset of skeletons with bone lesions, 54% had healed rib fractures ...200919395742
seasonal source-sink dynamics at the edge of a species' range.the roles of dispersal and population dynamics in determining species' range boundaries recently have received theoretical attention but little empirical work. here we provide data on survival, reproduction, and movement for a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) population at a local distributional edge in central massachusetts (usa). most juvenile females that apparently exploited anthropogenic resources survived their first winter, whereas those using adjacent natural resources died of sta ...200919569372
genetically different isolates of trypanosoma cruzi elicit different infection dynamics in raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana).trypanosoma cruzi is a genetically and biologically diverse species. in the current study we determined t. cruzi infection dynamics in two common north american reservoirs, virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) and raccoons (procyon lotor). based on previous molecular and culture data from naturally-exposed animals, we hypothesised that raccoons would have a longer patent period than opossums, and raccoons would be competent reservoirs for both genotypes t. cruzi i (tci) and tciia, while opos ...200919607833
real-time dynamics of nitric oxide shifts within the esophageal wall.currently, indirect evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (no) plays a crucial role in the genesis of aboral propagation of esophageal peristalses during swallowing. however, direct evidence in this regard currently is lacking. this study aimed to assess the feasibility of using no-selective microprobes to detect real-time no changes within the esophageal wall of north american opossums (didelphis virginiana) during normal progressive esophageal peristalsis and induced esophag ...200919263142
isolation of 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).twenty-one polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana). the number of alleles ranged from two to 13 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.464 to 0.964. significant heterozygote deficiencies were observed at three loci and null alleles were detected at five loci. evidence for gametic disequilibrium was observed between three sets of paired loci after a sequential bonferroni correction was applied. these markers will enable us to investig ...200921564875
behavioral and nutritional aspects of the virginian opossum (didelphis virginiana).virginia opossums are widely distributed throughout the united states, except in the most arid regions, and wild individuals are commonly brought to practitioners for medical attention. opossums' popularity as pets seems to be growing, and it is likely that pet opossums will be more common in veterinary practice. clinicians must be aware of natural opossum behaviors so that thorough physical examination and diagnostic procedures can be performed on injured patients. for animals kept captive long ...200919341950
prevalence and risk factors associated with sarcocystis neurona infections in opossums (didelphis virginiana) from central california.sarcocystis neurona, a protozoal parasite shed by opossums (didelphis virginiana), has been shown to cause significant morbidity and mortality in horses, sea otters, and other marine mammals. over the course of 3 years (fall 2005-summer 2008), opossums from central california were tested for infection with s. neurona. of 288 opossums sampled, 17 (5.9%) were infected with s. neurona based on the molecular characterization of sporocysts from intestinal scrapings or feces. risk factors evaluated fo ...200919735983
ontogeny of the oestrogen receptors esr1 and esr2 during gonadal development in the tammar wallaby, macropus eugenii.oestrogen has wide ranging effects in development mediated mainly via the two oestrogen receptors, alpha (esr1, also known as eralpha) and beta (esr2, also known as erbeta). oestrogen is the key factor that directs the indifferent gonad to become an ovary in many non-mammalian vertebrates. oestrogen is not required for early ovarian differentiation in mammals but can disrupt normal testicular development in eutherians. surprisingly, exogenous oestrogen can cause sex reversal of an xy gonad in tw ...201020028801
cone pigments in a north american marsupial, the opossum (didelphis virginiana).only two of the four cone opsin gene families found in vertebrates are represented in contemporary eutherian and marsupial species. recent genetic studies of two species of south american marsupial detected the presence of representatives from two of the classes of cone opsin genes and the structures of these genes predicted cone pigments with respective peaks in the ultraviolet and long-wavelength portions of the spectrum. the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana), a profoundly nocturnal anim ...201020224889
seasonal changes in the physiology of male virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana): signs of the dasyurid semelparity syndrome?semelparity, which is multiplying once in a lifetime, is a rare reproductive strategy among mammals. several species of the marsupial family dasyuridae experience 100% male mortality following an intense mating period. we investigated seasonal physiological changes that may be associated with early mortality in the male virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana; didelphidae) and compared these changes with those of semelparous, male dasyurids. free-ranging male virginia opossums (n=36) were collect ...201012905127
evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic dipstick test for detection of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi in dogs experimentally infected with isolates obtained from opossums (didelphis virginiana), armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus), and dogs (canis familiaris) from the united states.dogs are reservoir hosts for trypanosoma cruzi , the causative agent of american trypanosomiasis. a rapid immunochromatographic dipstick test (ict) is available commercially for canine serological testing. the ict was developed with the use of sera from south american dogs, but it is not routinely used in the united states. we evaluated the utility of the ict in detecting anti-t. cruzi antibodies in dogs from the united states. dogs (n  =  64) were experimentally infected with united states' iso ...201021348621
prevalence of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi, toxoplasma gondii, encephalitozoon cuniculi, sarcocystis neurona, besnoitia darlingi, and neospora caninum in north american opossums, didelphis virginiana, from southern louisiana.we examined the prevalence of antibodies to zoonotic protozoan parasites ( trypanosoma cruzi, toxoplasma gondii, and encephalitozoon cuniculi) and protozoans of veterinary importance ( neospora caninum, sarcocystis neurona, and besnoitia darlingi) in a population of north american opossums ( didelphis virginiana) from louisiana. samples from 30 opossums were collected as part of a survey for t. cruzi in louisiana. frozen sera from these 30 opossums were examined using an indirect immunofluoresce ...201021158620
epizootiologic survey of mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern michigan.bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern michigan, usa, with detections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine tb prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have b ...201020688630
trypanosoma cruzi i genotypes in different geographical regions and transmission cycles based on a microsatellite motif of the intergenic spacer of spliced-leader genes.the intergenic region of spliced-leader (sl-ir) genes from 105 trypanosoma cruzi i (tc i) infected biological samples, culture isolates and stocks from 11 endemic countries, from argentina to the usa were characterised, allowing identification of 76 genotypes with 54 polymorphic sites from 123 aligned sequences. on the basis of the microsatellite motif proposed by herrera et al. (2007) to define four haplotypes in colombia, we could classify these genotypes into four distinct tc i sl-ir groups, ...201020670628
structure and expression of two nuclear receptor genes in marsupials: insights into the evolution of the antisense overlap between the α-thyroid hormone receptor and rev-erbα.alternative processing of α-thyroid hormone receptor (trα, nr1a1) mrnas gives rise to two functionally antagonistic nuclear receptors: trα1, the α-type receptor, and trα2, a non-hormone binding variant that is found only in mammals. trα2 shares an unusual antisense coding overlap with mrna for rev-erbα (nr1d1), another nuclear receptor protein. in this study we examine the structure and expression of these genes in the gray short-tailed opossum, monodelphis domestica, in comparison with that of ...201021143985
experimental infection of didelphis marsupialis with vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus.although vesicular stomatitis has been present for many years in the americas, many aspects of its natural history remain undefined. in this study, we challenged five adult virginia opossums (didelphis marsupialis) with vesicular stomatitis new jersey serotype virus (vsnjv). opossums had no detectable antibodies against vsnjv prior to being inoculated with 10(6.5) median tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50)) of vsnjv by two routes; intraepithelial/subepithelial (ie/se) inoculation and scarif ...201020090034
molecular characterization of sarcocystis neurona strains from opossums (didelphis virginiana) and intermediate hosts from central california.sarcocystis neurona is a significant cause of neurological disease in horses and other animals, including the threatened southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis). opossums (didelphis virginiana), the only known definitive hosts for s. neurona in north america, are an introduced species in california. s. neurona dna isolated from sporocysts and/or infected tissues of 10 opossums, 6 horses, 1 cat, 23 southern sea otters, and 1 harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena) with natural infections was analy ...201020226596
intrahepatic growth and maturation of gnathostoma turgidum in the natural definitive opossum host, didelphis virginiana.gnathostoma turgidum is a gastric nematode parasite of opossums found in the americas. we recently found that g. turgidum juveniles appear in the liver of the opossums where they become mature adults and almost synchronously move to the stomach during certain months of the year, suggesting the importance of the liver for the growth and maturation of this species in the final hosts. in this study we attempted to detect g. turgidum larvae in the liver of opossums, didelphis virginiana that are the ...201020447468
experimental infection of two south american reservoirs with four distinct strains of trypanosoma cruzi.trypanosoma cruzi (tc), the causative agent of chagas disease, is a diverse species with 2 primary genotypes, tci and tcii, with tcii further subdivided into 5 subtypes (iia-e). this study evaluated infection dynamics of 4 genetically and geographically diverse t. cruzi strains in 2 south american reservoirs, degus (octodon degus) and grey short-tailed opossums (monodelphis domestica). based on prior suggestions of a genotype-host association, we hypothesized that degus (placental) would more re ...201020128943
dna barcodes effectively identify the morphologically similar common opossum (didelphis marsupialis) and virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) from areas of sympatry in mexico.two morphologically similar species of opossum from the genus didelphis-didelphis virginiana and didelphis marsupialis-cooccur sympatrically in mexico. high intraspecific variation complicates their morphological discrimination, under both field and museum conditions. this study aims to evaluate the utility and reliability of using dna barcodes (short standardized genome fragments used for dna-based identification) to distinguish these two species. sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ...201021271858
seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi among eleven potential reservoir species from six states across the southern united states.trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, is a substantial public health concern in latin america. although rare in humans and domestic animals in the united states, t. cruzi is commonly detected in some wildlife species, most commonly raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana). to increase our understanding of the reservoir host species range and geographic distribution, 11 species of mammals from six states spanning the known range of t. cruzi (arizo ...201020020815
a genetic analysis of the virginia opossum mating system: evidence of multiple paternity in a highly fragmented landscape.using molecular techniques, we examined patterns of paternity in virginia opossums occupying a highly fragmented agricultural landscape in northern indiana. during 2008, we collected tissue from 64 females and their pouch young in 34 forest patches distributed over a 1100-km(2) region. using genotypes from 10 microsatellite loci, we determined the minimum number of fathers contributing to each litter using gerud 1.0. genotyped offspring with known mothers were then analyzed using cervus 3.0, inc ...201019995804
structure of parasite component communities of didelphid marsupials: insights from a comparative study.abstract the parasite fauna of the gray four eyed opossum and the common opossum in camp du tigre, french guiana is herein characterized. nine species from the gastrointestinal system were recovered from both species, which shared 80% of their parasites. the parasite fauna comprised several monoxenous species (63%) and was dominated by a. raillieti, which exhibited high levels of prevalence and abundance in both communities. only 2 species (moennigia sp. and spirura guianensis) had been recorded ...201121506798
novel hepatozoon in vertebrates from the southern united states.abstract novel hepatozoon spp. sequences collected from previously unrecognized vertebrate hosts in north america were compared with documented hepatozoon 18s rrna sequences in an effort to examine phylogenetic relationships between the different hepatozoon organisms found cycling in nature. an approximately 500 base pair fragment of 18s rdna common to hepatozoon spp. and some other apicomplexans was amplified and sequenced from the tissues or blood of 16 vertebrate host species from the souther ...201121506825
invasive plant species alters consumer behavior by providing refuge from predation.understanding the effects of invasive plants on native consumers is important because consumer-mediated indirect effects have the potential to alter the dynamics of coexistence in native communities. invasive plants may promote changes in consumer pressure due to changes in protective cover (i.e., the architectural complexity of the invaded habitat) and in food availability (i.e., subsidies of fruits and seeds). no experimental studies have evaluated the relative interplay of these two effects. ...201121221650
efferent projections of the basolateral amygdala in the opossum, didelphis virginiana.the autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport technique was used to study efferent projections of the opossum basolateral amygdala. all nuclei of the basolateral amygdala send topographically organized fibers to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (bst) via the stria terminalis (st). injections into rostrolateral portions of the basal nuclei label fibers that surround the commissural bundle of the st, cross the midline by passing along the outer aspect of the anterior commissure, and ter ...20113768738
induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum.using the north american opossum, didelphis virginiana, we have developed a new model for studying the effects of early fetal urinary obstruction on subsequent renal development. we have successfully induced renal dysplasia in the marsupial that has a typically mammalian kidney.20113236178
tick-borne disease agents in various wildlife from mississippi.because tick-borne diseases are becoming increasingly important throughout the world, monitoring their causative agents in wildlife may serve as a useful indicator of potential human exposure. we assessed the presence of known and putative zoonotic, tick-borne agents in four wildlife species in mississippi. animals were tested for exposure to or infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewingii, borrelia lonestari, rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and francisella tularensis. who ...201120846016
serological response of cats to experimental besnoitia darlingi and besnoitia neotomofelis infections and prevalence of antibodies to these parasites in cats from virginia and pennsylvania.abstract besnoitia darlingi and besnoitia neotomofelis are cyst-forming tissue apicomplexan parasites that use domestic cats ( felis domesticus ) as definitive hosts and opossums ( didelphis virginiana ) and southern plains woodrats ( neotoma micropus ) as intermediate hosts, respectively. nothing is known about the prevalence of b. darlingi or b. neotomofelis in cats from the united states. besnoitia darlingi infections have been reported in naturally infected opossums from many states in the u ...201121506782
femoral loading mechanics in the virginia opossum, didelphis virginiana: torsion and mediolateral bending in mammalian locomotion.studies of limb bone loading in terrestrial mammals have typically found anteroposterior bending to be the primary loading regime, with torsion contributing minimally. however, previous studies have focused on large, cursorial eutherian species in which the limbs are held essentially upright. recent in vivo strain data from the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana), a marsupial that uses a crouched rather than an upright limb posture, have indicated that its femur experiences appreciable torsi ...201121957109
in vivo strains in the femur of the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) during terrestrial locomotion: testing hypotheses of evolutionary shifts in mammalian bone loading and design.terrestrial locomotion can impose substantial loads on vertebrate limbs. previous studies have shown that limb bones from cursorial species of eutherian mammals experience high bending loads with minimal torsion, whereas the limb bones of non-avian reptiles (and amphibians) exhibit considerable torsion in addition to bending. it has been hypothesized that these differences in loading regime are related to the difference in limb posture between upright mammals and sprawling reptiles, and that the ...201121753057
anthropogenic influences on macro-level mammal occupancy in the appalachian trail corridor.anthropogenic effects on wildlife are typically assessed at the local level, but it is often difficult to extrapolate to larger spatial extents. macro-level occupancy studies are one way to assess impacts of multiple disturbance factors that might vary over different geographic extents. here we assess anthropogenic effects on occupancy and distribution for several mammal species within the appalachian trail (at), a forest corridor that extends across a broad section of the eastern united states. ...201222880038
effects of climate and exurban development on nest predation and predator presence in the southern appalachian mountains (usa).in the eastern united states, land-use and climate change have likely contributed to declines in the abundance of neotropical migrant birds that occupy forest interiors, but the mechanisms are not well understood. we conducted a nest-predation experiment in southern appalachian mountain forests (north carolina, u.s.a.) during the 2009 and 2010 breeding seasons to determine the effects of exurban development and temperature on predator presence and the average number of days until eggs in an arti ...201222624665
experimental aerosol inoculation and investigation of potential lateral transmission of mycobacterium bovis in virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).an endemic focus of mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) infection in the state of michigan has contributed to a regional persistence in the animal population. the objective of this study was to determine if virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) contribute to disease persistence by experimentally assessing intraspecies lateral transmission. one wild caught pregnant female opossum bearing 11 joeys (young opossum) and one age-matched joey were obtained for the study. four joeys were aerosol inoculate ...201222701815
rickettsia felis in cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis parasitizing opossums, san bernardino county, california.los angeles and orange counties are known endemic areas for murine typhus in california; however, no recent reports of flea-borne rickettsioses are known from adjacent san bernardino county. sixty-five opossums (didelphis virginiana) were trapped in the suburban residential and industrial zones of the southwestern part of san bernardino county in 2007. sixty out of 65 opossums were infested with fleas, primarily cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché, 1835). the flea minimum infection rate wit ...201222712460
debilitation and mortality associated with besnoitiosis in four virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana).besnoitia spp. are coccidian parasites that infect a variety of wild and domestic mammals as well as some reptiles. although infection with besnoitia is common in virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana), clinical signs or death due to besnoitia is rare. this manuscript describes four virginia opossums that had severe clinical disease and inflammation associated with besnoitiosis. clinical signs included trembling, incoordination, circling, blindness, poor body condition, and sudden death. gross ...201222779243
two pathogens and one disease: detection and identification of flea-borne rickettsiae in areas endemic for murine typhus in california.results of an environmental assessment conducted in a newly emergent focus of murine typhus in southern california are described. opossums, didelphis virginiana kerr, infested with cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis buché, in the suburban area were abundant. animal and flea specimens were tested for the dna of two flea-borne rickettsiae, rickettsia typhi and rickettsia felis. r. felis was commonly detected in fleas collected throughout this area while r. typhi was found at a much lower prevalence ...201223270180
endogenous lipid pneumonia in opossums from louisiana.endogenous lipid pneumonia was present in 19 of 27 opossums (didelphis virginiana) trapped in the vicinity of baton rouge, louisiana. the severity of lesions varied from small pleural and subpleural aggregates of foamy macrophages with minimal disruption of pulmonary architecture to large nodular accumulations of foam cells with cholesterol clefts and localized emphysema. the cause of the lipid pneumonia may be related to pulmonary nematode parasite infections, which were evident in 13 of the af ...20123373627
surveillance and movements of virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) in the bovine tuberculosis region of michigan.wildlife reservoir hosts of bovine tuberculosis (btb) include eurasian badgers (meles meles) and brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) in the uk and new zealand, respectively. similar species warrant further investigation in the northern lower peninsula of michigan, usa due to the continued presence of btb on cattle farms. most research in michigan, usa has focused on interactions between white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (bos taurus) for the transmission of the infectious ...201323531427
isolation of deer tick virus (powassan virus, lineage ii) from ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the hudson valley, new york state.deer tick virus, dtv, is a genetically and ecologically distinct lineage of powassan virus (powv) also known as lineage ii powv. human incidence of pow encephalitis has increased in the last 15 years potentially due to the emergence of dtv, particularly in the hudson valley of new york state. we initiated an extensive sampling campaign to determine whether powv was extant throughout the hudson valley in tick vectors and/or vertebrate hosts.201324016533
unique regional distribution of delta 4-3-ketosteroid-5 alpha-oxidoreductase and associated epididymal morphology in the marsupial, didelphis virginiana.the epididymal epithelial ultrastructure has been described in the adult male north american opossum, didelphis virginiana. morphological results have suggested that absorptive activity is prominent in the proximal epididymal region by virtue of numerous microvilli, an endocytotic complex, dense granules, and multivesicular bodies in the apical cytoplasm. in contrast, the middle and distal epididymal regions exhibit ultrastructural features indicative of protein synthesis such as large invaginat ...20133676395
development of raphe-spinal connections in the north american opossum.the falck-hillarp technique, serotonin (5-ht) immunohistochemistry and the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) were utilized to investigate the development of raphe-spinal connections in the pouch-young opossum. the brainstem raphe and adjacent reticular formation contain 5-ht immunoreactive neurons in the newborn opossum (12 days after conception) and processes from these cells can be visualized in the marginal zone of the spinal cord. between eight and 15 days after birth 5-ht ...20136756557
trypanosoma cruzi infection in didelphis virginiana in relation to population parameters and variables associated with presence in rural community dwellings in yucatan, mexico. 201323404037
the safety of onrab® in select non-target wildlife.onrab(®) is a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (had5) with the rabies glycoprotein gene incorporated into its genome. onrab(®) has been used in canada as an oral rabies vaccine in target wildlife species such as: red fox (vulpes vulpes), raccoon (procyon lotor), and striped skunk (mepthis mephitis). we evaluated the safety of onrab(®) in non-target wildlife species likely to contact the vaccine baits during oral rabies vaccine campaigns in the united states. we investigated the effects of ora ...201323831321
wildlife contact rates at artificial feeding sites in texas.given the popularity of feeding white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas and the increasing amount of corn that is distributed, more information is needed on the impacts of this activity on non-target wildlife. our objectives were to report visitation, intra- and interspecific contact, and contact rates of wildlife at artificial feeding sites in texas. our study was conducted at three sites in kleberg and nueces counties, texas. we trapped animals from february to april and august to ...201323609307
myosin isoform fiber type and fiber size in the tail of the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).muscle fiber type is a well studied property in limb muscles, however, much less is understood about myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoform expression in caudal muscles of mammalian tails. didelphid marsupials are an interesting lineage in this context as all species have prehensile tails, but show a range of tail-function depending on either their arboreal or terrestrial locomotor habits. differences in prehensility suggest that mhc isoform fiber types may also be different, in that terrestrial oposs ...201323152195
initial experiments with cyproterone acetate and 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol hydrochloride in the male virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).cyproterone acetate (ca) was toxic for didelphis virginiana at a dose range of 22-28 mg/kg im. a loss of spermatozoal pairing int the cauda epididymidis did not occur until 2 wk after testicular degeneration caused by ca. the isomers of 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol hydrochloride (cl 88,236 and cl 88,237) were well tolerated by the opossum at doses up to 30 mg/kg im. after 8 days of cl 88,236 and cl 88,237 treatment there was no effect on spermatozoal pairing in the cauda epididymidis or on the se ...20136220622
gastric ischemic conditioning increases neovascularization and reduces inflammation and fibrosis during gastroesophageal anastomotic healing.the incidence of anastomotic leak and stricture after esophagectomy remains high. gastric devascularization followed by delayed esophageal resection has been proposed to minimize these complications. we investigated the effect of ischemic conditioning duration on anastomotic wound healing in an animal model of esophagogastrectomy.201323247735
myosin isoform expression in the prehensile tails of didelphid marsupials: functional differences between arboreal and terrestrial opossums.prehensile tails are defined as having the ability to grasp objects and are commonly used as a fifth appendage during arboreal locomotion. despite the independent evolution of tail prehensility in numerous mammalian genera, data relating muscle structure, physiology, and function of prehensile tails are largely incomplete. didelphid marsupials make an excellent model to relate myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoform fiber type with structure/function of caudal muscles, as all opossums have a prehensile ...201424832677
[diversity, relative abundance and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in a tropical deciduous forest in the isthmus of tehuantepec, oaxaca, mexico].the use of camera traps and mammal track search are complementary methods to monitoring species of which is not well documented their natural history, as in the case of medium and large mammals. to ensure its conservation and good management, it is necessary to generate information about the structure of the community and their populations. the objective of the present study was to estimate the diversity, relative abundance and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in a tropical deciduou ...201425720178
use of medicinal fauna in mexican traditional medicine.mexico has great biodiversity of fauna. the use of fauna with medicinal properties is a common practice since pre-hispanic times. in the last decade, there has been an interest in ethnozoological studies in mexico. therefore, more studies are needed in order to gather information regarding the use of fauna with medicinal properties in méxico. ethnozoological studies are necessary in order to discover new medications for human health. this review presents current information in terms of ethnozool ...201424440438
prevalence of antibodies to leptospira in wild mammals trapped on livestock farms in ontario, canada.to determine the prevalence and diversity of leptospira serogroups circulating in wildlife on farms in ontario, we tested samples from 51 raccoons (procyon lotor), seven skunks (mephitis mephitis), four rats (rattus norvegicus), and three opossums (didelphis virginiana) that were trapped on 27 livestock (swine [sus scrofa], cattle [bos taurus]) farms in 2010. seventeen of 51 raccoons (33%; 95% confidence interval [ci], 21-48%) sampled were positive for at least one leptospira serogroup using the ...201424807356
spontaneous cure after natural infection with gnathostoma turgidum (nematoda) in virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana).seasonality of the nematode gnathostoma turgidum in virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) in the wild has been reported; however, the mechanisms involved in deworming are unknown. we monitored the parasitologic and biologic changes in four virginia opossums naturally infected with g. turgidum by coproparasitologic examination and abdominal ultrasonography. eggs became detectable in the feces of opossums in may, peaked in july and august, and suddenly decreased in october. adults of g. turgidu ...201424506422
west nile virus isolated from a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) in northwestern missouri, usa, 2012.we describe the isolation of west nile virus (wnv; flaviviridae, flavivirus) from blood of a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) collected in northwestern missouri, usa in august 2012. sequencing determined that the virus was related to lineage 1a wnv02 strains. we discuss the role of wildlife in wnv disease epidemiology.201425098303
hematologic parameters of the opossum (didelphis virginiana). 20144145239
serological investigation of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) exposure in wild and domestic animals adjacent to human case sites in missouri 2012-2013.heartland virus (hrtv; bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) has recently emerged as a causative agent of human disease characterized by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in the united states. the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum l.) has been implicated as a vector. to identify candidate vertebrate amplification hosts associated with enzootic maintenance of the virus, sera and ticks were sampled from 160 mammals (8 species) and 139 birds (26 species) captured near 2 human case residences in andrew and no ...201525870419
molecular characterization and development of sarcocystis speeri sarcocysts in gamma interferon gene knockout mice.the north american opossum (didelphis virginiana) is the definitive host for at least three named species of sarcocystis: sarcocystis falcatula, sarcocystis neurona and sarcocystis speeri. the south american opossums (didelphis albiventris, didelphis marsupialis and didelphis aurita) are definitive hosts for s. falcatula and s. lindsayi. the sporocysts of these sarcocystis species are similar morphologically. they are also not easily distinguished genetically because of the difficulties of dna e ...201526303093
detection of sarcocystis spp. infection in bobcats (lynx rufus).the protozoan sarcocystis neurona is an important cause of severe clinical disease of horses (called equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, epm), marine mammals, companion animals, and several species of wildlife animals in the americas. the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) is its definitive host in the usa and other animals act as intermediate or aberrant hosts. samples of tongue and heart from 35 bobcats hunted for fur and food from mississippi state, usa in february, 2014 were used for th ...201526138150
the opossum (didelphis virginiana kerr) as a biomedical model. 3. breeding the opossum in captivity: methods. 20154362895
association between body size and reservoir competence of mammals bearing borrelia burgdorferi at an endemic site in the northeastern united states.the reservoirs for the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, are dominated by several different small to medium sized mammals in eastern north america.201526024881
sarcocyst development in raccoons (procyon lotor) inoculated with different strains of sarcocystis neurona culture-derived merozoites.sarcocystis neurona is considered the major etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), a neurological disease in horses. raccoon ( procyon lotor ) is considered the most important intermediate host in the life cycle of s. neurona in the united states; s. neurona sarcocysts do mature in raccoon muscles, and raccoons also develop clinical signs simulating epm. the focus of this study was to determine if sarcocysts would develop in raccoons experimentally inoculated with different ...201525811893
high prevalence of porocephalus crotali infection on a barrier island (cumberland island) off the coast of georgia, with identification of novel intermediate hosts.porocephalus crotali is a pentastomid parasite that uses crotaline snakes as definitive hosts and a variety of rodents as intermediate hosts. a study of definitive and intermediate pentastome hosts on cumberland island, georgia, revealed high prevalence of p. crotali infection in crotalid snakes as well as several mammalian species. despite the presence of numerous nymphs in some animals, clinical signs of disease were not observed. in intermediate hosts, the liver, mesentery, and reproductive o ...201526042344
development of an automated dispenser for the delivery of medicinal or vaccine-laden baits to raccoons (procyon lotor).medicinal baits are distributed to manage zoonotic diseases, including raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies, but efficient distribution strategies are needed for suburban environments. we developed an automated dispenser that transfers fishmeal polymer baits at user-specified intervals from a magazine to a receptacle fitted with a filter that exploits raccoon dexterity to limit consumption by nontarget species. we introduce the concept of automated dispensers and describe bait removal success rates fo ...201525647587
cutaneous epitheliotropic t-cell lymphoma with metastases in a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).a 2-yr-old, captive, intact female virginia opossum ( didelphis virginiana ) with a 7-mo history of ulcerative dermatitis and weight loss was euthanatized for progressive worsening of clinical signs. initially the opossum was treated with several courses of antibiotics, both topically and systemically; systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication; and, later, systemic glucocorticoids, with no improvement in clinical signs. histopathologic samples of skin lesions taken 3 mo into the course ...201526056906
a behaviorally-explicit approach for delivering vaccine baits to mesopredators to control epizootics in fragmented landscapes.despite the widespread use of aerial baiting to manage epizootics among free-ranging populations, particularly in rabies management, bait acceptance and seroconversion rates often are lower than required to eliminate spread of disease. our objectives in this study, therefore, were to evaluate the performance of stratified bait distribution models derived from resource selection functions (rsf) on uptake of placebo rabies baits by raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginia ...201525587900
carcass type affects local scavenger guilds more than habitat connectivity.scavengers and decomposers provide an important ecosystem service by removing carrion from the environment. scavenging and decomposition are known to be temperature-dependent, but less is known about other factors that might affect carrion removal. we conducted an experiment in which we manipulated combinations of patch connectivity and carcass type, and measured responses by local scavenger guilds along with aspects of carcass depletion. we conducted twelve, 1-month trials in which five raccoon ...201626886299
urinary bladder incarceration and infarction by an intra-abdominal fat pad in a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).a 2.5-year-old, female opossum had acute stranguria. based on radiography and ultrasonographic examination a cystic structure was identified in the caudal abdomen associated with bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis. this structure contained a neutrophilic fluid, determined to be urine. there was a neutrophilic leukocytosis. serum chemistry values were within normal limits. the opossum was euthanized. an intra-abdominal fat pad incarceration of the urinary bladder above the trigone was prese ...201615373255
postmortem scavenging by the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana): impact on taphonomic assemblages and progression.the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) is a highly active scavenger whose behavior has significant impacts on rates of decomposition and skeletonization, which have previously not been addressed. in this study, scavenging by the opossum led to the skeletonization of carcasses in half of the accumulated degree days (add) of a comparable non-scavenged control carcass. opossums used body orifices, as well as natural tears caused by the decomposition process, to access internal tissues and cons ...201627430919
comparative myology and evolution of marsupials and other vertebrates, with notes on complexity, bauplan, and "scala naturae".opossums are frequent subjects of developmental studies because marsupials share developmental features not seen in placentals and because didelphimorpha is the sister-group of other extant marsupialia. but is the adult marsupial muscular system markedly different from that of placentals or is it, like the skeletal system, very similar? we provide, for the first time, a brief description of all head and limb muscles of didelphis virginiana based on our dissections and using a unifying nomenclatu ...201627342702
antibody detection and molecular characterization of toxoplasma gondii from bobcats (lynx rufus), domestic cats (felis catus), and wildlife from minnesota, usa.little is known of the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in minnesota. here, we evaluated toxoplasma gondii infection in 50 wild bobcats (lynx rufus) and 75 other animals on/near 10 cattle farms. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed in serum samples or tissue fluids by the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off 1:25). twenty nine of 50 bobcats and 15 of 41 wildlife trapped on the vicinity of 10 farms and nine of 16 adult domestic cats (felis catus) and six of 14 domestic dogs resident on farms we ...201626824935
evaluating wildlife-cattle contact rates to improve the understanding of dynamics of bovine tuberculosis transmission in michigan, usa.direct and indirect contacts among individuals drive transmission of infectious disease. when multiple interacting species are susceptible to the same pathogen, risk assessment must include all potential host species. bovine tuberculosis (btb) is an example of a disease that can be transmitted among several wildlife species and to cattle, although the potential role of several wildlife species in spillback to cattle remains unclear. to better understand the complex network of contacts and factor ...201627931926
rickettsial infections among ctenocephalides felis and host animals during a flea-borne rickettsioses outbreak in orange county, california.due to a resurgence of flea-borne rickettsioses in orange county, california, we investigated the etiologies of rickettsial infections of ctenocephalides felis, the predominant fleas species obtained from opossums (didelphis virginiana) and domestic cats (felis catus), collected from case exposure sites and other areas in orange county. in addition, we assessed the prevalence of igg antibodies against spotted fever group (sfgr) and typhus group (tgr) rickettsiae in opossum sera. of the 597 flea ...201627537367
metal accumulation in bobcats in the southeastern usa.bobcats (lynx rufus) are wide-ranging mammals found throughout the continental usa. as carnivores near the top of their food chain, bobcats would seem to be a useful bioindicator of metal pollution in terrestrial environments. however, there is very limited research on bobcats in toxicology studies. here, we offer the first analysis of metal (copper, selenium, silver, and zinc) contaminants in the livers of wild bobcats. liver tissues from 120 adult bobcats (i.e., estimated to be ≥1 year old) we ...201627629555
metal accumulation in wild-caught opossum.the virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) is widespread in the usa, ranging south through latin america. the ecology of opossums is such that they are in frequent contact with soils, suggesting that they may function as a valuable bioindicator for chemical contamination in terrestrial environments. surprisingly, there have been virtually no toxicology studies on opossums. here, we provide the first analysis of metal contaminants in opossum liver tissues. liver samples were obtained from 471 op ...201627138002
infection by rickettsia felis in opossums (didelphis sp.) from yucatan, mexico.rickettsia felis is an emergent pathogen and the causative agent of a typhus-like rickettsiosis in the americas. its transmission cycle involves fleas as biological vectors (mainly ctenocephalides felis) and multiple domestic and synanthropic mammal hosts. nonetheless, the role of mammals in the cycle of r. felis is not well understood and many efforts are ongoing in different countries of america to clarify it. the present study describes for the first time in mexico the infection of two specie ...201627074326
spino-bulbar, spino-thalamic and medical lemniscal connections in the american opossum, didelphis marsupialis virginiana. 20165071890
first molecular evidence of toxoplasma gondii in opossums (didelphis virginiana) from yucatan, mexico.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite recognized as a causal agent of toxoplasmosis; zoonotic disease endemic in many countries worldwide, including mexico. different species of animals participate in the wild cycle infection, including opossums of the species didelphis virginiana. thirteen d. virginiana were captured in yucatan, mexico. detection of t. gondii was achieved by polymerase chain reaction, which determined an infection of 76.9% (10/13) in brains. positive amplicons ...201627200271
[the jaguar panthera onca (carnivora: felidae) in “el cielo” biosphere reserve, tamaulipas, mexico].information on the ecology of jaguars (panthera onca) in “el cielo” biosphere reserve in tamaulipas, mexico is scant and limited to anecdotic records in a handful of publications. the objectives of our study were to: a) determine population density and structure of jaguars, b) compare their activity patterns with that of pumas (puma concolor), c) ascertain potential prey relative abundance, and d) evaluate local resident’s perception on loss of domestic animals due to jaguar predation. between a ...201629465909
quantifying dilution and amplification in a community of hosts for tick-borne pathogens.recent controversy over whether biodiversity reduces disease risk (dilution effect) has focused on the ecology of lyme disease, a tick-borne zoonosis. a criticism of the dilution effect is that increasing host species richness might amplify disease risk, assuming that total host abundance, and therefore feeding opportunities for ticks, increase with species richness. in contrast, a dilution effect is expected when poor quality hosts for ticks and pathogens (dilution hosts) divert tick blood meal ...201627209790
pulmonary lesions caused by the lungworm (didelphostrongylus hayesi) in the opossum (didelphis virginiana) in colima, mexico.didelphostrongylus hayesi is an important and prevalent pulmonary nematode in the opossum ( didelphis virginiana ). an in-depth description of the pulmonary lesions caused by this nematode is lacking. the objective of this investigation was to make a detailed account of the gross, subgross, and microscopic changes that occur in the lungs of opossums naturally infected with d. hayesi. forty-four opossums trapped in the state of colima, mexico, were euthanized by an overdose of barbiturates. follo ...201728749264
seed dispersal of diospyros virginiana in the past and the present: evidence for a generalist evolutionary strategy.several north american trees are hypothesized to have lost their co-evolved seed disperser during the late-pleistocene extinction and are therefore considered anachronistic. we tested this hypothesis for the american persimmon (diospyros virginiana) by studying the effects of gut passage of proposed seed dispersers on seedling survival and growth, natural fruiting characteristics, and modern animal consumption patterns. we tested gut passage effects on persimmon seeds using three native living s ...201728616198
camera trap arrays improve detection probability of wildlife: investigating study design considerations using an empirical dataset.camera trapping is a standard tool in ecological research and wildlife conservation. study designs, particularly for small-bodied or cryptic wildlife species often attempt to boost low detection probabilities by using non-random camera placement or baited cameras, which may bias data, or incorrectly estimate detection and occupancy. we investigated the ability of non-baited, multi-camera arrays to increase detection probabilities of wildlife. study design components were evaluated for their infl ...201728422973
abiotic and biotic contributors to support inter-epidemic francisella tularensis in an agricultural peri-urban environment.to characterize the inter-epidemic ecology of francisella tularensis, we surveyed vertebrates and invertebrates for the abundance, spatial distribution, and status of infection at a site in northern california that had evidence of endemic type b tularemia. we collected 2910 mosquitoes, 77 biting flies, 704 ticks, 115 mammals, and 1911 aquatic invertebrates in 2013-2014. real-time pcr on all mosquitoes, 40 biting flies, 113 aquatic invertebrates, and 650 ticks did not detect f. tularensis dna. in ...201728968195
histopathological changes in the liver and stomach of didelphis virginiana (didelphimorphia: didelphidae) during natural infection with gnathostoma turgidum (nematoda: gnathostomidae).gnathostoma turgidum is a nematode parasite that exploits the stomach of virginian opossums, didelphis virginiana, in latin america. the opossum is the definitive host of g. turgidum in the wild. intrahepatic growth and maturation of the parasite, subsequent migration to the stomach and spontaneous expulsion are common. however, the histopathological lesions caused by g. turgidum are poorly described. a better understanding of the life cycle of this parasite and the pathological changes in natur ...201729103381
the transcriptome of thedidelphis virginianaopossum kidney ok proximal tubule cell line.the ok cell line derived from the kidney of a female opossumdidelphis virginianahas proven to be a useful model in which to investigate the unique regulation of ion transport and membrane trafficking mechanisms in the proximal tubule (pt). sequence data and comparison of the transcriptome of this cell line to eutherian mammal pts would further broaden the utility of this culture model. however, the genomic sequence ford. virginianais not available and although a draft genome sequence for the opo ...201728615248
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis associated with rat lungworm (angiostrongylus cantonensis) migration in two nine-banded armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus) and an opossum (didelphis virginiana) in the southeastern united states.angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, was the cause of neural larval migrans in two nine-banded armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus) and one virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) from the southeastern united states. histologic findings in all three cases included eosinophilic meningoencephalitis with variable numbers of nematode larvae in the meninges or the neuroparenchyma. in two of the three cases, nematodes were extracted from brain tissue via a "squash prep" method. identification o ...201728626635
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